| 单词 | osmotic |
| 例句 | Rather, it idealized the kind of syncretic practice embodied by Sufism, which is an osmotic form of Islam and has Muslim and even some Hindu adherents. The Delhi Walla’s Visions of a Possibly Vanishing India 2019-08-11T04:00:00Z “It’s almost David Lynchian in its osmotic passing through different realities.” With ’1984’ on Broadway, Thoughtcrime Hits the Big Time 2017-06-15T04:00:00Z Then it’s roasted for six hours at four different temperatures before a weeklong osmotic suspension in its own fat. Bites : Restaurant Review: At Klub Gastronomada, Regional Croatian Food 2011-03-11T19:55:00Z His films superficially resemble many lesser American independent dramas and run-of-the-mill European dramas, or, rather, vice versa—these films resemble his, as a result of his direct or osmotic influence. The Misunderstood Maurice Pialat 2015-10-16T04:00:00Z It’s an osmotic laxative: it works by attracting water molecules to the colon, causing more-watery stool to form. How a Weight-Loss Trend on TikTok Might Encourage Eating Disorders 2023-11-01T04:00:00Z Excess water, electrolytes, and wastes are transported to the kidneys and excreted, helping to maintain osmotic balance. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z For example, if pure water and sea water are separated by a semipermeable membrane that passes no salt, osmotic pressure will be 25.9 atm. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Solutes in body cell fluids and blood serum give these solutions an osmotic pressure of approximately 7.7 atm. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Plants are subjected to osmotic pressure and a cell wall helps them against bursting or shrinking. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z When taken at levels beyond their recommended amounts, osmotic laxatives can also affect the balance of electrolytes—they strip the body of the essentials it needs to function. How a Weight-Loss Trend on TikTok Might Encourage Eating Disorders 2023-11-01T04:00:00Z Mammalian systems have evolved to regulate not only the overall osmotic pressure across membranes, but also specific concentrations of important electrolytes in the three major fluid compartments: blood plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Kidney cells pump ions from dissolved salts in blood in ways that create an osmotic gradient. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z These colligative properties include vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The cell wall is located outside the cell membrane and prevents osmotic lysis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This creates a pressure, osmotic pressure, which will exist until the solute concentration is the same on both sides of a semipermeable membrane. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Since blood plasma is one of the fluid components, osmotic pressures have a direct bearing on blood pressure. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The net movement of water into or out of a cell produces a force called osmotic pressure. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Solutions injected into the body must have the same osmotic pressure as blood serum; that is, they should be isotonic with blood serum. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Blood helps maintain homeostasis by stabilizing pH, temperature, osmotic pressure, and by eliminating excess heat. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z There is also an opposing force, the osmotic pressure, which is typically higher in the glomerular capillary. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z That’s a stupid example, but it felt more important that we spent time together and have this osmotic understanding of each other. These actors join forces to double the story’s impact in 'Station Eleven' 2022-06-14T04:00:00Z As a result, water tends to move into a cell, increasing the osmotic pressure inside the cell and causing it to swell. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The total concentration of solute particles in a solution also determines its osmotic pressure. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The upper liquid layer, the plasma, consists of 90 percent water along with various substances required for maintaining the body’s pH, osmotic load, and for protecting the body. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z You will find osmotic pressure exerted by the solutes inside the lumen of the capillary as well as inside of Bowman’s capsule. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z There is a kind of osmotic understanding about whose candidacy is appropriate. A Master's first look at the Masters - Golf Digest 2020-04-09T04:00:00Z Variables that could affect the viability of the viral membrane could include changes in osmotic pressure, evaporation rates, and pH, Shaman says. Why do dozens of diseases wax and wane with the seasons—and will COVID-19? 2020-03-13T04:00:00Z The osmotic pressure of a solution containing 7.0 g of insulin per liter is 23 torr at 25 °C. Assuming ideal solution behavior, what is the molar mass of insulin? Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Other components in the serum include proteins that assist with maintaining pH and osmotic balance while giving viscosity to the blood. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Since the filtration membrane limits the size of particles crossing the membrane, the osmotic pressure inside the glomerular capillary is higher than the osmotic pressure in Bowman’s capsule. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Remarkably, these mutants showed no alterations in their resilience to comparably severe osmotic stress that was induced experimentally in ways that did not require the manipulation of Na+ levels. How plants perceive salt 2019-07-30T04:00:00Z Two main categories of OTC laxatives are available: osmotic and stimulant. How to make sure you stay regular 2018-07-27T04:00:00Z Convert the osmotic pressure to atmospheres, then determine the molar concentration from the osmotic pressure. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Albumin, which constitutes about half of the blood serum protein, transports hormones and fatty acids, buffers pH, and maintains osmotic pressures. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A proper concentration of solutes in the blood is important in maintaining osmotic pressure both in the glomerulus and systemically. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The challenge any Martian microbes would face is resisting the osmotic potential which acts to draw water out of cells and leave them in a desiccated heap. Huge underground lake raises prospects of life on Mars, say astronomers 2018-07-25T04:00:00Z For me, those worlds are all very osmotic: experience, autobiography, imagination, understanding. Arundhati Roy: ‘The point of the writer is to be unpopular’ 2018-06-17T04:00:00Z It is just human population diffusing by osmotic pressure. Homeland Security Increasingly Means Putting Agents Outside the Homeland 2017-12-26T05:00:00Z The solutes in body fluids are mainly mineral salts and sugars, and osmotic regulation is the process by which the mineral salts and water are kept in balance. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Because there is less circulating protein, principally albumin, the osmotic pressure of the blood falls. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z To Dunne, no piece exemplifies his aunt’s osmotic relationship with the chaos of mid-century America more than the title essay of her first book, Slouching Towards Bethlehem. Joan Didion director: 'She’s always been painted as this mystic, gloomy figure' 2017-10-25T04:00:00Z This is called osmotic balance, and without it, sharks would lose or gain water to the ocean and die. you’ll literally get “shark drunk” But urea is toxic — it breaks down proteins in tissue. Sorry Twitter, this Greenland shark is not actually full of pee 2017-08-31T04:00:00Z Companies may be dealing with the “osmotic pressure of cash” in their wallets, as CLSA’s Nicholas Smith puts it. Japan Buyback Boom Fails to Leave Mark 2016-09-30T04:00:00Z The brain is 80% water, and osmotic balance between water and spinal fluid is critical to proper brain function. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Less osmotic pressure pulling water into the capillaries tips the balance towards hydrostatic pressure, which tends to push it out of the capillaries. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Usually, we start with over-the-counter osmotic products like polyethylene glycol-electrolytes, lactulose or milk of magnesia, which increase the amount of water in the colon and keep the stool soft and easier to pass. Coping With Childhood Constipation 2016-06-29T04:00:00Z It must also be noted that the audience, through some sort of osmotic consciousness, had decided at the outset that they would be seated. Exploring Magical Worlds With Ayahuasca Drinkers 2015-03-23T04:00:00Z The resulting “osmotic” pressure on the water propels it into the brine through the membrane. Looks swell 2015-03-12T04:00:00Z Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane in response to osmotic pressure caused by an imbalance of molecules on either side of the membrane. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Hormonal mechanisms are activated to recover volume while maintaining a normal osmotic environment. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Its main function is to regulate the osmotic pressure of blood. Practice Biology, Biochemistry With 3 Sample MCAT Questions 2014-11-25T05:00:00Z When mammalian cells are faced with osmotic challenges, they need to swell or shrink. [Report] Identification of LRRC8 Heteromers as an Essential Component of the Volume-Regulated Anion Channel VRAC 2014-05-08T18:26:49.854Z Apply sufficient physical pressure to the brine, though, to overcome the osmotic pressure, and H2O will go the other way—which is a neat trick if you want to desalinate seawater. Looks swell 2015-03-12T04:00:00Z Isotonic cells have an equal concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell; this equalizes the osmotic pressure on either side of the cell membrane which is a semi-permeable membrane. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Thus, there is no osmotic pressure pulling water into the mucus. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Such flow is driven by a difference in the concentration of sugars, which generates "osmotic pressure." Simple Physics May Limit the Size of Leaves 2013-01-04T17:10:00Z This creates an osmotic pressure that eventually bursts the cancer cell's bubble, freeing the silencing RNA before it is destroyed. Nanotechnology: Carrying drugs 2012-11-23T15:20:59.170Z Maximum power density is achieved with a hydraulic pressure that is roughly 50 of the ammonia-carbon-dioxide solution osmotic pressure. Membrane-based processes for sustainable power generation using water 2012-08-15T17:22:11.530Z While osmoregulation is achieved across membranes within the body, excess electrolytes and wastes are transported to the kidneys and excreted, helping to maintain osmotic balance. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The GFR is influenced by hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Researches on the influences of temperature on assimilation and other functions point to the same conclusion; and Pfeffer and Rodemann definitely state that heat is converted into work in the osmotic cells. Disease in Plants 2012-03-01T03:00:22Z While studying osmotic action, Graham was led to one of his most important generalizations—the recognition of the crystalline and amorphous states as fundamental distinctions in chemistry. Scientific Culture, and Other Essays Second Edition; with Additions 2011-09-17T02:00:31.747Z Maximum power density is achieved with a hydraulic pressure that is roughly 50 of the ammonia-carbon-dioxide solution osmotic pressure. Membrane-based processes for sustainable power generation using water 2012-08-15T17:22:11.530Z Without a mechanism to regulate osmotic pressure, or when a disease damages this mechanism, there is a tendency to accumulate toxic waste and water, which can have dire consequences. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Recall that an osmotic gradient is produced by the difference in concentration of all solutes on either side of a semi-permeable membrane. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Moreover it is significant to note that a highly oxydised body may develop much osmotic energy, as well as a highly combustible one. Disease in Plants 2012-03-01T03:00:22Z The strength of bones, the energy requirements, the osmotic pressures needed to move fluids through tissue. The Image and the Likeness 2011-08-23T02:00:33.617Z To separate 1 gramme of salt requires the performance of work PV against the osmotic pressure P, where V is the corresponding diminution in the volume of the solution. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 3 "Frost" to "Fyzabad" 2011-08-15T02:00:28.473Z Mammalian systems have evolved to regulate not only the overall osmotic pressure across membranes, but also specific concentrations of important electrolytes in the three major fluid compartments: blood plasma, extracellular fluid, and intracellular fluid. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The magnitude of the osmotic gradient is proportional to the difference in the concentration of solutes on one side of the cell membrane to that on the other side. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Precipitately, Olwen's hand went up to the ribbon that was sewn to her Charm, and that, according to the mysterious and osmotic nature of ribbons, had let an end work up and out again. The Disturbing Charm 2011-06-17T02:00:21.077Z At present, measurements of freezing point are more convenient and accurate than those of osmotic pressure, and we may test the validity of Arrhenius’ relations by their means. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 2 "Ehud" to "Electroscope" 2011-01-29T03:00:23.777Z We may thus estimate the variation of the osmotic pressure from the value given by the gaseous equation, as the concentration of the solution or the molecular dissociation changes. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 3 "Frost" to "Fyzabad" 2011-08-15T02:00:28.473Z Since osmotic pressure is regulated by the movement of water across membranes, the volume of the fluid compartments can also change temporarily. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z As this happens, water diffuses from your blood into sweat glands and surrounding skin tissues that have become dehydrated because of the osmotic gradient. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Too little pressure The second of the two underlying causes of edema is a reduction in the osmotic pressure in the blood due to protein depletion. Consumer Reports Insights: Swelling of the feet poses a diagnostic challenge 2010-10-11T20:58:00Z Thermodynamic theory also indicates a connexion between the osmotic pressure of a solution and the depression of its freezing point and its vapour pressure compared with those of the pure solvent. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 2 "Ehud" to "Electroscope" 2011-01-29T03:00:23.777Z Recent research suggests that the male also infuses the pouch with plenty of food, not to mention regulating osmotic pressure, salinity and oxygen flow. Father-Child Bonds in the Animal World, Special and Strange 2010-06-14T22:33:00Z Because blood plasma is one of the fluid components, osmotic pressures have a direct bearing on blood pressure. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z All of the ions in plasma contribute to the osmotic balance that controls the movement of water between cells and their environment. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z At the moment the world’s first osmotic plant produces just enough power to make a cup of tea. 2009-12-03T10:55:00Z On the other hand, we may imagine the processes due to the electrical transfer to be reversed by an osmotic operation. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 2 "Ehud" to "Electroscope" 2011-01-29T03:00:23.777Z Osmotic Pressure follows the Laws of Gaseous Pressure.—This osmotic pressure is in fact gaseous pressure, and may be measured in millimetres of mercury in just the same way. The Mechanism of Life They are incapable of osmotic regulation in the opposite environment. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z It is responsible for one-half of the osmotic pressure gradient that exists between the interior of cells and their surrounding environment. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The first and last of these types of membranes have no effect upon osmotic pressure; but osmotic pressure is at once set up whenever a semi-permeable membrane is interposed between solutions of different concentrations. The Chemistry of Plant Life The result of the investigation shows that the electrical work Ee is given by the equation Ee = ∫p2p1 vdp, where v is the volume of the solution used and p its osmotic pressure. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 2 "Ehud" to "Electroscope" 2011-01-29T03:00:23.777Z Cryoscopy of Blood.—In order to determine the osmotic pressure of the blood at 37� C., i.e. The Mechanism of Life Because Na+ is actively transported out of the tubule, water follows it to even out the osmotic pressure. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In contrast to sodium, potassium has very little effect on osmotic pressure. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Similarly, any other increase in concentration of synthetic products is compensated for by entrance of water because of increased osmotic pressure, unless the products are insoluble and, therefore, incapable of effecting the osmotic pressure. The Chemistry of Plant Life The dissociation theory was originally suggested by the osmotic pressure relations. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 2 "Ehud" to "Electroscope" 2011-01-29T03:00:23.777Z Cryoscopy.—The usual method employed for the determination of the molecular concentration and osmotic pressure of a solution is by cryoscopy—the measurement of its temperature of congelation. The Mechanism of Life This occurs due to the low blood pressure and high osmotic pressure in the peritubular capillaries. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The plasma proteins suspended in blood cannot cross the semipermeable capillary cell membrane, and so they remain in the plasma within the vessel, where they account for the blood colloid osmotic pressure. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Hence, osmotic pressure provides for the movement of water into and out of protoplasm and so tends to keep the proportion of water uniform throughout the entire tissue. The Chemistry of Plant Life When the dissolved molecules are uniformly distributed, the osmotic pressure will be the same everywhere throughout the solution, but, if the concentration vary from point to point, the pressure will vary also. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 2 "Ehud" to "Electroscope" 2011-01-29T03:00:23.777Z The same holds good for the osmotic pressure, and for all the constants which are proportional to the molecular concentration of the solute. The Mechanism of Life The osmotic gradient increases as it moves deeper into the medulla. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The MAC can kill certain pathogens by disrupting their osmotic balance. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Actual measurements of the osmotic pressure of plant cell have been made. The Chemistry of Plant Life Regulating the body processes, maintaining the proper alkalinity and acidity of the various fluids throughout the body, regulating the proper degree of temperature, and determining the osmotic pressure, etc. Dietetics for Nurses Since each group plays the part of a simple molecule, the osmotic pressure will be ten times less than that corresponding to the quantity of the solute present. The Mechanism of Life Malpighian tubules are convoluted, which increases their surface area, and they are lined with microvilli for reabsorption and maintenance of osmotic balance. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Fluid and the cellular wastes in the tissues enter the capillaries at the venule end, where the hydrostatic pressure is less than the osmotic pressure in the vessel. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z There are, however, a large number of water-soluble chemical substances which are injurious to all living protoplasm, even at concentrations considerably less than the point of osmotic equilibrium in the juices of the protoplasm. The Chemistry of Plant Life Another class, such as the saline diuretics, are effectual by virtue of their osmotic action. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 5 "Dinard" to "Dodsworth" A disregard of this fact, that a solute will always pass from a solution where its osmotic pressure is high, into one where its osmotic pressure is low, is a frequent source of error. The Mechanism of Life Because sodium is always reabsorbed by active transport and water follows sodium to maintain osmotic balance, aldosterone manages not only sodium levels but also the water levels in body fluids. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Fluid also moves between compartments along an osmotic gradient. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This leads to the conception of “osmotic pressure,” which is dealt with in the article Solution. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 4 "Diameter" to "Dinarchus" Mechanical, static, and osmotic processes occur in the organism and constitute its vital phenomena. Naturalism And Religion It is only necessary to glance at the photographs of these osmotic growths to appreciate the wonderful variety of form. The Mechanism of Life ANP affects salt release, and because water passively follows salt to maintain osmotic balance, it also has a diuretic effect. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Two types of pressure interact to drive each of these movements: hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In the introductory chapter are discussed the chemistry and physics of the animal cell, giving the essential facts of ionization, diffusion, osmotic pressure, etc., and the relation of these facts to cellular activities. The Elements of Bacteriological Technique A Laboratory Guide for Medical, Dental, and Technical Students. Second Edition Rewritten and Enlarged. In the plant economy they take an essential part in promoting growth and aiding the plant to secure by osmotic action its mineral food from the soil. Human Foods and Their Nutritive Value When a large osmotic cell projects beyond the mother liquor and grows up into the air, it is evident that the function of liquid absorption must be localized in the submerged part. The Mechanism of Life Osmoregulation and osmotic balance are important bodily functions, resulting in water and salt balance. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z As we discuss osmotic pressure in blood and tissue fluid, it is important to recognize that the formed elements of blood do not contribute to osmotic concentration gradients. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The air supply inside was kept pure by one of Tom's osmotic air conditioners which made use of the oxygen dissolved in the water. Tom Swift and the Electronic Hydrolung When foods are boiled, the natural juices being of somewhat different density from the water in which they are cooked, slight osmotic changes occur. Human Foods and Their Nutritive Value All substances which produce osmotic membranes by the contact of their solutions exhibit phenomena analogous to those of nutrition. The Mechanism of Life Flame cells and nephridia in worms perform excretory functions and maintain osmotic balance. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Recall that the hydrostatic and osmotic pressures of the interstitial fluid are essentially negligible. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In both his Fat Man suits and his osmotic air conditioner, Tom had already perfected ways of drawing oxygen from sea water. Tom Swift and the Electronic Hydrolung It is plain that if the osmotic action is complete, the liquid drawn off will be half as sweet as cane juice. Scientific American Supplement, No. 633, February 18, 1888 The morphogenic action of diffusion produces osmotic growths of extreme variety. The Mechanism of Life Some insects have evolved Malpighian tubules to excrete wastes and maintain osmotic balance. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z What happens in tissues decreases due to sweating, from what source is water taken when capillary blood pressure is less than osmotic in by the blood? pressure? Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The osmotic force will not force fat drops through membranes, and to explain their passage through the walls of the intestine requires something additional. The Story of the Living Machine A Review of the Conclusions of Modern Biology in Regard to the Mechanism Which Controls the Phenomena of Living Activity Osmosis takes place when two fluids of different osmotic pressure are separated by animal membrane. Disease and Its Causes The study of osmosis, however, is as yet in its infancy, and osmotic productions vary with the physical conditions of chemical constitution, temperature, concentration, and the like. The Mechanism of Life Why is excretion important in order to achieve osmotic balance? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The alpha and beta globulins transport iron, lipids, and the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K to the cells; like albumin, they also contribute to osmotic pressure. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Pfeffer demonstrated that, for the same substance, the osmotic pressure is proportional to the concentration, and consequently in inverse ratio to the volume occupied by a similar mass of the solute. The New Physics and Its Evolution They are color, luster, opacity, transparency, hardness, sonorousness, density, crystalline form, solubility, capability of osmotic diffusion, vaporization, boiling, fusion, etc. The Gutenberg Webster's Unabridged Dictionary Section P and Q This marvellous complexity of an osmotic growth may be compared with another fact, the ontogenetic development of the ovum, a single cell which under favourable conditions of environment may evolve into a most complicated organism. The Mechanism of Life Excretion regulates the movement of water within the membranes, which ultimately maintains osmotic balance. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The osmotic nature of glucose attracts water, leading to its loss in the urine. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z He gave figures from which it was easy, as Professor Van t'Hoff found, to draw the conclusion that, in a constant volume, the osmotic pressure is proportional to the absolute temperature. The New Physics and Its Evolution It seems likely, however, that the solution transuded through the walls generally, penetrating the chalcedonic layers, as Heddle maintained, by osmotic action. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 Such forces are precisely those which produce osmotic growths, having the forms and exhibiting many of the functions of living beings. The Mechanism of Life In the absence of excretion, there is a shift in the concentrations, which disrupts osmotic balance. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Whereas hydrostatic pressure forces fluid out of the capillary, osmotic pressure draws fluid back in. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Solutions possessing the same surface-tension, though not in molecular equilibrium, would thus be always in osmotic equilibrium. The New Physics and Its Evolution Thus growth, which has hitherto been considered an essential phenomenon of life, is also a phenomenon common to all osmotic productions. The Mechanism of Life Osmotic Membranes.—Certain substances in concentrated solution have the property of forming osmotic membranes when they come in contact with other chemical solutions. The Mechanism of Life The body builds up many chemical compounds that need to be excreted to maintain homeostasis and osmotic balance. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Osmotic pressure is determined by osmotic concentration gradients, that is, the difference in the solute-to-water concentrations in the blood and tissue fluid. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The analogy with gases did not seem to be maintained, for the osmotic pressure had a very different value from that indicated by the theory. The New Physics and Its Evolution Circulation of the nutrient fluid may also be observed in an osmotic growth as in a living organism. The Mechanism of Life An osmotic membrane is not a semi-permeable membrane, as sometimes described, i.e. a membrane permeable to water but impermeable to the solute. The Mechanism of Life This diagram models the osmotic pressures experienced by a fish. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This difference in colloidal osmotic pressure accounts for reabsorption. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The consideration of the osmotic pressures would lead to similar observations, but we know that the experiment would be more difficult and less precise. The New Physics and Its Evolution Precipitated osmotic membranes are very widely distributed in nature. The Mechanism of Life The membranogenous substance, the chloride of calcium, diffuses uniformly on all sides from the solid nucleus, and forms an osmotic membrane where it comes into contact with the solution. The Mechanism of Life The major role of the cell wall in bacteria is protecting the cell against changes in osmotic pressure, pressure caused by different solute concentrations in the environment. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Water is attracted by the high osmotic environment of the deep kidney medulla. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z If the liquid, instead of being a solvent like pure water, contains an electrolyte, it already contains metallic ions, the osmotic pressure of which will be opposite to that of the solution. The New Physics and Its Evolution The summit of the cell bears osmotic prolongations. The Mechanism of Life If we compare the weight of an osmotic growth with that of the mineral fragment which produced it, we shall find that the mineral seed has increased many hundred times in weight. The Mechanism of Life This diffusion of water through the membrane—osmosis—will continue until the concentration gradient of water goes to zero or until the hydrostatic pressure of the water balances the osmotic pressure. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z If Na+ remains in the forming urine, its osmotic force will cause a concurrent loss of water. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Some of these ciliary hairs are evidently osmotic in their origin, being localized as a tuft at the summit of the growth. The Mechanism of Life An osmotic production grows old and dies when it has expended the osmotic force contained in the interior of its capsule. The Mechanism of Life In the culture of osmotic growths we may also by appropriate means produce terminal organs resembling flowers and seed-capsules. The Mechanism of Life The osmotic state within the guard cells determines their turgor; when the guard cells are flaccid, stomata close. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The recovery of solutes creates an osmotic gradient to promote the recovery of water. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z A calcium osmotic growth which has thus become exhausted may be rejuvenated by transferring it to a concentrated solution of calcium chloride. The Mechanism of Life The foliaceous expansions, or osmotic leaves, also present great varieties both of appearance and of structure. The Mechanism of Life An osmotic growth increases by the absorption of water from a concentrated solution. The Mechanism of Life Living organisms have evolved a variety of ways to maintain osmotic balance; for example, marine fish secrete excess salt through the gills to maintain dynamic homeostasis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The collecting ducts actively pump urea into the medulla, further contributing to the high osmotic environment. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In conclusion we may say that osmotic growths are formed of an ensemble of closed cavities of various forms, containing liquids and separated by osmotic membranes, constituting veritable tissues. The Mechanism of Life In the same way, when the liquid in the interior of an osmotic growth leaks out into the mother liquor it forms a gelatinous precipitate. The Mechanism of Life When a capsule splits in two under the influence of the internal osmotic pressure, it may happen that the operculum or upper valve floats away in the liquid. The Mechanism of Life Therefore, the osmotic pressure within the cell is relatively high. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Osmosis is basically the diffusion of water from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration, along an osmotic gradient across a semi-permeable membrane. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z It may be objected that the substance of an osmotic growth is continually undergoing change, whereas a living organism transforms into its own substance the extraneous matter which it borrows from its environment. The Mechanism of Life It has been objected that osmotic productions cannot be compared with living organisms since they contain no albuminoid matter. The Mechanism of Life Their stems are formed of cells or vesicles juxtaposed, showing cavities separated by osmotic walls. The Mechanism of Life The reabsorption of Na+ also results in the osmotic reabsorption of water, which alters blood volume and blood pressure. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Chloride is a major contributor to the osmotic pressure gradient between the ICF and ECF, and plays an important role in maintaining proper hydration. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The same current is also rendered visible in the stems themselves by the motion of the granulations and gas bubbles in the interior of the osmotic cells. The Mechanism of Life But osmotic growths are also organizations endowed with the same faculties, and the physical mechanism which is at the basis of their formation is the same as that which determines the organization of living matter. The Mechanism of Life One need only glance at the photographs of osmotic productions to recognize the forms of madrepore, fungus, alga, and shell. The Mechanism of Life Fish, however, must spend approximately five percent of their metabolic energy maintaining osmotic homeostasis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Fluid can also move between compartments along an osmotic gradient. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The biological interest of osmotic productions is quite independent of the chemical nature of the substances which enter into their growth. The Mechanism of Life To insist on the resemblance between an osmotic production and a living being is not to force an analogy but to demonstrate a fact. The Mechanism of Life An osmotic stem, formed by a row of cellular cavities separated by osmotic membranes, has a great structural resemblance to the knotted stems of bamboos, reeds, and the like. The Mechanism of Life This protein is too large to pass easily through plasma membranes and is a major factor in controlling the osmotic pressures applied to tissues. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The ions in plasma also contribute to the osmotic balance that controls the movement of water between cells and their environment. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z During these long ages an exuberant growth of osmotic vegetation must have been produced in these primeval seas. The Mechanism of Life The experimental study of osmotic morphogeny adds its weight of evidence in the same direction. The Mechanism of Life In some living organisms such as insects, especially the ephemerid� who have but a brief existence, this change of substance is even more rapid than that in an osmotic growth. The Mechanism of Life Each stoma is flanked by guard cells that regulate the opening and closing of the stomata by swelling or shrinking in response to osmotic changes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z It possesses osmotic character so that it attracts water to the forming urine. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The absorbed substance of an osmotic production must also undergo chemical transformation before it can be assimilated—that is, before it can form part of the growth. The Mechanism of Life By superposing layers of liquid of different concentration and decreasing density, one may obtain knots and swellings in the osmotic growths marking the surfaces of separation of the liquid. The Mechanism of Life In this solution we can obtain osmotic growths which may attain to a height of 40 centimetres or more, vegetable forms, roots, arborescent twigs, leaves, and terminal organs. The Mechanism of Life This is why solute potential is sometimes called osmotic potential. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures in the interstitial fluid are negligible in healthy circumstances. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Frequently a single seed or stock will give rise to a whole series of osmotic growths. The Mechanism of Life Analogous phenomena are met with in living organisms, the calcareous infiltration of the vessels representing the thickening and hardening of the osmotic membranes. The Mechanism of Life In this way a single osmotic cell may produce a whole series of independent vesicles. The Mechanism of Life A wound in an osmotic production may also become cicatrized and covered with a membrane, when the growth will recommence exactly as in a living being. The Mechanism of Life The patient’s blood colloid osmotic pressure is normal. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z An osmotic growth has a temperature above its medium, since the chemical reaction of which it is the seat is accompanied by the production of heat. The Mechanism of Life An osmotic production is the arena of complicated chemical phenomena which produce a veritable metabolism. The Mechanism of Life It is even possible to rejuvenate an osmotic growth that has become degenerate through age. The Mechanism of Life Of all the ordinary physical forces, osmotic pressure and osmosis alone appear to possess this remarkable power of organization and morphogenesis. The Mechanism of Life Whatever the chemical composition of the liquid, similar osmotic forces, modified in the same manner, give rise to forms which have a family resemblance. The Mechanism of Life A second analogy between vital and osmotic growths is to be found in their structure, both being formed by groups of cells or vesicles separated by osmotic membranes. The Mechanism of Life Many of the lamellar osmotic growths are striped in parallel lines alternately opaque and transparent. The Mechanism of Life What part has osmotic growth played in the evolution of living forms, and what traces of its action may we hope to find to-day? The Mechanism of Life Thus osmotic growths present all the phenomena of nutrition, the fundamental characteristic of life. The Mechanism of Life An osmotic production grows, its form develops and becomes more complicated, and its weight increases. The Mechanism of Life The membranes of an osmotic growth thicken with age, and thus oppose to the osmotic exchanges a steadily increasing resistance. The Mechanism of Life A free osmotic growth swimming in the mother liquor will alter its position and form under the influence of the slightest exterior excitation or vibration. The Mechanism of Life Why should the study of osmotic growth attract less attention than the formation of crystals, on which so much time and labour has been bestowed in the past? The Mechanism of Life An osmotic growth also shows indications of movements which are connected with its nutrition, and these movements are rhythmic, like those of respiration or circulation in a living organism. The Mechanism of Life All living organisms contain albumin; this is probably due to the fact that albuminoid matter is particularly adapted for the formation of osmotic membranes. The Mechanism of Life The concentration of the solution is increased, the osmotic pressure is raised, and we have a hypertonic centre of diffusion. The Mechanism of Life A soluble substance thus surrounded by an osmotic membrane represents what Traube has called an artificial cell. The Mechanism of Life The foliaceous expansions of osmotic growths are formed by colonies of cells or vesicles disposed in regular lines, which may present various patterns of innervation, parallel, palmate, or pennate. The Mechanism of Life We may easily picture to ourselves the mechanism by which an osmotic cell gives birth to such a colony of microscopic vesicles. The Mechanism of Life Assimilation and Excretion.—Like a living being, an osmotic growth absorbs nutriment from the medium in which it grows, and this nutriment it assimilates and organizes. The Mechanism of Life The preponderating influence in morphogenesis is osmotic pressure, the osmotic forms varying with its intensity, distribution, and mode of application. The Mechanism of Life These osmotic cells of carbonate of lime or phosphate of lime consist of a transparent membrane enclosing liquid contents and a solid nucleus of chloride of calcium. The Mechanism of Life The osmotic growth is dead, and little by little it decays, losing its structure and its form. The Mechanism of Life More frequently the osmotic growth consists of a number of cells instead of one large cell. The Mechanism of Life We may also reverse the phenomenon by growing phosphates and carbonates in solutions of calcium salts, but in this case the osmotic growths are not so beautiful. The Mechanism of Life All vital phenomena result from the contact of two colloidal solutions, or of two liquids separated by an osmotic membrane. The Mechanism of Life These experiments show clearly that the osmotic intramuscular pressure rises in proportion to the duration of the electrical stimulation. The Mechanism of Life An osmotic growth may be wounded, and a wound delays its growth and development like a disease or an accident in a living being. The Mechanism of Life It is evident, therefore, that the osmotic pressure increases with the amount of work done by a muscle. The Mechanism of Life Muscular contraction electrically produced causes an increase of the osmotic pressure in a muscle. The Mechanism of Life Is it possible to doubt that the simple conditions which produce an osmotic growth have frequently been realized during the past ages of the earth? The Mechanism of Life The geologist may well consider what r�le osmotic growth may have played in the formation of the various rocks, siliceous, calcareous, barytic, magnesian, the fibrous and nodular rocks and atolls. The Mechanism of Life An osmotic growth is a transformer of energy. The Mechanism of Life Whatever our opinion as to its signification, osmotic growth demands the attention of every mind devoted to the study of nature. The Mechanism of Life Determination of the Osmotic Pressure.—The osmotic pressure P of a solution may be obtained by multiplying its molecular concentration n by 22.35 atmospheres. The Mechanism of Life The osmotic pressure varies in the same manner, diminishing with polymerization and augmenting with the disintegration of the micell�. The Mechanism of Life We say that colloids have no osmotic pressure, whereas in fact the osmotic pressure of the colloids though feeble plays a very important part in the phenomena of life. The Mechanism of Life The study of these chemical metamorphoses and the transformations of energy in osmotic growths has opened up a new subject for experimental investigation in the field of organic chemistry. The Mechanism of Life Nernst in his definition substitutes "unit difference of osmotic pressure" for "unit difference of concentration." The Mechanism of Life The protoplasm of a living organism, being a colloid, acts exactly like an osmotic membrane so far as regards the distribution of solutions and substances in solution. The Mechanism of Life The intensity or rapidity of diffusion is proportional to the difference of osmotic pressure, and varies inversely with the resistance. The Mechanism of Life Let us plunge such a cell into a solution of salt, which has a lower osmotic pressure than the sugar solution. The Mechanism of Life The whole of the vegetable world is produced by the osmotic growth of mineral substances, if we except the small amount of organic matter contained in the seeds. The Mechanism of Life So long as the osmotic tension of the soda solution is less than that of the protoplasm, there will be a tendency for water to penetrate the cell wall and swell the protoplasm. The Mechanism of Life The phenomenon of agglutination may also possibly be due to osmotic pressure, a positive centre of diffusion attracting and agglomerating the particles held in suspension. The Mechanism of Life In the same way we may use a manometer to measure osmotic pressure. The Mechanism of Life The boundary of the solvent has become extensible, and its volume can increase or diminish in accordance with the osmotic pressure of the solute. The Mechanism of Life In order to find the physical parallel to life, we must turn to osmosis and osmotic growth rather than to crystals and crystallization. The Mechanism of Life When different liquids come into contact there are two distinct series of phenomena, those due to osmotic pressure and those due to differences of chemical composition. The Mechanism of Life This osmotic pressure follows exactly the same laws as gaseous pressure. The Mechanism of Life Pure water poured over the heart of a delicate plant may burst its cells owing to its low osmotic pressure. The Mechanism of Life In many medical and surgical applications, on the other hand, a low osmotic pressure is of advantage. The Mechanism of Life The first and most striking analogy between living beings and osmotic growths is that of form. The Mechanism of Life In this case the osmotic pressure is raised considerably in those who are drowned, whereas no such rise is observed in those who are thrown into the sea after death. The Mechanism of Life Thus we may measure the osmotic pressure in a muscle by finding a salt solution in which the muscle neither gains nor loses weight. The Mechanism of Life In this way we have been able to prove that the osmotic pressure of a tired muscle is higher than that of the normal muscle. The Mechanism of Life As a result of this aggregation the number of molecules in a given area is diminished, i.e. the concentration and the osmotic pressure fall, producing a hypotonic centre of diffusion. The Mechanism of Life An osmotic growth, even at the first sight, suggests the idea of a living thing. The Mechanism of Life Colloidal solutions possess only a very feeble osmotic pressure. The Mechanism of Life These give it an osmotic pressure which prevents the deleterious effects of a strongly hypotonic liquid. The Mechanism of Life The circulation of the sap in plants and trees is also in great part due to osmotic pressure. The Mechanism of Life Suppose, for instance, the plasma of the rootlets has an osmotic pressure of six atmospheres, corresponding to that of a 9 per cent. solution of sugar. The Mechanism of Life An osmotic growth moreover exercises choice in the selection of the substances which are offered for its consumption, absorbing some greedily and entirely rejecting others. The Mechanism of Life This, then, is the maximum height to which this osmotic pressure is able to lift the sap. The Mechanism of Life Hans Koeppe has shown that the hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice is produced by the osmotic exchanges between the blood and the gastric contents. The Mechanism of Life In a hypertonic solution it loses weight in consequence of a loss of water, which passes from the muscle into the solution to equalize the osmotic pressure. The Mechanism of Life Cooking is also very much a question of osmotic pressure. The Mechanism of Life Just in the same way osmotic growths present two sorts of movements, external movements and those which are connected with their nutrition. The Mechanism of Life In the chapter on physiogenesis we shall return to the study of this question and consider another rhythmic phenomenon which is the result of osmotic growth. The Mechanism of Life C. At 15� C. such a solution has an osmotic pressure of 6.6 atmospheres. The Mechanism of Life It has the same constants, and all the notions acquired by the study of gaseous pressure are applicable to osmotic pressure. The Mechanism of Life Consider an inextensible osmotic cell containing a solution of sugar, the walls of the cell being impermeable to sugar but permeable to salt. The Mechanism of Life The growth of an osmotic production shows itself not as a continuous process but periodically. The Mechanism of Life Gardeners are well aware of the noxious influence of a low osmotic pressure. The Mechanism of Life Since, however, forms which are apparently organic may be merely the product of osmotic growth, it is evident that he must reconsider his conclusions. The Mechanism of Life To this we may add an osmotic membrane to contain the liquids, and a solid skeleton to support and protect them. The Mechanism of Life The fundamental laws of biology are those of the distribution of substances in solution, which is regulated by the laws of gaseous pressure, since all these laws are applicable also to osmotic pressure. The Mechanism of Life This spherical membrane is extended by osmotic pressure, and grows gradually larger. The Mechanism of Life It is the expression of osmotic pressure, or rather of the difference of the osmotic pressure of the solute in different parts of the vessel. The Mechanism of Life As a consequence of this double circulation the osmotic pressure tends to become equalized in all parts of the vessel. The Mechanism of Life We next proceed to determine the osmotic pressure of the corresponding leg after it has been tired by muscular work. The Mechanism of Life The salt, however, will pass into the cell, since the osmotic pressure of the salt is greater on the outside than on the inside, and the walls are permeable to the molecules of salt. The Mechanism of Life We cannot at present produce osmotic growths with all the combinations found in living beings, but that is only because chemistry still lags far behind physics in the synthesis of organic forms. The Mechanism of Life All the cells of a living organism are extremely sensitive to slight differences of osmotic pressure—the cells of epithelial tissue and of the nervous system as well as the blood cells. The Mechanism of Life It is easy, therefore, to tell whether the osmotic pressure in a muscle is above or below that of a given solution, by observing whether the muscle gains or loses weight when immersed in it. The Mechanism of Life The intramuscular osmotic pressure increases with the work done by the muscle. The Mechanism of Life Fatigue is caused by the increase of osmotic pressure in a contracting muscle. The Mechanism of Life In order to determine the influence of the work accomplished by the muscle on the elevation of the osmotic pressure, I made the following experiment. The Mechanism of Life Most of the metallic salts, and more especially the soluble salts of calcium, give rise to the phenomenon of osmotic growth when sown in solutions of the alkaline silicates. The Mechanism of Life In this way, by using different silicates and varying the proportions and the concentrations, we may obtain an immense variety of osmotic growths. The Mechanism of Life Shell-like osmotic productions may be grown by sowing the mineral in a very shallow layer of concentrated solution, a centimetre or less in depth, and pouring over this a less concentrated layer of solution. The Mechanism of Life The experiment shows that diffusion is quite sufficient to produce organic karyokinesis, and that the only physical force required is that of osmotic pressure. The Mechanism of Life Thus it may be said that osmotic pressure dominates all the kinetic and dynamic phenomena of life, all those at least which are not purely mechanical, like the movements of respiration and circulation. The Mechanism of Life The water molecules on the other hand pass from positions where the osmotic pressure of the solute is less towards positions where it is greater. The Mechanism of Life Hence the difference of osmotic pressure of the sugar in the two solutions will cause the molecules of sugar to diffuse into the salt solution. The Mechanism of Life De Vries has used this phenomenon for the measurement of osmotic tension. The Mechanism of Life Between isotonic solutions the surface is plane, whilst it is curved between solutions of different osmotic pressures, the convexity being directed towards the hypertonic solution. The Mechanism of Life All living things consist of closed cavities, which are limited by osmotic membranes, and filled with solutions of crystalloids and colloids. The Mechanism of Life In certain abnormal cases the concentration may be produced in the cell itself by the formation of two centres of catabolism or molecular disintegration, since, as we have seen, molecular disintegration raises the osmotic pressure. The Mechanism of Life In the salt solution the osmotic pressure of the sugar is zero. The Mechanism of Life This phenomenon is due to the fact that vegetable protoplasm holds in solution substances like sugars and salts which have a high osmotic pressure. The Mechanism of Life When the osmotic tension of the solution which bathes the cell is identical with that of the cellular juice, there is no change in the volume of the protoplasm. The Mechanism of Life The aerial portion of an osmotic growth will sometimes become specialized in form. The Mechanism of Life In this way we are able to determine the osmotic pressure of any solution. The Mechanism of Life Since the osmotic tension of this protoplasm is known, we can easily calculate the osmotic tension of the solution from the degree of dilution required. The Mechanism of Life The forms of these artificial cells depend on the number and relative position of the drops which represent the nuclei, and on the molecular concentration or osmotic tension of the solution. The Mechanism of Life In order to discover the exact osmotic pressure in the stimulated muscles we repeated the series of experiments, using more and more concentrated solutions. The Mechanism of Life It must be remembered that in an osmotic growth the active growing portion is the gelatinous contents in the interior, the external visible growth being only a skeleton or shell. The Mechanism of Life Finally, in a solution freezing at -.72�, i.e. with an osmotic pressure at 15� C. of 9.176 atmospheres, we obtained the following mean values for the untired leg:— After 8 hours -.04. The Mechanism of Life We may thus show that osmotic pressure follows the laws of gaseous pressure as defined by Boyle, Dalton, and Gay-Lussac. The Mechanism of Life When comparing two solutions of different concentration, the solution with the higher osmotic pressure is said to be hypertonic, and that with the lower osmotic pressure hypotonic. The Mechanism of Life The molecules of the solute move from a place where the osmotic pressure is greater towards a position where the osmotic pressure is less. The Mechanism of Life Growth and development also follow the absorption and fixation of aliment by an osmotic production. The Mechanism of Life This passage of certain substances in solution through an animal membrane is called Osmosis, and membranes which exhibit this property are called osmotic membranes. The Mechanism of Life Certain chemical precipitates such as copper ferrocyanide can form membranes having properties analogous to those of osmotic membranes. The Mechanism of Life There is no real difference between the passage of a solution through an osmotic membrane and its diffusion through a colloid. The Mechanism of Life |
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