| 单词 | Austronesian |
| 例句 | But Austronesian languages are spoken in a narrow strip immediately on the north and southeast coasts. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z The New Guineans readily integrated Austronesian chickens, dogs, and especially pigs into their food-producing economies. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z We have now followed the initial stages of the Austronesian expansion for 2,500 miles from the South China coast, through Taiwan and the Philippines, to western and central Indonesia. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Naturally, it is impossible to prove directly that the people who made Lapita pots spoke an Austronesian language. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z The other coincidence between archaeological and linguistic evidence concerns the cultural baggage that ancient Austronesians used. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z The invention of the double-outrigger sailing canoe may have been the technological breakthrough that triggered the Austronesian expansion from the Chinese mainland. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z The first feature consists of pottery designs, which are aesthetic features of no economic significance but which do let archaeologists immediately recognize an early Austronesian site. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z In particular, Afroasiatic speakers mostly prove to be people who would be classified as whites or blacks, Nilo-Saharan and Niger-Congo speakers prove to be blacks, Khoisan speakers Khoisan, and Austronesian speakers Indonesian. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z What were those Austronesian pot makers doing on islets adjacent to bigger islands? Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z That union of Austronesians and East Africans lives on today in Madagascar’s basically Austronesian language, which contains loan words from coastal Kenyan Bantu languages. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Archaeologists exploring Madagascar have now proved that Austronesians had arrived at least by A.D. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z In this book on human population movements since the end of the Ice Ages, the Austronesian expansion occupies a central place, as one of the most important phenomena to be explained. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z The first archaeological signs of something different within the Austronesian realm come from—Taiwan. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Like the rest of the world, most of the present Austronesian realm—Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, and many Pacific islands—was originally occupied by hunter-gatherers lacking pottery, polished stone tools, domestic animals, and crops. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Other Austronesians managed to establish themselves in parts of southern Vietnam and Cambodia to become the ancestors of the modern Chamic minority of those countries. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Before Austronesians arrived, most of Indonesia was thinly occupied by hunter-gatherers lacking even polished stone tools. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z All other Austronesian languages, from those on Madagascar to those on Easter Island, would then stem from a population expansion out of Taiwan. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z In Chapter 19 we shall trace it across the Indian Ocean to Madagascar, while in Chapter 15 we saw that ecological difficulties kept Austronesians from establishing themselves in northern and western Australia. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z One might initially wonder how a linguist, studying only modern languages whose unwritten ancestral forms remain unknown, could ever figure out whether Austronesians living on Taiwan 6,000 years ago had pigs. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z In other respects the pottery preserved the red slip and the vessel forms characteristic of earlier Austronesian pottery in Indonesia. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z But two features distinguish the Austronesians’ arrival there from their earlier arrival in the Philippines and Indonesia. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z These Austronesians, with their Austronesian language and modified Austronesian culture, were already established on Madagascar by the time it was first visited by Europeans, in 1500. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z At most, some of them merely adopted Austronesian languages, possibly in order to communicate with the long-distance traders who linked societies. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z In short, the variable outcomes of the Austronesian expansion strikingly illustrate the role of food production in human population movements. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z The dingo reached Australia at the peak of the Austronesian expansion from South China through Indonesia. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Thus, while Austronesian languages in China may not have survived the onslaught of Chinese dynasties, some of their sister and cousin languages did. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Before we trace Khoisan survival beyond the Bantu tide, let’s see what archaeology tells us about Africa’s other great prehistoric population movement—the Austronesian colonization of Madagascar. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z The whole Austronesian language family consists of 959 languages, divided among four subfamilies. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z But one of those subfamilies, termed Malayo-Polynesian, comprises 945 of those 959 languages and covers almost the entire geographic range of the Austronesian family. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z The Jomon language of Kyushu may instead have shared a common ancestor with the Austronesian language family, which includes Polynesian and Indonesian languages and the Aboriginal languages of Taiwan. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Before the recent overseas expansion of Europeans speaking Indo-European languages, Austronesian was the most widespread language family in the world. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Perhaps the Austronesian colonists of Madagascar reached India from Indonesia by that eastern trade route and then fell in with the westward trade route to East Africa, where they joined with Africans and discovered Madagascar. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Why did Austronesian people, stemming ultimately from mainland China, colonize Java and the rest of Indonesia and replace the original inhabitants there, instead of Indonesians colonizing China and replacing the Chinese? Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Austronesian languages are spoken today as native languages over more than half of the globe’s span, from Madagascar to Easter Island. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Most languages of the Bismarck and Solomon islands are Austronesian: Papuan languages are spoken only in isolated pockets on a few islands. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Thus, the linguistic evidence suggests that many tropical crops were added to the Austronesian repertoire after the emigration from Taiwan. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z The same procedure can be applied to reconstruct Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, the ancestral language spoken by Austronesians after emigrating from Taiwan. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z We already discussed such historical expansions in Chapters 16 and 17 for the Sino-Tibetan, Austronesian, and other East Asian language families. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Hence some stabilizing device must have been essential not only for the Austronesian expansion through Indonesia but even for the initial colonization of Taiwan. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Details of language distributions provide valuable clues to the route of this hypothesized Austronesian expansion. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z In the course of that expansion, Austronesians came to occupy all habitable areas of those islands, from the seacoast to the interior, and from the lowlands to the mountains. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Austronesians enjoyed few advantages in competing with those established New Guinean populations. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z The Austronesians who went on to colonize Polynesia became isolated from East Asian metallurgy and writing and hence remained without writing or metal. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z "The Art of the Austronesians: The Legacy of Indo-Pacific Voyaging" is the title of a new exhibit at UCLA's Fowler Museum, but who exactly is an Austronesian, you ask? See art by Austronesians, and find out who they were 2016-04-30T04:00:00Z Instead the lingua franca is Tetum, an Austronesian language influenced by Portuguese. Timor-Leste: what it's like to travel in a land without tourists 2015-08-04T04:00:00Z Only about 2.5% of the island’s population is of Austronesian descent, with ancestors preceding Japanese, Chinese and Dutch settlers in the early 1600s. Some Indigenous people in Taiwan want to drop their Chinese names: 'That history has nothing to do with mine' 2023-05-02T04:00:00Z The first known settlers in Taiwan were Austronesian tribal people, who are thought to have come from modern day southern China. What's behind China-Taiwan tensions? 2022-08-02T04:00:00Z Such linguistic neutrality persists in a number of modern tongues whose third-person pronouns lack a masculine or feminine inflection, among them Armenian, Bengali, Farsi, Finnish, Hungarian, Yoruba and most Turkic and Austronesian languages. The Queer Indigenous Artists Reclaiming a Fluid Sense of Gender 2022-02-17T05:00:00Z It was originally populated by Indigenous Austronesians, but Han migration from China increased with the arrival of European traders, including the Dutch East India Company. Is Taiwan Next? 2021-08-04T04:00:00Z “They’re beginning to highlight the characteristics of Taiwan’s Aboriginal culture and connecting Taiwan closer to the Austronesian countries in the Pacific.” Indigenous artists shine as Taiwan’s mainstream embraces its island identity 2021-02-17T05:00:00Z There were exceptions, however: some Austronesian languages paired the concept of love, a typically positive emotion, with pity, a typically negative one. Emotional Words Such as “Love” Mean Different Things in Different Languages 2019-12-19T05:00:00Z The Austronesians and the Papuans had been separated by at least 40,000 years of genetic differentiation, which meant that it would be very easy to discriminate by genetic signature. Is Ancient DNA Research Revealing New Truths — or Falling Into Old Traps? 2019-01-17T05:00:00Z A 2016 Nature paper, for example, linked human sacrifice to the development of social stratification in dozens of traditional Austronesian cultures. Feeding the gods: Hundreds of skulls reveal massive scale of human sacrifice in Aztec capital 2018-06-21T04:00:00Z The people of Vanuatu today speak Austronesian languages like those presumably spoken by the Lapita. DNA sheds light on settlement of Pacific 2018-03-02T05:00:00Z They also found that later ancient inhabitants had predominantly Papuan genetics but also carried a small portion of Austronesian ancestry, similar to present-day Vanuatuans. Ancient DNA offers clues to remote Pacific islands’ population puzzle 2018-02-28T05:00:00Z The actors were Indonesian, so Forsberg studied online videos in various Austronesian languages including Bahasa Indonesia and Sundanese, a language spoken in western Java. How to Speak Gibberish 2018-01-05T05:00:00Z The paper suggested that the old archaeological consensus — that the Lapita advances reflected the joint contributions of Austronesian and Papuan peoples — could be replaced by a much starker story. Is Ancient DNA Research Revealing New Truths — or Falling Into Old Traps? 2019-01-17T05:00:00Z Taiwan’s population is a blend of mainlander exiles from 1949, Hokkien and Hakka Chinese who arrived as maritime migrants generations ago, Austronesian aboriginals, descendants of Japanese and European colonists, and economic migrants from Southeast Asia. What Taiwan’s Leader Sees in Donald Trump 2016-12-07T05:00:00Z This “express train” picture fit with linguists’ models, in which Austronesian languages spread from East Asia into Oceania and were distinct from Papuan languages in Melanesia. ‘Game-changing’ study suggests first Polynesians voyaged all the way from East Asia 2016-10-03T04:00:00Z When they arrived in Vanuatu, they carried some Papuan ancestry but still spoke languages from a linguistic family common in the islands of southeast Asia, called Austronesian. Ancient DNA offers clues to remote Pacific islands’ population puzzle 2018-02-28T05:00:00Z Yet the Austronesians stopped short of the African coast. Ancient crop remains record epic migration to Madagascar 2016-05-30T04:00:00Z “Both papers,” Bedford maintained, “arrive at a similar conclusion,” that initial Austronesian settlement was followed by a Papuan gene flow. Is Ancient DNA Research Revealing New Truths — or Falling Into Old Traps? 2019-01-17T05:00:00Z Members of one indigenous troupe sang their own version of the national anthem, spotlighting Taiwan’s Austronesian, rather than Chinese, heritage. Taiwan's new president says she's willing to talk to Beijing 2016-05-20T04:00:00Z “They were probably the earliest ancestors of the Austronesian language-speaking people living nowadays in Taiwan and on the islands of the Pacific,” Tsang says. Stone Age Mother Found Cradling a Child in Shared Grave 2016-05-06T04:00:00Z The two others are Taiwanese Austronesian aboriginal women who still live on the island's east coast. Taiwan's complex relationship with Japan affects recognition of 'comfort women' 2016-03-30T04:00:00Z A 2013 study, however, found that the group is genetically similar to the Malagasy: a mixture of African Bantu and Austronesian stock. Ancient crop remains record epic migration to Madagascar 2016-05-30T04:00:00Z The interactions between the incoming “Austronesians,” another shorthand for whoever was presumably spreading those languages, and the indigenous Papuans created the constellation of practices that would become known as Lapita. Is Ancient DNA Research Revealing New Truths — or Falling Into Old Traps? 2019-01-17T05:00:00Z He is a slight, studious-looking man in his late thirties, whose expertise is in the Austronesian languages of Madagascar and the Pacific. Can Dying Languages Be Saved? 2015-03-23T04:00:00Z Dingoes first set paw in Australia a few millennia ago, possibly in association with the spread of Austronesians into the Pacific. [Perspective] A Pardon for the Dingo 2014-01-09T18:55:32.442Z The present-day inhabitants of the Madagascar highlands are descendants of the ancient Austronesians, Olsen says. Coconuts May Hold Clues to Ancient Civilization 2011-06-28T20:24:00Z The latest evidence leaves little doubt about Austronesian settlement, but their predecessors remain in the shadows. Ancient crop remains record epic migration to Madagascar 2016-05-30T04:00:00Z For example, it was a still a mystery that secondary Papuan migrants had replaced the original settlers but somehow adopted their Austronesian language. Is Ancient DNA Research Revealing New Truths — or Falling Into Old Traps? 2019-01-17T05:00:00Z The language is a part of the Austronesian language family and is related to many Pacific languages, among them Samoan and Fijian. Terms of Engulfment: "Changes in the Skies" Alter and Raise Concerns about the Longevity of Pacific Island Languages 2011-05-11T10:15:00.243Z For their studies, the team studied the characteristics of word order in four language families: Indo-European, Uto-Aztec, Bantu and Austronesian. 'Language universals' challenged 2011-04-14T22:24:40Z No wonder people from ancient Austronesians to Captain Bligh pitched a few coconuts aboard before setting sail. Coconuts May Hold Clues to Ancient Civilization 2011-06-28T20:24:00Z Many linguists think that ancestral populations of Austronesian language speakers now inhabiting Southeast Asian and Pacific islands—from the Philippines to Fiji—likely came from Taiwan. Rising Seas Made China's Ancient Mariners 2011-04-04T14:39:00Z The genetic record can be more “parsimoniously explained,” the authors remark, by at least two separate migrations to Vanuatu: first, the Austronesians, with their East Asian ancestry, and then, hundreds of years later, the Papuans. Is Ancient DNA Research Revealing New Truths — or Falling Into Old Traps? 2019-01-17T05:00:00Z They speak cultivated languages of the Austronesian family, generally much better preserved and of richer grammatical structure than the simplified modern speech of the Orang-Maláyu. Man, Past and Present 2011-03-28T02:00:29.283Z Linguists believe that Polynesian languages belong to the Austronesian language family, which originated in Taiwan. Observatory: DNA Sheds New Light on Polynesian Migration 2011-02-07T17:50:22Z The Austronesian languages spread from these areas over thousands of miles beyond. The Civilization of Illiteracy |
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