| 单词 | nitrification |
| 例句 | For the microbes include not only disease organisms but those that destroy waste matter, make soils fertile, and enter into countless biological processes like fermentation and nitrification. Silent Spring 1962-09-27T00:00:00Z A similar process occurs in the marine nitrogen cycle, where the ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification processes are performed by marine bacteria and archaea. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z This process occurs in three steps in terrestrial systems: ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Woodall noted that agronomists are working on new corn varieties and seed additives to reduce methane, as well as nitrification inhibitors to diminish the nitrous oxide given off by manure. Can a Burger Help Solve Climate Change? 2019-09-23T04:00:00Z For example, the herbicide 2,4-D causes a temporary interruption of nitrification. Silent Spring—I 2017-01-03T05:00:00Z Advances in biological wastewater treatment, including phosphorus removal and nitrification, hold potential if implemented more widely. Policy: Five cornerstones of a global bioeconomy 2016-07-11T04:00:00Z Farmers can buy synthetic nitrification inhibitors such as dicyandiamide, but these are not ideal. Grass gets greener 2013-09-18T17:20:44.500Z A similar process occurs in the marine nitrogen cycle, where the ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification processes are performed by marine bacteria. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z However, microbial nitrification rates in seawater are dramatically inhibited by ocean acidification. Dot Earth Blog: Papers Find Mixed Impacts on Ocean Species from Rising CO2 2013-08-26T15:51:27Z Form of nitrogen to be used is largely a matter of economy though nitrate for part of it may be desirable early in the season when soil is cold and nitrification slow. The Tomato 2011-11-20T03:00:13.470Z We’ll also be conducting a series of incubations — experiments where we add substrates to seawater — to measure the rates of nitrification. Scientist at Work: Solving the Microbial Whodunit 2011-03-30T16:29:53Z After years of hunting, they identified a nitrification inhibitor secreted by the grass’s roots. Grass gets greener 2013-09-18T17:20:44.500Z The research results reveal a link between fire, charcoal deposition, nitrification, and abundance of nitrifying organisms in coniferous forests of the inland Northwestern US. Forest Fires Help Power the Nitrogen Cycle 2010-08-10T14:23:00Z Under normal conditions, mud shrimps enhance sediment nitrification rates, but at reduced seawater pH, this functionality rapidly declines. Dot Earth Blog: Papers Find Mixed Impacts on Ocean Species from Rising CO2 2013-08-26T15:51:27Z In these gulfs of moving unseen forms nitrification proceeds, and the rounds of life go on unceasingly. The Holy Earth Aside from this, there will be a large increase in the nitrogen contents of the soil through the nitrification of this organic matter. Asparagus, its culture for home use and for market: a practical treatise on the planting, cultivation, harvesting, marketing, and preserving of asparagus, with notes on its history But research showed that this process of nitrification is dependent on temperature, aeration and moisture, as is life, and that while nitre-beds can infect one another, the process is stopped by sterilization. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 2 "Baconthorpe" to "Bankruptcy" We have already, in the chapter on Nitrification, referred to the action of gypsum in promoting nitrification. Manures and the principles of manuring This process, which is known by the name of nitrification, is greatly promoted by the presence of lime or some other substance, with which the nitric acid may combine in proportion as it is formed. Elements of Agricultural Chemistry The need of nitrogen for grass in the early spring, before nitrification in the soil is active, is an illustration. Crops and Methods for Soil Improvement After becoming soluble, the organic matter undergoes further chemical changes, as oxidation and nitrification caused by bacteria. Human Foods and Their Nutritive Value The work of the nitrifying germs is called nitrification. The First Book of Farming This is no doubt due to the fact that lime plays a valuable part in promoting the action of various ferments, as has already been illustrated in the case of nitrification. Manures and the principles of manuring The evidence for the ferment theory of nitrification is now very complete. Scientific American Supplement, No. 470, January 3, 1885 So, too, when we heat vegetable humus to 100°, nitrification is arrested, because the ferment is killed. Scientific American Supplement, No. 446, July 19, 1884 The ammonia formed as the result of the decomposition of nitrogenous organic matter readily undergoes nitrification changes. Human Foods and Their Nutritive Value The presence of moisture in the soil is necessary for the process of nitrification to take place. The First Book of Farming The great difficulty in deciding it, as has just been said, lies in the fact that ammonia salts, when applied to a soil, are, by the process of nitrification, converted into nitrates. Manures and the principles of manuring Thus nitrification proceeds with extreme slowness near the freezing-point, and increases in activity with a rise in temperature till 37° is reached; the action then diminishes, and ceases altogether at 55°. Scientific American Supplement, No. 470, January 3, 1885 Finally, we may sow the nitric ferment in calcined earth and cause nitrification to occur therein as surely as we can bring about a fermentation in wine by sowing Mycoderma aceti in it. Scientific American Supplement, No. 446, July 19, 1884 It rests upon the tendency of the earth floors of dwellings to become heavily charged with calcium nitrate through the natural processes of nitrification. Farmers of Forty Centuries; Or, Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea, and Japan It undergoes nitrification readily and is a quick acting organic source of nitrogen and phosphoric acid. The First Book of Farming From what we know of the process of nitrification, we see how it is wellnigh impossible that ammonia should exist to any extent in the soil except under very exceptional circumstances. Manures and the principles of manuring Recent experiments at Rothamsted show that in the absence of phosphates no nitrification will occur. Scientific American Supplement, No. 470, January 3, 1885 In fact, the vapors of chloroform, which anesthetize plants, also prevent nitrification, since they anaesthetize the nitric ferment. Scientific American Supplement, No. 446, July 19, 1884 That's only because I interrupt and ask so many side questions," replied Mr. Thornton, "but I hope yet to learn more about those 'suitable conditions' for nitrogen-fixation and nitrification. The Story of the Soil; from the Basis of Absolute Science and Real Life, The nitrogen in the dried blood, tankage, fish scrap and cotton-seed meal, being organic nitrogen, must be changed by the process of nitrification to nitric acid or nitrate before it is available. The First Book of Farming From what, however, we have subsequently learned regarding the process of "nitrification," it is quite probable that the nitrogen in these experiments was first converted into nitrates before being assimilated. Manures and the principles of manuring It is difficult to conceive how the evidence for the ferment theory of nitrification could be further strengthened; it is apparently complete in every part. Scientific American Supplement, No. 470, January 3, 1885 This ultimate destruction of organic matter is often called nitrification because one of the main substances released is nitrate—that vital fertilizer that makes plants grow green and fast. Organic Gardener's Composting The presence of carbonates in the soil is essential for nitrification, because the bacteria will not continue the process in the presence of their own product. The Story of the Soil; from the Basis of Absolute Science and Real Life, A substance such as gas-lime, unless submitted to the action of the atmosphere for some time, would also have a bad effect in checking nitrification, owing to the poisonous sulphur compounds it contains. Manures and the principles of manuring The roots are thus not freely enough exposed to this necessary gas, and fermentative processes of the nature of nitrification are not promoted. Manures and the principles of manuring It is surely most important that scientific men should make up their minds as to the real nature of those processes of oxidation of which nitrification is an example. Scientific American Supplement, No. 470, January 3, 1885 A subject which has not yet been specially referred to, but which is of great practical importance, is the nitrification of manurial substances. Manures and the principles of manuring Technically the last two steps in the process are nitrification proper; but, speaking generally, the term nitrification is used to include the three steps, or both ammonification and nitrification proper. The Story of the Soil; from the Basis of Absolute Science and Real Life, It goes on probably at a greater rate than the ordinary nitrification of soil-nitrogen. Manures and the principles of manuring Oxygen, absorbed by plant-roots, 81; absorbed by soil, 81; evolved by plants, 11; necessary for fertility, 81; necessary for nitrification, 52, 173; percentage of, in plants, 39; source of, in plants, 39. Manures and the principles of manuring The third series of experiments has continued as yet but three months and a half; at present no nitrification has occurred with soil taken below 9 inches from the surface. Scientific American Supplement, No. 470, January 3, 1885 A point of very much greater economic importance is the total amount formed in the year, and the rate at which nitrification takes place. Manures and the principles of manuring Thus you will see the absolute need of free oxygen in the nitrification process; and we can control the rate of nitrification to a considerable extent by our methods of tillage. The Story of the Soil; from the Basis of Absolute Science and Real Life, In an atmosphere, on the other hand, containing 1.5 per cent of oxygen, a considerable amount of nitrification took place; while in the presence of 6 per cent, nitrification took place to double the extent. Manures and the principles of manuring Plant-roots, grow downwards, 84; nitrification promoted by, 181; openness required by, 83; room required by, 85; soil in relation to, 84. Manures and the principles of manuring Thus, besides ammonia, two amides, and two forms of albuminoids have been found susceptible of nitrification. Scientific American Supplement, No. 470, January 3, 1885 It has been surmised by some that the action of denitrification may be effected by the same organisms that effect nitrification, and that it depends on merely external conditions which process goes on. Manures and the principles of manuring Thus the more we cultivate, the more we hasten the nitrification, oxidation, or destruction of the organic matter or humus of the soil. The Story of the Soil; from the Basis of Absolute Science and Real Life, Thus the action of nitrification has been found to be more marked in the lower layers of a soil on which a leguminous crop was growing than on that on which a gramineous. Manures and the principles of manuring It further decomposes organic matter, and promotes the important process of nitrification. Manures and the principles of manuring Nitrification is most rapid in darkness; and in the case of solutions, exposure to strong light may cause nitrification to cease altogether. Scientific American Supplement, No. 470, January 3, 1885 That nitrification ever takes place in our soils to this extent is not to be for a moment supposed. Manures and the principles of manuring That is rather confusing," said Mr. Thornton, "you say the cowpea grows when nitrification is most active, and yet you say that it takes less nitrogen from the air than clover. The Story of the Soil; from the Basis of Absolute Science and Real Life, The rate at which the nitrification of this manure takes place naturally varies according to the quantity applied, and other circumstances, such as the nature of the soil and the weather, &c. Manures and the principles of manuring The presence of carbonate of lime in the soil is a necessary condition for the process of nitrification. Manures and the principles of manuring The rapidity of nitrification also depends on the degree of alkalinity of the solution. Scientific American Supplement, No. 470, January 3, 1885 In a clayey subsoil the principal hindrance to nitrification will be the difficulty of obtaining sufficient aeration. Manures and the principles of manuring As I was saying, nitrification has no connection whatever with the free nitrogen of the air. The Story of the Soil; from the Basis of Absolute Science and Real Life, In this connection the action of plant-roots in permitting a more abundant access of air to the lower layers of the soil, and thus promoting nitrification, is worth noticing. Manures and the principles of manuring In view, however, of our present knowledge of nitrification, it may well be doubted whether the conclusions arrived at from Lehmann's experiments can be accepted. Manures and the principles of manuring It appeared of interest to ascertain to what extent nitrification would proceed in a dilute solution of urine without the addition of any substance save the nitrifying ferment. Scientific American Supplement, No. 470, January 3, 1885 Such conditions, by removing the water that fills the pores of the subsoil, will cause the air to penetrate more or less deeply and render nitrification possible. Manures and the principles of manuring The nitrogen contained in the insoluble organic matter of the soil is made soluble and available by the process called nitrification. The Story of the Soil; from the Basis of Absolute Science and Real Life, One of the causes of the greater fertility of tropical soils is due, doubtless, to the very much longer duration of the period of nitrification, as well as to its greater intensity. Manures and the principles of manuring Root crops, on the other hand, sown in summer, continue their active growth into autumn, and are thus enabled to utilise the nitrates formed in the process of nitrification. Manures and the principles of manuring Sodium hydrogen carbonate hinders far less the commencement of nitrification. Scientific American Supplement, No. 470, January 3, 1885 The base, with which the nitrous acid combines as it is formed, being at that stage entirely used up, nitrification is no longer possible. Manures and the principles of manuring "Among the conditions essential for nitrification may be mentioned the presence of free oxygen and limestone; and of course all bacteria require certain food materials, resembling other plants in this respect." The Story of the Soil; from the Basis of Absolute Science and Real Life, No nitrification was obtained with clay from a depth of 8 feet. Manures and the principles of manuring Indeed, as we have already indicated, it is highly probable that the conversion of the different forms of organic nitrogen into ammonia is an intermediate stage in the nitrification of these bodies. Manures and the principles of manuring This hinderance of nitrification by the presence of an excess of ammonium carbonate effectually prevents the nitrification of strong solutions of urine, in which, as already mentioned, ammonium carbonate is the first product of fermentation. Scientific American Supplement, No. 470, January 3, 1885 According to other theories, nitrification was effected by means of the oxidation of ammonia. Manures and the principles of manuring The oxygen is essential for nitrification, because that is an oxidation process. The Story of the Soil; from the Basis of Absolute Science and Real Life, We have adverted to these nitre plantations as showing how the conditions most favourable for the development of nitrification were recognised long before anything was known as to the true nature of the process. Manures and the principles of manuring According to the old theories, nitrification was regarded as a simple case of the oxidation of nitrogen by the oxygen of the air, or by ozone. Manures and the principles of manuring Further proof of the ferment theory is afforded by the fact that antiseptics are fatal to nitrification. Scientific American Supplement, No. 470, January 3, 1885 It was found that nitrification of the sewage took place. Manures and the principles of manuring The fact that nitrification will not proceed in the presence of acid reminds us that only a certain degree of acidity can be developed in sour milk. The Story of the Soil; from the Basis of Absolute Science and Real Life, From this it was naturally inferred that nitrification was effected by some kind of ferment. Manures and the principles of manuring Another of the conditions determining the rate at which nitrification takes place, and one which is most important, is Temperature. Manures and the principles of manuring In the presence of a small quantity of chloroform, carbon bisulphide, salicylic acid, and apparently also phenol, nitrification entirely ceases. Scientific American Supplement, No. 470, January 3, 1885 The practical value of gypsum as an adjunct to certain manurial substances, where nitrification is desired to be promoted as rapidly as possible, such as sewage and farmyard manure, will thus at once become apparent. Manures and the principles of manuring Now, Mr. Johnston is telling about nitrification, a process which is entirely different from nitrogen-fixation. The Story of the Soil; from the Basis of Absolute Science and Real Life, According to experiments by Schloesing on a moist soil, in atmospheres respectively containing no oxygen and varying quantities of it, the action of oxygen in promoting nitrification was strikingly demonstrated. Manures and the principles of manuring It is a somewhat striking fact that the effect of adding nitrate of soda to the soil may be at first to check nitrification. Manures and the principles of manuring The soil removed was at once transferred to a sterilized solution of diluted urine, which was afterward examined from time to time to ascertain if nitrification took place. Scientific American Supplement, No. 470, January 3, 1885 This change was supposed to be of a purely chemical nature, and it has only been recently discovered that it is effected, like nitrification, by means of bacteria. Manures and the principles of manuring The conditions which favour denitrification are exactly the opposite of those which favour nitrification. Manures and the principles of manuring Of recent experiments on the rate of nitrification, the most striking, perhaps, are those by Schloesing. Manures and the principles of manuring To recapitulate, then, nitrification is effected through the agency of micro-organisms, which are present to a greater or less extent in all soils. Manures and the principles of manuring In the Rothamsted Laboratory, experiments have also been made on the nitrification of solutions of various substances. Scientific American Supplement, No. 470, January 3, 1885 These experiments are interesting as showing what is probably the maximum rate of nitrification under the most favourable circumstances, and where there is an abundant supply of easily nitrifiable nitrogen. Manures and the principles of manuring The last of these interesting laboratory experiments on the rate of nitrification we shall refer to, are those by Dehérain. Manures and the principles of manuring By making the nitrification intensive, he was able to obtain considerable quantities of carbon from the nitrified solutions by the process of wet combustion. Manures and the principles of manuring The soil experimented with was an extremely rich garden soil, and all the conditions for nitrification were most favourable. Manures and the principles of manuring Nitrification always commences first in the weakest solution, and there is probably in the case of every solution a limit of concentration beyond which nitrification is impossible. Scientific American Supplement, No. 470, January 3, 1885 The activity of nitrification in many soils may be hindered by the absence of a sufficiency of lime salts, and in such cases most striking results may follow the application of moderate dressings of chalk. Manures and the principles of manuring Similarly, when large quantities of lime, especially burnt lime, are applied to soils, the result will be to arrest the action of nitrification for the time. Manures and the principles of manuring Warington has carried out some experiments on the action of gypsum in promoting nitrification. Manures and the principles of manuring There are organisms, on the other hand, which have the power of reversing the work of the nitrification bacteria by converting nitrates into other forms of nitrogen. Manures and the principles of manuring A solution receiving an abundant supply of the ferment will exhibit speedy nitrification, and strong solutions may by this means be successfully nitrified, which with small seedings would prove very refractory. Scientific American Supplement, No. 470, January 3, 1885 The more thoroughly a soil is tilled the more thoroughly will the aeration of its particles take place, and consequently the more favourable will this necessary condition of nitrification be rendered. Manures and the principles of manuring The presence of moisture in a soil is another of the necessary conditions of nitrification. Manures and the principles of manuring A question which is practically of no little importance is the rate at which nitrification takes place. Manures and the principles of manuring Thus it has been found in experiments with different portions of soils, that but little signs of nitrification occur in the lower soil layers. Manures and the principles of manuring Nitrification will not take place in an acid solution; it is essential that some base should be present with which the nitric acid may combine; when all available base is used up, nitrification ceases. Scientific American Supplement, No. 470, January 3, 1885 In point of fact the rate at which nitrification takes place will vary very much in different soils. Manures and the principles of manuring Before concluding this chapter, it may be well to draw attention to the important bearing which nitrification has on agricultural practice. Manures and the principles of manuring We may now proceed to discuss the conditions favourable for nitrification. Manures and the principles of manuring During a period of drought the rate at which nitrification takes place will, therefore, be apt to be seriously diminished. Manures and the principles of manuring The nitrification of the urine had evidently proceeded until the whole of the ammonium had been changed into ammonium nitrate, and the action had then ceased. Scientific American Supplement, No. 470, January 3, 1885 If, instead of calcium carbonate, a soluble alkaline salt is present, the quantity must be small, or nitrification will be seriously hindered. Scientific American Supplement, No. 470, January 3, 1885 Ammonium carbonate, when above a certain amount, also prevents the commencement of nitrification. Scientific American Supplement, No. 470, January 3, 1885 |
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