| 单词 | Minoan |
| 例句 | Ancient Greek, but just as old—Minoan, maybe, or something like that I could understand what she sang about—moonlight in the olive groves, the colors of the sunrise. The Sea of Monsters 2006-04-01T00:00:00Z On July 3, 1908, archaeologists excavating the ancient Minoan palace at Phaistos, on the island of Crete, chanced upon one of the most remarkable objects in the history of technology. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Surrounded by alphabets he could not understand, he instead independently reinvented a syllabary, unaware that the Minoans of Crete had already invented another syllabary 3,500 years previously. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z For the same reason, we can be sure that the Linear B syllabary of Mycenaean Greece had been adapted by around 1400 B.C. from the Linear A syllabary of Minoan Crete. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Among island empires, why did writing arise in Minoan Crete but not in Polynesian Tonga? Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z There she became engrossed by watercolors from an early-20th-century archaeological mission in Crete, led by Arthur Evans, who excavated the ruins of the ancient Minoan civilization. Remaking Ancient Greece, With Paints or Pixels 2017-12-21T05:00:00Z The creature with huge curving horns is a descendant of the domesticated goats of the Minoans. Review | After death, major works by artist Jack Whitten discovered 2018-07-20T04:00:00Z We start with Knossos, an elaborate Minoan palace whose history dates to about 2000 B.C. Introducing my kids to their grandparents’ Greece 2015-09-17T04:00:00Z This one is set in the bronze age Mediterranean, around 1500BC, and is filled with the colours, sounds and scents of the Minoans and Mycenaeans. Michelle Paver: a life in writing 2012-08-24T21:55:05Z “For me, they’re a fabled ancient civilization like the Minoans or Easter Islanders,” he said. The Bay Citizen: With Long Roots in the Bay Area, Improv Comedy Is Thriving 2010-08-08T00:11:00Z We can’t leave the area without a visit to the archaeological site of Phaistos, where we find no tour guides but surprisingly informative plaques that help us imagine the Minoan palace in its heyday. Introducing my kids to their grandparents’ Greece 2015-09-17T04:00:00Z The old Homeric civilizations — the Mycenaeans on the Greek mainland, the Minoans on Crete — are on the wane, but internationalist traffic is fully underway. ‘Assyria to Iberia,’ at the Metropolitan Museum of Art 2014-09-18T04:00:00Z The story begins with contact between Egypt and Minoans from Crete as early as 3,000 B.C. Review | From the Pharaohs to Cleopatra and Julius Caesar: how Egypt influenced Greece and Rome 2018-06-22T04:00:00Z The Institute for the Study of the Ancient World in New York used her video in a show of objects from the Minoan era. To Draw Viewers, Museums Show That What’s Old Is New Again 2018-10-25T04:00:00Z Ms. Price then created a video that used his drawings to create her interpretation of a Minoan world. To Draw Viewers, Museums Show That What’s Old Is New Again 2018-10-25T04:00:00Z She wears a low-cut dress that almost completely exposes her breasts, like a Minoan snake goddess; she dances energetically, sometimes breathlessly, to a tune she sings herself, a kind of club-scene endurance art piece. ‘Pipilotti Rist: Pixel Forest,’ Deep in the Wilds of Video 2016-10-27T04:00:00Z And this show includes both actual Minoan artifacts, such as a frowzy female figurine dating to 1600-1450 B.C., lent by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and forgeries Evans acquired on the site. Remaking Ancient Greece, With Paints or Pixels 2017-12-21T05:00:00Z Furthering the show’s visual combustion are an ancient Minoan octopus vase and Mycenaean statuettes excavated on Crete and eight sculptures and masks from various African peoples. Revealing a Secret Art Life: A Painter’s Sculptures 2018-09-06T04:00:00Z "She told us to use our ingenuity to survive even if we don't have wheat," said Souvatzoglou, who cites his main influences as the ancient Minoan and Cycladic eras. Greek crisis: An odyssey seen through ancient myth 2012-06-24T11:41:12Z When the underwater volcano Thera erupted, its tsunami flooded much of Crete, wiping out the Minoan civilisation, and providing Plato with the material for his account of Atlantis. Atlantis: The Evidence 2010-06-02T07:00:00Z “She told us to use our ingenuity to survive even if we don’t have wheat,” said Souvatzoglou, who cites his main influences as the ancient Minoan and Cycladic eras. Myths explain Greece 2012-06-25T15:15:00Z When Miller visited, Iraklion was a small, provincial town and the ruins of the Minoan palace of Knossos were in the surrounding countryside. In Crete, Henry Miller Found His Muse Amid the Ruins 2016-09-21T04:00:00Z But he largely avoids judgment while devising formal titles for dwellings like Pixel Ghost, Cerulean Icebox, Minoan Makeover and Samurai Helmet House. Reading Between the Design Lines 2022-04-21T04:00:00Z Remember the Minoan goddess-priestess figurines—they have snakes coiled around their arms and are in an oracular trance. How Family Trauma Perpetuates Authoritarian Societies 2023-09-28T04:00:00Z During the Bronze Age the Minoans and Mycenaeans were two of the civilizations that were part of the international trade and diplomacy network of the Mediterranean and Middle East. The Birth of Europe 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z The Minoans were a major seafaring civilization based on the island of Crete. Western Civilization: A Concise History 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z Bronze Age Greeks appear to have migrated from the Balkans into mainland Greece around 2000 BCE and adopted Minoan civilization around the beginning of the Late Bronze Age, in 1600 BCE. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z But if someone really cool shows up speaking Icelandic or ancient Minoan, and everyone turns to look, the child will notice. How Many Languages Could a Child Speak? 2022-06-14T04:00:00Z Minoan culture had a major influence on Greece, for example. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z He stole others from a locked room at the ancient palace of Knossos, a 5-acre archaeological site that was the center of Minoan culture, according to experts. New research tracks ancient artifacts looted by the Nazis 2022-01-18T05:00:00Z To the west, it was during the Bronze Age that the first distinctly Greek civilizations arose: the Minoans of the island of Crete and the Mycenaeans of Greece itself. Western Civilization: A Concise History 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z Unlike the Minoans, the Mycenaean Greeks were divided into a number of separate kingdoms. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z “That would pull together all the time lines for all these incredible cultures in this region,” including the Minoans, the Hittites, the Hyksos and the ancient Egyptians. Long-Awaited Update Arrives for Radiocarbon Dating 2020-09-11T04:00:00Z It must have been a peaceful one as well, since Minoan cities did not seem to need fortifications to protect them. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z And the Minoan cup’s simplicity says a lot to people such as Farley. British Museum displays 3,500-year-old disposable cup 2019-12-18T05:00:00Z At the time, however, the Minoans and Mycenaeans were primarily traders and, in the case of the Mycenaeans, raiders, rather than representing states on par with those of the Hittites, Assyrians, or Egyptians. Western Civilization: A Concise History 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z The Minoans built spacious palaces on Crete, the largest at Knossos. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z In the 1960s archaeologists on Santorini uncovered a Minoan settlement frozen in time, with vibrant wall frescoes decorating multistory houses, all buried by volcanic debris. Long-Awaited Update Arrives for Radiocarbon Dating 2020-09-11T04:00:00Z The excavation of Knossos and its painted walls produced much information about Minoans. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The Minoan cup greeting visitors to the new exhibit was plucked from hundreds in the British Museum’s hoard of items on reserve, Farley said. British Museum displays 3,500-year-old disposable cup 2019-12-18T05:00:00Z The Greek legend of the labyrinth, the great maze in which a bull-headed monster called the minotaur roamed, was probably based on the size and the confusion of these Minoan complexes. Western Civilization: A Concise History 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z The Minoans also established settlements and trading posts on other Aegean islands such as Thera and along the Anatolian coast. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z This and other similarities point to the warrior’s people having understood the meaning and imagery on the Minoan objects buried with him. Tombs at Ancient Greek Site Were Gold-Lined Chambers 2019-12-17T05:00:00Z The wall paintings, as well as the official seals and vases, show the Minoans as graceful, athletic people who loved nature and beautiful objects. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The Minoan cup isn’t the oldest such dish on record, but it still stands out. British Museum displays 3,500-year-old disposable cup 2019-12-18T05:00:00Z The Minoans were, according to the surviving archaeological evidence, relatively peaceful. Western Civilization: A Concise History 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z To keep records for these centers the Minoans developed their own script, written on clay tablets and known to scholars as Linear A. It has not yet been deciphered. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z Archaeologists see the new finds at Pylos as helping to clarify the early relationship between the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations. Tombs at Ancient Greek Site Were Gold-Lined Chambers 2019-12-17T05:00:00Z The disaster of 1470 B.C. was a blow from which the Minoans never fully recovered. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The cups were probably the Minoans’ way of streamlining cleanup for feasts that drew hundreds or thousands of guests, Farley said. British Museum displays 3,500-year-old disposable cup 2019-12-18T05:00:00Z The Minoans built enormous palace complexes that combined government, spiritual, and commercial centers in huge, sprawling areas of building that were interconnected and which housed thousands of people. Western Civilization: A Concise History 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z The Minoan religion revered bulls and a goddess associated with snakes, nature, and fertility. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z The grave’s occupant was buried with a long bronze sword and a wealth of Minoan artwork, principally seal stones, of the highest quality. Tombs at Ancient Greek Site Were Gold-Lined Chambers 2019-12-17T05:00:00Z This time, the Minoans had trouble rebuilding their cities. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z “Look what I’ve found!” she sang out, but the others were reluctant to move from in front of their documentary on Minoan Crete. “The Bunty Club” 2019-10-21T04:00:00Z The Minoans traded actively with their neighbors and developed their own systems of bureaucracy and writing. Western Civilization: A Concise History 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z The abundance of figurines of this snake-wielding female deity and other artistic depictions of women may mean that at least some women enjoyed high social status in Minoan society. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z The fine Minoan artifacts in the Griffin Warrior’s grave could have been just loot from Crete. Tombs at Ancient Greek Site Were Gold-Lined Chambers 2019-12-17T05:00:00Z Nonetheless, Minoan civilization did linger on for almost 300 years. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z In 2017, DNA research shed new light on the mysterious ancient Minoan civilization on the island of Crete and their counterparts on the Greek mainland, the Mycenaeans. Ancient Greek throne room may have been discovered in giant palace 2019-10-03T04:00:00Z Starting in the early 1400s BCE, however, a wave of invasions carried out by the Mycenaeans to the north eventually extinguished Minoan independence. Western Civilization: A Concise History 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z Historians see in the myth a distant memory of the earlier civilization on Crete and use the term Minoan, derived from Minos, to describe it. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z The elites imported precious objects from Crete and copied the style of Minoan architecture in the palaces at Pylos and Mycenae. Tombs at Ancient Greek Site Were Gold-Lined Chambers 2019-12-17T05:00:00Z Some Minoans fled to the mountains to escape the ruin of the kingdom. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Last year, DNA research shed new light on the mysterious ancient Minoan civilization on the island of Crete and their counterparts on the Greek mainland, the Mycenaeans. Long-lost ancient city built by Trojan War prisoners discovered in Greece 2018-11-14T05:00:00Z During the Bronze Age, as described in the last chapter, the Minoans and Mycenaeans were two of the civilizations that were part of the international trade and diplomacy network of the Mediterranean and Middle East. Western Civilization: A Concise History 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z The Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations emerged on the Aegean island of Crete and on mainland Greece. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z Dr. Nelson, an archaeologist at Queens College, New York, has long argued for an early Minoan influence at Pylos. Tombs at Ancient Greek Site Were Gold-Lined Chambers 2019-12-17T05:00:00Z By 3000 B.C., the Minoans lived on the large Greek island of Crete. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z “Bureaucracy is more powerful than people understand,” said Christopher Egleton, chairman of UK-based tourism company Minoan, which recently won consent to build a holiday resort in eastern Crete after 20 years of applying. Greek Bailout Ends, But Underlying Problems Remain 2018-08-21T04:00:00Z The Mycenaeans developed as a civilization after the Minoans were already established in Crete. Western Civilization: A Concise History 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z Minoan culture strongly influenced the art and culture of the Mycenaean civilization that followed it. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z Drain the Oceans The new episode “Lost Worlds of the Mediterranean” explores the rise and fall of the Minoan, Greek, Carthaginian and Roman civilizations. Monday's TV highlights: 'David Cassidy: The Last Session' and more 2018-06-11T04:00:00Z The Minoans created an elegant civilization that had great power in the Mediterranean world. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z HOWEVER, if you Google "Minoan seals" and "Minoan cups," I think you'' agree that a great Minoan artist could have created that seal. A Grecian Artifact Evokes Tales From the ‘Iliad’ and ‘Odyssey’ 2017-11-06T05:00:00Z Minoan art greatly influenced that on the Greek mainland and many of the Minoan artifacts found during this time period may have been imported or robbed. Ancient Greek 'Masterpiece' Revealed on Thumb-Size Gem 2017-11-07T05:00:00Z What evidence suggests that Minoan civilization was conquered by the Mycenaeans? World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z But the Bronze Age Mycenaean and Minoan skeletons revealed ancestry from populations originating in either the Caucasus mountains or Iran. DNA clue to origins of early Greek civilization - BBC News 2017-08-02T04:00:00Z The Minoans produced some of the finest painted pottery of the time. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z It is explicitly stated that the artifact is almost certainly Minoan. A Grecian Artifact Evokes Tales From the ‘Iliad’ and ‘Odyssey’ 2017-11-06T05:00:00Z How much influence the Minoans exerted on mainland Greece has been the subject of debate. Ancient Greek 'Masterpiece' Revealed on Thumb-Size Gem 2017-11-07T05:00:00Z Both cultures additionally inherited DNA from people from the eastern Caucasus, near modern-day Iran, suggesting an early migration of people from the east after the early farmers settled there but before Mycenaeans split from Minoans. The Greeks really do have near-mythical origins, ancient DNA reveals 2017-08-02T04:00:00Z Santorini was a small volcanic island in the Aegean Sea, home to Akrotiri, a Late Bronze Age outpost of Minoan civilization, which preceded ancient Greece. An Ancient Tsunami That Ended a Civilization Gets Another Look 2016-11-09T05:00:00Z Along with their goods, Minoans also exported their art and culture. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Is there anything comparable, in terms of naturalistic depictions of the human body in action, in Minoan or Mycenaean art? A Grecian Artifact Evokes Tales From the ‘Iliad’ and ‘Odyssey’ 2017-11-06T05:00:00Z The number of Minoan artifacts in his tomb indicate he could have been a member of the Minoan elite or a Mycenaean who was captivated by the Minoan culture. Ancient Greek 'Masterpiece' Revealed on Thumb-Size Gem 2017-11-07T05:00:00Z Not surprisingly, the Minoans and Mycenaeans looked alike, both carrying genes for brown hair and brown eyes. The Greeks really do have near-mythical origins, ancient DNA reveals 2017-08-02T04:00:00Z The grave throws light on a dramatic historical process, the extension of the Minoan culture of Crete to southern Greece, where it formed the basis of Mycenaean civilization, the first in mainland Europe. In Greek Warrior’s Grave, Rings of Power (and a Mirror and Combs) 2016-10-03T04:00:00Z Archaeologists in the late 19th and early 20th centuries excavated Knossos, the Minoan capital city. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z He lived at a critical period when the Minoan civilization of Crete was being transferred to cities of the Greek mainland. A Grecian Artifact Evokes Tales From the ‘Iliad’ and ‘Odyssey’ 2017-11-06T05:00:00Z An older, smaller example was found in the Minoan palace of Knossos, on the island of Crete. Archaeologist claims he's found ancient Greek kings' throne 2016-06-14T04:00:00Z About 1,000 years later, the Minoans on the island of Crete in the Mediterranean improved the toilet by adding the capacity to flush — although only for the elite. The secret history of ancient toilets 2016-05-23T04:00:00Z “Whoever they are, they are the people introducing Minoan ways to the mainland and forging Mycenaean culture,” Dr. Davis said. In Greek Warrior’s Grave, Rings of Power (and a Mirror and Combs) 2016-10-03T04:00:00Z Many Minoan artworks depict women and their role in religious ceremonies. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Linear B was adapted by the Mycenaean Greeks from Linear A, used by the Minoans. A Grecian Artifact Evokes Tales From the ‘Iliad’ and ‘Odyssey’ 2017-11-06T05:00:00Z An hour's hard walking leads us high into the Lasithi Mountains where the Minoans once buried their dead. Why some Greek pensioners may have to forage to survive - BBC News 2016-01-28T05:00:00Z During the second and first millennia BC around the Mediterranean Sea, the Minoan, Mycenaean, Greek, Etruscan and Roman civilizations arose during eras of major seismic activity in their regions. Geophysics: Vast forces underfoot : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-12-01T05:00:00Z “They were probably dressing like Minoans and building their houses according to styles used on Crete, using Minoan building techniques.” In Greek Warrior’s Grave, Rings of Power (and a Mirror and Combs) 2016-10-03T04:00:00Z Many works of Minoan art show young men performing incredible acrobatic leaps over the horns of angry bulls. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The codpiece shown here is very similar to Minoan paintings, as is the general artistic style. A Grecian Artifact Evokes Tales From the ‘Iliad’ and ‘Odyssey’ 2017-11-06T05:00:00Z The bull motif testifies to the influence of the Minoans, who revered bulls, on the later Mycenaeans. Rare Unlooted Grave of Wealthy Warrior Uncovered in Greece 2015-10-27T04:00:00Z Long-horned bulls and human bull jumpers soaring over their horns are a common motif in Minoan designs. Here's what archaeologists found in a warrior's grave that's been untouched for 3,500 years 2015-10-26T04:00:00Z The grave, whether dug by Minoans or Mycenaeans, “fits with other evidence that the elites on the mainland are increasingly closely connected to the elites on Crete,” Dr. Shelmerdine said. In Greek Warrior’s Grave, Rings of Power (and a Mirror and Combs) 2016-10-03T04:00:00Z The Minoans sacrificed bulls and other animals to their gods. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Rather, the image “is part of a cycle of stories familiar to both Mycenaeans and Minoans.” A Grecian Artifact Evokes Tales From the ‘Iliad’ and ‘Odyssey’ 2017-11-06T05:00:00Z Archaeologists have long debated the influence of Minoan civilization, which began to flourish in Crete around 2500 B.C., on the rise of Mycenaean society a thousand years later. Rare Unlooted Grave of Wealthy Warrior Uncovered in Greece 2015-10-27T04:00:00Z One of more than four dozen seal stones with intricate Minoan designs found in the warrior's tomb. Here's what archaeologists found in a warrior's grave that's been untouched for 3,500 years 2015-10-26T04:00:00Z The jewellery is decorated in the style of the Minoans, the civilisation that flourished on the island of Crete from around 2000 BC, with the figures of deities, animals and floral motifs. Skeleton of ancient warrior and hoard of treasure found in 3,500-year-old tomb 2015-10-26T04:00:00Z In about 1700 B.C., a great disaster, perhaps an earthquake, destroyed most Minoan towns and cities. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The scene evidently represents some event that would have been familiar to the Minoans who made the seal stone and to the Griffin Warrior’s community. A Grecian Artifact Evokes Tales From the ‘Iliad’ and ‘Odyssey’ 2017-11-06T05:00:00Z Linear B tablets, bull horn symbols, and goddess figurines found at Mycenaean sites like Pylos attest to the impact of Minoan culture. Rare Unlooted Grave of Wealthy Warrior Uncovered in Greece 2015-10-27T04:00:00Z About the size of a quarter, the seal stones depicted goddesses, lions and bulls, and men jumping over a bull’s horns, a common sport in the Minoan civilization. Here's what archaeologists found in a warrior's grave that's been untouched for 3,500 years 2015-10-26T04:00:00Z The griffin warrior, whose grave objects are culturally Minoan but whose place of burial is Mycenaean, lies at the center of this cultural transfer. Grave of ‘Griffin Warrior’ at Pylos Could Be a Gateway to Civilizations 2015-10-26T04:00:00Z The Minoans rebuilt the cities with equal richness. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The Minoans, whose civilization flourished here from 3,500 B.C. to 1,500 B.C., controlled the trade in the Aegean Sea and made fishing a main industry. A Way of Life Drowned by Greece’s Crisis 2015-08-20T04:00:00Z Alternatively, he may have fought in Crete and brought back plunder or developed a taste for Minoan goods. Rare Unlooted Grave of Wealthy Warrior Uncovered in Greece 2015-10-27T04:00:00Z The exhibit offers a look at the lives of Minoan and Mycenaean rulers and priestesses, aristocratic warriors and ladies from the Archaic period and athletes from the Classical period. Field Museum to offer glimpse of life in ancient Greece 2015-07-02T04:00:00Z The Mycenaeans used the Minoan sacred symbol of bull’s horns on their buildings and frescoes, and their religious practices seem to have been a mix of Minoan concepts with those of mainland Greece. Grave of ‘Griffin Warrior’ at Pylos Could Be a Gateway to Civilizations 2015-10-26T04:00:00Z From their contact with the Minoans, the Mycenaeans saw the value of seaborne trade. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z It was 500 years before the Minoan civilisation flourished at the Palace of Knossos; 900 years before the Mycenean civilisation in mainland Greece; and 2,000 years before the Parthenon was constructed. Meet The Flintstones There are also amber beads from the Baltic, amethyst from the Middle East, and carnelian that may originate in Egypt that might have been brought to Crete by Minoan traders. Rare Unlooted Grave of Wealthy Warrior Uncovered in Greece 2015-10-27T04:00:00Z Correspondence between the Egyptians, Hittites, Canaanites, Cypriots, Minoans, Mycenaeans, Assyrians and Babylonians — effectively, the Group of 8 of the Late Bronze Age — includes warnings of attacks from enemy ships in the Mediterranean. Climate Change Doomed the Ancients 2014-05-27T04:00:00Z The palaces found at Mycene, Pylos and elsewhere on the Greek mainland have a common inspiration: All borrowed heavily from the Minoan civilization that arose on the large island of Crete, southeast of Pylos. Grave of ‘Griffin Warrior’ at Pylos Could Be a Gateway to Civilizations 2015-10-26T04:00:00Z The Mycenaeans adapted the Minoan writing system to the Greek language and decorated vases with Minoan designs. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The authors therefore conclude that the Minoan civilisation was a local development, originated by inhabitants who probably reached the island around 9,000 years ago, in Neolithic times. DNA reveals origin of Minoan culture 2013-05-15T14:13:17Z The unusual nature of the Pylos tomb could mean that he was a Minoan warrior or leader, rather than a native Mycenaean. Rare Unlooted Grave of Wealthy Warrior Uncovered in Greece 2015-10-27T04:00:00Z None of the Minoans possessed mitochondrial markers similar to those of present-day African populations. Minoan Civilization Originated in Europe, Not Egypt 2013-05-15T14:15:03.577Z The Minoans were culturally dominant to the Mycenaeans but were later overrun by them. Grave of ‘Griffin Warrior’ at Pylos Could Be a Gateway to Civilizations 2015-10-26T04:00:00Z I dipped my bread in a pool of deep, pungent olive oil from the northern mountains of Crete, the best olive oil in the world: Minoan oil from Hania. Hungry In Athens 2012-06-11T05:00:00Z Analysis of DNA from ancient remains on the Greek island of Crete suggests the Minoans were indigenous Europeans, shedding new light on a debate over the provenance of this ancient culture. DNA reveals origin of Minoan culture 2013-05-15T14:13:17Z There he can reconstruct the splendour of that Minoan age to which Homeric poems look back, as the Germanic epics looked back to Rome or Verona. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 5 "Hinduism" to "Home, Earls of" 2012-03-25T02:00:05.717Z It is likely, says Stamatoyannopoulos, that the Minoans descended from Neolithic populations that migrated to Europe from the Middle East and Turkey. Minoan Civilization Originated in Europe, Not Egypt 2013-05-15T14:15:03.577Z On his right side were four gold rings with fine Minoan carvings and some 50 Minoan seal stones carved with imagery of goddesses and bull jumpers. Grave of ‘Griffin Warrior’ at Pylos Could Be a Gateway to Civilizations 2015-10-26T04:00:00Z Even those who believe the Pseira site does represent a Minoan wreck admit that the pottery itself — everyday ware of local origin — doesn't reveal much new information. Underwater archaeology: Hunt for the ancient mariner 2012-01-25T18:50:24.357Z The ancient Minoan DNA was most similar to populations from western and northern Europe. DNA reveals origin of Minoan culture 2013-05-15T14:13:17Z The whole plan bears more than a superficial resemblance to those of Cretan palaces in the later Minoan period. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 5 "Hinduism" to "Home, Earls of" 2012-03-25T02:00:05.717Z Archaeological excavations suggest that early farmers were living in Crete by around 9,000 years ago, so these could be the ancestors of the Minoans. Minoan Civilization Originated in Europe, Not Egypt 2013-05-15T14:15:03.577Z Advertisement Advertisement The Minoan culture on Crete exerted a strong influence on the people of southern Greece. Grave of ‘Griffin Warrior’ at Pylos Could Be a Gateway to Civilizations 2015-10-26T04:00:00Z They were hoping to find a wreck from the Minoan period. Underwater archaeology: Hunt for the ancient mariner 2012-01-25T18:50:24.357Z The evidence for this idea included apparent similarities between Egyptian and Minoan art and resemblances between circular tombs built by the early inhabitants of southern Crete and those built by ancient Libyans. DNA reveals origin of Minoan culture 2013-05-15T14:13:17Z Indeed the Firm Island appears to me, both from its geographical proximities and its whole phenomena, as a borrowing of Cretan or Minoan story. Legends & Romances of Spain 2012-01-10T03:00:18.593Z Similarities between Minoan and Egyptian artefacts were probably the result of cultural exchanges across the navigable Mediterranean Sea, rather than wholesale migrations, he adds. Minoan Civilization Originated in Europe, Not Egypt 2013-05-15T14:15:03.577Z Archaeologists identified it instead as a Mycenaean and Minoan libation altar on which liquids were poured. Archaeologists Use Modern Tools to Reconstruct Ancient Life 2012-01-09T23:24:27Z The earlier Minoans set the stage for such a widespread trading network through their domination of the eastern Mediterranean. Underwater archaeology: Hunt for the ancient mariner 2012-01-25T18:50:24.357Z The concept of the Minoan civilisation was first developed by Sir Arthur Evans, the British archaeologist who unearthed the Bronze Age palace of Knossos on Crete. DNA reveals origin of Minoan culture 2013-05-15T14:13:17Z Egyptian influences, in particular, can be traced throughout the “Minoan” and “Mycenaean” periods. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 4 "Grasshopper" to "Greek Language" 2011-11-28T03:00:19.517Z “It’s good to have some of the old assumptions that Minoans migrated from some other high culture scotched,” he says. Minoan Civilization Originated in Europe, Not Egypt 2013-05-15T14:15:03.577Z The earliest engraved stones of Minoan Crete are three-sided prism seals, made of a soft steatite, native in S.E. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 5 "Gassendi, Pierre" to "Geocentric" 2011-09-02T02:00:20.450Z This means that although some Greek and Roman remains might still be visible, a Minoan ship would be buried under 3 or 4 metres of sand. Underwater archaeology: Hunt for the ancient mariner 2012-01-25T18:50:24.357Z The majority of the burials are thought to date to the middle of the Minoan period - around 3,700 years ago. DNA reveals origin of Minoan culture 2013-05-15T14:13:17Z For the earliest periods of Greek history, the so-called Minoan and Mycenaean, the evidence is purely archaeological. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 4 "Grasshopper" to "Greek Language" 2011-11-28T03:00:19.517Z Cultural exchange The Minoan samples possessed 21 different mitochondrial DNA markers, including 6 unique to Minoans and 15 common in modern, Bronze Age and Neolithic European populations. Minoan Civilization Originated in Europe, Not Egypt 2013-05-15T14:15:03.577Z Of late years Central and Western Europe have yielded evidence of the 'drift' of Minoan culture to outlying parts. The New Gresham Encyclopedia Volume 4, Part 3: Estremoz to Felspar 2011-04-14T02:00:59.373Z The Minoans were pioneers in long-distance ocean travel, as seen in this sixteenth-century BC wall mural from the Greek island of Santorini, which depicts Minoan ships. Underwater archaeology: Hunt for the ancient mariner 2012-01-25T18:50:24.357Z "The Minoans are Europeans and are also related to present-day Cretans - on the maternal side." DNA reveals origin of Minoan culture 2013-05-15T14:13:17Z The monarch of the Minoan and Mycenaean age has extensive revenues at his command; the monarch of the early Dorian states is little better than a petty chief. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 4 "Grasshopper" to "Greek Language" 2011-11-28T03:00:19.517Z The Minoans, as Evans named them, were refugees from Northern Egypt who had been expelled by invaders from the South about 5,000 years ago, he claimed. Minoan Civilization Originated in Europe, Not Egypt 2013-05-15T14:15:03.577Z Minoan International, a college on the island of Crete specializing in tourism and hospitality management, closed last August after six years of business. E.U. Presses Greece on Private Colleges 2011-04-10T21:13:47Z Their seafaring abilities were still celebrated 1,000 years later by Greek historian Thucydides, who credited the Minoans with building the world's first navy and ridding the seas of pirates. Underwater archaeology: Hunt for the ancient mariner 2012-01-25T18:50:24.357Z "There is evidence of cultural influence from Egypt to the Minoans and going the other way." DNA reveals origin of Minoan culture 2013-05-15T14:13:17Z Greece had been the centre of an active trade in the Minoan and Mycenaean epochs. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 4 "Grasshopper" to "Greek Language" 2011-11-28T03:00:19.517Z Modern archaeologists have questioned that version of events, and now ancient DNA recovered from Cretan caves suggests that the Minoan civilization emerged from the early farmers who settled the island thousands of years earlier. Minoan Civilization Originated in Europe, Not Egypt 2013-05-15T14:15:03.577Z “Would you invest four years for a course that will not be recognized as a degree?” said Antigone Polychronakis, who was the registrar at Minoan. E.U. Presses Greece on Private Colleges 2011-04-10T21:13:47Z But, like Foley, he believes Minoan ships are waiting to be discovered. Underwater archaeology: Hunt for the ancient mariner 2012-01-25T18:50:24.357Z “The government’s moving in the right direction in terms of introducing legislation, but it’s going slowly,” said Christopher Egleton, executive chairman of Minoan Group Plc, a London-based developer of leisure and tourist resorts in Greece. Greece May Need to Break Taboo on Selling Land to Slash Debt 2011-03-31T08:01:07Z It has revealed to us the Minoan age, and enabled us to trace back the development and origins of the civilization for a further period of 1000 or 1500 years. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 4 "Grasshopper" to "Greek Language" 2011-11-28T03:00:19.517Z Others have suggested that the Minoans originated in the Middle East, modern-day Turkey or the Mediterranean. Minoan Civilization Originated in Europe, Not Egypt 2013-05-15T14:15:03.577Z So remarkable were the finds in this long-buried Minoan town and so well preserved are its general features that it has justly been called the Cretan Pompeii. Woman in Science With an Introductory Chapter on Woman's Long Struggle for Things of the Mind 2011-01-12T03:00:29.853Z And the grand prize would be a wreck from one of the most influential and enigmatic cultures of the ancient world — the Minoans, who ruled these seas more than 3,000 years ago. Underwater archaeology: Hunt for the ancient mariner 2012-01-25T18:50:24.357Z There’s no reconstruction that goes back to the Minoan warm period,” Mr. Schmidt said. A Lively Debate on Climate Change 2010-07-30T16:46:00Z Were the creators of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilization Greeks or were they not? Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 4 "Grasshopper" to "Greek Language" 2011-11-28T03:00:19.517Z As to its chronological relation to the Cretan sites—Cnossus, Phaestus, &c., and the “Minoan” civilization as determined by Dr A. Evans, see the discussion under Crete. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 5 "Arculf" to "Armour, Philip" The axe was a well-known symbol of power or godhead, and is frequently found in rock-carvings of the Bronze Age, as well as in Egyptian hieroglyphs, Minoan carvings, &c. Myths & Legends of the Celtic Race Archaeologists are keen to understand what made the Minoans so successful and how they interacted with nearby cultures such as the Egyptians. Underwater archaeology: Hunt for the ancient mariner 2012-01-25T18:50:24.357Z This more primitive phase of the indigenous culture, of which several distinct stages are traceable, is known as the Early Minoan, and roughly corresponds with the first half of the third millennium B.C. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" The “Middle Minoan” period, to which the earlier palace belongs, is characterized by the pictographic system of writing and by polychrome pottery of a peculiarly beautiful kind. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 4 "Grasshopper" to "Greek Language" 2011-11-28T03:00:19.517Z The cavity proved to be a great reservoir approached by a rock-cut staircase and of Early Minoan date. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 5 "Clervaux" to "Cockade" The Aegean Culture Preceded the Coming of the Greeks.—Spreading over the islands of the Aegean Sea was a pre-Greek civilization known as Minoan. History of Human Society And he believed, what we now know to be the fact, that even before the Homeric there had been a wonderful island-culture, what we call the Minoan, flourishing before the Homeric. Progress and History The succeeding period, to which the first palaces are due and to which the name of Middle Minoan is appropriately given, roughly coincides with the Middle Empire of Egypt. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" Perhaps the most surprising result of the excavations in Crete is the discovery that Minoan art is on a higher level than Mycenaean art. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 4 "Grasshopper" to "Greek Language" 2011-11-28T03:00:19.517Z From Minoan to Byzantine times the variety, beauty, and colour of fish made a deep impression on Greek minds as reflected in their art. The Legacy of Greece Essays By: Gilbert Murray, W. R. Inge, J. Burnet, Sir T. L. Heath, D'arcy W. Thompson, Charles Singer, R. W. Livingston, A. Toynbee, A. E. Zimmern, Percy Gardner, Sir Reginald Blomfield Prior to the Minoans there existed a Neolithic culture throughout the islands of Greece. History of Human Society In fact, the evidence provided by Minoan paintings and Mycenæan decorative art demonstrates that the spiral as a symbol of life-giving was definitely derived from the octopus. The Evolution of the Dragon The beginnings of a school of wall painting also go back to the Middle Minoan period, and metal technique and such arts as gem engraving show great advance. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" If the art of the Minoan age falls short of the art of the Periclean age, it is hardly inferior to that of the age of Peisistratus. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 4 "Grasshopper" to "Greek Language" 2011-11-28T03:00:19.517Z The most suggestive source for our purpose is that of the Minoan race whom they dispossessed and whose lands they occupied. The Legacy of Greece Essays By: Gilbert Murray, W. R. Inge, J. Burnet, Sir T. L. Heath, D'arcy W. Thompson, Charles Singer, R. W. Livingston, A. Toynbee, A. E. Zimmern, Percy Gardner, Sir Reginald Blomfield Permit me now, ladies and gentlemen, to show definitely the debt which Greece owes to the Minoan and Mycenean civilizations. The Journal of Negro History, Volume 2, 1917 But the new discoveries have thrown this, like other received ideas, into the melting-pot, for the Minoans undoubtedly worshipped an Aphrodite. The Evolution of the Dragon The evidence supplied by this and other Cretan sites shows that the principal Minoan divinity was a kind of Magna Mater, a Great Mother or nature goddess, with whom was associated a male satellite. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" Thus the chief centres of Minoan and Mycenaean culture have passed into Dorian hands, and the chief seats of Achaean power are included in Dorian states. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 4 "Grasshopper" to "Greek Language" 2011-11-28T03:00:19.517Z I am not, of course, forgetting the prehistoric Minoan civilization, nor yet the peculiar forms—mostly simple enough—into which the traditional Greek religion fell. The Legacy of Greece Essays By: Gilbert Murray, W. R. Inge, J. Burnet, Sir T. L. Heath, D'arcy W. Thompson, Charles Singer, R. W. Livingston, A. Toynbee, A. E. Zimmern, Percy Gardner, Sir Reginald Blomfield The arrangements of the palaces and courts as narrated in the epics were counterparts of the Minoan and Mycenean palaces and had long since passed out of existence. The Journal of Negro History, Volume 2, 1917 But even in some of the Mycenæan tombs iron appears in the shape of finger-rings; and in East Cretan tombs of the latest Minoan period iron swords have been found. The Sea-Kings of Crete A special form of this “baetylic” cult in Minoan Crete was the representation of the two principal divinities in their fetish form by double axes. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" The Cretan excavations, again, have taught us a great deal as to the religion of the Minoan age; they have, at the same time, thrown a new light upon the evidence supplied by Mycenaean sites. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 4 "Grasshopper" to "Greek Language" 2011-11-28T03:00:19.517Z Its derivations from the Minoan and Mycenaean columns seems most improbable. The Legacy of Greece Essays By: Gilbert Murray, W. R. Inge, J. Burnet, Sir T. L. Heath, D'arcy W. Thompson, Charles Singer, R. W. Livingston, A. Toynbee, A. E. Zimmern, Percy Gardner, Sir Reginald Blomfield To him is attributed the founding of the great Minoan civilization. The Journal of Negro History, Volume 2, 1917 These fine Court ladies were seated, or perhaps rather Page 74 squatted, according to the curious Minoan custom, in groups, conversing in the courts and gardens, and on the balconies of a splendid building. The Sea-Kings of Crete The earlier remains both at Mycenae and Tiryns, still imperfectly investigated, show that this Cretan influence goes back to the Middle Minoan age, with its characteristic style of polychrome vase decoration. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" The dates assigned by archaeologists to the different periods of Mycenaean and Minoan art must be regarded as merely approximate. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 4 "Grasshopper" to "Greek Language" 2011-11-28T03:00:19.517Z The whole question of the relations of Minoan to Mycenaean art, and of this archaic art to the earlier civilizations of Egypt and Chaldea, is very obscure and uncertain. The Legacy of Greece Essays By: Gilbert Murray, W. R. Inge, J. Burnet, Sir T. L. Heath, D'arcy W. Thompson, Charles Singer, R. W. Livingston, A. Toynbee, A. E. Zimmern, Percy Gardner, Sir Reginald Blomfield Another idea which seems to be rapidly taking hold upon the scholastic mind is that the Iliad and Odyssey are in reality Minoan epics made over, if you please, to fit the later Grecian epochs. The Journal of Negro History, Volume 2, 1917 Plainly, the Minoan Kings lived in a land where peace was the rule, and where no enemy was expected to break rudely in upon Page 76 their luxurious calm. The Sea-Kings of Crete The leading characteristics of this mainland civilization are thus indistinguishable from the Minoan. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" In some degree the Minoan evidence has modified the answer suggested by the Mycenaean. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 4 "Grasshopper" to "Greek Language" 2011-11-28T03:00:19.517Z Whether in the Minoan days they had such lamps or not, it is known that they had at least an oil press and a good one. Seeing Europe with Famous Authors, Volume 8 Italy and Greece, Part Two The whole picture of the civilization, including home life, dress, religious worship, and architecture, is Minoan and Mycenean. The Journal of Negro History, Volume 2, 1917 There are human figures, chariots and horses, cuirasses and axes, houses and barns, and ingots followed by a balance, and accompanied by numerals which probably indicate their value in Minoan talents. The Sea-Kings of Crete In Crete, in the later period, when the rulers could trust to the “wooden walls” of the Minoan navy, there is no parallel for the massive fortifications that we see at Tiryns or Mycenae. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" The two chief difficulties in the way of attributing either the Minoan or the Mycenaean civilization to an Hellenic people are connected respectively with the script and the religion. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 4 "Grasshopper" to "Greek Language" 2011-11-28T03:00:19.517Z The increase was doubtless made possible by the trade which developed in the Minoan period, but the sources of food-supply were liable to be interfered with. Outspoken Essays Note, also, if you will, that Greek genius burned brightest in those parts of Greece where the Minoan elements were most thoroughly planted. The Journal of Negro History, Volume 2, 1917 It is probable that some of them are contracts or public acts, which may give some actual formulæ of Minoan legislation. The Sea-Kings of Crete Minoan culture under its mainland aspect left its traces on the Acropolis at Athens,—a corroboration of the tradition which made the Athenians send their tribute children to Minos. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" Further, as opposed to “Minoan” it must be understood in a more definite sense than that in which it has often been employed. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 4 "Grasshopper" to "Greek Language" 2011-11-28T03:00:19.517Z The fine flower of it is the Minoan civilization of the Crete and the South Aegean. The Unity of Civilization When we realize the great indebtedness of the succeeding classical culture of Greece to its Minoan predecessor the full significance of this conclusion will be understood. The Journal of Negro History, Volume 2, 1917 This is the first link in the chain of evidence, which, as we shall see later, shows the continuous connection between the Minoan and Nilotic civilizations. The Sea-Kings of Crete The Minoan remains at Orchomenus which are traceable to the latest period go far to substantiate the philological comparison between the name of Minyas, the traditional ancestor of this ancient race, and that of Minos. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" It has already been implied that this period of the history of Greece may be subdivided into a Minoan and a Mycenaean age. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 4 "Grasshopper" to "Greek Language" 2011-11-28T03:00:19.517Z They entered their den in Minoan Crete; but she sped up to Olympus, soaring aloft on her swift wings. The Argonautica The portraitures follow the Egyptian precedent and for the first time the mysterious Minoan and Mycenean people rise before us. The Journal of Negro History, Volume 2, 1917 The room had evidently been a sculptor's workshop, and the artist who used it had been employed in the fabrication of those splendid vessels of carved stone in which the Minoan magnates delighted. The Sea-Kings of Crete Still farther to the north-west a distinct Minoan influence is perceptible in the old Illyrian lands east of the Adriatic, and its traces reappear in the neighbourhood of Venice. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" The Minoan age is of far wider extent. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 4 "Grasshopper" to "Greek Language" 2011-11-28T03:00:19.517Z Contemporary with Middle Minoan Pottery with very pale sometimes greenish clay, and grey black totally unlustrous paint. How to Observe in Archaeology My own recent investigations," said he, "have more and more brought home to me the all pervading community between Minoan Crete and the land of Pharaohs. The Journal of Negro History, Volume 2, 1917 This was a picture of those sports of the arena in which the Page 89 Minoan and Mycenæan monarchs evidently took such delight, and in which the main figures were great bulls and toreadors. The Sea-Kings of Crete Some of these objects, such as certain forms of swords and vases, seem to be of local fabric, but derived from originals going back to the beginning of the Late Minoan age. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" Thus the Minoan age, even if limited to the middle and later periods, will cover at least a thousand years. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 4 "Grasshopper" to "Greek Language" 2011-11-28T03:00:19.517Z Cretan influence strong in Middle Minoan completely drowned local efforts in first Late Minoan days. How to Observe in Archaeology Between the Minoan age and the Industrial Revolution his technical discoveries are insignificant by comparison with his spiritual adventures. Since Cézanne Relief work in stucco was represented by fragments of a life-sized figure, since pieced together by M. Gilliéron, which must have been that of some Minoan King. The Sea-Kings of Crete The traces of an earlier “Middle Minoan” palace beneath the later floor-levels are most visible on the east side, with splendid ceramic remains. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" It has already been pointed out that the question whether the makers of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations were Greeks must still be regarded as an open one. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 4 "Grasshopper" to "Greek Language" 2011-11-28T03:00:19.517Z The Cretan civilization swept over South Greece in the first Late Minoan period. How to Observe in Archaeology To-day it is in the Berlin Museum, and according to the new fashion in archaeology it is labelled "Minoan," and kept in the Cretan Section. The Moon Endureth: Tales and Fancies In the background is a shrine with sacred columns, in front of which rise the 'horns of consecration,' which were Page 95 characteristic of Minoan temples, as apparently also of other Eastern religious structures. The Sea-Kings of Crete The Phaestian palace belongs to two distinct periods, and the earlier or “Middle Minoan” part is better preserved than at Cnossus. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" On the other hand, it presents contrasts to the Minoan Age, which, in their way, are not less striking. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 4 "Grasshopper" to "Greek Language" 2011-11-28T03:00:19.517Z Actual vases of late Minoan style have been found with remains of Dynasty XVIII., especially in the town of Amenophis IV. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 The Minoan soldier who bore upon his arm the shield ornamented with the dove in the Museum at Crete, or had upon his head the helmet with the winged horse, knew his rôle in life. Certain Noble Plays of Japan From the manuscripts of Ernest Fenollosa Probably the leaping figures were suspended by thin gold wires over the backs of ivory bulls, and thus presented a realistic miniature reproduction of the Minoan bull-ring. The Sea-Kings of Crete About the same time the evidences of imports of Late Minoan or “Mycenaean” fabrics in Egypt definitely cease. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" We should at least know whether the dominant race in Crete in the Minoan age spoke an Hellenic or a non-Hellenic dialect. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 4 "Grasshopper" to "Greek Language" 2011-11-28T03:00:19.517Z From the skullforms studied, it would appear, as we should expect, that the Aegean race was by no means pure even in the earlier Minoan periods. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 The latest discoveries in Minoan graves in Crete exhibit tools of bronze. Homer and His Age Indeed, the hydraulic science of the Minoan architects is altogether wonderful in the completeness with which it provided for even the smallest details. The Sea-Kings of Crete The archaeological evidence outside Crete points to the actual existence of Minoan plantations as far afield on one side as Sicily and on the other as the coast of Canaan. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" And what could be inferred with regard to Crete in the Minoan age could almost certainly be inferred with regard to the mainland in the Mycenaean age. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 4 "Grasshopper" to "Greek Language" 2011-11-28T03:00:19.517Z These northern ``megara'' are all of late date, none being prior to Minoan III. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 The Pulesti, if they were indeed the historic Philistines, stranded and stayed on the confines of Egypt, retaining certain memories of an earlier state, which had been theirs in some Minoan land. The Ancient East Admitting, then, for want of any better explanation, that it may have been a Theatral Area, what were the games or shows which were here presented to the Minoan Court and its dependents? The Sea-Kings of Crete It is clear that the rulers, as so Character of Minoan religion. commonly in ancient states, fulfilled priestly as well as royal functions. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" It is the latter period which is “Mycenaean” in the strict sense; i.e. it is “Mycenaean” as opposed to “Minoan.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 4 "Grasshopper" to "Greek Language" 2011-11-28T03:00:19.517Z But it will be remembered that below all Evans's ``Minoan'' strata hes the immensely thick Neolithic deposit. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 The Minoan burial culture involved the burial of precious objects that embodied the experience of crafts. The Civilization of Illiteracy Within the palace walls abundant remains of fine polychrome ware of the Middle Minoan period were found as the season's work went on. The Sea-Kings of Crete The Minoan goddess is sometimes seen in her chthonic form with serpents, sometimes in a more celestial aspect with doves, at times with lions. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" The “hundred cities” ascribed to Crete by Homer are in a fair way Third Late Minoan period. of becoming an ascertained reality. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" This brings us to the next and most certain synchronism, that of Minoan Periods III. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 The Minoan kingdom did not fall from over-ripeness and decay, as was the case with so many other empires. The Sea-Kings of Crete The figure of the votaress is somewhat similar; but her skirt is flounced all the way down in the regular Minoan style, and she holds a snake in her right hand. The Sea-Kings of Crete It is clear that the later traditions in many respects accurately summed up the performances of the “Minoan” dynast who carried out the great buildings now brought to light. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" The very stone lamps still stand in the rooms at Hagia Triada, and on the stairs of the Basilica at Knossos, as they stood to lighten the last night of the doomed Minoans. The Sea-Kings of Crete From this overwhelming disaster the Minoan Empire never recovered. The Sea-Kings of Crete There is no abrupt break in the style of the pottery and other articles belonging to the latest Minoan period, as compared with that of the days before the catastrophe. The Sea-Kings of Crete It was overlaid by a Roman roadway, and an interesting comparison was thus made possible between the Minoan work and that of the great road-makers of later days. The Sea-Kings of Crete The palace was approached from the west by a paved Minoan Way communicating with a considerable building on the opposite hill. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" The potter's art begins to find new motives, and to develop the use of the human form as a type of adornment in a manner almost entirely foreign to the Minoan tradition. The Sea-Kings of Crete Thus in slow decay, after the great catastrophe, passed away the great civilization of the Minoan Empire. The Sea-Kings of Crete When the Minoan fleet was no longer in being to police the Ægean, these and other piratical races must have quickly driven the Cretan merchant marine from the seas. The Sea-Kings of Crete As the Minoan road was followed up in 1905, it led the explorers towards an important building in the face of the hill to the north-west. The Sea-Kings of Crete A new geometrical style of decoration like that of contemporary Greece largely supplants the Minoan models. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" If a foreign influence, why not the influence of the Minoan émigrés, whose art we at least know to have been capable of such an effect? The Sea-Kings of Crete Early Minoan I.—The pottery of this period takes over in great part the style of the primitive hand-burnished black ware inherited from the preceding age. The Sea-Kings of Crete Early Minoan II.—The distinguishing characteristic of the second period of Early Minoan is the greater freedom and originality shown in the designs of the vases. The Sea-Kings of Crete But at least the representation of the vessel itself gives us some idea of the galleys which maintained the Minoan peace in the Ægean. The Sea-Kings of Crete It appears certain from the associations in which they are found at Cnossus, that these Minoan bull sports formed part of a religious ceremony. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" The fact that the seals of this period show motives derived from the Egyptian Sixth Dynasty 'button-seals' suggests that Early Minoan III. is to be equated with the end of the Old Kingdom in Egypt. The Sea-Kings of Crete But in Middle Minoan I. there are indications which, though slight, seem to point to a striving after realism on the part of some of the artists of the period. The Sea-Kings of Crete The vases and cups of this fabric, from the delicacy of their forms, the grace of their designs, and the richness of their colour, are among the most notable survivals of Minoan ceramic art. The Sea-Kings of Crete Page 114 It had been filled in with later débris and sherds of the Middle Minoan period, and evidently belonged to a period antedating that of the construction of even the earliest palace. The Sea-Kings of Crete Actual figures of a monster with a bull’s head and man’s body occurred on seals of Minoan fabric found on this and other Cretan sites. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" The art of the period gradually undergoes a great change from that of Middle Minoan II. The Sea-Kings of Crete It is to Middle Minoan III. that there belongs the wonderful fabric of faïence, of which so many specimens were discovered in the Temple Repositories. The Sea-Kings of Crete G. Maraghiannis Late Minoan III.—This, the last period of the Minoan civilization, commences with the destruction of the palace of Knossost somewhere before 1400 B.C., and presents no definite line of termination. The Sea-Kings of Crete All the more interesting, therefore, was the discovery, made in 1908, of the largest inscribed clay tablet which has yet been found on any Minoan site. The Sea-Kings of Crete It is certain that by Minoan crisis: c. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" At the same time the true spirit of the Minoan race had been destroyed, and degeneration of the standard of art naturally followed. The Sea-Kings of Crete This period of gradual decadence is, however, the period of greatest diffusion of the products of Minoan, or, rather, as we may now call it, of Mycenæan art. The Sea-Kings of Crete The Minoan women are depicted with a perfectly white skin, which contrasts strongly with the bronzed hue of the men. The Sea-Kings of Crete Here stand the ruins of the Venetian church of St. George, itself built of stone which was hewn originally by Minoan masons. The Sea-Kings of Crete It will be convenient here to give a general view of the more important Minoan remains recently excavated on various Cretan sites. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" Altogether, so far as can be estimated from the representations which have come down to us, the appearance of a Minoan assembly would, to a modern eye, seem curiously mixed. The Sea-Kings of Crete Probably the Minoan kitchen, though we are still much in the dark as to its form, was almost as well equipped for its special functions as the kitchen of the present day. The Sea-Kings of Crete Minoan pottery was manifestly also an article of export—a fragile cargo Page 223 for those days. The Sea-Kings of Crete They remain a most convincing evidence of the maturity of Minoan art, and the mastery to which it had attained over the expression of the human form in low relief. The Sea-Kings of Crete The successive “Minoan” strata, which go well back into the fourth millennium B.C., reach down to a depth of about 17 ft. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" On the whole, however, the Page 226 genius of the Minoans, like our own, was more commercial than military, though, no doubt, they were not devoid of the fighting spirit when occasion arose. The Sea-Kings of Crete Weaving was an art in Page 228 which the Minoans were well skilled, to judge from the fabrics which are represented in the frescoes. The Sea-Kings of Crete An immense amount of material has been accumulated, and has been separated into various classes, which have been shown to be characteristic of different periods of Minoan history. The Sea-Kings of Crete It has been already noticed that the fine Minoan pottery is largely an imitation of earlier work in metal, and this is true also of these stone vases. The Sea-Kings of Crete The succeeding Late Minoan period, best illustrated by the later palace at Cnossus and that at Hagia Triada, corresponds in Egypt with the Hyksos period and the earlier part of the New Empire. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" But in the latest phases of the Third Middle Minoan period there begins to appear, at Knossos and elsewhere, a series of inscriptions in a very different style. The Sea-Kings of Crete Indeed, the Minoan methods have already borne the test of having been accepted as evidence in a modern court of law. The Sea-Kings of Crete Page 243 Thus, it is abundantly evident that the civilization of Minoan Crete, far from being dumb, had varied and perfectly adequate means of expressing itself. The Sea-Kings of Crete What the Minoan craftsman was capable of when he was allowed to deal with the precious metals we can see from the few specimens which have survived to the present time. The Sea-Kings of Crete In the first phase of this the Minoan civilization attains its acme, and the succeeding style already shows much that may be described as rococo. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" The suggestion of the association of Zeus with the Minoan goddess may have been given to the Northern conquerors by a feature of the Cretan religion which they found already in existence. The Sea-Kings of Crete Of what sort were the acts of worship in connection with the Minoan Religion? The Sea-Kings of Crete What relation this monstrous divinity held to the other objects of Minoan worship is not apparent. The Sea-Kings of Crete The figures are admirably modelled and true to nature, save for the convention of the exaggeratedly slender Minoan waist, which seems to create an impression of unusual height and length of limb. The Sea-Kings of Crete In 1893, however, Arthur Evans observed some signs on Minoan script. seal-stones from Crete which led him to believe that a hieroglyphic system of writing had existed in Minoan times. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" Such, then, was the Empire of the Minoan Sea-Kings as it has been revealed to us by the excavations and researches of the last ten years. The Sea-Kings of Crete The slaying of the Minotaur by the Athenian Theseus may well be an echo of the conquest of the Minoan Empire by the mainland tribes. The Sea-Kings of Crete In the following short list will be found the volumes on the Minoan and Mycenæan civilizations which are most accessible to the ordinary reader: Annual of the British School at Athens, vols. vi.- The Sea-Kings of Crete The Page 131 smallness of the shrine at Gournia may be compared with the smallness of the sacred rooms at Knossos, and seems to have been characteristic of the Minoan worship. The Sea-Kings of Crete It thus appears that a highly developed system of writing existed in Minoan Crete some two thousand years earlier than the first introduction under Phoenician influence of Greek letters. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" Not long after his arrival at Athens and acknowledgment by his Page 12 father, the time came round when the Minoan heralds should come to Athens to claim the victims for the Minotaur. The Sea-Kings of Crete Mycenæan, and still more the great Minoan art of which Mycenæan has proved to be only a decadent phase, needed no Oriental crutches. The Sea-Kings of Crete Whether as market-place or open-air council-room, this West Court must have presented a gay and animated spectacle when the prosperity of the Minoan Empire was at its height. The Sea-Kings of Crete The occurrence in some of the tombs of a long rapier and a shorter sword or dagger is unexpected, as there are no representations of the two weapons being worn together in Minoan warfare. The Sea-Kings of Crete There is evidence that the use in Crete of both linear and pictorial signs existed in the Early Minoan period, contemporary with the first Egyptian dynasties. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" This, however, is but a slight help as to the positive date of the Minoan period, owing to the huge gap between the different systems of Egyptian chronology. The Sea-Kings of Crete Middle Minoan I.—With this period we have distinct advance in more directions than one. The Sea-Kings of Crete The Minoan artist is beginning to feel his way towards Page 195 that polychrome style of decoration which reached such a remarkable development in the Kamares vases of the succeeding stage. The Sea-Kings of Crete On the hill of Isopata, between Knossos and the sea, Dr. Evans also discovered a stately sepulchre, whose occupant had evidently been some Minoan King of the Third Middle period. The Sea-Kings of Crete The appearance of ships on some of the most important seal-impressions is not needed, however, to show how widely Minoan influence made itself felt in the neighbouring Mediterranean regions. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" Not until Middle Minoan III. do we Page 196 get a really naturalistic style of decorative art. The Sea-Kings of Crete Middle Minoan II., then, equates with the times of the Twelfth Egyptian Dynasty, a period which was in many respects the most brilliant of Egyptian history. The Sea-Kings of Crete No more can be said than that Middle Minoan II. certainly does not begin earlier than 3400 B.C., and can scarcely begin later than 2000 B.C. The Sea-Kings of Crete It is possible enough that both the Nilotic and the Minoan civilization sprang from a common stock, and that the Neolithic Cretans and the Neolithic Egyptians were alike members of the same widespread Mediterranean race. The Sea-Kings of Crete In the same way the important part played by Cretan enterprise in the days of the New Egyptian empire is illustrated by repeated finds of Late Minoan pottery on Egyptian sites. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" Middle Minoan III.—To this period belong the beginnings of the second palace at Knossos. The Sea-Kings of Crete To this age belong many of the most interesting and precious relics of the Minoan culture. The Sea-Kings of Crete Late Minoan I.—In this period we come into touch with a great deal of the fine work of the Royal Villa at Hagia Triada, which has been already described. The Sea-Kings of Crete This would place Early Minoan I., which must be equated with the First Dynasty, about 3400 B.C. The Sea-Kings of Crete Similar evidence of Minoan contact, and indeed of wholesale colonization from the Aegean side, recurs in Cyprus. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" The false-necked vase is the characteristic pottery type of Late Minoan III., and occurs very frequently on the Mycenæan sites of that period. The Sea-Kings of Crete Late Minoan II. belong the great glories of the second palace at Knossos, which arrived at its greatest splendour just before the time at which it was to be destroyed. The Sea-Kings of Crete It is Page 208 somewhat striking that the periods of greatest splendour alike for the Egyptian Empire and for the Minoan should virtually coincide. The Sea-Kings of Crete But before Akhenaten came to the throne, about 1380 B.C.—possibly twenty years before that event—the great catastrophe which brought the Minoan Empire of Knossos to a close had already happened. The Sea-Kings of Crete Both the signet types and the other objects of art here discovered display the fresh naturalism that characterizes in a special way the first Late Minoan period. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" Indeed, the footgear of the Minoans seems to have been somewhat elaborate. The Sea-Kings of Crete The Minoan burgher built his home as the requirements of his site and of his household suggested, and was not the slave of any fixed convention in the matter of plan. The Sea-Kings of Crete The domestic quarter of the palace still reveals in some of its rooms the environment of luxury and beauty in which the Minoan royalties lived. The Sea-Kings of Crete But the remaining tribes are in all probability Cretans, fragments of the old Minoan Empire which had collapsed two centuries before, and was now gradually becoming disintegrated under the continued pressure from the north. The Sea-Kings of Crete On another a Minoan warrior prince appears before his retainers. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" G. Maraghiannis So far as the evidence goes, the Minoan Empire does not appear to have been a specially warlike one. The Sea-Kings of Crete It does not appear that the gold-silver alloy—'electrum,' of which the Egyptians were so fond—was used by the Minoans. The Sea-Kings of Crete The earliest form of Minoan writing that can be traced consists of rude pictographic symbols engraved upon bead-seals and gems. The Sea-Kings of Crete In the Philistines, then, we have the last organized remnant of the old Minoan sea-power. The Sea-Kings of Crete The chest is of limestone coated with stucco, adorned with life-like paintings of offertory scenes in connexion with the sacred Double Axes of Minoan cult. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" Its use still continued after the fall of the Minoan power, tablets inscribed with this form of writing being found in the Late Minoan III. The Sea-Kings of Crete On his return to Crete, some months later, he was accordingly arrested, and the evidence supplied by the Minoan formula was accepted by the Candia Tribunal as a crowning proof of his guilt. The Sea-Kings of Crete The long inscription which covers both of its faces is written in a form of hieroglyphics which, to some extent, resembles the Minoan pictographic system, but is not the same. The Sea-Kings of Crete Though these last supporters of the great Minoan tradition had fallen upon evil times, it is evident that they were not altogether degenerate. The Sea-Kings of Crete Palaikastro.—Near this village, lying on the easternmost coast of Crete, the British School at Athens has excavated a section of a considerable Minoan town. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" The great stumbling-block in the way of the ancient scripts was their complexity—a fault which the Minoan users of the Linear Script, Class B, had evidently already begun to recognize and endeavour to amend. The Sea-Kings of Crete Page 244 In attempting to deal with the Minoan religion we are met by the fact that it is as yet quite impossible to present any connected view of the subject. The Sea-Kings of Crete The Minoans, it seems fairly clear, were never, like their successors the Greeks, the possessors of a well-peopled Pantheon; nor was the chief object of their adoration a male deity like the Greek Zeus. The Sea-Kings of Crete Evidently the last Minoans succeeded in creating an atmosphere for themselves in Palestine, and in impressing the surrounding peoples with a wholesome terror of them. The Sea-Kings of Crete The contents of a series of tombs at Mochlos throw an entirely new light on the civilization of the Early Minoan age. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" To put it in a word, worship in the Minoan religion was essentially Family Worship. The Sea-Kings of Crete The question of whether the Minoans had any worship of ancesters or sacrifice to the dead is raised by several relics. The Sea-Kings of Crete The relation of the Minoan King to the religion of his country is a point of some interest, though the facts known are scarcely sufficient to afford ground for more than surmise. The Sea-Kings of Crete The day of the Minoan, like that of his early friend the Egyptian, had passed away. The Sea-Kings of Crete The above summary gives, indeed, a very imperfect idea of the extent to which the remains of the great Minoan civilization are spread throughout the island. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" |
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