| 单词 | Mendelian |
| 例句 | In organic chemistry, invertebrate zoology, and the inspired symmetry of Mendelian genetics, I have found a religion that serves. The Poisonwood Bible 1998-01-01T00:00:00Z It may be useful as an expression for the ‘unit factors’...demonstrated by modern Mendelian researchers.” The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “The exact amount of human variability,” he wrote, could be explained by rather obvious extensions of Mendelian genetics. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z In 1918, Fisher published his analysis in a paper entitled “The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance.” The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z But as Darbishire analyzed his own first-generation hybrids, and the hybrid-hybrid crosses, the pattern was clear: the data could only be explained by Mendelian inheritance, with indivisible traits moving vertically across the generations. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Any form of scientific dissent to his theories—especially any belief in Mendelian genetics or Darwinian evolution—was outlawed in the Soviet Union. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Mendelian randomization attempts to establish causal links from genetic data. Does our gut microbiota really influence our health and life expectancy? 2023-05-03T04:00:00Z The Mendelian laws of inheritance — what most people study in school today — are not just “exquisitely fragile” but “regularly broken.” In an Age of Gene Editing and Surrogacy, What Does Heredity Mean? 2018-05-31T04:00:00Z Haldane, the British biologist and ardent communist who helped synthesize Darwinian evolution with Mendelian genetics, was once as famous as Einstein. 11 New Books We Recommend This Week 2020-08-27T04:00:00Z Huxley was a close friend of a Scottish biologist named J. B. S. Haldane, who is credited with uniting Mendelian genetics with Darwinian evolution. The History Lurking Behind “Orphan Black” 2015-04-16T04:00:00Z Charles Davenport and Henry Goddard, a geneticist and a psychologist respectively, believed that the pedigrees of “feeble-minded children” would reveal the genetic basis of intelligence — something they believed would “conform perfectly to the Mendelian law.” In an Age of Gene Editing and Surrogacy, What Does Heredity Mean? 2018-05-31T04:00:00Z However, contrary to our hypothesis, this Mendelian randomization analysis did not show significant effects of gut microbiota on metabolic factors and chronic diseases. Does our gut microbiota really influence our health and life expectancy? 2023-05-03T04:00:00Z Wells was a marvellous futurist, who imagined submarines, lunar exploration, and, in “The Island of Dr. Moreau,” a way around the slow Mendelian process of selective breeding. This Week in Fiction: T. Coraghessan Boyle on the Perils of Genetic Manipulation 2016-10-31T04:00:00Z In the early 20th century she became a focal point for a movement trying to use Mendelian principles to improve humanity. In an Age of Gene Editing and Surrogacy, What Does Heredity Mean? 2018-05-31T04:00:00Z Mendelian randomization is a method that has several advantages over observational studies. Does our gut microbiota really influence our health and life expectancy? 2023-05-03T04:00:00Z There’s a method in genetics called Mendelian randomization that mimics a randomized controlled trial, so we can test for causal and not correlative associations between different foods and different diseases. Your Genes May Influence What You Like to Eat 2023-08-01T04:00:00Z More evidence comes from Mendelian randomization studies, which compare the health of people who carry different gene variants to tease out cause and effect. Can ‘toxic’ bilirubin treat a variety of illnesses? 2023-06-08T04:00:00Z Not all genes are transmitted from parents to offspring according to Mendelian genetics, but Mendel’s experiments serve as an excellent starting point for thinking about inheritance. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z They turned to DNA and Mendelian randomization, a recently popularized method of using genetic variations to characterize and sort people. How exercise leads to sharper thinking and a healthier brain 2023-04-05T04:00:00Z So the researchers turned to a crafty statistical calculation known as Mendelian randomization, which can tease out the direction of an influence when the gene-disease connection is strong. The link between our food, gut microbiome and depression 2023-01-31T05:00:00Z Today, the postulates put forth by Mendel form the basis of classical, or Mendelian, genetics. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z By analyzing a pedigree, we can infer genotypes and predict future outcomes by applying the principles of Mendelian genetics to humans. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Since then, genetic studies in other organisms have shown that much more complexity exists, but that the fundamental principles of Mendelian genetics still hold true. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Mendelian genetics represent the fundamentals of inheritance, but there are two important qualifiers to consider when applying Mendel’s findings to inheritance studies in humans. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Lysenko disagreed with Mendelian genetics, which correctly held that genetic traits are passed through chromosomes. Americans don't like talking about it, but the Soviet Union produced a golden age of science 2022-04-10T04:00:00Z Genes do not all obey the tenets of Mendelian genetics, but Mendel’s experiments serve as an excellent starting point for thinking about inheritance. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z But the Biobank study’s use of Mendelian randomization is more suggestive of causality, and so its results might carry more weight. Does moderate drinking protect your heart? Genetic study offers a new answer. 2022-03-29T04:00:00Z If you create a Punnett square with these gametes, you will see that the classical Mendelian prediction of a 9:3:3:1 outcome of a dihybrid cross would not apply. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z To undo that, schools need to move away from teaching Mendelian genetics to exploring the complex ways genes interact with one another and the environment. Using "DNA" as a metaphor? It's in English's DNA 2021-07-03T04:00:00Z Combined with Mendelian determinism, which was wildly popular in the U.S. in the early 20th century, Galton’s worldview set the stage for organized efforts of American eugenicists and segregationists. Human Genetics Needs an Antiracism Plan 2021-03-17T04:00:00Z However, the 1:2:1 genotypic ratio characteristic of a Mendelian monohybrid cross still applies. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z To do that, the researchers used a method called Mendelian randomization. Does moderate drinking protect your heart? Genetic study offers a new answer. 2022-03-29T04:00:00Z Mendelian randomization offers a simple way to detangle correlation from causation by relying on gene variants that mimic environmental factors. The conceptual mistake that lies at the heart of economics 2019-12-09T05:00:00Z Moreover, Mendelian genetics — the paradigm used to teach the science in schools — is, though not entirely wrong, infinitely more complicated than we thought. Using "DNA" as a metaphor? It's in English's DNA 2021-07-03T04:00:00Z “Mendelian randomization in principle is a really, really cool idea. It attempts to solve one of the most daunting challenges in epidemiology,” says Philipp Koellinger, a social-science geneticist at the Free University of Amsterdam. The gene-based hack that is revolutionizing epidemiology 2019-12-09T05:00:00Z Reduce these findings to a ratio and determine if they are consistent with Mendelian laws. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Then the American psychologist Henry Goddard, with the eugenicist Charles Davenport whispering in his ear, claimed that low IQ was a simple Mendelian trait. How science has shifted our sense of identity 2019-10-07T04:00:00Z The problem is, critics argue, that not all Mendelian randomization studies are sound. The conceptual mistake that lies at the heart of economics 2019-12-09T05:00:00Z "There are thousands and thousands of traits and practically none of them are inherited in a Mendelian fashion.," Using "DNA" as a metaphor? It's in English's DNA 2021-07-03T04:00:00Z The problem is, critics argue, that not all Mendelian randomization studies are as sound. The gene-based hack that is revolutionizing epidemiology 2019-12-09T05:00:00Z Expression of each phenotype is controlled by a separate Mendelian gene. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Then they used a genetic technique called Mendelian randomization that takes advantage of the randomized distribution of genetic variants in the population. Coffee May Lower Risk of Gallstones 2019-09-24T04:00:00Z With Mendelian randomization, scientists zero in on small snippets of genes that vary from person to person. Exercise can help reduce risk of depression, new study finds 2019-02-18T05:00:00Z The transmission rates of the CopyCat element to the next generation in female mice were greater than the 50% transmission that would be expected for standard Mendelian inheritance. On the road to a gene drive in mammals 2019-01-22T05:00:00Z This is a big problem, she adds, because Mendelian randomization allows researchers to seek, find and publish relationships between unfamiliar data sets without any specialist knowledge of the relevant field. The gene-based hack that is revolutionizing epidemiology 2019-12-09T05:00:00Z Together, these observations led to the development of the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance, which identified chromosomes as the genetic material responsible for Mendelian inheritance. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z They used a clever new way of analysing data - called Mendelian randomisation. Early risers have lower breast cancer risk 2018-11-05T05:00:00Z That result is what Choi and her colleagues found when they applied Mendelian randomization to exercise and depression. Exercise can help reduce risk of depression, new study finds 2019-02-18T05:00:00Z Almost simultaneously with the start of the cold war, the Soviet Communist Party endorsed a pseudoscientific stance: Lysenkoism, the political campaign to reject Mendelian genetics, headed by agronomist Trofim Lysenko. The covert politics of cold-war science 2018-10-30T04:00:00Z Several epidemiologists say that it’s an open secret in the field that many published Mendelian randomization studies are problematic. The gene-based hack that is revolutionizing epidemiology 2019-12-09T05:00:00Z If the genes are unlinked, the individual should produce AB, Ab, aB, and ab gametes with equal frequencies, according to the Mendelian concept of independent assortment. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z With Charles Davenport, a prominent US eugenicist, whispering in his ear, Goddard suggested that learning disabilities resulted from a single Mendelian recessive gene. Genetic determinism rides again 2018-09-24T04:00:00Z Finally, to be sure that physical activity was affecting the risk for depression, and not the other way around, the scientists repeated the Mendelian style of analysis on a separate large genetic database. Exercise can help reduce risk of depression, new study finds 2019-02-18T05:00:00Z But a new study used a genetic technique called Mendelian randomization to minimize the effect of several variables and provide stronger evidence of cause and effect. Highly Educated, Very Nearsighted? 2018-06-06T04:00:00Z To an economist, Mendelian randomization looks a lot like something called instrumental variable analysis, in which a variable referred to as the instrument is used to help unpick hidden relationships between two other observations. The gene-based hack that is revolutionizing epidemiology 2019-12-09T05:00:00Z It states the Mendelian genes have two alternate forms and undergo independent assortment. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Goddard’s pedigrees bloomed with antisocial traits, which he believed were passed down the generations as a Mendelian recessive gene. Genetic determinism rides again 2018-09-24T04:00:00Z Mendelian randomization remains a mathematical exercise, of course, and in the real world, people’s lives and behaviors are shaped by more than genetics. Exercise can help reduce risk of depression, new study finds 2019-02-18T05:00:00Z Can I load the Mendelian dice when I have a child, ensuring that it really does get Uncle Frank’s blue eyes? Review | Strange twists and turns in the process of heredity 2018-06-08T04:00:00Z One central assumption in Mendelian randomization is that the genetic variants must not affect the outcome in any other way. The gene-based hack that is revolutionizing epidemiology 2019-12-09T05:00:00Z Additionally, the molecular basis of Mendelian genetics was established. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z It took the best part of a century for Mendelian genetics to be fully reconciled with complex hereditary traits such as height. Heredity beyond the gene 2018-05-22T04:00:00Z The method wasn’t perfect for so-called Mendelian disorders, diseases known to always occur if a person inherits a single copy of a flawed gene—in other words, they’re thought to be 100% inheritable. Family trees hidden in medical records could predict your disease risk 2018-05-17T04:00:00Z A recent study showed that 3.7 percent of patients in a hospital system carried a genetic variant that was linked to a single-gene, or Mendelian, disease, and were undiagnosed based on subclinical symptoms. The Limits of Big Data in Medical Research 2018-04-03T04:00:00Z “As these assumptions are crucial for the validity of Mendelian randomization studies, they should always be discussed in the specific context of the study,” the researchers argue18. The gene-based hack that is revolutionizing epidemiology 2019-12-09T05:00:00Z Explain the observed non-Mendelian results in terms of the violation of the laws governing Mendelian genetics. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Intelligence is even worse; fairly heritable, certainly, but with a complexity that mocks simple ideas of Mendelian inheritance. Heredity beyond the gene 2018-05-22T04:00:00Z The study, published Thursday in Science, represents the first large-scale search of electronic health records for hidden Mendelian diseases. What’s Behind Many Mystery Ailments? Genetic Mutations, Study Finds 2018-03-15T04:00:00Z Mendelian randomization is a technique developed specifically to probe causal relationships. Robust research needs many lines of evidence 2018-01-22T05:00:00Z Mendelian randomization is also subject to a distinct source of bias — one that’s a matter of life and death. The gene-based hack that is revolutionizing epidemiology 2019-12-09T05:00:00Z Neither Mendelian genetics nor gene linkage is perfectly accurate; instead, chromosome behavior involves segregation, independent assortment, and occasionally, linkage. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The rediscovery of Mendelian genetics in 1900 did not undercut evolution, as Wilson argues, but supported it, even correcting Darwin’s mistaken ideas about how inheritance worked. Review | An attack on evolution, disguised as a Darwin biography 2017-12-28T05:00:00Z They then compared the symptoms to those seen in 1,204 Mendelian diseases. What’s Behind Many Mystery Ailments? Genetic Mutations, Study Finds 2018-03-15T04:00:00Z Scientists then track the variants' sway on health, a method called Mendelian randomization because it relies on accidents of heredity to create comparison groups. Is it time to retire cholesterol tests? 2017-12-06T05:00:00Z But Mendelian randomization shows a survivor bias that must be identified and corrected for. The gene-based hack that is revolutionizing epidemiology 2019-12-09T05:00:00Z It describes linkage, recombination, and crossing over and states that Mendelian genes have specific loci on chromosomes, which undergo segregation and independent assortment. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z For example, sporadic ALS is considered synonymous with ALS not associated with a Mendelian disease gene, whereas this is not necessarily the case. Perspective: Don't keep it in the family : Nature : Nature Research 2017-10-17T04:00:00Z And some symptoms linked to a Mendelian disease may also be signs of other diseases. What’s Behind Many Mystery Ailments? Genetic Mutations, Study Finds 2018-03-15T04:00:00Z Gene drives work by overriding the traditional rules of Mendelian inheritance. How DNA Editing Could Change Life on Earth 2016-12-25T05:00:00Z And although Mendelian randomization does not always offer perfect clarity, it might, at least, point researchers in the right direction. The gene-based hack that is revolutionizing epidemiology 2019-12-09T05:00:00Z The inheritance pattern of many traits cannot be explained by simple Mendelian genetics. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z ExAC therefore provides substantially improved power for Mendelian analyses, although it is still limited in power at lower allele frequencies, emphasizing the need for more sophisticated pathogenic variant filtering strategies alongside on-going data aggregation efforts. Analysis of protein-coding genetic variation in 60,706 humans : Nature : Nature Research 2016-08-16T04:00:00Z Dr. Denny and his colleagues developed a scoring system to determine how likely it was that each patient in their study suffered each Mendelian disease. What’s Behind Many Mystery Ailments? Genetic Mutations, Study Finds 2018-03-15T04:00:00Z That slow process has delayed discovery of genes that underlie so-called Mendelian disorders, named after Gregor Mendel, the Austrian monk who first identified the basic rules of genetics in the 1860s. Not alone: UW’s new website creates community for ‘ultrarare’ genetic disorders 2016-05-07T04:00:00Z Now, epidemiologists and others are feeding these findings into more Mendelian randomization tests. The gene-based hack that is revolutionizing epidemiology 2019-12-09T05:00:00Z The inheritance pattern of many traits cannot be explained by simple Mendelian genetics. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z We thus expect that ExAC will provide a very substantial boost in the power and accuracy of variant filtering in Mendelian disease projects. Analysis of protein-coding genetic variation in 60,706 humans : Nature : Nature Research 2016-08-16T04:00:00Z The researchers identified groups of people with symptoms strongly suggesting they shared a Mendelian disease. What’s Behind Many Mystery Ailments? Genetic Mutations, Study Finds 2018-03-15T04:00:00Z The analysis uncovered 13 individuals who appeared to be completely resilient to one of eight Mendelian childhood conditions. Why Do Some Kids Escape Terrible Genetic Disorders? 2016-04-11T04:00:00Z Mendelian disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and Tay-Sachs disease, manifest in childhood and are generally caused by mutations in a single gene. Mystery factors protect lucky few from severe genetic disorders 2016-04-10T04:00:00Z The inheritance pattern of many traits cannot be explained by simple Mendelian genetics. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In the largest study of its kind, the new research, published in the British Medical Journal, used an approach known Mendelian randomisation to explore the link. Genetic study shows men's height and women's weight drive earning power 2016-03-08T05:00:00Z A single defective copy may cause milder versions of Mendelian diseases, Dr. Denny suspects. What’s Behind Many Mystery Ailments? Genetic Mutations, Study Finds 2018-03-15T04:00:00Z Medical students in communist Czechoslovakia in the early 1950s were taught that Mendelian genetics was “bourgeois pseudoscience”. Drug discovery: A life of tumult and triumph : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-02-09T05:00:00Z Now a new study, using a technique called Mendelian randomization, provides persuasive evidence that low serum vitamin D itself increases the risk of death. Low Vitamin D Tied to Higher Death Risk 2014-11-24T05:00:00Z Many human genetic disorders, including albinism, cystic fibrosis, and Huntington’s disease can be explained on the basis of simple Mendelian inheritance patterns created by pedigree analysis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z He cautions that “Mendelian randomisation studies need careful interpretation,” but an analysis of previous trials “do not offer much hope that vitamin D supplementation can be used to prevent type 2 diabetes.” Genetic Analysis Fails to Support Vitamin D to Prevent Diabetes 2014-10-01T04:00:00Z It's good that they're focusing on the carrier status of these rare Mendelian disorders where it's potentially more clear-cut. 'Digital baby' screen for sperm donors 2013-10-04T11:10:44Z They had backgrounds in Mendelian, or single-gene, disorders, in which an extremely rare variant can have a big — often fatal — effect. Genetics: A gene of rare effect 2013-04-10T17:20:29.100Z Priests also gave us Mendelian genetics and contributed to the theory of the Big Bang. A pope for today 2013-03-20T18:20:05.043Z Further genetic studies in other plants and animals have shown that much more complexity exists, but that the fundamental principles of Mendelian genetics still hold true. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Even determining if someone has attached vs. unattached earlobes, one of the classic classroom examples of simple Mendelian heredity, is actually more complicated than can be explained by the action of a single gene. Identity Theft: Nature and Nurture in Art and Science 2013-03-12T16:15:00.390Z Even for ‘Mendelian’ diseases, known to be caused by a single mutated gene, matching up disease and gene is challenging. Big biology: The ’omes puzzle 2013-02-27T18:20:44.453Z They also knew that people with a particular Mendelian disorder didn't share a single common mutation in the affected gene, but rather had a lot of different, rare mutations. Genetics: A gene of rare effect 2013-04-10T17:20:29.100Z The chapters alternate between Mendel’s little-recognized genius during his lifetime and Lambert’s search, using Mendelian principles, to find the gene for achondroplasia, or dwarfism. Essay: In Lab Lit, Fiction Meets Science of the Real World 2012-12-04T20:00:02Z However, the results of a heterozygote self-cross can still be predicted, just as with Mendelian dominant and recessive crosses. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The complication, and it is substantial, is that while some genes are strongly implicated in some genetic disorders—these are called Mendelian traits—more disorders are not so easily ‘pinned’ onto just one genetic marker. Migration from Earth: Human Evolution and Space Colonization 2012-06-15T20:15:00.223Z “We could probably solve the majority of Mendelian disorders with an unknown cause if we had access to enough well-phenotyped cases,” says Michael Bamshad, a geneticist at the University of Washington in Seattle. Big biology: The ’omes puzzle 2013-02-27T18:20:44.453Z “That is, although the noninvasive prediction of a fetal genome may be technically feasible, its interpretation — even for known Mendelian disorders — will remain a major challenge.” Tests of Parents Are Used to Map Genes of a Fetus 2012-06-07T01:55:45Z Although technical and analytical challenges remain, we anticipate that noninvasive analysis of inherited variation and de novo mutations in fetal genomes will facilitate prenatal diagnosis of both recessive and dominant Mendelian disorders. [Research Articles] Noninvasive Whole-Genome Sequencing of a Human Fetus 2012-06-06T19:25:14.950Z If you create the Punnett square with these gametes, you will see that the classical Mendelian prediction of a 9:3:3:1 outcome of a dihybrid cross would not apply. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Considering all this, in the short term a modern screening process would first filter out individuals carrying the best-understood and most debilitating or lethal Mendelian disorders. Migration from Earth: Human Evolution and Space Colonization 2012-06-15T20:15:00.223Z Mendelian, Mendelism, referring to Mendel, the founder of a theory of heredity. Being Well-Born An Introduction to Eugenics 2012-05-22T15:16:53.140Z Such information would allow detection of so-called Mendelian disorders, like cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs disease and Marfan syndrome, which are caused by mutations in a single gene. Tests of Parents Are Used to Map Genes of a Fetus 2012-06-07T01:55:45Z Researchers are also finding true causes through Mendelian randomization, a genetic technique that is exciting epidemiologists. Children of the 90s: Coming of age 2012-04-11T17:20:42.063Z Hypothesis: Both trait pairs will sort independently according to Mendelian laws. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z All of which is supported by the Mendelian doctrine that the mother transmits "Femaleness" as a Dominant factor to her daughters and as a Recessive factor to her sons. Feminism and Sex-Extinction 2011-11-11T03:00:29.100Z Mendelian factors and chromosomes: 93; inheritance and man, 97; principles, rediscovery of, 68; ratio, cause of, 71. Being Well-Born An Introduction to Eugenics 2012-05-22T15:16:53.140Z Clinical geneticists often talk about tackling Mendelian disorders: diseases thought to involve a single gene and that roughly obey the rules of inheritance drawn up by Gregor Mendel in the nineteenth century. Human genetics: Genomes on prescription 2011-10-05T17:20:22.847Z Pragmatism as a principle of method, like the Mendelian laws of heredity, lay for decades in oblivion. The pragmatic theory of truth as developed by Peirce, James, and Dewey 2011-09-29T02:00:12.190Z The inheritance patterns of many traits cannot be explained by simple Mendelian genetics. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Sex is regarded by the new Mendelian school of biologists as that which is known as a "Mendelian factor." Feminism and Sex-Extinction 2011-11-11T03:00:29.100Z Or in Mendelian phraseology, the defective traits are recessive and are dominated by the normality of the other parent. Being Well-Born An Introduction to Eugenics 2012-05-22T15:16:53.140Z If the race-types have generally intermarried, the country is really occupied by two or more races, the races always tending to sort themselves out again as pure types by Mendelian inheritance. The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy 2011-09-13T02:00:33.070Z True, professor, but according to the Mendelian law of heredity, those brains of yours will be halved in each of your children, and quartered in each of your grandchildren. The Super Race: An American Problem 2011-03-01T03:00:46.193Z The inheritance patterns of many traits cannot be explained by simple Mendelian genetics. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z When defects, physical or mental, are not reproduced in later generations true to Mendelian law, however, this is not abnormal, but is beautifully normal. Feminism and Sex-Extinction 2011-11-11T03:00:29.100Z Supposing nervous defects finding expression in feeble-mindedness, epilepsy and related conditions, to act as a Mendelian recessive, then the marriage of one such defective with another should yield only mentally enfeebled offspring. Being Well-Born An Introduction to Eugenics 2012-05-22T15:16:53.140Z The new methods and the willingness to tackle human Mendelian genetics, with attention to modifiers and heterogeneity, will enable the realization of the impact of genomics in genetics. [Essay] Genome-Sequencing Anniversary: Bringing Genomics and Genetics Back Together 2011-02-03T19:25:49.703Z “It's a Mendelian trait and it left a really strong selection signature.” Diversity: Of beans and genes 2011-01-04T21:23:19.127Z The inheritance patterns of many traits cannot be explained by simple Mendelian genetics. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z But in applying Mendelian truth to humans, I venture to think the applications have not been carried to their ultimate and most momentous conclusions. Feminism and Sex-Extinction 2011-11-11T03:00:29.100Z How many human traits follow Mendelian rules remains largely for future investigators to establish. Being Well-Born An Introduction to Eugenics 2012-05-22T15:16:53.140Z Until last month only a hundred imprinted genes were known, and the mechanism seemed just an interesting deviation from Mendelian . Tug of War Pits Genes of Parents in the Fetus 2010-09-14T04:50:00Z So, according to basic Mendelian genetics, the trait spreads more quickly in the first lizard species than the second. 2010-01-05T05:47:00Z Since then the Mendelian discoveries have attracted the attention of biologists generally. Catholic Churchmen in Science IV As already mentioned, Sex is regarded by the large and ever-increasing order of the adherents of Mendel as a "Mendelian factor." Feminism and Sex-Extinction 2011-11-11T03:00:29.100Z This is exactly what one would expect of a Mendelian character in which several cooperating factors were involved. Being Well-Born An Introduction to Eugenics 2012-05-22T15:16:53.140Z But the Mendelian is like a modern chemist who calls p. 30the chemical elements to his aid, and is able to express the result of the experiment in terms of these elements. Rustic Sounds and Other Studies in Literature and Natural History Yet, while she stooped over again and busied her hands with stripping the rice from the stalks without cutting them on the sharp dry leaves, she found herself thinking about Mendelian law. A Woman's Place Bateson says in a note on this passage that this last and the preceding paragraph contain the essence of the Mendelian principles of heredity. Catholic Churchmen in Science And to follow the argument to its conclusions, a few simple words about the Mendelian theory of Heredity are essential to those unacquainted therewith. Feminism and Sex-Extinction 2011-11-11T03:00:29.100Z The defect seems to behave in the manner of a Mendelian recessive. Being Well-Born An Introduction to Eugenics 2012-05-22T15:16:53.140Z The Mendelian does not, and never will, look at variation merely as a “deviation expressed in statistical units.” Rustic Sounds and Other Studies in Literature and Natural History Pure varieties breeding true can be established permanently by taking into account the Mendelian laws of heredity. The Social Direction of Evolution An Outline of the Science of Eugenics Here the analysis of the breeding data shows the possibility of explaining this case as due to two pairs Mendelian factors which give in combination the three types of female. A Critique of the Theory of Evolution Scheme of Inheritance in simple Mendelian Case 21 2. Mendelism Third Edition Terminology.—As work in the study of Mendelian inheritance has progressed and expanded the need of a more precise terminology has become evident and such is gradually being established. Being Well-Born An Introduction to Eugenics 2012-05-22T15:16:53.140Z This is an enormous advantage, and if my analogy is to be trusted, it would seem as though a progressive study of heredity must necessarily be on Mendelian lines. Rustic Sounds and Other Studies in Literature and Natural History The Mendelian formula regards each individual separately and describes its heredity thus. The Social Direction of Evolution An Outline of the Science of Eugenics It was found to be a Mendelian character. A Critique of the Theory of Evolution And we may further emphasise the fact that although the two factors thus interact upon one another they are nevertheless transmitted quite independently and in accordance with the ordinary Mendelian scheme. Mendelism Third Edition In such a case then Nilsson-Ehle discovered that he was dealing merely with a Mendelian dihybrid where two different determiners B and B′ and their respective absences b and b′ are involved. Being Well-Born An Introduction to Eugenics 2012-05-22T15:16:53.140Z Those who wish to have made plain to them how Biometrics may illuminate a problem which cannot as yet be solved in Mendelian fashion, should read Dr. Schuster’s most interesting book on eugenics. Rustic Sounds and Other Studies in Literature and Natural History The subject of Mendelian heredity is so new that there has been hardly time to investigate more than a few human characteristics from this point of view. The Social Direction of Evolution An Outline of the Science of Eugenics The ratio is 1: 1: 1: 1, or ignoring sex, 2 reds to 2 whites, and not the usual 3:1 Mendelian ratio. A Critique of the Theory of Evolution The interaction of the factors affects the characters of the zygote, but makes no difference to the distribution of the separate factors, which is always in strict accordance with the ordinary Mendelian scheme. Mendelism Third Edition The things of chief importance in the Mendelian discovery are the independent, unitary nature of the characters and their segregation in the offspring of cross-bred forms. Being Well-Born An Introduction to Eugenics 2012-05-22T15:16:53.140Z The occurrence of club-foot in several generations is alleged to support the Mendelian law. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. Most of these are, however, "abnormal" traits or pathological conditions; we are still in the dark regarding the actually Mendelian or non-Mendelian inheritance of most of man's normal characteristics. The Social Direction of Evolution An Outline of the Science of Eugenics It has been found that there may be even more than two factors that show Mendelian segregation when brought together in pairs. A Critique of the Theory of Evolution It is only in the distribution of the characters with relation to one another that these cases differ from a simple Mendelian case. Mendelism Third Edition Through Mendelian combinations and segregations it would by cross-breeding be spread and gradually introduced into more and more strains of the general population. Being Well-Born An Introduction to Eugenics 2012-05-22T15:16:53.140Z “Ah, I see,” replied the professor, “a Mendelian segregation, you mean?” The Brown Mouse In a few cases it is known that immunity or insusceptibility to specific forms of infection is a unit character which follows Mendelian laws in heredity. The Social Direction of Evolution An Outline of the Science of Eugenics When any two individuals of these races are crossed they give, as Nabours has shown, in F2 a Mendelian ratio of 1: 2: 1. A Critique of the Theory of Evolution In connection with intermediates a more cogent objection to the Mendelian view is the case of the first cross between two definite varieties thenceforward breeding true. Mendelism Third Edition The close parallel between the behavior of chromosomes and the behavior of Mendelian factors, although the two sets of phenomena were discovered wholly independently of each other, is obvious. Being Well-Born An Introduction to Eugenics 2012-05-22T15:16:53.140Z It was what we breeders call a Mendelian segregation of genetic factors that had been in the waltzers and albinos all the time—their original wild ancestor of the woods and fields. The Brown Mouse The Mendelian character of the heredity here can be neither asserted nor denied. The Social Direction of Evolution An Outline of the Science of Eugenics It is obvious, therefore, that there are here at least nine characters, any two of which behave as a Mendelian pair. A Critique of the Theory of Evolution Though for the present we must regard the case of the negro as not proven, there are nevertheless two others in which the heredity would appear not to follow the Mendelian rule. Mendelism Third Edition Davenport and Plate record over sixty human characters or defects which are seemingly inherited in Mendelian fashion. Being Well-Born An Introduction to Eugenics 2012-05-22T15:16:53.140Z But Jim ... sometimes I think Jim is the kind of Mendelian segregation out of which we get Franklins and Edisons and their sort. The Brown Mouse It is only when large numbers of individuals are observed that the typical Mendelian fractions and ratios can be strictly observed. The Social Direction of Evolution An Outline of the Science of Eugenics Other evidence has shown that the Y chromosome of the male is indifferent, so far as these Mendelian factors are concerned. A Critique of the Theory of Evolution Mendelian analysis has placed in our hands a more precise method of estimating and expressing the variations that are to be found between one individual and another. Mendelism Third Edition Nilsson-Ehle’s Discoveries.—To get their point of view we may review certain experiments on wheat made by Nilsson-Ehle, together with their Mendelian interpretation. Being Well-Born An Introduction to Eugenics 2012-05-22T15:16:53.140Z There is a further point in connection with Mendelian theories which is worth noting in this connection. Science and Morals and Other Essays Dominance, in Mendelian heredity, 84. irregular and incomplete, 87. The Social Direction of Evolution An Outline of the Science of Eugenics In fact, many or all Mendelian factors that affect the same organ may be said to be modifiers of each other's effects. A Critique of the Theory of Evolution And as these factors separate out cleanly in the gametes which the individual forms, such variations as depend upon them are transmitted strictly according to the Mendelian scheme. Mendelism Third Edition Mendel.—The principles involved are called the Mendelian principles after their discoverer, Gregor Johann Mendel, abbot of a monastery at Brünn, Austria. Being Well-Born An Introduction to Eugenics 2012-05-22T15:16:53.140Z When you are carrying out Mendelian experiments on peas, you can enclose your flowers in muslin bags and prevent anything interfering with your observations. Science and Morals and Other Essays It is known from other data that this defect follows simple Mendelian laws. The Social Direction of Evolution An Outline of the Science of Eugenics The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity Discovered in the Behavior of the Chromosomes 98-102 3. A Critique of the Theory of Evolution The former are known as mutations, and are inherited according to the Mendelian scheme; the latter have been termed fluctuations, and at present we have no valid reason for supposing that they are ever inherited. Mendelism Third Edition Verification of the Hypothesis.—The hypothesis that germ-cells of crossed forms are of two classes with respect to a given pair of Mendelian characters is further substantiated by the following facts. Being Well-Born An Introduction to Eugenics 2012-05-22T15:16:53.140Z The Mendelian Law in connection with past achievements in plant breeding, and the experiments of Loeb in crossing the sea urchin and the star fish are profoundly suggestive. Northern Nut Growers Association, Report of the Proceedings at the Third Annual Meeting Lancaster, Pennsylvania, December 18 and 19, 1912 The inheritance is obviously Mendelian: no affected persons are produced by unaffected parents, although their own brothers or sisters or one parent may have been affected. The Social Direction of Evolution An Outline of the Science of Eugenics This has actually been done by the geneticist in the study of mutations and Mendelian heredity, as the succeeding lectures will show. A Critique of the Theory of Evolution "Reversion" and "atavism," again, are phenomena which are no longer mysterious, but can be simply expressed in Mendelian terms as we have already suggested in Chap. Mendelism Third Edition The principles of Mendelian inheritance have been used in the practical improvement of domestic animals and cultivated plants. Human Traits and their Social Significance The patriotic frame of mind has been spoken of above as if it were an hereditary trait, something after the fashion of a Mendelian unit character. An Inquiry Into The Nature Of Peace And The Terms Of Its Perpetuation In most cases in this history, however, the defect behaves like a Mendelian dominant. The Social Direction of Evolution An Outline of the Science of Eugenics This stock breeds true, and the character is inherited in strictly Mendelian fashion. A Critique of the Theory of Evolution As soon, however, as their constitution has been analysed and expressed in terms of Mendelian factors, pure strains can be built up which when crossed will give nothing but offspring of the desired heterozygous form. Mendelism Third Edition Mental traits, however, do not seem analyzable into the fixed unit-characters prescribed by the Mendelian laws of inheritance. Human Traits and their Social Significance The patriotic animus appears to be an enduring trait of human nature, an ancient heritage that has stood over unshorn from time immemorial, under the Mendelian rule of the stability of racial types. An Inquiry Into The Nature Of Peace And The Terms Of Its Perpetuation In certain other cases it is clearly known to follow the Mendelian formula. The Social Direction of Evolution An Outline of the Science of Eugenics Castle advances the hypothesis that factors—by which he means Mendelian factors—may themselves vary in much the same way as do the characters that they stand for. A Critique of the Theory of Evolution In this way it has been possible to demonstrate in man the existence of several characters showing simple Mendelian inheritance. Mendelism Third Edition Several years ago Mr. Bixby planted a number of butterjap seed nuts, hoping that under the Mendelian law, the characteristics of the two parents would segregate themselves. Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting Downington, Pennsylvania, September 11 and 12, 1933 The abnormality is present in her, but it is latent; or, as we shall see the Mendelians would say, "recessive" instead of "dominant." Woman and Womanhood A Search for Principles In observing Mendelian heredity we should bear in mind that a given character may be due either to the presence or to the absence of a "determiner" in the germ. The Social Direction of Evolution An Outline of the Science of Eugenics The result shows at most that one factor that gives the hooded types is a simple Mendelian factor. A Critique of the Theory of Evolution In some of these the inheritance is clearly Mendelian. Mendelism Third Edition The similar trait of orthodactyly or symphalangism, which likewise appears to be a good Mendelian dominant, seems to exist in only one family. Applied Eugenics The Mendelian "factors," as I maintain must be clear to any student of the idea, are Spencer's physiological units. Woman and Womanhood A Search for Principles Mendelian heredity gives a different answer from Job's to his own query: "Who can bring a clean thing out of an unclean?" The Social Direction of Evolution An Outline of the Science of Eugenics This is in line with our experience in mixing of characters along Mendelian lines. Northern Nut Growers Association, Report Of The Proceedings At The Tenth Annual Meeting. Battle Creek, Michigan, December 9 and 10, 1919 Besides cases such as these where a simple form of Mendelian inheritance is obviously indicated, there are others which are more difficult to read. Mendelism Third Edition With the progress of Mendelian research, biometric methods must be supplemented with pedigree studies. Applied Eugenics In the Mendelian terminology, she is an instance of76 impure dominance. Woman and Womanhood A Search for Principles We may describe this case rather fully because it illustrates nicely the heredity of a trait according to the Mendelian formula. The Social Direction of Evolution An Outline of the Science of Eugenics I will however attempt to give an indication of the general Mendelian principle by means of which predictions of this kind are made. Biology A lecture delivered at Columbia University in the series on Science, Philosophy and Art November 20, 1907 Expressed in Mendelian terms, the production of the agouti was the necessary consequence of the meeting of the factors C and G in the same zygote. Mendelism Third Edition The first fundamental principle of Mendelism, then, is the existence of relatively constant units, the Mendelian factors, as the basis for transmission of all the traits that go to make up an animal or plant. Applied Eugenics But when an ovum bearing femaleness meets a sperm, the resulting individual is female, femaleness being a Mendelian "dominant" to maleness; if both be present, femaleness appears. Woman and Womanhood A Search for Principles The Mendelian character of the heredity of this defect is less clear than in the preceding, yet there are many indications that this is really an illustration of a complex Mendelian formula. The Social Direction of Evolution An Outline of the Science of Eugenics This is the fundamental Mendelian ratio for a single pair of characters; and from it may readily be deduced the more complicated combinations that appear when two or more pairs of characters are considered together. Biology A lecture delivered at Columbia University in the series on Science, Philosophy and Art November 20, 1907 Experiments recently made by Staples-Browne have shown that this case of reversion also can be readily interpreted in Mendelian terms. Mendelism Third Edition Altogether, it is probable that something like a hundred characters in man have been pointed out as inherited in Mendelian fashion. Applied Eugenics Already the claim has been made, though not, perhaps, in adequate measure, by the Mendelians, and I am convinced that their title to it will be upheld. Woman and Womanhood A Search for Principles In the history given susceptibility to this disease behaves as a Mendelian dominant. The Social Direction of Evolution An Outline of the Science of Eugenics An illustration will probably make the Mendelian principle clear. The Science of Human Nature A Psychology for Beginners But though there is no dominance of the character of either parent in such a case as this, the Mendelian principle of segregation could hardly have a better illustration. Mendelism Third Edition It has been pointed out in Chapter V that there are good reasons for doubting that feeble-mindedness is inherited in a simple Mendelian fashion, although it is widely accepted as such. Applied Eugenics One of these will definitely contain the Mendelian factor, and the other will be as definitely without it. Woman and Womanhood A Search for Principles In most cases of Mendelian heredity the progeny are less easily classified than in the case above, because the hybrid individuals resemble one or the other of the parents, quite or very closely. The Social Direction of Evolution An Outline of the Science of Eugenics Not only are human mental characteristics transmitted from parent to offspring, but they seem to be transmitted in Mendelian fashion. The Science of Human Nature A Psychology for Beginners In their simplest expression the phenomena exhibited by Mendelian characters are sharp and clean cut. Mendelism Third Edition The factor, nowadays, is the ultimate unit of Mendelian research. Applied Eugenics In Mendelian language the male is homozygous, so-called "pure" as regards this character. Woman and Womanhood A Search for Principles The phenomenon of dominance, therefore, is not an essential of the Mendelian theory although it is a frequent, we may say usual, relation. The Social Direction of Evolution An Outline of the Science of Eugenics Feeble-mindedness, for example, seems to be a Mendelian character and recessive. The Science of Human Nature A Psychology for Beginners If it were an ordinary Mendelian case the ratio should be 3 : 1, and one out of every three yellows so bred should be homozygous and give only yellows when crossed with agouti. Mendelism Third Edition In plant-breeding a good deal of progress has been made in the exact study of Mendelian heredity; in animal breeding, somewhat less; in human heredity, very little. Applied Eugenics As modern chemistry can analyse a highly complex molecule into its constituent elementary atoms, so the Mendelians promise ere long to enable us to effect an organic analysis of living creatures. Woman and Womanhood A Search for Principles It is often said that the Mendelian formula has a very limited applicability to human heredity. The Social Direction of Evolution An Outline of the Science of Eugenics Amongst other lines of inquiry, the so-called Mendelian experiments promise to clear up much that is at present dark. Anthropology Nevertheless, as breeding tests have amply shown, we are dealing with but two interacting factors which segregate cleanly from one another according to the strict Mendelian rule. Mendelism Third Edition Traits like these, which are easily defined and occur very rarely, make up a large part of the cases of probably Mendelian heredity. Applied Eugenics Definite consequences follow in the constitution of the offspring; and such is the Mendelian contribution to heredity. Woman and Womanhood A Search for Principles One deals ostensibly with the individual—the Mendelian formula: the other deals with the group—the statistical formula. The Social Direction of Evolution An Outline of the Science of Eugenics De Vries's new "mutation theory" is clearly not an alternative but a complementary theory to natural selection, the Weismannian and Mendelian theories. The Doctrine of Evolution Its Basis and Its Scope Among the plants and animals with which we have dealt we have been able to show that distinct differences, often considerable, in colour, size, and structure, may be interpreted in terms of Mendelian factors. Mendelism Third Edition They are little more than curiosities, their rarity and abnormal nature depriving them of evolutionary significance other than to demonstrate that Mendelian heredity does operate in man. Applied Eugenics The Mendelians are teaching us, too, that their "factors," the units of which we are made, are often intertangled or mutually repellent. Woman and Womanhood A Search for Principles And further, many less usual Mendelian phenomena, which we cannot undertake to describe here, are associated with what the specialist technically terms "sex limitation," "gametic coupling," and the like. The Social Direction of Evolution An Outline of the Science of Eugenics The whole reads very clearly, and I am delighted with the way you expose the Mendelian and Mutational absurd claims. Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 2 It is evident that the Mendelian conception of characters based upon definite factors which are transmitted on a definite scheme must prove of the greatest service to him. Mendelism Third Edition It has throughout denied or minified Mendelian results, and depended on the treatment of inheritance by a study of correlations. Applied Eugenics There is as yet no purely Mendelian interpretation of this case, Mendel's own laborious work upon heredity in bees having been entirely lost, and practically nothing having been done since. Woman and Womanhood A Search for Principles Such differences play no part in Mendelian heredity. The Social Direction of Evolution An Outline of the Science of Eugenics I rejoice to hear that you have exposed the fallacy of the claims of the Mendelians. Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 2 An excellent example of the practical application of Mendelian principles is afforded by the experiments which Professor Biffen has recently carried out in Cambridge. Mendelism Third Edition These difficulties make Mendelian research in man a very slow and uncertain matter. Applied Eugenics Again we get our three-to-one Mendelian ratio, but this time it is three hornless to one horned. Taboo and Genetics A Study of the Biological, Sociological and Psychological Foundation of the Family We may outline briefly that which seems the most satisfactory in that it serves to account for most of the facts in Mendelian heredity in a comparatively simple manner. The Social Direction of Evolution An Outline of the Science of Eugenics But the essence of Mendelian characters is their rigidity. Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 2 The essence of the Mendelian principle is very easily expressed. Q. E. D., or New Light on the Doctrine of Creation Many others, such as baldness, are probably Mendelian but not yet sufficiently supported by evidence. Applied Eugenics Latent traits of the opposite sex of course immediately suggest recessive or unexpressed characters in the well-known Mendelian inheritance phenomena. Taboo and Genetics A Study of the Biological, Sociological and Psychological Foundation of the Family We can make no statements about the Mendelian inheritance of such a trait until it is factored into its units. The Social Direction of Evolution An Outline of the Science of Eugenics Moreover, a vigorous fire of mutual criticism was going on now between the Imperial College and the Cambridge Mendelians and echoed in the lectures. Ann Veronica, a modern love story The proportions in which the various coloured individuals appear are approximately those demanded by the Mendelian principle of gametic purity and segregation. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 Furthermore, most of the feeble-minded cases in institutions, where the Mendelian studies have usually been made, come from families which are themselves of a low grade of mentality. Applied Eugenics The Mendelian theory is merely a theory in words, which have an apparent relation to the facts, but which when examined do not correspond to any real conceptions. Hormones and Heredity Even the sciences invented and exploited by evolutionists, the Mendelian Inheritance Law and Biometry, also prove evolution impossible. The Evolution of Man Scientifically Disproved In 50 Arguments The burning topic of the Mendelian controversy was approached on one or two occasions, but avoided dexterously; and they talked chiefly of letters and art and the censorship of the English stage. Ann Veronica, a modern love story The recessive nature of albinism and its distribution in Mendelian fashion is almost certainly as true for man as for lower forms. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 No one who examines the collected pedigrees of families marked by feeble-mindedness, can deny that it does appear at first sight to behave as a unit character, inherited in the typical Mendelian fashion. Applied Eugenics This, of course, is contrary to the results of ordinary Mendelian experiments, for characters are inherited equally from individuals of either sex, except secondary sexual characters and sex-linked characters which we shall consider later. Hormones and Heredity Else such recessive characteristics, according to the Mendelian Law, would be sure to appear. The Evolution of Man Scientifically Disproved In 50 Arguments Still, these Mendelian fellows seem likely to give Mr. Russell trouble, a good lot of trouble. Ann Veronica, a modern love story The operation of Mendelian processes in human heredity is further shown by the close relationship that exists between the appearance of albinoes and cousin marriages. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 Were it otherwise, I should certainly mope myself into a green melancholy over the fact, the most dismal fact on earth, that brachycephalism is a Mendelian dominant. Alone Some Mendelians maintain that if the mutations are not compatible with the existing conditions of life, the organism must either die or find new conditions in which it can live. Hormones and Heredity In other terms, if a hybrid of the first generation is not allowed to fertilize itself, but is pollinated by one of its parents, the result will be in accordance with the Mendelian formula. Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation I said I hadn't been at the Royal Society soiree for four years, and got him to tell me about some of the fresh Mendelian work. Ann Veronica, a modern love story And, when the whole facts are borne in mind, there can be no reasonable doubt that the Mendelian principles offer an intelligible solution of the problem. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 Ancient biographers, little concerned with Mendelian speculation, have not reported from what stock his family sprang. Vergil A Biography There is a tendency among Mendelians and mutationists to overestimate the importance of experiments in comparison with reasoning, either inductive or deductive. Hormones and Heredity Even Mendel's peas were not pure in this respect, much less do the campions noted above differ only in Mendelian characters. Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation He loves the Mendelians because he hates all the big names of the eighties and nineties. Ann Veronica, a modern love story The Mendelians have emphasized the rôle of the unit factor in heredity, and the conservation of the unit factor as an entity through all the adventures of matings. The Glands Regulating Personality I can dig through a whole library of horse practice, and muddle and mull over the Mendelian Law until I'm dizzy, like the clod that I am; but she is the genius. The Little Lady of the Big House The facts discovered concerning mutations and Mendelian heredity harmonize with the nature of the majority of specific and varietal characters, and with the diagnostic characters of many larger divisions in classification. Hormones and Heredity The systematic physico-chemical analysis of the effect of outside forces upon the form and reactions of animals is also our only means of unravelling the mechanism of heredity beyond the scope of the Mendelian law. Darwin and Modern Science We are interested rather in those more specific traits or characters, mental or physical, which, in the Mendelian view, are structural and functional units, making up a mosaic rather than a blend. The Pivot of Civilization As architects of human qualities the endocrines must be involved in the Mendelian unit factors. The Glands Regulating Personality Mediocrity, as every Mendelian knows, is a dominant character, and extraordinary ability is recessive character. In Defense of Women The general impression produced on the mind by study of Mendelian phenomena is that the organism is a mosaic of which every element corresponds to a separate element in the chromosomes. Hormones and Heredity If the accessory body is really to be regarded as bearing the factor for femaleness, then in Mendelian terms female is DD and male is DR. Darwin and Modern Science The conclusions reached are numerous and important, but the one of greatest theoretical interest is this, that feeble-mindedness is inherited as a simple recessive Mendelian unit-character. The Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Volume 10 Moreover, they seem to act upon a particular locale in different degrees, which is the strongest argument against the resolution of a number of structural traits into Mendelian unit characters. The Glands Regulating Personality I am all of my past, as every protagonist of the Mendelian law must agree. The Jacket (Star-Rover) The mutationists and Mendelians have not shown how the essential characteristics of mutations are to be reconciled with the facts of metamorphosis, or with recapitulation in development which is so often associated with metamorphosis. Hormones and Heredity There are facts, however, which prove that all species are not sterile inter se, and that their characters when they are hybridised do not always segregate in Mendelian fashion. Hormones and Heredity It is indeed an absurdity to the "pure line" Mendelian, but not to one who appreciates the fact that Mendelian units are subject to quantitative variation sometimes continuous, sometimes discontinuous. The Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Volume 10 A number of psychic qualities have been declared to be Mendelian unit factors: memory, mechanical instinct, mathematical ability, literary ability, musical ability, and even handwriting. The Glands Regulating Personality Mutation in fact seems to be a case of what the earlier Darwinians called correlation, while Mendelian characters may apparently be separated and rejoined in any combination. Hormones and Heredity Bateson, however, has admitted that Mendelian experiments and observations on mutation have not solved the problem of adaptation. Hormones and Heredity The Mendelians, when the mutations of Oenothera were first described, endeavoured to show that they were merely examples of the segregation of factors from a heterozygous combination. Hormones and Heredity How different grades may occur in one and the same Mendelian unit is apparently a puzzle to Goddard, who does not attempt its explanation. The Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Volume 10 The term endocrine dominants brings up the inquiries of Mendelism, and the relation of Mendelian conceptions of dominant and recessive to the internal secretions. The Glands Regulating Personality This is the same difficulty which I pointed out above in connection with the Mendelian theory that the female was heterozygous and the male homozygous for sex. Hormones and Heredity In this respect mutations as observed in Oenothera seem to be in striking contrast to the majority of Mendelian characters. Hormones and Heredity Mendelism, since 1900, has studied experimentally the transmission of definite characters, and maintains that the characters of species are of the same nature as the characters which segregate in Mendelian experiments. Hormones and Heredity The Mendelian merely sees a relation of the character to sex, but overlooks entirely the question of the dimorphism in the original species from which the domesticated breeds are descended. Hormones and Heredity Some of these have been along Mendelian lines. The Glands Regulating Personality The ration of dominant to recessive is 2 to 2 instead of the usual Mendelian ration of 3 to 1. Hormones and Heredity It seems probable that mutations are of different kinds, as exemplified in Oenothera by gigas and rubricalyx respectively, the former producing only sterile hybrids, the latter behaving exactly like a Mendelian unit. Hormones and Heredity I have made some Mendelian experiments myself, not always with results in agreement with the strict Mendelian doctrine, so that I am not venturing to criticise without experience. Hormones and Heredity We need not regard maleness and femaleness as unit characters in heredity of the same kind as Mendelian characters of the soma. Hormones and Heredity It's a long, long way to the day of a segregating out and in of Mendelian unit-characters. The Glands Regulating Personality But Mendelians have omitted to consider what is meant by male and female. Hormones and Heredity A factor in Mendelian experiments usually affects only one organ or one part of the organism. Hormones and Heredity If one sex were a dominant this would be in accordance with Mendelian theory. Hormones and Heredity Already, the materials of the Mendelians have become basic parts of his structure. The Glands Regulating Personality |
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