| 单词 | megalithic |
| 例句 | Instead we find there monumental stone structures of a different kind, called megalithic because they consist of huge blocks or boulders placed upon each other without mortar. History of Art, Volume 1 1962-01-01T00:00:00Z The “earth art” of the prehistoric Indians of North America, the so-called Mound Builders, is comparable to the megalithic monuments of Europe in terms of the effort involved. History of Art, Volume 1 1962-01-01T00:00:00Z Even today these megalithic monuments have an awe-inspiring, superhuman air about them, as if they were the work of a forgotten race of giants. History of Art, Volume 1 1962-01-01T00:00:00Z Given the interest in Britain’s great megalithic monuments – Stonehenge, Avebury, Callanish and so on – you would be forgiven for thinking these are the most massive. Top 10 forgotten British beauty spots 2017-06-17T04:00:00Z Tabita Rezaire, for example, whose website describes her as “infinity incarnated into an agent of healing,” is showing a film installation exploring megalithic stone circles in Gambia and Senegal. Space Pagans and Smartphone Witches: Where Tech Meets Mysticism 2021-11-24T05:00:00Z Summer news from Salisbury Plain suggests Stonehenge is no longer the only megalithic player in town. Secrets of Stonehenge 2010-07-23T12:29:00Z It is littered with signs of occupation, from megalithic tombs to Roman murals, necropolises and roads – the calzada romana to Ubrique, further to the south, is one of the most popular hikes in the park. A wander near Ronda: Spain’s empty quarter 2018-04-02T04:00:00Z Malta is an affordable Mediterranean playground with a superb climate, sublime beaches, megalithic temples and a distinctive crossroads culture. 52 Places to Go in 2016 2016-01-07T05:00:00Z Then Marvel handed him the biggest toy set they had: Avengers Assemble, a film that trapped their greatest superheroes in one megalithic, extortionately expensive movie. Joss Whedon: 'I kept telling my mum reading comics would pay off' 2013-06-02T05:00:01Z But they also discovered 24 previously unreported humanmade constructions all over the basin, including suspected ceremonial sites, fortified villages, and megalithic structures, some of rising only 1 meter or so above the forest floor. Laser mapping reveals hidden structures in Amazon—with hints at thousands more 2023-10-04T04:00:00Z “Seascapes and Landscapes” considers everything from Denmark’s seafaring identity to its spiritual history, with megalithic tombs speaking of time’s eternal, melancholic passage. Review: A striking Danish art show at the Getty unpacks what it means to be a nation in turmoil 2023-06-14T04:00:00Z The stone structures featured megalithic pillars sculpted into lions, serpents, and other frightening creatures, exhibiting their nastiest bits—teeth, claws, horns, and the like. Prehistoric carvings depict showdowns between humans and beasts 2022-12-07T05:00:00Z Dr. Bueno noted that the squiggle is geometric and similar to twisty markings found in megalithic art across Europe. With Drought, ‘Spanish Stonehenge’ Emerges Once Again 2022-09-09T04:00:00Z In Spain, the Dolmen of Guadalperal, a four- to five-millennium-old megalithic monument often compared to Stonehenge, rose from the waters west of Madrid. Europe’s Rivers, Starved by Drought, Reveal Shipwrecks, Relics and Bombs 2022-08-23T04:00:00Z The Great Basin became one of his specialties, along with the study of the transport of megalithic stones. One visionary artist’s desert dream 2022-08-21T04:00:00Z Officially known as the Dolmen of Guadalperal but dubbed the Spanish Stonehenge, the circle of dozens of megalithic stones is believed to date back to 5000 BC. 'Spanish Stonehenge' emerges from drought-hit dam 2022-08-19T04:00:00Z “This is one of the few industries where you can build really megalithic companies,” Kantor added. To Help Tackle Climate Crisis, White House Touts Nuclear Fusion 2022-03-18T04:00:00Z It shows two megalithic, abstract heads composed of the same tiny organic shapes. Perspective | For this Surrealist art couple, love was an alien landscape 2022-02-12T05:00:00Z Back in the 1990s, Parker Pearson was working with a Malagasy archaeologist studying megalithic constructs on Madagascar, which are still being built to this day. 3-ton parts of Stonehenge may have been carried from earlier monuments 2021-02-11T05:00:00Z This festival-friendly addition to the megalithic structures that dot this part of the west of England is technically called the Swan Circle. From Bowie to Beyoncé: Glastonbury's 50 greatest moments 2020-06-26T04:00:00Z They were interested in rock formations, geological artefacts and megalithic sites like Stonehenge and Avebury. The convergence of a photographer and a sculptor 2020-02-18T05:00:00Z “While mortuary use of the site is now firmly established, the specific purpose of the megalithic jars remains unresolved,” the researchers write. Mysterious 'Plain of Jars' may be the burial place for thousands of dead babies and children, experts say 2019-08-15T04:00:00Z The first stage was the business end of the megalithic, 363-foot booster rocket, lifting the entire apparatus to the edge of space, where other stages took over. Boeing’s role in moon missions helped launch Seattle as tech center 2019-07-14T04:00:00Z One man is likely the father of a 5500-year-old body found at another megalithic site just 2 kilometers to the west. Were Europe’s megalithic societies patrilineal? 2019-04-15T04:00:00Z Lalueza-Fox, who wasn’t involved with the study, said the findings match what is known about the spread of megalithic structures along Europe’s Atlantic coast. Study: Aegean farmers replaced hunters of ancient Britain 2019-04-15T04:00:00Z And for all that the world’s first genuinely megalithic media company might protest that it worked hard to scrub out this tech-dystopian freak show, the video continues to be shared on the platform today. Mark Zuckerberg, four days on, your silence on Christchurch is deafening | Toby Manhire 2019-03-19T04:00:00Z Among Europe’s megalithic structures, Stonehenge is an oddity. Scientists discover the origin of Stonehenge stones – quarries 180 miles away 2019-02-20T05:00:00Z The archaeologists now believe that the megalithic structure was initially a circle of unworked bluestone pillars put into pits, with the sandstone blocks added approximately 500 years later. Stonehenge mystery solved: Massive rocks came from 180 miles away 2019-02-19T05:00:00Z "The result presented here, based on analyses of 2,410 radiocarbon dates and highly precise chronologies for megalithic sites and related contexts, suggests maritime mobility and intercultural exchange," the study's abstract reads. Stonehenge mystery solved? Prehistoric sailors may have been responsible for legendary structure 2019-02-12T05:00:00Z “This demonstrates absolutely that Brittany is the origin of the European megalithic phenomenon,” says Michael Parker Pearson, an archaeologist and Stonehenge specialist at University College London. Stonehenge, other ancient rock structures may trace their origins to monuments like this 2019-02-11T05:00:00Z But even those trees seemed modern when we visited the Almendres Cromlech, a megalithic enclosure of 95 man-sized stones, just outside of Evora. Vacation in Portugal the Less-Obvious Way 2018-08-10T04:00:00Z We traipsed through megalithic ruins by foot for a few hours before starting our doomed return to civilization. Micronesia: Scenic island-hopping and a lesson in letting go 2018-03-27T04:00:00Z "Megalithic circles are well known from the time when Avebury was built, but square megalithic settings of this scale and complexity are unheard of." Avebury neolithic 'stone square circle' discovered - BBC News 2017-06-28T04:00:00Z "We argue for the transfer of the megalithic concept over sea routes emanating from northwest France, and for advanced maritime technology and seafaring in the megalithic Age." Stonehenge mystery solved? Prehistoric sailors may have been responsible for legendary structure 2019-02-12T05:00:00Z Northwestern France is also the only megalithic region that also features gravesites with complex earthen tombs that date to about 5000 B.C.E., which she says is evidence of an “evolution of megaliths” in the region. Stonehenge, other ancient rock structures may trace their origins to monuments like this 2019-02-11T05:00:00Z I found plenty of material on petroglyphs everywhere in the U.S. but next to nothing about monumental megalithic structures. Zombie time at campaign Hillary: Camille Paglia on Trump’s real strength and Clinton’s fatal sleepwalking 2016-06-02T04:00:00Z But those born after that period of rapid improvement see only the downside: megalithic businesses that provide status and good pay for their employees, with everyone else just muddling through. Young South Koreans call their country ‘hell’ and look for ways out 2016-01-30T05:00:00Z The bombshell said much about the long-running struggle between wayward Greece and the megalithic European Union, a struggle beset by blunders and serial brinkmanship. Special Report: How Greece went bust 2015-07-01T04:00:00Z Around the surviving megalithic structure is a circular ditch and bank that defines the entire site as … that’s right, a great big circle. Stonehenge was circular? Well, blow me down 2014-09-01T04:00:00Z The abrupt emergence of specific megalithic styles like narrow stone-lined tombs at coastal sites, but rarely inland, suggests these ideas were being spread by prehistoric sailors. Stonehenge, other ancient rock structures may trace their origins to monuments like this 2019-02-11T05:00:00Z What do you make of the similarity between these megalithic sites and those found on the other side of the Atlantic? Zombie time at campaign Hillary: Camille Paglia on Trump’s real strength and Clinton’s fatal sleepwalking 2016-06-02T04:00:00Z New maps are being produced to mark out walks and spots of specific interest, like Moyry Castle and megalithic tombs. Bandit country 2014-08-23T04:00:00Z According to the venue, the work combines ancient traditions of creating artworks from megalithic stone with modern forms of abstract geometries and cutting-edge feats of engineering. Boulder on show at LA art museum 2012-06-25T10:24:58Z A group of people greet the dawn of the summer solstice at the megalithic observatory Kokino. Week in pictures: 16-22 June 2012 2012-06-22T14:13:11Z And it seemed a curious coincidence to remember that the last periwinkles I had seen were those growing about the base of the megalithic monuments in Minorca. The Fortunate Isles Life and Travel in Majorca, Minorca and Iviza 2012-03-21T02:00:34.053Z In the vicinity of Huaraz are megalithic ruins similar to those of Tiahunaco and Cuzco, showing that the aboriginal empire preceding the Incas extended into northern Peru. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 7 "Horticulture" to "Hudson Bay" 2012-03-04T03:00:13.390Z In fact, by today’s standards and technology many of those sites could not be replicated with the megalithic structures involved. An Archaeologist Watches the History Channel and Questions the Part About the Aliens 2011-10-20T02:32:39Z Towards the end of the period the inhabitants of north Germany erect megalithic graves, and in Hanover especially the passage-graves. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 7 "Geoponici" to "Germany" 2011-09-26T02:00:25.313Z Yes, it did afford a practicable descent; some landslide centuries back had made there a sort of rude, rough, broken, megalithic stairway in the wall of the ca�on. The Chalice Of Courage A Romance of Colorado 2011-09-22T02:00:25.630Z A possible connection has been suggested by Sergi between the Mas-d'Azil signs and the markings that have been discovered on the megalithic monuments of North Africa, Brittany, and the British Isles. Man, Past and Present 2011-03-28T02:00:29.283Z Further than this, the megalithic remains of Wiltshire and Brittany suggest a very real and remarkable link between the peoples of Britain and Gaul. France 2011-03-27T02:00:11.847Z The megalithic companies just don’t work that way. A Convenient, Mysterious Service From Cable Companies 2010-04-22T20:53:00Z A certain megalithic character, and the inclined jambs of doorway openings, are marked features of these early churches. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 4 "Aram, Eugene" to "Arcueil" There were found here—as commonly in other megalithic monuments in Ireland and Scotland—a number of stones sculptured with a singular and characteristic design in waving and concentric lines. Myths & Legends of the Celtic Race For example, "in most regions the people who introduced the habit of megalithic building and sun worship also brought with them the practice of mummification." Man, Past and Present 2011-03-28T02:00:29.283Z Some of these sacred edifices are still impressive in their ruins and deserve the name of megalithic monuments. The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead Vol. II It was no real refuge to them, but its megalithic precincts gave some lying illusion of safety. Shock Treatment But the Greeks were always timid as regards the bearing value of that material, and would seem to have imagined that unless the blocks were of megalithic dimensions it was impossible to build in stone. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 4 "Aram, Eugene" to "Arcueil" In the days of the megalithic folk a sepulchral monument, the very focus of religious ideas, would hardly have been covered with idle and meaningless scrawls. Myths & Legends of the Celtic Race The megalithic ruins of Tiahuanacu, at the southern end of Lake Titicaca, mark the earliest known centre of culture in southern Peru. Man, Past and Present 2011-03-28T02:00:29.283Z The land on which it stands was the private property of the Tooitongas, whose megalithic tombs are situated some eight or nine miles away to the west. The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead Vol. II As I had taken with me seven of my twenty-one pipes, I could have set up home for myself in a megalithic tomb and not have felt uncomfortable. German Moonlight The folk-beliefs attached to the megalithic monuments 49 of Brittany are numerous, but nearly all of them bear a strong resemblance to each other. Legends & Romances of Brittany The megalithic carvings also sometimes show the solar emblem and sometimes not; the boats are sometimes filled with figures and are sometimes empty. Myths & Legends of the Celtic Race Now it seems probable that the builders of this megalithic city were the ancestors of the Incas, assuming that a substratum of truth underlies the Paccari-tampu myth. Man, Past and Present 2011-03-28T02:00:29.283Z The name which the natives give to this megalithic monument is Haamonga or Ho ha Mo-nga Maui, which is said to mean "Maui's burden." The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead Vol. II In the Korean peninsula the dolmen with a megalithic roof is not uncommon, and the sepulchral pottery bears a close resemblance to that of the Yamato tombs. A History of the Japanese People From the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era Regarding the nomenclature of the several species of megalithic monuments met with in Brittany some 38 definitions are necessary. Legends & Romances of Brittany From these correspondences Letourneau drew the conclusion “that the builders of our megalithic monuments came from the South, and were related to the races of North Africa.” Myths & Legends of the Celtic Race The megalithic remains, the dolmens, menhirs, cromlechs and stone circles are said to resemble more closely those of northern Africa than the larger remains of Brittany and of the British Isles. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 3 "Banks" to "Bassoon" So far as their descriptions allow us to judge, these megalithic monuments of the Tongans were purely sepulchral in character; they were dedicated only to the worship of the dead. The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead Vol. II From the megalithic tombs of old Japan to the little urn that holds the handful of ashes representing a cremated body, the transition is immense. A History of the Japanese People From the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era The megalithic monuments of Brittany are undoubtedly the most remarkable relics of that epoch of prehistoric activity which is now regarded as the immediate forerunner of civilization. Legends & Romances of Brittany The guess may perhaps be hazarded that they are diagrams or plans of a megalithic sepulchre. Myths & Legends of the Celtic Race We have only some inscriptions, legends on coins, marks on pottery and on megalithic monuments, in alphabets slightly differing, and belonging to six geographical districts. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 3 "Banks" to "Bassoon" In this connexion another megalithic monument of the Tonga islands deserves to be considered, though it appears to have been commonly overlooked. The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead Vol. II The Aymaras, indeed, seem to have possessed a very considerable culture before their conquest by the Incas in the 13th and 14th centuries, evidence of which remains in the megalithic ruins of Tiahuanaco. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 1 "Austria, Lower" to "Bacon" The nains are also regarded as the originators of a cabalistic alphabet, the letters of which are engraved 98 on several of the megalithic monuments of Morbihan, and especially those of Gavr’inis. Legends & Romances of Brittany I take it that the complete form of the megalithic symbol is that of a boat with figures in it and with the solar emblem overhead. Myths & Legends of the Celtic Race In Scandinavia, on the other hand, such dome-roofed chambers are unknown, and the construction of the chambers as a rule is megalithic, five or six monoliths supporting one or more capstones of enormous size. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 3 "Banks" to "Bassoon" Like the other analogous mounds and pyramids placed there and elsewhere, New Grange has a long megalithic gallery, of above 60 feet in length, leading inward into three dome-shaped chambers or crypts. Archaeological Essays, Vol. 1 The earliest known natives of this region were the Celtic Rutheni, to whom the numerous megalithic monuments found in the department are attributed. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 1 "Austria, Lower" to "Bacon" Name given by Breton peasants to a megalithic avenue, 365 Robert I. Duke of Normandy, 28 Robert. Legends & Romances of Brittany The book treats of a remarkable series of megalithic temples which have hitherto been uninvestigated, and contains a large amount of new geographical and archæological matter. The Wallypug in London The term is derived from the legendary belief that these rude megalithic monuments were used by the giants when playing quoits. Drolls From Shadowland She charms us with etchings or scratchings of mammoths on mammoth-bone, and invites us to explore mysterious caves, to picnic among megalithic monuments, and speculate on pictured Scottish stones. The Gypsies There is here nothing to suggest the Doric of Paestum and Selinus, much to recall the megalithic buildings of Syria, and the sculpture of the farther East. The Legacy of Greece Essays By: Gilbert Murray, W. R. Inge, J. Burnet, Sir T. L. Heath, D'arcy W. Thompson, Charles Singer, R. W. Livingston, A. Toynbee, A. E. Zimmern, Percy Gardner, Sir Reginald Blomfield Name given to the megalithic monuments by the Bretons, 48, 49 Gu�men�. Legends & Romances of Brittany A series of waves of megalithic culture introduced purely Western ideas. The Evolution of the Dragon Comparison of the Nanga with the cromlechs and other megalithic monuments of Europe. The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead, Volume I (of 3) The Belief Among the Aborigines of Australia, the Torres Straits Islands, New Guinea and Melanesia This is unusual; megalithic structures are usually built of materials found close at hand. Stonehenge Today and Yesterday Malta and Sardinia may perhaps seem to occupy more than their due share of space, but the usurpation is justified by the magnificence and the intrinsic interest of their megalithic buildings. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders Of the megalithic remains or "Bride Stones," as they are generally termed in Yorkshire, it is difficult to say anything with certainty. The Evolution of an English Town Another kind of megalithic monument are the stone circles, only they are circles no longer, many stones having been carted away to mend walls. Vanishing England Similar rites are practised at megalithic monuments, and here again the custom is obviously pre-Celtic in origin. The Religion of the Ancient Celts Stonehenge, the later, is the most finished example of a megalithic circle in England. Stonehenge Today and Yesterday The builders of the megalithic monuments, their habits, customs, religion, etc. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders In India megalithic remains are also associated with little people. A Philological Essay Concerning the Pygmies of the Ancients Examples are still to be seen of megalithic structures, barrows, cromlechs, camps, earthen or walled castles, hut-circles, and other remains of the prehistoric inhabitants of these islands. Vanishing England This prohibition was pre-Celtic in Gaul, since there are no Neolithic images, though there are great megalithic structures, suggesting the existence of a great religious aristocracy. The Religion of the Ancient Celts To them all stone circles and megalithic monuments were the work of heathens, if not of the devil himself. Stonehenge Today and Yesterday Both menhir and dolmen are Breton words, these two types of megalithic monument being particularly frequent in Brittany. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders The remains of megalithic circles occur at Stanton Drew. Somerset If the Way is followed northwards towards the slopes of Overton Hill we reach the "quarry" where most of the megalithic monuments of Wiltshire originated. Wanderings in Wessex An Exploration of the Southern Realm from Itchen to Otter Among the antiquities which some of our English villages possess, none are more curious and remarkable than the grand megalithic monuments of the ancient races which peopled our island. English Villages This megalithic wall may be taken to be contemporaneous with similar works of defence found in various parts of Italy, but I believe its existence on Ponza has not yet been recorded. Alone These are the chief types of megalithic monument, but there are others which, though clearly belonging to the same class of structure, show special forms and are more complicated. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders It has a megalithic appearance, as if associated with the age of rude stone monuments. Field and Hedgerow Being the Last Essays of Richard Jefferies A little farther up the stream one passes through a massive megalithic gateway and finds one's self in the presence of the astounding gray-blue Cyclopean walls of Sacsahuaman, described in “Across South America.” Inca Land Explorations in the Highlands of Peru The third class of megalithic monuments is the circular arrangement, such as we find at Avebury and Stonehenge. English Villages The megalithic structure of Callernish, in the island of Lewis before mentioned, is the most perfect example of the practice extant in Europe. Atlantis : the antediluvian world Finally, the rock-hewn sepulchre is often classed with the megalithic monuments, and it is therefore frequently mentioned in the following pages. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders Its sheath, a travelling house, is a composite and barbaric piece of work, a megalithic pile wherein art, retires in favor of amorphous strength. The Life of the fly; with which are interspersed some chapters of autobiography He could hardly, however, have built a megalithic work of this kind. Inca Land Explorations in the Highlands of Peru In addition to the subterranean sepulchral chambers and cairns which we have already examined, there are four classes of megalithic structures. English Villages This is, of course, but a very rapid survey of the megalithic monuments of our globe. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples This is justified by the fact that it generally occurs in connection with megalithic structures. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders The "Times" reported miserably, i.e. as far as errata was concerned; but I was very glad at the leader, for I thought the way you brought in the megalithic monuments most happy. Life and Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 2 Furthermore, its style and character seem to date it with the well-known megalithic structures of Cuzco and Ollantaytambo. Inca Land Explorations in the Highlands of Peru All the finds made in the megalithic remains of Spain and Portugal point to the period of transition from the age of stone to that of metal. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders The importance of these conclusions is very great, and will be brought out still more in our study of megalithic monuments. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples The second principle of megalithic architecture was the use of more or less coursed masonry set without mortar, each block lying on its side and not on its edge. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders Italy cannot be called a country of megalithic monuments. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders It is only in the extreme south-west that megalithic structures appear. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders These discoveries show that the heel of Italy fell under the influence which caused the spread of the megalithic monuments, whatever that influence may have been. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders The megalithic monuments of Stonehenge, which are probably better known than any others in the world, are perhaps also the most curious. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples Indeed, this combination is quite typical of the best megalithic work: a series of uprights is first set in position, and over this are laid several horizontal courses of rather smaller stones. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders Taken by themselves the Monteracello tombs would hardly prove the presence of the megalithic civilization in Sicily. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders Such a custom is not unknown in other parts of the megalithic area. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders Near this last site was also found a round hut based on a course of orthostatic slabs of typically megalithic appearance. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders The pillars and lintels of the outer portico, and those of the trilithons, are fitted together with the greatest skill, with tenons and mortices, a remarkable exception to the general rule with megalithic monuments. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples We must note that the dry masonry which we are describing is still strictly megalithic, as the blocks used are never small and often of enormous size. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders Occasionally we find an elaborate open-air court outside the façade of the tomb, built very much after the megalithic style. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders It is impossible to decide whether this Sicilian civilization ought to be included under the term megalithic. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders If, as seems probable, the idea of megalithic building was brought to Europe by the immigration of a new race it is possible that a branch of this race entered Sicily. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders On the western coast of Malabar, as far as Cape Comorin, we find near megalithic tombs large jars four feet high by three feet in diameter filled with human bones. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples Great, indeed, must have been the power of the cult which could combine the force of hundreds and even thousands of individuals for long periods of time in the construction of the great megalithic temples. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders If the inclusion of Sicily in the megalithic area is doubtful there is fortunately no question about the island of Sardinia. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders Here we have one of the chief strongholds of the megalithic civilization, where the architecture displays its greatest variety and flexibility. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders North Africa is a great stronghold of the megalithic civilization, indeed it is thought by some that it is the area in which megalithic building originated. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders There has been a good deal of discussion about the orientation of megalithic monuments, and the truth on that point once ascertained, some light might be thrown on the aim of the builders. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples Let us consider for a moment what was the procedure in building a simple megalithic monument. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders Algeria has been far more completely explored, and possesses a remarkable number of megalithic monuments. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders The latter is volcanic in origin, and its surface presents no opportunity for the building of megalithic monuments. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders On the slopes of the south coast there are several remains of megalithic construction, but they are too damaged to show much of their original form. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders Some of the megalithic monuments already noticed have a peculiarity to which we must refer here on account of its importance. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples Roughly speaking, the extension of megalithic monuments is from Spain to Japan and from Sweden to Algeria. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders However, on the north side of the island there are megalithic huts in a very fair state of preservation. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders The earliest neolithic remains of Italy, Crete, and the Ægean seem to have no parallel in Malta, and the first inhabitants of whom we find traces in the island were builders of megalithic monuments. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders The megalithic builders of Malta did not confine their achievements to structures above ground, they could also work with equal facility below. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders Other megalithic monuments were not less rich in relics. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples These are naturally merely limits, and it must not be supposed that the regions which lie between them all contain megalithic monuments. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders The question of the date of the Maltese megalithic buildings is a difficult one. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders Syria is comparatively rich in megalithic monuments, but it is remarkable that almost all of them lie to the east of the Jordan. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders They present analogies with those of many parts of the megalithic area, and we therefore await anxiously the publication of Mackenzie's promised article on his own explorations in this district. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders The Breton megalithic monuments also contained numerous fragments of pottery, some of which had formed part of vases without stands, such as those found at Santorin and at Troy. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples In Europe the distribution of dolmens and other megalithic monuments is wide. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders The megalithic tomb-chamber or the sarcophagus which sometimes replaces it lies in the circular part of the mound. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders These latter do not seem to have brought the idea of megalithic building with them, as their earlier tombs are simple mounds. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders In any case, in megalithic architecture as seen in Europe the tomb and the dwelling types are considerably intermixed, and may have reacted on one another. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders Dr. Prunieres presented to the French Association, when it met at Bordeaux, a collection of weapons and ornaments which came from the megalithic monuments of Lozere. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples It is only to be expected that these great megalithic monuments of a prehistoric age should excite the wonder and stimulate the imagination of those who see them. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders This, however, does not justify the assertion so often made that the megalithic tomb was a conscious imitation of the hut. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders Of the builders of the megalithic monuments themselves we cannot expect to know very much, especially while their origin remains veiled in obscurity. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders We even know something about their appearance, for the skulls found in the megalithic tombs have in many cases been subjected to careful examination and measurement. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders According to Maury, the distribution of the megalithic monuments of Europe marks the last refuge of vanquished Neolithic races, fleeing before their conquerors. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples Passing now to more definite beliefs connected with megalithic monuments, we may notice that from quite early times they have been—as indeed they often are still—regarded with fear and respect, and even worshipped. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders No natural deposit of callaïs is known, but it is highly probable that the sources of the megalithic examples lay in France or Portugal. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders This little object, which may have served exactly the purpose of the modern button, occurs in several parts of the megalithic area. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders It has been argued that these figures represent a deity or deities of the megalithic people. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders The megalithic monuments of Mecklenburg are supposed to date from Neolithic times, and are constructed in two very different ways. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples In Spain, where, as in France, megalithic monuments are common, the councils of Toledo in A.D. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders In all other cases the builders of the megalithic monuments buried their dead unburned. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders This custom, it must be noted, was not limited to the megalithic peoples. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders The questions we have to discuss are, therefore, as follows: Are all the megalithic monuments due to a single race or to several? Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders We have now specified the chief forms and modes of arrangement of megalithic monuments, and must add that they are often found in juxtaposition. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples Oaths sworn in or near a megalithic monument have a peculiar sanctity. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders We shall consider first the theory that the idea of megalithic building was evolved among several races independently, i.e. that it was a phase of culture through which they separately passed. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders We have already examined what may be called the style of megalithic architecture and found that the same features are noticeable in all countries where these buildings occur. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders In almost all countries where megalithic structures occur certain fixed types prevail; the dolmen is the most general of these, and it is clear that many of the other forms are simply developments of this. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders The number of megalithic monuments in the world is simply incalculable. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples Stonehenge, the most famous of our English megalithic monuments, has excited the attention of the historian and the legend-lover since early times. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders The occurrence of structures with a hole in one of the walls and of blocks with 'cup-markings' is usual over the whole of the megalithic area. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders There are further objections to this theory in the distribution of the megalithic buildings both in space and time. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders In medieval history we have the example of the Arabs, who in their movement covered a considerable portion of the very megalithic area which we are discussing. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders With regard to the megalithic monuments of India, we can only repeat what we have already said. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples It is quite possible that there are burials in the mound, whether in megalithic chambers or not. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders It will be readily admitted that the commonest and most widely distributed form of the megalithic monument is the dolmen. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders The megalithic people may even have been a branch of the same vast race as the neolithic: this would explain the fact that both inhumed their dead in the contracted position. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders In the first place they are all in the vicinity of the Mediterranean, and in the second some occur in the megalithic area, while others do not. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders Hatchets, pottery, and personal ornaments of stone bone, etc., are not the only artificial objects found beneath the megalithic monuments. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples But that druids ever existed in England or in a tithe of the places in which megalithic circles and other monuments occur is unlikely. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders On entering it one sees at once that the intention of the original excavator was to produce in solid rock underground a copy of a megalithic structure above ground. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders The Deccan, in addition to its numerous dolmens, possesses also megalithic monuments of another type. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders The modern inhabitants of the Khasi Hills in India still make use of megalithic monuments. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders Iron was not used in Brittany until towards the close of the period during which megalithic monuments were erected. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples Among the megalithic monuments of our islands the chambered barrows hold an important place. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders It was not until the beginning of the iron age that megalithic tombs came into use. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders With regard to the date of the megalithic monuments it only remains to sum up the evidence given in the previous chapters. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders Outside Europe there are certainly megalithic tombs which are late. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders We cannot connect the megalithic monuments with any one of the ancient religions known. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples Some contain no chamber, while others contain a structure of the megalithic type. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders With what purpose were the megalithic monuments erected? Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders Other megalithic structures can be definitely classed as dwellings or tombs, as we have seen in our separate treatment of them. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders It is not improbable that, if we are right in considering the dolmen as the most primitive form of megalithic monument, megalithic architecture was funerary in origin. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders Although, as a general rule, megalithic monuments are without ornamentation, there are a good many exceptions in the case of dolmens made of very hard granite, on which numerous carvings and engravings have been made. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples The megalithic chambers within the mound are of three types. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders Of the state of civilization to which the builders of the megalithic monuments had attained, and of the social condition in which they lived, there is something to be gathered. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders The megalithic race do not seem to have been great traders. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders Some writers, however, have argued the existence of extensive trade-relations from the occurrence of a peculiar kind of turquoise called callaïs in some of the megalithic monuments of France and Portugal. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders On the other hand it is urged that if megalithic monuments were all erected by one race, the objects they contain would certainly resemble each other to a great extent. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples It is of great importance to notice the fact that here in Ireland, as elsewhere in the megalithic area, e.g. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders We have seen that the megalithic peoples frequently dwelt in huts of great stones. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders We can only guess at the way in which the megalithic people were clothed. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders Outside the megalithic area it has been found in two of the Swiss lake-dwellings and in Italy. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders It was with this end in view that they erected menhirs and selected enormous stones for their megalithic monuments. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples It is a type which occurs in Europe only at the period of transition from the age of stone to that of bronze, and usually in connection with megalithic monuments. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders The pottery of the megalithic people was of a simple type. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders The pottery of the megalithic area is not all alike; it would be surprising if it were. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders Nevertheless, there are a few points of similarity between the pottery of various parts of the megalithic area. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders We may add that the distances between what we may call megalithic zones is considerable. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples In Sweden it is, like all megalithic monuments, confined to the south of the country. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders That the megalithic people possessed a religion of some kind will hardly be doubted. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders Several stone objects which can scarcely have been anything but baetyls were found in the megalithic structures of Los Millares in Spain, but none are known elsewhere in the megalithic area. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders There is some reason for thinking that among the megalithic race there existed a cult of the axe. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders An examination of the megalithic monuments still standing enables us to judge of the difficulties with which their builders had to contend, bearing in mind the primitive nature of their tools. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples The megalithic tombs of Brittany all belong to the late neolithic period, and contain tools and arrow-heads of flint, small ornaments of gold, callaïs, and pottery which includes among its forms the bell-shaped cup. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders In Finistère out of 92 megalithic burials examined 61 were cremations, 26 were inhumations, and 5 were uncertain. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders It is extremely curious that this small portion of France should be the only part of the megalithic area where cremation was practised. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders It is possible that in parts of France a mixture took place between the megalithic builders and the Alpine race. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders The megalithic monuments of Palestine and of Arabia may yet be found to be linked with those of Algeria, by examples in the little known regions between the Nile and the Regency of Tripoli. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples On the plateau of Ger near the town of Dax are large numbers of mounds, some of which contain cremated bodies in urns and others megalithic tombs. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders Modern discussion of the origin of the megalithic monuments may be said to date from Bertrand's publication of the French examples in 1864. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders Here again it is curious that megalithic building, if merely an independent phase in many countries, should arise in so many at about the same time, and with no apparent reason. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders There is nothing inherently impossible or even improbable in the suggestion that a great immigration brought the megalithic monuments from Sweden to India or vice versa. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders In one hundred and forty-five megalithic monuments supposed to date from the Neolithic period, seventy-two give proof of incineration and twenty of inhumation only. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples But it has since been shown that the cremation mounds belong to a much later period than those which contain megalithic graves. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders He does not tell us what these observations are, but we presume that he refers to the occurrence of varying skull types among the people buried in the megalithic tombs. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders The measurements given in the last chapter would seem to show that despite local variation there is an underlying homogeneity in the skulls of the megalithic people. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders It is significant that this theory has been accepted by Dr. Duncan Mackenzie, who is perhaps the first authority on the megalithic structures of the Mediterranean basin. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders It is the megalithic monuments of Algeria, of which we shall speak more in detail presently, that are the most worthy of attention. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples The Channel Islands possess megalithic monuments not unlike those of Brittany. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders From what direction did megalithic architecture come, and what was its original home? Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders It still remains to consider the question of the origin of the rock-hewn sepulchre and its relation to the megalithic monument. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders There can therefore be no doubt that the hewing out of rock was practised by the megalithic people, and that they were no mean exponents of the art. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders These are decisive proofs that in France and England at least the megalithic monuments were erected before the advent of the Romans. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples In the best known example at Los Millares there are remains of a semicircular façade in front of the entrance, as in many other megalithic monuments. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders In certain megalithic tombs we find dispositions similar to those described in speaking of the Gendron Cave. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples The necropolis near Constantine contains numerous megalithic monuments. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples Many megalithic monuments are met with in places widely removed from each other in the vast Indian Empire. Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples |
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