| 单词 | macromolecule |
| 例句 | I retained a slight hope that I might profit from the meeting on the structures of biological macromolecules. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Originally Randall had been scheduled to come to the meeting on macromolecules and give a paper about the work going on in his new biophysics lab. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z He would be the first person to propose something solidly correct about the structure of a biologically important macromolecule. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Mostly these errors would have been such that the new macromolecule could not reproduce itself and eventually would have been destroyed. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Especially intriguing was his hunch that specific ions might be the trick for the exact copying of macromolecules or the attraction between similar chromosomes. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z They would have therefore had an advantage and would have tended to replace the original macromolecules. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z They display lipopolysaccharide endotoxin in their walls, and these macromolecules are read by our tissues as the very worst of bad news. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z However, a few of the errors would have produced new macromolecules that were even better at reproducing themselves. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z This capacity, Beadle understood, was due to the presence of enzymes within the cell—proteins that acted as master builders and could synthesize complex biological macromolecules out of basic precursor chemicals. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z They are dangerous because they bind to cellular macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, and crosslink them. Colliding ribosomes activate RNA repair 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z Since only certain macromolecules form such condensates with each other, they can act as specific microreactors for very specific biochemical reactions that take place in the cell. Water makes all the difference 2023-10-02T04:00:00Z The digestive system is responsible for breaking down the macromolecules we eat and enabling those building blocks to be used throughout the body. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The large molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic molecules are called biological macromolecules. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z A quartz crystal is a macromolecule of silicon dioxide. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z They are dangerous because they bind to cellular macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, and crosslink them. Colliding ribosomes activate RNA repair 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z In addition to the frequently described interactions between macromolecules such as proteins, water molecules also play an important role in the formation of biomolecular condensates in cells. Water makes all the difference 2023-10-02T04:00:00Z Some cells contain aggregates of macromolecules surrounded by membranes; these are called organelles. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Biological macromolecules are organic, meaning that they contain carbon. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The functional groups in a macromolecule are usually attached to the carbon backbone at one or more different places along its chain and/or ring structure. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Much of the cell is devoted to producing proteins, which are responsible for the synthesis of other macromolecules such as lipids and carbohydrates. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Proteins are one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z Last year, the Curiosity rover identified two sites flush with complex organic macromolecules that resemble the goopy building blocks of oil on Earth. Bold space mission to bring back rocks from Mars takes shape 2019-11-21T05:00:00Z This exoskeleton is made of the biological macromolecule chitin, which is a nitrogenous carbohydrate. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Each of the four types of macromolecules—proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids—has its own characteristic set of functional groups that contributes greatly to its differing chemical properties and its function in living organisms. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Most macromolecules form through polymerization, a process in which larger and larger compounds are built by joining smaller compounds together. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The authors confirmed that these age-related changes in basal-mLV morphology correlated with reductions in the drainage of macromolecules from the CSF in the aged mice. Lymphatic vessels at the base of the mouse brain provide direct drainage to the periphery 2019-07-23T04:00:00Z But physics really entered the fray when X-ray crystallography was harnessed to study biological macromolecules. The forgotten scientists who paved the way to the double helix 2019-04-15T04:00:00Z Lipids are a class of macromolecules that are nonpolar and hydrophobic in nature. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Important macromolecules, such as proteins, DNA, and RNA, store considerable energy, and their breakdown is exergonic. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The four major groups of macromolecules found in living things are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Devimistat inhibits enzymes in the mitochondria, thus preventing mitochondria from producing macromolecules for growth. A New Way to Fight Cancer 2019-03-29T04:00:00Z One of her team's pictures, known as Photo 51, provided the essential insights for Crick and Watson to build the first three-dimensional model of the two-stranded macromolecule. Mars rover named after Rosalind Franklin 2019-02-07T05:00:00Z Proteins are a class of macromolecules that can perform a diverse range of functions for the cell. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z T-cells are immune cells that bind to foreign macromolecules and particles, and target them for destruction by the immune system. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Lipids are macromolecules that are usually not soluble in water. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The complexity of living cells is staggering — their cytoplasm contains tens of thousands of distinct macromolecules and metabolites that must be coordinated to interact in time and space. Cell parts to complex processes, from the bottom up 2018-11-05T05:00:00Z Along with DNA, proteins, and fats, glycans are one of the four major macromolecules essential for life. Cracking the sugar code: Why the “glycome” is the next big thing in health and medicine 2018-09-04T04:00:00Z Additionally, enzymes within plant vacuoles can break down macromolecules. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Prokaryotes cannot use gaseous nitrogen to synthesize macromolecules, so it must be converted into ammonia. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Proteins are macromolecules that have nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Now, samples taken from two different drill sites on an ancient lakebed have yielded complex organic macromolecules that look strikingly similar to the goopy fossilized building blocks of oil and gas on Earth. NASA rover hits organic pay dirt on Mars 2018-06-07T04:00:00Z Peptidoglcyan forms a cage around the bacterial cell; the authors of this study call it a “shape-determining” macromolecule, which is a fantastic euphemism. Shameless Bacterial Predator Remodels Its Own Prey 2018-03-31T04:00:00Z Endocytosis methods require the direct use of ATP to fuel the transport of large particles such as macromolecules; parts of cells or whole cells can be engulfed by other cells in a process called phagocytosis. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Prokaryotes cannot use ammonia to synthesize macromolecules, so it must be converted into gaseous nitrogen. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Energy is stored in a variety of macromolecules in the body, including fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Within a decade, chemists identified the macromolecule, naming it palytoxin after the soft coral species. Homegrown coral reefs are beautiful — and potentially dangerous 2017-07-28T04:00:00Z The pattern repeats over and over, a process that Dr. Grundy referred to as “bombing the rubble until the rubble bounces,” until the heavier, rust-colored organic macromolecules, known as tholins, develop. Why Pluto’s Moon Charon Wears a Red Cap 2016-09-14T04:00:00Z Many molecules that are biologically important are macromolecules, large molecules that are typically formed by combining smaller units called monomers. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Eukaryotes cannot use ammonia to synthesize macromolecules, so it must be converted into gaseous nitrogen. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z James Hedrick, a lead researcher on the project at IBM's Almaden Research Center in San Jose, California, explained to Fast Company that this new "macromolecule" may protect people from viruses in novel ways. This 'Macromolecule' May Kill Ebola, Influenza and a Bunch of Other Deadly Viruses 2016-05-13T04:00:00Z Likewise, lab set-ups based on the principle of quantum interference, using many mirrors, lasers and lenses, have successfully found wave behaviour in macromolecules that are more than 800 atoms in size. Quantum leap 2015-12-22T05:00:00Z The presence of such macromolecules is exciting to researchers, as they are the essential ingredients of life. Why Pluto’s Moon Charon Wears a Red Cap 2016-09-14T04:00:00Z Many of these critical nutrients come in the form of biological macromolecules, or large molecules necessary for life. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Eukaryotes cannot use gaseous nitrogen to synthesize macromolecules, so it must be converted into ammonia. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z As such, they represent privileged chemistry that has been tailored by evolution to interact with biological macromolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and membranes. Perspective: Synthetic biology revives antibiotics 2014-04-30T17:21:29.191Z But increasingly, large national and international synchrotron and neutron source facilities are used to produce the powerful photon or particle beams needed for the most demanding experiments, such as detailed studies of complex macromolecules. Policy: Crystallography needs a governing body 2014-01-29T18:51:10.458Z Why do defects in a macromolecule as ubiquitous and essential as the ribosome cause diseases—ribosomopathies—only in select tissues? [Perspective] Mysterious Ribosomopathies 2013-08-22T18:25:36.407Z These macromolecules are built from different combinations of smaller organic molecules. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z A ribosome is a complex macromolecule composed of structural and catalytic rRNAs, and many distinct polypeptides. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z By the late 1940s, the now Nobel Prize-winning W. L. Bragg had become well established at Cavendish Laboratories in Cambridge and, after studying salt crystals and diamonds, became interested in biological macromolecules. Scicurious Guest Writer! X-Ray Crystallography: 100 Years at the Intersection of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology 2012-12-19T17:45:08.617Z Like Odde, he also got in the middle of the action, acting as one of the macromolecules. Bodystorming: Dance Grooves Show How Molecules Move 2012-11-12T16:45:35Z And last week, structural biologists on the faculty hosted an international conference on the crystallization of biological macromolecules, attended by more than 200 scientists. Life sciences 2012-10-03T18:20:05.690Z What specific types of biological macromolecules do living things require? Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Recall that macromolecules are produced by the polymerization of smaller units called monomers. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z His work on the separating and combining the two strands of the DNA double helix, a so-called macromolecule, led to discoveries about the structure of RNA, another macromolecule whose functions include transporting genetic information. Paul Doty, 91, Biochemist and Arms Control Advocate, Dies 2011-12-07T03:56:15Z He planned a book on the discovery of the structures of cellular macromolecules but soon broadened his focus to embrace the history of molecular biology, and this became his project for the next decade. Horace Freeland Judson, Science Historian, Dies at 80 2011-05-11T02:32:16Z Nanocarriers are selectively accumulated in tumors as a result of their enhanced permeability and retention of macromolecules, thereby enhancing the antitumor activity of the nanocarrier-associated drugs. [Research Articles] Improving Drug Potency and Efficacy by Nanocarrier-Mediated Subcellular Targeting 2011-01-06T15:27:54.987Z Animals must convert these macromolecules into the simple molecules required for maintaining cellular function. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Prokaryotes use different sources of energy to assemble macromolecules from smaller molecules. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The suppression of immune responses to harmless macromolecules is highly regulated and typically prevents processes that could be damaging to the host, known as tolerance. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Figure 33.10 An antigen is a macromolecule that reacts with components of the immune system. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The pentamer arrangement means that these macromolecules can bind ten identical antigens. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Similar to DNA extraction, RNA extraction involves the use of various buffers and enzymes to inactivate other macromolecules and preserve only the RNA. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Carbon because it represents 12 percent of the total dry weight of a typical cell and is a component of all macromolecules. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Antibodies also mark pathogens for destruction by phagocytic cells, such as macrophages or neutrophils, because phagocytic cells are highly attracted to macromolecules complexed with antibodies. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Carbon is found in all organic macromolecules and is an important constituent of fossil fuels. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Carbon is present in all organic molecules, and its role in the structure of macromolecules is of primary importance to living organisms. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Nucleic acids can be isolated from cells for the purposes of further analysis by breaking open the cells and enzymatically destroying all other major macromolecules. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Oxygen because it is necessary and is a major component for all macromolecules. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Some cells contain aggregates of macromolecules surrounded by membranes; these are called organelles. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The fundamental component for all of these macromolecules is carbon. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Biological macromolecules are organic, meaning they contain carbon. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Two mechanisms exist for the transport of small-molecular weight material and macromolecules. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Carbon because it is necessary and is a major component for all macromolecules. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Different types of monomers can combine in many configurations, giving rise to a diverse group of macromolecules. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z These reactions are similar for most macromolecules, but each monomer and polymer reaction is specific for its class. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Breakdown of these macromolecules provides energy for cellular activities. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Most nucleic acid extraction techniques involve steps to break open the cell, and then the use of enzymatic reactions to destroy all undesired macromolecules. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Nitrogen because it is necessary and is a major component for all macromolecules. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Dehydration and hydrolysis reactions are similar for all macromolecules, but each monomer and polymer reaction is specific to its class. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Additionally, some agents such as enzymes within plant vacuoles break down macromolecules. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z There are metabolic reactions that involve the breaking down of complex chemicals into simpler ones, such as the breakdown of large macromolecules. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z To prevent degradation and contamination, macromolecules such as proteins and RNA are inactivated using enzymes. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Animals must convert these macromolecules into the simple molecules required for maintaining cellular functions, such as assembling new molecules, cells, and tissues. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z On the other end of the spectrum, anabolism refers to metabolic processes that build complex molecules out of simpler ones, such as the synthesis of macromolecules. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z There are metabolic reactions that involve the breaking down of complex chemicals into simpler ones, such as the breakdown of large macromolecules. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Nucleic acids can be isolated from cells for analysis by lysing cell membranes and enzymatically destroying all other macromolecules. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Prokaryotes use diverse sources of energy to assemble macromolecules from smaller molecules. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z However, the chapter provides us with the opportunity to review concepts we’ve explored previously, including structure and function, macromolecules, energy production, transport of substances across membranes, and enzyme activity. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Similar to DNA, RNA extraction involves the use of various buffers and enzymes to inactivate macromolecules and preserve the RNA. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z What does this tell you about the structure of DNA, which is a double helix macromolecule? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z They are found along the “carbon backbone” of macromolecules. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z On the other end of the spectrum, anabolism refers to metabolic processes that build complex molecules out of simpler ones, such as the synthesis of macromolecules. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The nutrients and macromolecules present in food are not immediately accessible to the cells. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The cell also must generate a number of intermediate compounds that are used in the anabolism and catabolism of macromolecules. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Carbon is the major element in all macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and many other compounds. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z However, eukaryotes cannot use atmospheric, gaseous nitrogen to synthesize macromolecules. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z However, when we explored concepts about biological molecules in the chapter on biological macromolecules, we learn how macromolecules—carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids—are synthesized from monomers. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z However, as we learn in the chapter on biological macromolecules, in animals the organic molecules required for building cellular materials and tissues come from food. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Different macromolecules have varying amounts of energy density. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Lysosomes digest macromolecules, recycle worn-out organelles, and destroy pathogens. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In plant cells, vacuoles also help break down macromolecules. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Lysosomes digest macromolecules, recycle worn-out organelles, and destroy pathogens. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z It is important to break down macromolecules into smaller fragments that are of suitable size for absorption across the digestive epithelium. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Thus, these macromolecules can be used as sources of free energy. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Many of these critical nutrients are biological macromolecules, or large molecules, necessary for and built by living things. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z While all living things, including humans, need macromolecules in their daily diet, an imbalance of any one of them can lead to health problems. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The four categories of macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z All solutes in the glomerular capillaries, except for macromolecules like proteins, pass through by passive diffusion. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Most macromolecules are made from single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This exoskeleton is made of the biological macromolecule chitin, which is a polysaccharide-containing nitrogen. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Since macromolecules often have atoms within them that differ in electronegativity, polar bonds are often present in organic molecules. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Each macromolecule is broken down by a specific enzyme. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Of the four macromolecules in biological systems, both proteins and nucleic acids contain nitrogen. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio CH2O or carbon hydrated with water, carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides depending on the number of monomers in the macromolecule. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In plant cells, vacuoles also help break down macromolecules. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Lysosomes digest macromolecules, recycle worn-out organelles, and destroy pathogens. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z However, sometimes large particles, such as macromolecules, parts of cells, or even unicellular microorganisms, can be engulfed by other cells in a process called phagocytosis or “cell eating.” Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z An antigen is a foreign or “non-self” macromolecule that reacts with cells of the immune system. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Large particles, such as macromolecules, parts of cells, or whole cells, can be engulfed by other cells in a process called phagocytosis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z |
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