| 单词 | articular |
| 例句 | It found no evidence that exercise harms the “articular cartilage in participants at increased risk of, or with, knee” osteoarthritis. Giving into arthritis pain will only make things worse. Here’s how to keep moving. 2019-11-11T05:00:00Z "With this new information, we are now able to explore pharmaceutical options to directly target the stem cell population that is responsible for the development of articular cartilage and progression of osteoarthritis." New hope to treat and reverse osteoarthritis 2023-10-31T04:00:00Z In mammals, the dentary bone joins the skull at the squamosal bone, while in other vertebrates, the quadrate bone of the jaw joins with the articular bone of the skull. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The ends of the bones are covered with articular cartilage, a hyaline cartilage, Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z If the articular cartilage at the end of one of your long bones were to degenerate, what symptoms do you think you would experience? Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z As it turns out, recent research suggests that articular cartilage—the type in our joints—does have some limited repair capacity. Your Body May Be Able to Repair Its Arthritic Joints with Help from Drugs or Surgery 2022-06-18T04:00:00Z Doctors who have not treated Federer have suggested that the long recovery period indicates that this latest operation was an attempt to regenerate articular cartilage in his right knee, perhaps with microfracture surgery. Roger Federer to Miss Australian Open and All but Rules Out Wimbledon 2021-11-17T05:00:00Z A white articular cartilage covers the inner half of each bulge as well as the small trench that runs between the bulges. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z An MRI revealed a tear of the labrum as well as injury to the articular cartilage of the shoulder. Pillar back on bench, banged-up Mets edge Braves on Nido HR 2021-05-18T04:00:00Z Both the articular tubercle and mandibular fossa contribute to the temporomandibular joint, the joint that provides for movements between the temporal bone of the skull and the mandible. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z To picture articular cartilage, envision the tough, white coating on the end of a chicken bone. Your Body May Be Able to Repair Its Arthritic Joints with Help from Drugs or Surgery 2022-06-18T04:00:00Z “Basically, there are two types of knee cartilage: the meniscus is one, and the articular cartilage is the other,” said Bill Mallon, an American orthopedic surgeon and former professional golfer. Roger Federer to Miss Australian Open and All but Rules Out Wimbledon 2021-11-17T05:00:00Z The knob is covered with a white colored articular cartilage. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Labissiere played in 33 games for the Blazers this season before he sustained a left knee articular cartilage lesion in a game against the Lakers on Dec. 28. Trail Blazers trade Labissiere to Hawks 2020-02-06T05:00:00Z A superior articular process extends or faces upward, and an inferior articular process faces or projects downward on each side of a vertebrae. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Labissiere played in 33 games for the Blazers this season before he sustained a left knee articular cartilage lesion in a game against the Lakers on Dec. 28. Trail Blazers trade Labissiere to Hawks 2020-02-06T05:00:00Z Nicholas DiNubile, an American orthopedic surgeon who specializes in knee surgery, said it would be challenging to return to the tour after articular cartilage surgery. Roger Federer to Miss Australian Open and All but Rules Out Wimbledon 2021-11-17T05:00:00Z The malleus originated from the articular bone, whereas the incus originated from the quadrate bone. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The new cartilage isn’t as strong as the articular cartilage so it’s likelier to eventually wear down, but it provides cushioning for some time. There’s a chance Nationals 2B Daniel Murphy won’t be ready for Opening Day 2017-10-24T04:00:00Z The paired superior articular processes of one vertebra join with the corresponding paired inferior articular processes from the next higher vertebra. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Nationals second baseman Daniel Murphy underwent surgery to repair damage to the articular cartilage in his right knee, the team announced. Major League Baseball roundup 2017-10-20T04:00:00Z Teixeira was removed from Friday’s game in the sixth inning with right knee soreness, which he’s dealt with since suffering an articular cartilage tear on June 3. Green hit hard as Indians beat Yankees, 10-2 2016-07-08T04:00:00Z As opposed to the smooth, flexible articular cartilage you're born with, fibrocartilage is rough, dense and doesn't form the tissue required to withstand normal forces of movement over time. Implanting Lab-Grown Cartilage to Fix Damaged Knees 2015-10-05T04:00:00Z Eventually healers began distinguishing between articular rheumatism, that affecting the joints, and muscular rheumatism. Fibromyalgia: Maligned, Misunderstood and (Finally) Treatable 2014-05-27T04:00:00Z The shape and orientation of the articular processes vary in different regions of the vertebral column and play a major role in determining the type and range of motion available in each region. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Nationals second baseman Daniel Murphy underwent surgery to repair damage to the articular cartilage in his right knee, the team announced. Major League Baseball roundup 2017-10-20T04:00:00Z An articular surface on the ilium of birds against which the great trochanter of the femur plays. Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 2012-03-24T02:00:23.513Z It is not known how many patients got the hip model, known as an articular surface replacement and sold under the trademarked name ASR, during that year. F.D.A. Asked DePuy for Safety Data Just Before Hip Implant?s Phaseout 2012-03-23T01:46:18Z The only disease with which it might be confounded when appearing in a sporadic form is acute articular rheumatism. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z The superior and inferior articular processes of the cervical vertebrae are flattened and largely face upward or downward, respectively. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The condyle is greatly elevated above the alveolar border; its articular surface is very wide transversely, and narrow and convex from before backwards. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 6 "Home, Daniel" to "Hortensius, Quintus" 2012-03-15T02:00:32.250Z Before the recall, DePuy long defended the articular surface replacement device, saying that any failures associated with it reflected failures by surgeons to properly implant the hip cup. Hip Implant the F.D.A. Rejected Was Marketed Abroad 2012-02-14T23:58:21Z The centra of the cervical and dorsal vertebrae have peculiar, S-shaped articular surfaces, and they interlock tightly. Rigid Swimmer and the Cretaceous Ichthyosaur Revolution (part I) 2012-01-03T23:45:00.273Z To relieve the stiffness of the muscles and the articular pains after the subsidence of the fever iodide of potassium appears to be a favorite remedy in the East. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z The inferior articular processes are flat and face downward to join with the superior articular processes of the C2 vertebra. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The astragalus has a large flat articular surface in front for the navicular, and a small one for the cuboid. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 6 "Home, Daniel" to "Hortensius, Quintus" 2012-03-15T02:00:32.250Z The inferior extremity, transversely enlarged, presents an undulating articular surface, which reminds us of the trochlea and the condyle of the human humerus; on which, however, the condyle is more sharply defined from the trochlea. Artistic Anatomy of Animals 2011-12-17T03:00:16.893Z Initially, the angular is short and broad; the articular surface is absent, and the anterior end is slightly overlapped by the dentary. Neotropical Hylid Frogs, Genus Smilisca 2011-10-24T02:00:14.853Z The occurrence of an acute peripheral gangrene soon after certain traumatic or inflammatory lesions of the brain or spinal cord, of articular inflammation following chronic affections of the cerebro-spinal axis, are instances in point. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z The articular processes are large, with the superior process facing backward and the inferior facing forward. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In males of T. ornata the penultimate phalanx of the first toe has a normal, vertical articular surface on its proximal end. Natural History of the Ornate Box Turtle, Terrapene ornata ornata Agassiz 2011-10-01T02:00:30.200Z It terminates in two articular surfaces, which articulate with the radius and ulna. Artistic Anatomy of Animals 2011-12-17T03:00:16.893Z Lying in a longitudinal axis along the medial surface of the articular is a high crest, dorsal to which is a deep hollow. A Revision of Snakes of the Genus Conophis (Family Colubridae, from Middle America) 2011-09-25T02:00:14.967Z In cases not resulting from external inoculation the febrile symptoms are the earliest to be noticed, and the muscular and articular pains may be at first mistaken for acute rheumatism. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z The walls of this space are formed by the articular capsule, a fibrous connective tissue structure that is attached to each bone just outside the area of the bone’s articulating surface. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Knee joints were harvested at 4, 8, or 12 weeks after injury to examine the effects of teriparatide on cartilage degeneration and articular chondrocyte maturation. [Research Articles] Teriparatide as a Chondroregenerative Therapy for Injury-Induced Osteoarthritis 2011-09-21T18:55:07.393Z Its superior aspect, concavo-convex, moulded on the inferior articular surface of the humerus, presents internally two cavities, which receive the lips of the trochlea, and, externally, another, smaller, cavity, which receives the condyle. Artistic Anatomy of Animals 2011-12-17T03:00:16.893Z Ventrally the quadrate has a narrow neck dorsal to its articulation with the articular. A Revision of Snakes of the Genus Conophis (Family Colubridae, from Middle America) 2011-09-25T02:00:14.967Z My mother informed me that she would come on the Friday, May 29th, she suffered greatly from articular rheumatism in her legs. My Memoirs 2011-09-13T02:00:28.713Z Lining the inner surface of the articular capsule is a thin synovial membrane. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The fever usually runs a lower course than that of genuine acute articular rheumatism, the pain is not favorably affected by salicylates, and the duration of the disease is generally longer. Psychotherapy 2011-06-19T02:00:20.053Z The superior surface, which is articular, is divided by a median ridge into two lateral cavities, which correspond to the trochlea on the inferior surface of the lower extremity of the second phalanx. Artistic Anatomy of Animals 2011-12-17T03:00:16.893Z The centrum, when viewed laterally, is slightly concave and has prominent subcentral ridges that extend from the median side of the paradiapophysial articular surfaces posteriorly to the neck of the condylus. A Revision of Snakes of the Genus Conophis (Family Colubridae, from Middle America) 2011-09-25T02:00:14.967Z The same phenomena often occur in families whose scions are attacked with diabetes, obesity, articular rheumatism, cancer and gout. Degeneracy Its Causes, Signs and Results 2011-05-02T02:00:17.657Z This fluid also provides nourishment to the articular cartilage, which does not contain blood vessels. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z It is, indeed, the confusion of this quite distinct disease with acute articular rheumatism that has given the latter affection the bad name it has in many minds as a producer of deformities. Psychotherapy 2011-06-19T02:00:20.053Z Finally, the posterior border, which is concave, is in contact with a sesamoid bone, the lesser sesamoid, which increases the superior articular surface behind, and is also in contact with the second phalanx. Artistic Anatomy of Animals 2011-12-17T03:00:16.893Z The articulation is formed by two lateral flanges of the quadrate that fit over a medial ridge formed by the articular. A Revision of Snakes of the Genus Conophis (Family Colubridae, from Middle America) 2011-09-25T02:00:14.967Z In Dimorphodon the malar bone is entirely removed from the quadrate, but in Pterodactylus it meets its articular end. Dragons of the Air An Account of Extinct Flying Reptiles 2011-02-20T03:00:13.067Z Ligaments are classified based on their relationship to the fibrous articular capsule. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Subsequent pathological investigation may show that occasionally acute articular rheumatism does to some extent disorganize joint tissues. Psychotherapy 2011-06-19T02:00:20.053Z In the first of these articulations, it is the superior row of the carpus which glides backwards and forwards on the corresponding articular surface of the forearm. Artistic Anatomy of Animals 2011-12-17T03:00:16.893Z A well-developed accessory spine extends laterally beyond the oval articular facets of the pre-zygapophysis and forms a slightly flattened, blunt spine. A Revision of Snakes of the Genus Conophis (Family Colubridae, from Middle America) 2011-09-25T02:00:14.967Z Their articular ends are sometimes cupped in front, in the neck, sometimes cupped behind, or convex at both ends, or even flattened, or the articulation may be made exceptionally by the neural arch alone. Dragons of the Air An Account of Extinct Flying Reptiles 2011-02-20T03:00:13.067Z This is called an articular disc, which is generally small and oval-shaped, or a meniscus, which is larger and C-shaped. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The articular processes on the right side of his fifth and sixth cervical vertebrae were broken and inverted. An Experimental Translocation of the Eastern Timber Wolf 2011-01-21T03:00:13.917Z In flexion, the articular surfaces are separated from one another in front; and the changes of form which result from this are noticeable on the anterior surface of the ‘knee.’ Artistic Anatomy of Animals 2011-12-17T03:00:16.893Z The paradiapophysial articular surfaces are well developed and have two facets. A Revision of Snakes of the Genus Conophis (Family Colubridae, from Middle America) 2011-09-25T02:00:14.967Z The middle part of this articular joint is made by the body of the vertebra; its outer parts are in the neural arch. Dragons of the Air An Account of Extinct Flying Reptiles 2011-02-20T03:00:13.067Z In some places, an articular disc may act to strongly unite the bones of the joint to each other. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Lower jaw long and slender, with an exceedingly short symphysis, no distinct coronoid process, and a slightly elevated, elongated, flattened, condylar articular surface. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 10 "Echinoderma" to "Edward" 2011-01-19T03:00:19.027Z The median crest of the articular surface of the inferior extremity is the most prominent part of that region. Artistic Anatomy of Animals 2011-12-17T03:00:16.893Z Smith injured the articular cartilage in his left knee in the win over the Minnesota Vikings on Monday and will need season-ending knee surgery. Giants receiver Steve Smith out for rest of season 2010-12-16T01:01:05Z The bone is always a little curved, has always a rounded, articular head, and rounded distal condyles. Dragons of the Air An Account of Extinct Flying Reptiles 2011-02-20T03:00:13.067Z As the disease progresses, the articular cartilage is severely damaged or destroyed, resulting in joint deformation, loss of movement, and severe disability. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Lower articular surface of the astragalus divided into two nearly equal facets, one for the navicular and a second for the cuboid bone. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 6 "Armour Plates" to "Arundel, Earls of" It arises from the curved crest which, from the deltoid impression of the humerus, is directed upward to meet the articular head of the same bone. Artistic Anatomy of Animals 2011-12-17T03:00:16.893Z Dr. Russell Warren examined Smith at the Hospital for Special Surgery on Tuesday and diagnosed the injury to the fourth-year player's articular cartilage. Giants receiver Steve Smith out for rest of season 2010-12-16T01:01:05Z One striking feature of the femur is the circumstance that the articular head, as compared with the distal end, is directed forward and very slightly inward and upward. Dragons of the Air An Account of Extinct Flying Reptiles 2011-02-20T03:00:13.067Z The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each vertebral region. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The calcaneum with an articular facet for the lower end of the fibula. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 6 "Armour Plates" to "Arundel, Earls of" The superior extremity is enlarged, and remarkable in three portions which it presents; these are: an articular surface and two tuberosities. Artistic Anatomy of Animals 2011-12-17T03:00:16.893Z The medial head arises by means of fleshy fibers from the region under the ledgelike external and internal articular surfaces of the proximal end of the tibia. Myology and Serology of the Avian Family Fringillidae A Taxonomic Study At the distal end the shin bone commonly has a rounded, articular termination, like that seen in birds. Dragons of the Air An Account of Extinct Flying Reptiles 2011-02-20T03:00:13.067Z However, the flattened and vertically positioned thoracic articular processes allow for the greatest range of rotation within the vertebral column. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The dorsal articular surface is convex dorsally and rounded. A New Genus of Pennsylvania Fish (Crossoperygii, Coelacanthiformes) from Kansas The articular surface, or head of the humerus, smooth and round, is in contact with the glenoid cavity of the scapula. Artistic Anatomy of Animals 2011-12-17T03:00:16.893Z "Is suffering under metastasis migratory gout, it may be termed changing from articular to large organic structures." The Daltons, Volume I (of II) Or,Three Roads In Life In Pterodactyles it sometimes terminates outward in a smooth, rounded surface, which might have been articular if any structure could have articulated with it. Dragons of the Air An Account of Extinct Flying Reptiles 2011-02-20T03:00:13.067Z The paired superior articular processes of the axis articulate with the inferior articular processes of the atlas. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The ventral surface is thickened and forms a rounded, knoblike articular surface. A New Genus of Pennsylvania Fish (Crossoperygii, Coelacanthiformes) from Kansas In man the articular surface, situated at the inferior extremity of each of the metacarpals, is rounded, and is called the head. Artistic Anatomy of Animals 2011-12-17T03:00:16.893Z "The articular affection is certainly alleviated, but there is mischief here," said Grounsell, placing his hand over his heart; "fibrous tissues, my dear Miss Onslow, fibrous tissues are ticklish affairs." The Daltons, Volume I (of II) Or,Three Roads In Life The termination of the radial crest is at the opposite end of this oval to the wider articular part of the head of the bone, in some specimens from the Cambridge Greensand. Dragons of the Air An Account of Extinct Flying Reptiles 2011-02-20T03:00:13.067Z With the mouth closed, the mandibular condyle and articular disc are located within the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The latter is broad, shallow, concave, open midventrally and narrowing anteriorly to form a pair of articular processes. A New Order of Fishlike Amphibia From the Pennsylvanian of Kansas The humerus is long and twisted in the shape of an S. The inferior articular surface has the form of a simple pulley, for the condyle is very slightly marked. Artistic Anatomy of Animals 2011-12-17T03:00:16.893Z It forms upon the articular 46 surfaces of the bones a thin incrustation, not more than the sixteenth of an inch in thickness. A Treatise on Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene (Revised Edition) The articular surface, which joins on to the wing metacarpal bone, is a concave articulation, which fits the pulley in which that bone ends. Dragons of the Air An Account of Extinct Flying Reptiles 2011-02-20T03:00:13.067Z While both menisci are free to move during knee motions, the medial meniscus shows less movement because it is anchored at its outer margin to the articular capsule and tibial collateral ligament. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Dorsolaterally there is an articular surface for the capitulum of the rib. A New Order of Fishlike Amphibia From the Pennsylvanian of Kansas In the second articulation, it is the second row which moves; gliding on the inferior articular surfaces of the row above it. Artistic Anatomy of Animals 2011-12-17T03:00:16.893Z An articular facet begins on the manubrium near the neck and spirals halfway around the head of the malleus. Genera and Subgenera of Chipmunks It terminates at the lower end in an obliquely truncated articular surface. Dragons of the Air An Account of Extinct Flying Reptiles 2011-02-20T03:00:13.067Z As it crosses the knee, the tibial collateral ligament is firmly attached on its deep side to the articular capsule and to the medial meniscus, an important factor when considering knee injuries. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z These two articular surfaces are so situated that the rib must tilt downward from the horizontal plane. A New Order of Fishlike Amphibia From the Pennsylvanian of Kansas The inferior surface of this extremity of the tibia is articular; and is in contact with one of the tarsal bones, the astragalus. Artistic Anatomy of Animals 2011-12-17T03:00:16.893Z However, the area of insertion lies mostly ventral to the articulating surface of the articular bone and extends but slightly in front of it. The Adductor Muscles of the Jaw In Some Primitive Reptiles The second phalange is concave at the upper articular end and convex in the longer direction at the lower end. Dragons of the Air An Account of Extinct Flying Reptiles 2011-02-20T03:00:13.067Z Hyaline cartilage is also retained as the articular cartilage that covers the surfaces of the bones at synovial joints. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z There seems to be a small articular surface near the anterior extremity which suggests the presence of a supracleithrum. A New Order of Fishlike Amphibia From the Pennsylvanian of Kansas The inferior extremity presents an articular surface, which is formed of two lateral cavities, separated by a crest, which is directed obliquely forwards and outwards. Artistic Anatomy of Animals 2011-12-17T03:00:16.893Z According to its location, rheumatism is specified as articular or muscular. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle The articular points of union between the several phalanges form prominences on the under side of the finger in consequence of the adjacent bones being a little widened at their junction. Dragons of the Air An Account of Extinct Flying Reptiles 2011-02-20T03:00:13.067Z The joints of the vertebral column include the symphysis joints formed by each intervertebral disc and the plane synovial joints between the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The majority of febrile infectious diseases, pneumonia, erysipelas, diphtheria, septic conditions of the most varied ætiology, parotitis, acute articular rheumatism, etc. are accompanied by a leucocytosis of greater or less extent. Histology of the Blood Normal and Pathological It would be visible if the view were directly lateral, but then the superior and inferior articular surfaces of the astragalus would be less apparent. Artistic Anatomy of Animals 2011-12-17T03:00:16.893Z Symptoms of articular rheumatism.—The symptoms appear suddenly and with varying degrees of severity. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle It appears that the Kansas bones are almost invariably crushed flat, so that their articular ends are distorted. Dragons of the Air An Account of Extinct Flying Reptiles 2011-02-20T03:00:13.067Z An articular disc is located between the bony components of this joint. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z There are also fringes from the synovial membrane that may be caught between the articular surfaces. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The leg and the astragalus, in a general way, are placed in contact by such articular surfaces that the resulting joint, which is a true hinge, permits movements of flexion and extension only. Artistic Anatomy of Animals 2011-12-17T03:00:16.893Z As in the case of articular rheumatism, the tendons, ligaments, and synovial membranes may become involved. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle The sternum in both has a manubrium, or thick keel mass, prolonged in front of its articular facets for the coracoid bones, which are well separated from each other. Dragons of the Air An Account of Extinct Flying Reptiles 2011-02-20T03:00:13.067Z The outer surface of bone, except in regions covered with articular cartilage, is covered with a fibrous membrane called the periosteum. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z When operative treatment is called for, it takes the form of osteotomy of the radius and ulna about an inch or more above their articular surfaces. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. For a year I have been entirely cured of articular rheumatism of the right shoulder from which I had suffered for eight years, and from chronic bronchitis which I had had still longer. Self Mastery Through Conscious Autosuggestion In making a post-mortem examination of animals affected with hemorrhagic septicemia, it would be well to examine the articular surfaces of the long bones, as it has been reported that they are frequently ulcerated. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle The cooked and bruised leaves make an efficient poultice in articular rheumatism. The Medicinal Plants of the Philippines The superior articular processes face upward and are deeply curved for articulation with the occipital condyles on the base of the skull. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Partial lesions include twists or sprains, isolated dislocations of articular processes, isolated fractures of the arches and spinous processes, and isolated fractures of the vertebral bodies. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. Of chronic articular rheumatism I have treated but very few cases. The Electric Bath In mild cases of articular rheumatism, the animal may fully recover in a few days. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle It is also used as an embrocation in articular rheumatism. The Medicinal Plants of the Philippines The superior articular processes of thoracic vertebrae face anteriorly and the inferior processes face posteriorly. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The lesion consists in a complete bilateral dislocation of the articular processes, together with a fracture through one or more of the bodies. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The contrary holds good however with respect to the frequent sequence of these diseases—articular deposits. The Electric Bath The constitutional symptoms in both articular and muscular rheumatism are similar, so that it is often perplexing to differentiate between the two forms. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle In the lower jaw, the articular surface is proportionally smaller in many breeds than in the rock-pigeon; and the vertical diameter more especially of the outer part of the articular surface is considerably shorter. The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, Vol. I. As the articular cartilage layer wears down, more pressure is placed on the bones. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Total dislocation, in which the articular processes on both sides are displaced and the contiguous intervertebral disc separated, is rare, and is met with chiefly in the lower cervical region. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. In chronic synovitis and all other articular affections accompanied by exudation, the same holds good. The Electric Bath Symptoms of muscular rheumatism.—This form of rheumatism may appear under the same general conditions as the articular form. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle Cervical Vertebra, of natural size, of—A. Wild Rabbit; B. Hare-coloured, large, Lop-eared Rabbit. a, a, inferior surface; b, b, anterior articular surfaces. The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, Vol. I. The joint responds by increasing production of the lubricating synovial fluid, but this can lead to swelling of the joint cavity, causing pain and joint stiffness as the articular capsule is stretched. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z An interesting feature, sometimes met with in arthritis deformans, consists in eburnation of the articular surfaces of the carpal bones, although the range of movement is almost nil. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The flap is then dissected back, the ligaments divided, when by extreme flexion of the limb the articular surface of the tibia and femur are thoroughly exposed. A Manual of the Operations of Surgery For the Use of Senior Students, House Surgeons, and Junior Practitioners In chronic articular rheumatism there is less tendency of the disease to shift about, but there is a greater liability of structural change in the affected joints. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle And, finally, the entire under surface may become the seat of the osseous deposit, and involve the articular face of all the bones of the hock, which again is a bone spavin. Special Report on Diseases of the Horse In the neck, the articular processes of cervical vertebrae are flattened and generally face upward or downward. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In rare cases the disease affects only the articular or the spinous processes, producing superficial caries and a localised abscess. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. Femoral.—External circumflex, with external articular of popliteal. A Manual of the Operations of Surgery For the Use of Senior Students, House Surgeons, and Junior Practitioners If this union extends over the whole articular surface of the joints affected and is sufficiently strong to prevent any motion of the bones, the animal will again go sound. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle Then follows an exudation of a plastic nature which becomes transformed into a cartilaginous layer of a rough, articular aspect. Special Report on Diseases of the Horse The atlanto-occipital joint is formed by the articulations between the superior articular processes of the atlas and the occipital condyles on the base of the skull. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In advanced cases with destruction of the cartilages, there may be movement from side to side, with grating of the articular surfaces. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. Note.—The importance of the articular branches of the popliteal explain the danger of gangrene after a sudden rupture or increase in size of a popliteal aneurism. A Manual of the Operations of Surgery For the Use of Senior Students, House Surgeons, and Junior Practitioners Cotyla: the articular pan; the cup or socket of a ball and socket joint. Explanation of Terms Used in Entomology Or, again, the fracture may involve all three of these constituent parts of the hip bone by having its situation in the articular cavity—the acetabulum by which it joins the femur or thigh bone. Special Report on Diseases of the Horse Figure 9.15 Temporomandibular Joint The temporomandibular joint is the articulation between the temporal bone of the skull and the condyle of the mandible, with an articular disc located between these bones. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z As a result of the pressure of the carious articular surfaces against one another, the acetabulum is enlarged and the upper end of the femur is drawn gradually upwards and backwards within the socket. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The ulnar articular facet is to be snipped off with bone-pliers. A Manual of the Operations of Surgery For the Use of Senior Students, House Surgeons, and Junior Practitioners Bleeding is used as a remedy for bruises and swellings, and for internal pain, also for acute attacks of rheumatism and articular pains. In the Forbidden Land The complicated arrangement of the hock joint, and the powerful tendons which pass on the posterior part, are lubricated with the product of secretion from one tendinous synovial and several articular synovial sacs. Special Report on Diseases of the Horse It has a loose articular capsule and is supported by ligaments and the rotator cuff muscles. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Second Stage.—This probably corresponds with commencing disease of the articular surfaces, and progressive involvement of all the structures of the joint. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. Some attempts have been made to save one or other of the articular surfaces, but they have proved failures. A Manual of the Operations of Surgery For the Use of Senior Students, House Surgeons, and Junior Practitioners This is the disease known popularly as rheumatic fever, and technically as acute rheumatism or acute articular rheumatism. Preventable Diseases The dilatation of this articular synovial sac is what is denominated bog spavin, the term thoroughpin being applied to the dilatation of the tendinous capsule. Special Report on Diseases of the Horse The articular capsule that surrounds the glenohumeral joint is relatively thin and loose to allow for large motions of the upper limb. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Third Stage.—This probably corresponds with caries of the articular surfaces, since pain is now a prominent feature, and there are usually startings at night. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. How much should be removed?—In the elbow-joint, more than any other joint in the body, complete excision is absolutely necessary; any portion of the articular surface being left proves a source of unfavourable result. A Manual of the Operations of Surgery For the Use of Senior Students, House Surgeons, and Junior Practitioners Every one has seen, or known, or had, the acute articular form of rheumatism, and when once seen there is no difficulty in recognizing it again. Preventable Diseases The symptoms of articular injuries vary not only in the degrees of the hurt but in the nature of the lesion. Special Report on Diseases of the Horse Some structural support for the joint is provided by thickenings of the articular capsule wall that form weak intrinsic ligaments. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z When arrested during the initial stage, recovery may be complete; but when there has been destruction of the articular surfaces, there is apt to be ankylosis of the joint and shortening of the limb. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. That the patella and articular surface of the femur are healthy. A Manual of the Operations of Surgery For the Use of Senior Students, House Surgeons, and Junior Practitioners Wounds of the joints accompanied by grooving of the articular extremities of the bones. Surgical Experiences in South Africa, 1899-1900 Being Mainly a Clinical Study of the Nature and Effects of Injuries Produced by Bullets of Small Calibre Among the predisposing causes in animals may be enumerated caries of articular surfaces, articular abscesses, excessive dropsical conditions, degenerative softening of the ligaments, and any excessive laxity of the soft structures. Special Report on Diseases of the Horse These include the coracohumeral ligament, running from the coracoid process of the scapula to the anterior humerus, and three ligaments, each called a glenohumeral ligament, located on the anterior side of the articular capsule. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Deformans, showing erosion of cartilage and lipping of articular edge of head of femur. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The metacarpal bones must then be treated in precisely the same way, their ends sawn off and their articular facets snipped off with the bone-pliers longitudinally. A Manual of the Operations of Surgery For the Use of Senior Students, House Surgeons, and Junior Practitioners Complete perforating tracks through the articular ends of the bones, crossing the joint cavity in various directions. Surgical Experiences in South Africa, 1899-1900 Being Mainly a Clinical Study of the Nature and Effects of Injuries Produced by Bullets of Small Calibre As a consequence of the last-mentioned lesion of the tendons, a new condition presents itself in the articular disposition, constituting the deformity known as the knuckling fetlock. Special Report on Diseases of the Horse As these muscles cross the shoulder joint, their tendons encircle the head of the humerus and become fused to the anterior, superior, and posterior walls of the articular capsule. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z There is eburnation of the articular surfaces in those areas most exposed to friction and pressure. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. Only the bone involving the articular extremities, in thin slices, or with the occasional use of the gouge, till a healthy bleeding surface is obtained. A Manual of the Operations of Surgery For the Use of Senior Students, House Surgeons, and Junior Practitioners Punctured fractures of the lower articular extremity were usually of little importance, as they progressed without exception, as far as my experience went, favourably. Surgical Experiences in South Africa, 1899-1900 Being Mainly a Clinical Study of the Nature and Effects of Injuries Produced by Bullets of Small Calibre Copies of the 1641 quarto differ in unimportant details such as articular, articulat, for evidently some errors were corrected as the edition passed through the press. Bussy D'Ambois and The Revenge of Bussy D'Ambois The articular capsule of the elbow is thin on its anterior and posterior aspects, but is thickened along its outside margins by strong intrinsic ligaments. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The upper end of the bone shows the condition of coxa vara; the lower end shows enlargement of the medial condyle and alteration in the axis of the articular surface. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The crucial ligaments must then be divided cautiously, and the articular portion of the femur cleaned anteriorly by the knife, posteriorly by the operator's finger, so far as possible to avoid injury of the artery. A Manual of the Operations of Surgery For the Use of Senior Students, House Surgeons, and Junior Practitioners The latter by its firm grasp of the head allows of little play in the joint; hence vibrations are conveyed directly to the acetabulum in continuous waves, and rocking of the articular surfaces is prevented. Surgical Experiences in South Africa, 1899-1900 Being Mainly a Clinical Study of the Nature and Effects of Injuries Produced by Bullets of Small Calibre The proximal end of Meckel's cartilage, which in mammals forms the hammer, here gives the articular surface between the lower jaw and the quadrate. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology The surrounding articular capsule is strong, with several thickened areas forming intrinsic ligaments. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z There is no crepitation on movement or other signs of involvement of the articular surfaces. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The whole articular surface of the femur must then be removed by a transverse cut with the saw as exactly as possible at a right angle with the axis of the bone. A Manual of the Operations of Surgery For the Use of Senior Students, House Surgeons, and Junior Practitioners Perforating wounds in which the bullet was retained within the articular cavity. Surgical Experiences in South Africa, 1899-1900 Being Mainly a Clinical Study of the Nature and Effects of Injuries Produced by Bullets of Small Calibre The cricoid cartilage, seen from the side, and showing behind and laterally the articular or joint surfaces by which it connects with the thyroid below and the arytenoid cartilage above. Voice Production in Singing and Speaking Based on Scientific Principles (Fourth Edition, Revised and Enlarged) All of these articulations are enclosed within a single articular capsule. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Ulceration of the cartilage and caries of the articular surfaces are common accompaniments. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. When the astragalus does not protrude, it seems to matter little for the future result whether its articular surface be removed or not. A Manual of the Operations of Surgery For the Use of Senior Students, House Surgeons, and Junior Practitioners The astragalus had been reduced to a mere shell of compact tissue, and the convexity of the articular surface was altogether lost. Surgical Experiences in South Africa, 1899-1900 Being Mainly a Clinical Study of the Nature and Effects of Injuries Produced by Bullets of Small Calibre In addition to this the articular surfaces are quite smooth and dense, having no Haversian canals, and they are covered with a layer of cartilage. Physiology and Hygiene for Secondary Schools Outside of the articular capsule, located at the sides of the knee, are two extrinsic ligaments. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Synovial Membrane of Knee, spreading over articular surface of femur. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. In such cases, if there seems to be any chance of retaining the foot, excision of the articular ends of tibia and fibula greatly add to the probabilities in its favour. A Manual of the Operations of Surgery For the Use of Senior Students, House Surgeons, and Junior Practitioners Those which interfere with the movements of joints when lodged in the bones or soft tissues in close proximity, or those which lie within the articular cavity itself. Surgical Experiences in South Africa, 1899-1900 Being Mainly a Clinical Study of the Nature and Effects of Injuries Produced by Bullets of Small Calibre This space is lined, except upon the articular surfaces, by the synovial membrane. Physiology and Hygiene for Secondary Schools The articular capsule of the posterior knee is thickened by intrinsic ligaments that help to resist knee hyperextension. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Multiple small foci may be found beneath the articular cartilage of the tibia, or along the margins of the femoral condyles—especially the medial. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The primary change involves the articular cartilage, which becomes softened and fibrillated and is worn away until the subjacent bone is exposed. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. Perforations of the upper articular extremity were common, and as a rule gave rise to wonderfully little trouble in the shoulder-joint. Surgical Experiences in South Africa, 1899-1900 Being Mainly a Clinical Study of the Nature and Effects of Injuries Produced by Bullets of Small Calibre The attack may resemble an acute articular rheumatism of one joint, or a subacute rheumatism of one or more. Mother's Remedies Over One Thousand Tried and Tested Remedies from Mothers of the United States and Canada The joint is surrounded by an articular capsule that defines a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z When the disease involves the articular surfaces, there is pain and sensitiveness, the movements are restricted or abolished, and the patient is unable to put the foot on the ground. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The condition extends right up to the articular cartilage, or, in the case of adolescent bones, up to the epiphysial cartilage. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. Beyond this, fracture of either articular end of the tibia was certainly more frequently followed by troublesome joint complications than occurred in the case of any other bone. Surgical Experiences in South Africa, 1899-1900 Being Mainly a Clinical Study of the Nature and Effects of Injuries Produced by Bullets of Small Calibre I send you the following treatment for articular rheumatism because I used it myself and was cured in a very short time, in fact, about ten days. Mother's Remedies Over One Thousand Tried and Tested Remedies from Mothers of the United States and Canada The articulating surfaces of the bones are covered by a thin layer of articular cartilage. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The articular surface is directed backward, while the trochanter looks forward. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The pressure of the articular surfaces against one another favours the progress of ulceration of cartilage and of articular caries. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. The most typical injury consists in the production of a clean perforation of the cancellous bone; this was common both in the articular ends and in the short bones. Surgical Experiences in South Africa, 1899-1900 Being Mainly a Clinical Study of the Nature and Effects of Injuries Produced by Bullets of Small Calibre Rheumatic persons are especially subject to it and acute articular rheumatism is often observed to be preceded by an attack of pharyngitis. Mother's Remedies Over One Thousand Tried and Tested Remedies from Mothers of the United States and Canada Friction between the bones at a synovial joint is prevented by the presence of the articular cartilage, a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the entire articulating surface of each bone. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Arthrodesis.—This operation, first performed by Albert in 1877, consists in removing the cartilage covering the articular surfaces of bones with the object of producing a firm ankylosis. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The articular cartilages may subsequently be transformed into connective tissue, with consequent fibrous ankylosis and obliteration of the joint. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. It is inserted as an illustration of the tendency of the fissures to stop short above the actual articular extremities of the bones. Surgical Experiences in South Africa, 1899-1900 Being Mainly a Clinical Study of the Nature and Effects of Injuries Produced by Bullets of Small Calibre Again, the more ancient Crocodilia and Lacertilia have vertebræ with the articular facets of their centra flattened or biconcave, while the modern members of the same group have them procœlous. Lay Sermons, Addresses and Reviews However, unlike at a cartilaginous joint, the articular cartilages of each bone are not continuous with each other. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The articular cartilage of the lateral condyle and the lateral meniscus are usually thickened. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. If the disease is not arrested, there follow the symptoms and signs of involvement of the articular surfaces. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. These were sometimes transverse and limited to the articular extremity itself, or the same limitation occurred to the antero-posterior tracks. Surgical Experiences in South Africa, 1899-1900 Being Mainly a Clinical Study of the Nature and Effects of Injuries Produced by Bullets of Small Calibre These discs surround the tibial spine and are otherwise shaped to fit perfectly between the articular portions of the femur and tibia. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 Instead, the articular cartilage acts like a Teflon® coating over the bone surface, allowing the articulating bones to move smoothly against each other without damaging the underlying bone tissue. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The inter-condylar fracture is a combination of the supra-condylar with a vertical split running through the articular surface, and so implicating the joint. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. Deformans of Elbow, showing destruction of articular surfaces and masses of new bone around the articular margins. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. The articular cartilages become swollen, with ensuing great pain. The Chemistry of Food and Nutrition After three weeks, the subject was destroyed and autopsy revealed rupture of the left pubiofemoral ligament, tearing with it a portion of the articular surface of the femur. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 These factors put stress on the articular cartilage that covers the surfaces of bones at synovial joints, causing the cartilage to gradually become thinner. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The fracture is exposed, the joint cavity opened up and cleared of clots, and silver-wire sutures passed through the fragments without encroaching upon the articular cartilage. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. When the disease begins as a synovitis, the synovial membrane spreads over the articular surface, fuses with the cartilage and eats into it, causing defects or holes which are spoken of as ulcers. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. Applied especially to the articular surface or surfaces by which the skull articulates with the vertebral column. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science The animal was destroyed and on autopsy the head of the femur found to be contained within a false articular cavity situated about four inches above the acetabulum. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 The bone tissue underlying the damaged articular cartilage also responds by thickening, producing irregularities and causing the articulating surface of the bone to become rough or bumpy. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The styloid processes retain their normal relations to one another, and the carpal bones lie on a plane posterior to the styloids, the articular surfaces may be recognised on palpation. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. Following on the destruction of the cartilage, the articular surface of the bone undergoes disintegration, a condition spoken of as caries of the articular surface. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. The articular centres of the arms are called thermometers: the wrist, that of the organic physical life; the shoulder, that of the sensitive life; and the elbow, that of the relative life. Delsarte System of Oratory This type of ringbone as well as the articular may occur "high" or "low." Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 The walls of the joint cavity are formed by the articular capsule. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z T- or Y-shaped fractures and fractures of the condyles, inasmuch as they implicate the articular surfaces, present greater difficulties in treatment, but they are treated on the same lines as the supra-condylar. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The disease spreads throughout the capsule and synovial membrane, which becomes diffusely thickened and infiltrated with granulation tissue which eats into and replaces the articular cartilage. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. There are three great articular centres: the shoulder, elbow and wrist. Delsarte System of Oratory If destruction of any part of the articular surfaces can be prevented and the patient allowed ample time for complete resolution of the affected parts to occur, permanent relief is possible. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 Friction between the bones is reduced by a thin layer of articular cartilage covering the surfaces of the bones, and by a lubricating synovial fluid, which is secreted by the synovial membrane. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Medial and Lateral Dislocations.—Dislocation towards the ulnar side is always incomplete, some portion of the articular surface of the bones of the forearm remaining in contact with the condyles. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. Eburnation of the articular surfaces is shown by increase in the density of the shadow of the bone in the areas affected. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. This destruction of the cartilage commences first at the highest point of the articular surface of the pyramid, and gradually reaches further backward into the joint. Diseases of the Horse's Foot Where there exists no articular or ligamentous diseases which would defeat the purpose, tenotomy is the only remedy for contracted tendons. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 Arising from the vertebral arch are the transverse, spinous, superior articular, and inferior articular processes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The carpus may be displaced backward or forward, and the articular edge of the radius towards which it passes may be chipped off. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. In arthritis deformans a rarer type of loose body is met with, a portion of the lipping of one of the articular margins being detached by injury. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. The inferior articular surface of the os suffraginis was denuded of cartilage anteriorly; the os coronæ was fractured into eight moderate sized, irregular fragments, and ten minute pieces. Diseases of the Horse's Foot In other instances the articular portion only, of the affected bone is malpositioned. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 The superior articular process of the sacrum, one of which is found on either side of the superior opening of the sacral canal, articulates with the inferior articular processes from the L5 vertebra. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Under anæsthesia gentle extension is made on the head by an assistant, and the abnormal attitude is first slightly exaggerated to relax the ligaments and to restore mobility to the locked articular processes. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. Startings at night are to be regarded as an indication that there is progressive disease involving the articular surfaces. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. On separating the pastern from the coronet bone the articular surfaces were of a healthy colour, but the soft tissues immediately surrounding them were inflamed. Diseases of the Horse's Foot There is also included under this name, articular inflammation wherein no external evidence is shown. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 The superior articular processes project upward, where they articulate with the downward projecting inferior articular processes of the next higher vertebrae. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The articular process of the upper vertebra passes forward, so that it comes to lie in front of the one below. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. Ulceration of cartilage and caries of the articular surfaces are common accompaniments of the more serious and progressive forms of joint disease, especially those of bacterial origin. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. Very soon the ligaments of the joint, the periosteum, the articular cartilages, and the bones are implicated. Diseases of the Horse's Foot On the patella it is attached around the margin of the articular surface, but on the femur the line of attachment is at a varying distance from the articular surface. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 Examples of this include the articular discs found at the sternoclavicular joint or between the distal ends of the radius and ulna bones. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The anterior portions of the bodies being more extensively destroyed, sink in, while the less damaged posterior portions and the intact articular processes prevent complete dislocation. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The occurrence of ulceration of cartilage and of articular caries is attended with the clinical signs of fixation of the joint from involuntary muscular contraction, wasting of muscles, and starting pains. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. This, of course, indicates that the articular cartilages have become greatly eroded by the inflammatory process, and so left what we may term 'raw' surfaces of bone to rub together. Diseases of the Horse's Foot On the medial side it is an inch or more from the articular cartilage; on the lateral side and above, about half an inch. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 Finally, an articular disc can serve to smooth the movements between the articulating bones, as seen at the temporomandibular joint. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The articular capsule of the hip is of exceptional strength. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. Should recovery take place, repair is usually attended with union of the opposing articular surfaces either by fibrous tissue or by bone. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. Grave changes also occur in the articular cartilages. Diseases of the Horse's Foot As the disease progresses, atrophy of the quadriceps femoris muscles becomes pronounced and as destructive changes involving the articular cartilages take place. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 Cells at the center of this interzone region undergo cell death to form the joint cavity, while surrounding mesenchyme cells will form the articular capsule and supporting ligaments. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z A primary focus in the bone causes localised pain and tenderness, and a limp in walking, but the first sign may be the formation of abscess or the rapid development of articular symptoms. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. They never give rise to the classical symptoms associated with impaction of a loose body between the articular surfaces. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. On the centre of the articular surface of the coronary bone a thin red ring was noticed, and the portion of cartilage within it seemed raised. Diseases of the Horse's Foot Care is taken to keep the cautery-point away from the articular margin of the tibial tarsal bone about three-fourths of an inch. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 The temporomandibular joint is the articulation between the condyle of the mandible and the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the skull temporal bone. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z When the disease is diffuse and resists conservative treatment, excision should be performed, the articular surfaces of the constituent bones being removed, and if necessary the whole of the talus. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. It presents on section a layer of articular cartilage on the convex aspect and a variable thickness of spongy bone beneath this. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. In this apparatus, although we have no articular cartilage proper, and no apposition of bone to bone, we still have a large synovial cavity, and in close proximity to it bone. Diseases of the Horse's Foot This intermittent type of lameness may continue until there is developed a large exostosis, or until articular involvement causes so much distress during locomotion that lameness is constant. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 The medial and lateral menisci, located between the femoral and tibial condyles, are articular discs that provide padding and improve the fit between the bones. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z If the articular surfaces are affected and the disease is likely to lead to ankylosis, the arm should be abducted to a right angle. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The final disorganisation of the joint is indicated by abnormal mobility and grating of the articular surfaces, or by spontaneous displacement of the bones, and this may amount to dislocation. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. In rarer cases the thickening and congestion of the membrane increases, and the articular capsule becomes so distended with the increased synovia and accumulated inflammatory discharges that a kind of chemosis occurs. Diseases of the Horse's Foot Chronic cases do not occasion serious pain or constitutional disturbances, but do interfere with locomotion in direct proportion to the existing articular inflammation and periarticular hypertrophy of ligamentous and tendinous structures. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 Mesenchyme cells at the margins of the interzone will give rise to the articular capsule, while cell death at the center forms the space that will become the joint cavity of the future synovial joint. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Arthritis deformans occurs as a hydrops with hypertrophy of the synovial fringes and loose bodies, or as a dry arthritis with eburnation and lipping of the articular margins. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The articular aspect of the epiphysis is invested with a thick layer of hyaline cartilage, known as the articular cartilage, which would appear to be mainly nourished from the synovia. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. We know, too, that in such cases the synovial membrane becomes thickened, and that in places it may have extended somewhat over the edges of the articular cartilages. Diseases of the Horse's Foot Such violence occurs at times, when this joint is disarticulated, that the joint capsule is also completely ruptured and the articular portion of the bones is exposed to view. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 However, hyaline cartilage will remain, covering the ends of the adult bone as the articular cartilage. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Pain is usually absent until the articular surfaces become carious. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. Caries of the articular surface imparts a woolly appearance or irregular contour in place of the well-defined outline of the articular end of the bone. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. We may thus have the inflammatory phenomena asserting themselves in the surrounding ligaments, in the periosteum, in the bone, and in the articular cartilages. Diseases of the Horse's Foot Because of the fact that these bones have proportionately large articular surfaces, when they are inflamed to the extent that degenerative changes affect the articular cartilage, complete recovery seldom results. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 Opening of the mouth requires the combination of two motions at the temporomandibular joint, an anterior gliding motion of the articular disc and mandible and the downward hinging of the mandible. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In addition to primary tuberculous lesions, secondary changes result from the inflamed and softened bones pressing against one another subsequent to the destruction of their articular cartilages. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. Morbid Anatomy.—The commonest type is that in which the articular surfaces undergo degenerative changes. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. Pathological Anatomy.—When occurring without fracture, the first observable change is a thinning of the articular cartilage of the pyramidal process, through which the bone beneath appears abnormally white. Diseases of the Horse's Foot The chief consideration in handling sesamoiditis is checking inflammation as early as possible and preventing, if this can be done, the erosion of articular surfaces. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 What are the functions of the articular cartilage? Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The atrophy and wearing away of the articular surfaces are accompanied by new formation of cartilage and bone around their margins. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The term arthritis ossificans has been applied by Joseph Griffiths to a condition in which the articular surfaces become fused without evident cause. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. In suppurative arthritis, for instance, we have the synovial membrane destroyed, the articular cartilages partly or wholly obliterated, and the former boundaries of the joint entirely lost. Diseases of the Horse's Foot Exostoses, articular and periarticular, occur and the carpus usually becomes a large immobile articulation. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 Where is the articular cartilage thickest within the hip joint? Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The normal movements are maintained by suitable exercises, and an effort is made to diminish the pressure on the articular surfaces in walking by the use of sticks or crutches. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The roughness due to fibrillation of the articular cartilages causes coarse friction on moving the joint, or, in the knee, on moving the patella on the condyles of the femur. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. The synovial membrane and the articular cartilages utterly destroyed, as we have described, cannot again be replaced. Diseases of the Horse's Foot If daily injections are necessary, dilution of the tincture of iodin with an equal amount of alcohol is advisable in order to avoid doing irreparable damage to the articular cartilages and synovial membranes. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 Our musculoskeletal system works in a similar manner, with bones being stiff levers and the articular endings of the bones—encased in synovial joints—acting as fulcrums. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Islands of cartilage appear in the epiphysis of the head of the femur, and the epiphysis itself becomes flattened without involvement of the articular surface or of the acetabulum. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. On account of the involvement of the articular surfaces, arthritis is apt to be followed by ankylosis. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. The articular cartilages also suffer, become necrotic in patches, and frequently wholly destroyed. Diseases of the Horse's Foot Obviously, if articular surfaces of joints are involved, complete recovery cannot result despite the most skillful attention given the subject. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 The articulating surfaces of the bones are covered by articular cartilage, a thin layer of hyaline cartilage. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z A sprain is to be diagnosed from separation of one or other of the adjacent epiphyses, fracture involving the articular ends of the bones, and displacement of the semilunar menisci. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. Advanced articular caries is usually associated with some abnormal attitude and with shortening of the limb. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. Development.—The os pedis ossifies from two centres, one of which is for the articular surface; but this epiphysis fuses with the rest of the bone before birth. Diseases of the Horse's Foot The wound was an open one about two and one-half inches in length, and made transversely and when the member was flexed the articular surface of the carpal bones were presented to view. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 The walls of the joint cavity are formed by the connective tissue of the articular capsule. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The semilunar menisci are two crescentic plates of white fibro-cartilage, which lie upon the upper end of the tibia, and serve to deepen the articular surface for the condyles of the femur. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. Ankylosis is the term applied when impaired mobility results from changes involving the articular surfaces. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. As a consequence, the surrounding ligaments become softened and yield, and the articular surfaces displaced. Diseases of the Horse's Foot Case 7.—A seven-year-old saddle-horse weighing eleven hundred and fifty pounds received a wound of the tarsus, laying bare the articular surfaces of a part of the joint. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 Additional mesenchyme cells at the periphery of the interzone become the articular capsule. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z There is little wasting of muscles, and it is exceptional to have signs of disease of the articular surfaces or of cold abscess. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The fusion of the cartilaginous surfaces is preceded by the spreading of a vascular connective tissue, derived from the synovial membrane, over the articular cartilage. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. The Interosseous Ligament consists of extremely short fibres running from the extensively grooved portion of the anterior surface of the navicular bone to become attached to the os pedis immediately behind its articular surface. Diseases of the Horse's Foot This wound was large enough to expose to view the articular portion of the humerus. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 The bowels were habitually sluggish, going three or four days at least without action, and latterly the woman had suffered from articular pains. Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine If allowed to unite with the condyle displaced, the articular surface is oblique and bow- or knock-knee results. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. It may follow upon fibrous or cartilaginous ankylosis, or may result from the fusion of two articular surfaces which have lost their cartilage and become covered with granulations. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. SPAVIN.—A spavin is a chronic inflammation of the articular faces of the hock bones, ligaments and synovial membranes. Common Diseases of Farm Animals If it is not evident that an open joint exists and the articular cavity is not exposed to view a positive diagnosis may be early established by carefully probing the wound. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 After a week's treatment with saline purgatives the discoloration was much less, but the patient still had articular pains, for which alkalies were prescribed; she did not again attend. Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine In cases with carious destruction of the articular surfaces there are starting pains, and the arm is shortened. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The thickened synovial membrane is projected into the cavity of the joint, filling up its pouches and recesses, and spreading over the surface of the articular cartilage “like ivy growing on a wall.” Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. Sometimes the bony surfaces do not fit each other, and we find between them fibro-cartilages that complete the articulation by adapting the articular surfaces to each other. Common Diseases of Farm Animals Prognosis.—Unless very serious injury be done the articular portions of the scapula or the humerus, resulting in the destruction of the capsular ligament, prognosis is entirely favorable. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 The anterior articular surface is prolonged in the direction of the displaced scaphoid. Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine The common type of lesion is a dry arthritis with fibrillation and eburnation of the articular surfaces. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. In the case of a metacarpal or metatarsal bone, sub-periosteal resection is the procedure of choice, saving the articular ends if possible. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. Round or flat ligaments may extend from one articular surface to the other, and attached to the margins of the articulation are membranous, flat or round ligaments. Common Diseases of Farm Animals Symptomatology.—The pathognomonic symptoms of the existence of an open joint is the exposure to view of articular surfaces of bones or noting the escape of synovia from the joint capsule. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 The cuboid is displaced obliquely downward and forward, so that the upper part of the posterior articular surface is not in contact with the calcis. Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine The further progress is attended with wasting of the triceps, symptoms of involvement of the articular surfaces, and with abscess formation. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The parts of the skeleton most often affected are the articular ends of the long bones, the bodies of the vertebræ, and the pelvis. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. It is termed muscular rheumatism when it affects the muscles, tendons and fascia, and articular rheumatism when it involves the articulations. Common Diseases of Farm Animals Chronic articular rheumatism is occasionally observed in young animals that have never been in service. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 The astragalus is almost of normal shape; the trochlea is slightly prolonged anteriorly, especially on the inner side, from contact with the tibial articular surface. Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine The occurrence of articular caries without swelling of the synovial membrane is exceptional, and is associated with a good deal of pain and considerable restriction of movement. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The early recognition of periosteal lesions in the articular ends of bones is of importance, as the disease, if left to itself, is liable to spread to the adjacent joint. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. The muscular form is common in horses, dogs and hogs, while the articular form more commonly affects cattle. Common Diseases of Farm Animals A necessary qualification, which the diagnostician must possess, is that of being able to judge carefully the nearness of any given exostosis to articular structures. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 No treatment was ever invented which stopped a case of acute articular rheumatism. Scientific American Supplement, No. 299, September 24, 1881 The fracture implicates the articular surface, and the main fissure is usually through the inter-condylar notch; the lower end of the bone is sometimes severely comminuted. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The articular cartilages are destroyed, the ends of the bones are covered with granulations, extra-articular abscesses form, and complete osseous ankylosis results. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. Weakness and emaciation may occur in generalized and articular rheumatism, especially if suppuration takes place in the affected joint. Common Diseases of Farm Animals A rather broad articular surface—from side to side—exists here, lessening the strain on the collateral ligaments somewhat. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 I repeat, therefore, that I am personally unacquainted with the effects of this medicine in acute articular rheumatism, and that I have not thus far been tempted to employ it. Scientific American Supplement, No. 299, September 24, 1881 When partial, portions of the articular surfaces remain in apposition, and the injury is known as a sub-luxation. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. While these degenerative changes are gradually causing destruction of the articular surfaces, reparative and hypertrophic changes are taking place at the periphery. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. The prognosis is more favorable in muscular rheumatism than in the articular form. Common Diseases of Farm Animals Chronic arthritis with destruction of articular surfaces and ankylosis, is seldom observed. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 The treatment of simple acute articular rheumatism may be abandoned to palliatives and nature. Scientific American Supplement, No. 299, September 24, 1881 Joints derive an abundant blood supply through the articular arteries. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. Wounds or defects in articular cartilage are repaired by fibrous or osseous tissue derived from the subjacent cancellous spaces. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. It is frequently advisable to destroy animals suffering from the articular form because of their emaciated, weakened condition and the deformed condition of the joints. Common Diseases of Farm Animals In such cases the head of the humerus is displaced anterior to the articular portion of the scapula and remains so fixed. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 During the febrile stage of acute articular rheumatism the diet should consist mainly of farinaceous and mucilaginous preparations, with lemonade and carbonic acid water as drinks. Scientific American Supplement, No. 299, September 24, 1881 It differs from the other injuries in this region in being more easily reduced and retained in position, the epiphysis lying entirely within the limits of the articular capsule of the sterno-clavicular joint. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The infection may spread to the adjacent joint, either directly through the epiphysis and articular cartilage, or along the deep layer of the periosteum and its continuation—the capsular ligament. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. The superior extremity of the tibia shows a central spine margined laterally by rather plain articular faces. Common Diseases of Farm Animals Luxation or dislocation is a condition where the normal relation between articular ends of bones has been deranged to the extent that partial or complete loss of function results. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 There is no specific plan of treatment in acute articular rheumatism. Scientific American Supplement, No. 299, September 24, 1881 The articular surfaces are covered with a thin layer of hyaline cartilage, and are retained in apposition by the tension of ligaments and of the muscles surrounding the joint. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The skiagram may also show separation and displacement of the adjacent epiphysis and destruction of the articular surfaces or dislocation of the joint. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. The external lip of this articular surface is smaller than the internal lip. Common Diseases of Farm Animals The capsular ligament is a large, loose membrane which encloses the articular portion of the humerus with the radius and ulna and also the radioulnar articulation. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 The hyaline cartilage forms the early state of most of the bones, and is also a permanent coating for the articular ends of long bones. A Practical Physiology Stiffness of joints is liable to follow fractures implicating articular surfaces, or it may result from arthritic changes following upon the injury. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The rupture of a popliteal aneurysm, however, by compressing the vein and the articular branches, usually determines gangrene. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. The joints affected in the articular form are the knee, fetlock, hip, elbow and shoulder. Common Diseases of Farm Animals Fractures that extend to the articular surface are very serious, and complete recovery in such instances is practically impossible. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 This may be sufficient to keep the articular surfaces in contact even after all the muscles are removed. A Practical Physiology The articular cartilages and the underlying spongy bone, as well as the synovial lining, are bruised, and there is an effusion of blood and serous fluid into the joint and surrounding tissues. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. These baths are very useful for affections of the larynx, articular enlargements, and most kinds of rheumatism and neuralgia. Twixt France and Spain Iodide of potassium is very useful in the treatment of chronic articular rheumatism. Common Diseases of Farm Animals Prognosis and Treatment.—There is no chance for complete recovery in the usual case of carpal fracture because of the fact that there results sufficient arthritis to destroy articular cartilage beyond repair. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 Milne-Edwards who rightly compares these surfaces, as to their appearance, with articular surfaces, thinks that they serve to diminish the friction between the two feet. Facts and Arguments for Darwin The articular cartilage of the head, being no longer in contact with an opposing cartilage, tends in time to be converted into fibrous tissue, and may become adherent to other fibrous structures in its vicinity. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The tarso-metatarsal, or drumstick, exhibits at its distal end a trifid articular surface supporting three toes, as in birds. The Antiquity of Man Sometimes the ligament is placed between the bony surfaces, but usually it is attached to the margins of the articular surfaces that it unites. Common Diseases of Farm Animals The articular parts of bones rest upon or against an inhibitory apparatus, and are slightly flexed, as in the carpus, or considerably flexed such as in the fetlock joint when weight is being supported. Lameness of the Horse Veterinary Practitioners' Series, No. 1 On the other hand, about 40 percent of all patients with acute articular rheumatism develop endocarditis, sometimes perhaps so mild as to be hardly discoverable. Disturbances of the Heart The fracture is of the comminuted and fissured variety, the cracks radiating from the point of impact and extending for a considerable distance, sometimes even implicating the articular surface of the bone some inches away. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. We should not dread entering upon a comparison of the Scandinavian and Celtic races in these two articular points, as they existed at the time of the Tudors. Irish Race in the Past and the Present Clinical symptoms, and the presence of bacteria in the inflamed tissue indicate that bacteria and their toxins play an important part in the development of articular rheumatism. Common Diseases of Farm Animals In the lower jaw, the articular surface is proportionably smaller in many breeds than in the rock-pigeon; and the vertical diameter, more especially of the outer part of the articular surface, is considerably shorter. The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication — Volume 1 Nearly 75 percent of secondary endocarditis occurs as a complication of acute articular rheumatism and chorea, or subsequently. Disturbances of the Heart Penetration of the joint may sometimes be recognised by the escape of synovia from the wound, or the synovial layer or articular cartilage may be exposed. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. Gun-shot injuries of joints vary in severity from a mere puncture of the synovial layer by a chip of shell to complete shattering of the articular surfaces. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The two shallow articular cavities belonging to the superior extremity are completed posteriorly by the two sesamoid bones. Common Diseases of Farm Animals An epiphysis is nourished from the articular arteries and through the vessels of the periosteum. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. Clinical Features.—As the fracture almost invariably implicates the articular surface, there is considerable swelling from effusion of blood into the joint. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. These joints are dislocated only by extreme degrees of violence, and not infrequently—especially in the elbow—portions of the bones are fractured before the articular surfaces are separated. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. If examined before swelling ensues, the outlines of the articular surfaces may be recognised in their abnormal positions, but swelling usually comes on rapidly, and, by obscuring the bony landmarks, renders the diagnosis difficult. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The superior extremity is formed by a rugged eminence, to which the heavy muscles of the quarter are attached, and by an articular head. Common Diseases of Farm Animals The inferior extremity is formed by two convex articular surfaces that are separated by a deep notch, and a third pulley-like articular surface, with which the patella or knee-cap articulates. Common Diseases of Farm Animals The mixed articulations are united by a fibro-cartilaginous pad that is firmly attached to the articular faces of the bones, and by peripheral ligaments that may be flat or formed by scattered fibres. Common Diseases of Farm Animals |
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