| 单词 | ligand |
| 例句 | In graph representations of protein-ligand complexes, edges connect only protein or ligand nodes, representing their structures, respectively, or protein and ligand nodes, representing specific protein-ligand interactions. AI programs spat out known data and hardly learned specific chemical interactions when predicting drug potency 2023-11-13T05:00:00Z A chelating ligand is also known as a chelating agent. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z One method of stopping a specific signal is to degrade the ligand or remove it so that it can no longer access its receptor. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z When external receptors bind a specific ligand, the cell responds by endocytosing the ligand. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Lin et al.3 report structures of the membrane receptor GPR52, a potential drug target for which the putative naturally occurring agonist — the ligand molecule that activates the receptor — is unknown. A self-activating orphan receptor 2020-02-18T05:00:00Z Wu et al. found that their cobalt phthalocyanine system lost its catalytic activity over the course of five hours, and they identified the deactivation process as degradation of the phthalocyanine ligand. Molecular catalyst converts carbon dioxide to methanol 2019-11-26T05:00:00Z A chelating ligand holds the metal ion rather like a crab’s claw would hold a marble. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Cells produce different receptors that bind to the same ligand or the same receptor that binds to the same ligand with different signaling components, activating different responses in each cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z For example, a molecule in food can serve as a ligand for taste receptors. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The ligand drags the RNA to that receptor, and opens the door to the inside of the cell. The challenge of delivering RNA-interference therapeutics to their target cells 2019-10-15T04:00:00Z It binds its ligand in one direction only, owing to a physical property termed anisotropy. The structure of a T-cell mechanosensor 2019-09-08T04:00:00Z It contains a polydentate ligand with four donor atoms that coordinate to iron. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z RAS, when bound to GTP, becomes permanently active even in the absence of the ligand, and no longer regulates cell division. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A ligand is the specific molecule that binds to and activates a receptor. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z For this delivery challenge, researchers attach the engineered double-stranded RNA to a molecule called a ligand, which has a natural attraction to a particular type of receptor found on the surface of the target cell. The challenge of delivering RNA-interference therapeutics to their target cells 2019-10-15T04:00:00Z By contrast, the interactions between a typical receptor and ligand do not rely on biomechanical forces as a crucial recognition feature. The structure of a T-cell mechanosensor 2019-09-08T04:00:00Z For the trans isomer, each ligand is directly across from an identical ligand, so the bond dipoles cancel out, and the molecule is nonpolar. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The signal is switched off by dissociation of the ligand. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A ligand-gated channel opens because a signaling molecule, a ligand, binds to the extracellular region of the channel. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The cerebrospinal fluid circulates the drug throughout the brain and spinal cord, and the ligand makes sure the drug reaches the target cells in the brain. The challenge of delivering RNA-interference therapeutics to their target cells 2019-10-15T04:00:00Z Avid makes a molecule, called a ligand, that binds to proteins, in this case in the brain. Abnormal Levels of a Protein Linked to C.T.E. Found in N.F.L Players’ Brains, Study Shows 2019-04-10T04:00:00Z Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z To initiate a new stimulus response cycle for the receptor, the ligand must dissociate. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Figure 12.18 Ligand-Gated Channels When the ligand, in this case the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, binds to a specific location on the extracellular surface of the channel protein, the pore opens to allow select ions through. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Although the receptor’s overall architecture was known, the studies provide new insight into the molecular details of subunit architecture and assembly, location of modulator binding sites and conformational changes initiated by ligand binding. An in-depth structural view of a GABAA brain receptor 2019-01-01T05:00:00Z Avid’s ligand is the most studied of the so-called tau detectors, and the company helped finance the study. Abnormal Levels of a Protein Linked to C.T.E. Found in N.F.L Players’ Brains, Study Shows 2019-04-10T04:00:00Z The oxidation state of the metal is determined based on the charges of each ligand and the overall charge of the coordination compound. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z By understanding the three-dimensional shape of the ligand binding site of a nuclear receptor, new drugs can be developed to match the site and regulate expression when the endocrine system fails. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z They either express Fas ligand, which binds to the fas molecule on the target cell, or act by using perforins and granzymes contained in their cytoplasmic granules. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This is frequently found in natural proteins whose function is to bind small ligand molecules2. Designer proteins activate fluorescent molecules 2018-09-11T04:00:00Z An intracellular effector domain is cleaved from Notch following ligand binding, and moves to the nucleus to regulate gene expression. Self-organizing multicellular structures designed using synthetic biology 2018-07-01T04:00:00Z The observed geometries of coordination complexes are not consistent with hybridized orbitals on the central metal overlapping with ligand orbitals, as would be predicted by valence bond theory. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Explain how the refinement of nuclear receptor by attachment of a molecule other than the ligand of the receptor can increase the level of expression of genes targeted by the transcription factor. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Generation of novel copper sites by mutation of the axial ligand of amicyanin. Structure of the alternative complex III in a supercomplex with cytochrome oxidase 2018-04-24T04:00:00Z Indeed, ligand binding is often the trigger that causes a protein receptor to undergo a structural change enabling the transmission of a biological signal7. Designer proteins activate fluorescent molecules 2018-09-11T04:00:00Z In synNotch, the natural core of the Notch protein is used, but the ligand that is sensed and the effector domain that responds are customizable. Self-organizing multicellular structures designed using synthetic biology 2018-07-01T04:00:00Z Both the ligand and the metal are treated as infinitesimally small point charges. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Ion channel-linked receptors bind a ligand and open a channel through the membrane that allows specific ions to pass through. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The naturally occurring ligand for D2R is a neurotransmitter called dopamine, which mediates various physiological functions, including the control of coordinated movement, cognition and the reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse. A new era of rationally designed antipsychotics 2018-02-25T05:00:00Z At high rigidity and high ligand spacing, maximum recruitment is reached, preventing further force redistribution and leading to adhesion collapse. Force loading explains spatial sensing of ligands by cells 2017-12-05T05:00:00Z This domain moved to the nucleus to trigger the expression of genes encoding ligand B, the adhesion protein E-cadherin and the protein GFP, which made the cells fluoresce green. Self-organizing multicellular structures designed using synthetic biology 2018-07-01T04:00:00Z This ligand also is used to sequester metal ions in paper production, textiles, and detergents, and has pharmaceutical uses. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Before the ligand binds, the inactive G- protein can bind to a newly revealed site on the receptor specific for its binding. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The ligand also enhances the effects of sterics on site selectivity, in some cases improving it significantly without the need for a directing group. Ligand-accelerated non-directed C–H functionalization of arenes 2017-11-21T05:00:00Z It has thus been suggested that a crosslinking ‘adaptor’ protein of this size might connect integrins to the actin cytoskeleton, acting as a molecular ruler that senses ligand spacing directly3,7,8,9. Force loading explains spatial sensing of ligands by cells 2017-12-05T05:00:00Z Once the ligand atoms were in place and geometrically constrained, the remaining electron density was modelled using simple carbon positions that were refined with respect to both position and occupancy. A low-spin Fe(iii) complex with 100-ps ligand-to-metal charge transfer photoluminescence : Nature : Nature Research 2017-03-28T04:00:00Z Nitrite is a strong-field ligand, so the complex will be low spin. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z When a ligand binds to the extracellular domain, a signal is transferred through the membrane, activating the enzyme. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z When photoredox catalysts absorb light, an electron leaps from the metal ion to the ligand and becomes stuck there, leaving the molecule in an unstable state. The new breed of cutting-edge catalysts 2016-09-05T04:00:00Z Furthermore, disordering the ligand distribution drastically increases adhesion growth, but reduces the rigidity threshold for adhesion collapse. Force loading explains spatial sensing of ligands by cells 2017-12-05T05:00:00Z When introduced to a solution of mixed rare earth ions the ligand selectively accommodates one of them in the space created between its arms. How Acid—and Bacteria—Could Make Recycling Your Phone Greener The normal version of the receptor responds to its natural partner molecule, called a ligand, by sending signals into cells that spur bone to grow. The surprising reason some people’s muscles suddenly turn into bone 2015-09-02T04:00:00Z Conformational changes of the extracellular domain upon ligand binding can propagate through the membrane region of the receptor and lead to activation of the intracellular domain or its associated proteins. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A similar ligand is already used in certain palladium catalysts. The new breed of cutting-edge catalysts 2016-09-05T04:00:00Z The tricky bit, on which Sander's research is focused, is working out how to attach the radioactive atom to the ligand. The element that can make bones glow - BBC News 2015-05-29T04:00:00Z One ligand promotes addition of a single aryl group to the β-carbon center; the other appends a second, potentially different aryl group to the same carbon—all in the same flask. [Research Article] Ligand-Controlled C(sp3)–H Arylation and Olefination in Synthesis of Unnatural Chiral α–Amino Acids 2014-03-13T18:25:52.312Z The mice stayed largely healthy, suggesting that the ligand was necessary for excess bone to form. The surprising reason some people’s muscles suddenly turn into bone 2015-09-02T04:00:00Z In some cases, binding of the ligand causes dimerization of the receptor, which means that two receptors bind to each other to form a stable complex called a dimer. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z But the radius of a nickel ion is almost 20% smaller than that of a palladium ion, so Hu had to shrink the ligand to fit it more closely around the nickel. The new breed of cutting-edge catalysts 2016-09-05T04:00:00Z In this case, the ligand is a phosphonate - a type of salt that is absorbed from the blood by bones. The element that can make bones glow - BBC News 2015-05-29T04:00:00Z The structure provides insight into how ligand interactions are coupled to ATP hydrolysis. [Report] Structural Basis for Heavy Metal Detoxification by an Atm1-Type ABC Exporter 2014-03-06T20:26:50.622Z Similarly, imiquimod, which is used to treat skin cancer, is thought to be a PRR ligand because of the way it interacts with immune cells. Bacteriology: A caring culture 2013-12-18T18:50:53.896Z The receptor will become mutated and lead to continuous cell signaling, even in the absence of a ligand. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z To do so, he replaced phosphorus atoms in the ligand with smaller nitrogen ones. The new breed of cutting-edge catalysts 2016-09-05T04:00:00Z Each radioactive atom is attached to a "ligand" - a chemical that ensures the technetium reaches the right part of Sarah's body. The element that can make bones glow - BBC News 2015-05-29T04:00:00Z T cells within a certain range of high avidity for their cognate ligand are believed to be most effective. [Research Articles] TCR-Ligand koff Rate Correlates with the Protective Capacity of Antigen-Specific CD8+ T Cells for Adoptive Transfer 2013-07-03T18:25:10.850Z One of the molecules used in the study, mistletoe lectin, is widely used as an add-on cancer therapy in Europe but was only recently shown to be a PRR ligand. Bacteriology: A caring culture 2013-12-18T18:50:53.896Z RAS, when bound to GTP, becomes permanently inactive even in the presence of the ligand, and no longer regulates cell division. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The result is a rigid ligand that stabilizes the nickel ion as it performs a wide array of reactions3, 4, 5. The new breed of cutting-edge catalysts 2016-09-05T04:00:00Z Moreover, it's not just the ligand that can be switched. The element that can make bones glow - BBC News 2015-05-29T04:00:00Z A third antibody, which blocks the ligand rather than the PD-1 receptor, produced equally impressive results in a small number of people with other types of cancer, including lung and kidney. Treatments that target immune system outfox cancer, study shows 2013-06-10T21:52:01Z Ballesteros–Weinstein numbers of residues involved in making contacts with various parts of the receptor, ligand and the G protein are shown. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z RAS, when bound to GTP, forms a dimer after binding to the ligand, and causes uncontrolled division, but it remains inactive when the ligand is absent. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The original nickel catalyst is already available commercially, and Hu is systematically modifying the ligand to make a whole family of catalysts. The new breed of cutting-edge catalysts 2016-09-05T04:00:00Z As someone who looks at protein and ligand structures for a living, I could spend days staring at the regularity and precise architecture of these entities. Truth and beauty in chemistry 2013-01-25T00:15:10.973Z But tumor cells evolve a way of hiding themselves from T-cells by sprouting a surface molecule called a ligand. Treatments that target immune system outfox cancer, study shows 2013-06-10T21:52:01Z By systematically analysing structures of the different receptor–ligand complexes, we identify a consensus ‘ligand-binding cradle’ that constitutes the bottom of the ligand-binding pocket within the TM bundle. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z In systems with large values of k, a site is likely to be occupied, even at low concentrations of ligand. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The complex consists of a nickel ion surrounded by a single, large ligand that binds to it in three places, leaving a fourth binding spot available for catalysing reactions. The new breed of cutting-edge catalysts 2016-09-05T04:00:00Z The ligand alters the number of electrons available to form bonds. Modern-Day Alchemy Has Iron Working Like Platinum 2012-10-15T20:02:01Z Exactly which way depends on which G-protein is released, which depends on which receptor was tickled, which depends on which ligand did the tickling. The 2012 Nobel prizes: Good eggs 2012-10-11T15:07:28Z One possibility is that these antibodies stabilize distinct states of the extracellular loop, thereby allosterically modulating receptor activity, leading to activation of downstream signalling pathways in the absence of the ligand. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z When k is small, the likelihood of binding is low, even when the concentration of ligand is high. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Our most successful approach has been to treat the QDs with a short ligand that replaces the oleic acid during film formation. [Report] Peak External Photocurrent Quantum Efficiency Exceeding 100% via MEG in a Quantum Dot Solar Cell 2011-12-15T18:55:58.470Z Dr. Chirik’s chemistry essentially wraps an iron molecule in another, organic molecule called a ligand. Modern-Day Alchemy Has Iron Working Like Platinum 2012-10-15T20:02:01Z These receptors, when activated by ligand binding, initiate signaling mechanisms that protect cells from apoptosis and favor cell survival. Editors' Choice 2011-01-13T19:25:02.660Z Receptor–ligand information is shown as rows, and the Ballesteros–Weinstein numbers of TM residues that contact the ligand are shown as columns. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z Larger values of k mean that the receptor is more likely to be occupied and thus unavailable to bind another ligand. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The variations result from slightly different film thicknesses, degree of ligand removal, surface passivation, and other uncontrolled variables. [Report] Peak External Photocurrent Quantum Efficiency Exceeding 100% via MEG in a Quantum Dot Solar Cell 2011-12-15T18:55:58.470Z A ligand is a molecule that binds another specific molecule, in some cases, delivering a signal in the process. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In order to keep the response localized, paracrine ligand molecules are normally quickly degraded by enzymes or removed by neighboring cells. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Ballesteros–Weinstein numbers of residues involved in making contacts with various parts of the receptor, ligand and the G protein are shown. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z When multiple binding sites are present, the presence of an already-bound ligand can cooperatively affect the binding of other ligands on the same protein. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In some cases, neighboring cells of the same type are also influenced by the released ligand. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z When the ligand binds to the internal receptor, a conformational change is triggered that exposes a DNA-binding site on the protein. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z At the target cells, which are cells that have a receptor for a signal or ligand from a signal cell, the hormones elicit a response. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In addition to residues that directly contact ligand, water molecules have also been observed to mediate indirect contacts between the ligand and the receptor. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z Endocytosis involves the opsonization of a receptor and its ligand in clathrin-coated vesicles, along with the inward budding of the plasma membrane. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Ligands and receptors exist in several varieties; however, a specific ligand will have a specific receptor that typically binds only that ligand. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the receptor’s intracellular domain. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z At the initiation of the signal, a single ligand binds to a single receptor. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The depth of ligand penetration into the TM bundle is the deepest for doxepin in the histamine H1 receptor and shallowest for caffeine in A2AR. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z How does a ligand such as a hormone traveling through the bloodstream “know” when it has reached its target organ to initiate a cellular response? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Here, they bind ligand molecules that cross the plasma membrane; these receptor-ligand complexes move to the nucleus and interact directly with cellular DNA. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z If a ligand is added to the cells, the dye is observed entering the cells. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z What type of receptor did the ligand bind to on the cell surface? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Indeed, molecular dynamics simulations suggest that ECL2 could be involved in the first steps of ligand recognition and selectivity in the β-ARs. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z Cell signaling pathways begin when the ligand binds to a receptor, a protein that is embedded in the plasma membrane of the target cell or found in the cell cytoplasm. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Receptor–ligand information is shown as rows, and the Ballesteros–Weinstein numbers of TM residues that contact the ligand are shown as columns. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z In the matrix, the presence of a contact between the ligand and the TM residue is shown as a coloured box, and the absence of a contact is shown as an empty box. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z TM1 is not directly involved in contacting the ligand in any structure, suggesting that mutations in TM1 that affect ligand binding are likely to be indirect. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z In the matrix, the presence of a contact between the ligand and the TM residue is shown as a coloured box, and the absence of a contact is shown as an empty box. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z The receptors are very specific, and each ligand is recognized by a different one. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The depth of ligand penetration into the TM bundle is the deepest for doxepin in the histamine H1 receptor and shallowest for caffeine in A2AR. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z After stabilization of these lowly populated sub-states by ligand binding, activation proceeds through a series of discrete conformational intermediates that ultimately lead to larger structural rearrangements near the transmembrane–intracellular interface. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z |
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