| 单词 | Lawrence |
| 例句 | A couple of days later, in Lawrence’s office, York was startled when Ernest asked him bluntly: “Does the United States need a second nuclear weapons laboratory?” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z When they arrived, they found Alvarez haunting the lobby, prepared to relay the GAC’s decision to Lawrence as soon as it was made. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence, whose machine and research style gave birth to the new paradigm, hoped to stave off its negative effects as long as he could. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Leonard Loeb, notwithstanding his role in recruiting Lawrence to Berkeley, warned Livingston superciliously that working on Lawrence’s project would be a waste of time. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “Hello, the book that Lawrence of Arabia was based on?” Adrift 1986-01-01T00:00:00Z Starting the year after Lawrence met him, his renown as a theorist would land him appointments first at the University of Chicago and then at Yale University’s Sloane Physics Laboratory as director. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z In the end, Berkeley got approval for a Bevatron to produce 6-billion-volt protons, satisfying Lawrence’s predilection for building as big as he could. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He laid into the dumbfounded Lawrence the moment he walked in the door. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The effort to define, or merely understand, the relationship between Lawrence and Oppenheimer consumed the idle hours of many who knew or worked with them. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The discovery returned Lawrence to a round-the-clock schedule at the Rad Lab, supervising the bombardment of dozens of elements with his magic bullet. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z There were other reasons to keep Ernest Lawrence in the loop. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z But the lab, which was rechristened Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in 1980, thrived and expanded by exploiting its productive relationship with the Air Force and the Navy. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Among the members of the inspection task force, Lawrence and Mills were willing to entertain the idea of a test ban in principle but were pessimistic that it could be adequately monitored. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The Rad Lab’s first report on its findings reached the Physical Review dated February 27—a crucial two days earlier than a letter from Lawrence’s Caltech rival, C. C. Lauritsen, documenting his own experiments. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Gow was swept into Lawrence’s magnetic field and held there by the boss’s “sense of urgency, his willingness to try ideas rapidly and drop them when a better idea came along.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He peppered Lawrence with pointed gossip about rival institutions that might have designs on him. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Oppenheimer’s point made a vivid impression on Lawrence. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence’s friendship with Neylan desensitized him to the moral quandary faced by members of the Rad Lab, especially its European-born scientists. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He was there when Ernest Lawrence tracked him down and invited him to visit Livermore. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence’s position as doyen of the Rad Lab and Teller’s as the indispensable genius of thermonuclear technology made compromise impossible. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Christmas was only three weeks off, she said kindly: Why hadn’t Emeline simply waited and given the plate then, when Mrs. Lawrence could have offered a gift in return? The Devil in the White City 2003-02-11T00:00:00Z They had no trouble finding Lawrence’s 18-centimeter protons, but only in the lighter elements lithium and beryllium. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Mrs. Lawrence later claimed that at this point she became convinced Holmes had killed Emeline. The Devil in the White City 2003-02-11T00:00:00Z There is some likelihood that Lawrence had heard about it too, in which case he would have known that Frank Oppenheimer s repeated denials of party membership were false. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He believed in equal rights, in knowledge, in hooks; he taught me about people like Paul Robeson, Paul Lawrence Dunbar, and Joe Louis. The Color of Water: A Black Man's Tribute to His White Mother 1995-01-01T00:00:00Z Weaver assured Lawrence that he himself was “perfectly willing to bleed for this thing,” but “we have simply got to take more time.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Now he regarded Lawrence as a scientist on the make for government largess and personal glory. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z When Lawrence and Teller arrived back at Livermore, they were greeted by letters bearing his congratulations. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The afternoon after Lawrence delivered his budget, Sproul had called him in for another meeting. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Unlike Lawrence, who was skilled at communicating concepts but impatient with the burden of classroom teaching, Oppenheimer liked teaching; he just was not very good at it. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “You would be surprised to know what this laboratory has been running on in the last few years,” he told Lawrence—“less than some men spend on tobacco.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z We sat on the sofa looking at Cletus’s pictures while the Lawrence Welk show went on past us on the TV. Missing May 1992-03-01T00:00:00Z Lawrence suddenly found himself waging a fierce batde against rising complaints at the AEC about the MTA’s high cost and indifferent performance. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence tailored his research program and his fund-raising campaign accordingly. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Reflecting Lawrence’s lack of conceit when it came to engineering, the machine incorporated the latest innovations of cyclotroneers across the country in designs for transformers, power transmission, the oscillator, and the ion source. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Compton and Lawrence shared an uneasiness about leaving Fermi’s reactor project at Columbia. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z But it bristled with Lawrence’s self-confidence and his manner of intuitively grasping possibilities well ahead of realities—in this case, the production of sustained resonant proton beams with a million volts of kinetic energy. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Put bluntly, Lawrence’s poorly focused beam was coating the cyclotron’s interior surfaces with deutons. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z To Lawrence’s gratification, the council also voted to spend up to $100,000 a year for the next two years to “stimulate” cyclotron-based research into cancer treatment around the country. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z My sister is going to a “small liberal arts college back East” called Sarah Lawrence. The Perks of Being a Wallflower 1999-02-01T00:00:00Z Lawrence was the University of California’s first Nobel laureate—indeed, the first from any public university in the United States. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Caltech president Robert Millikan suppressed his institution’s feelings of rivalry with Berkeley to compliment Lawrence on his “altogether extraordinary” discoveries. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z His military aide, Navy Captain John H. Morse Jr., seconded his opinion: “You may detect some feeling that clean weapon potentialities have been over-stated and over-simplified recently,” he wrote Lawrence. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z After the reconstituted S-l committee finally got atomic bomb planning under way, its members met at the exclusive Bohemian Grove in California in September 1942, with Lawrence as host. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence largely approved of Oppenheimer’s draft of the communique but requested one telling change. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z With Lawrence’s careful guidance, he explained that he meant he would report the overture to Lawrence as a security breach, not as an invitation to espionage. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The Oppenheimer case left Lawrence with a horror of overt dabbling in the security politics of the time. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Strangely, it was not until 1939 that Alfred Loomis first visited Lawrence’s home turf in Berkeley—but then he became nearly a permanent member of the Rad Lab. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Yet through 1947, Lawrence’s attempts to capture an artificially produced meson on photographic film were unavailing. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Born in Polish-Ukrainian Galicia, Rabi was the levelheaded physicist who had tartly denounced Strauss’s vendetta against Oppenheimer and had attempted, if fruitlessly, to talk Lawrence and Alvarez down from their starry-eyed pursuit of the Super. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z On accepting a job in the Rad Lab in 1941, however, he promised Lawrence not to embarrass the lab with labor activism or other causes. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence declared himself pleased for his fellow inventors. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Yet the tide was distinctly turning against Lawrence’s position. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He concluded with the declaration that “no one could possibly question the selection of the University of California and Ernest Lawrence as the institution and the scientist to whom the project should be entrusted.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z It was Mr. Lawrence’s new idea to keep Tony in at recess so they could play some math games together. I Survived the Great Molasses Flood, 1919 2019-09-03T00:00:00Z A string of especially perplexing breakdowns had bedeviled the lab that year, at a time when Lawrence was struggling to fill a mounting stack of orders for radioisotopes from all over the country. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence spent the intervening weekend at Oak Ridge, attending a conference of AEC laboratory directors. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence’s brusque four-paragraph letter reported deuteron-induced radioactivity in fourteen light elements and speculated brashly that “in these nuclear reactions new radioactive isotopes of many of the elements might be formed.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence and the Rad Lab, he observed waspishly, had “absolutely no experience in reactor design or operation.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lilienthal was to become amazed at the number and variety of Lawrence’s patrons. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “I reported to Lawrence that I, too, felt it would probably be useful to establish a second laboratory,” he recalled. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence wrote back, at once chastened and defensive, on the eve of his departure for Brussels. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z An unlucky Canadian geologist named Lawrence Morley came up with the same conclusion at the same time, but couldn’t find anyone to publish his paper. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z The petition served to draw Lawrence and Teller back into the public debate. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Let the cyclotron produce a perplexing result, and Lawrence’s reaction was invariably, “Let’s ask Oppie.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence was unaware how tactless this sounded to Fosdick, who had been brooding over the foundation’s investment in what had turned out to be an instrument of unparalleled death and destruction. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Seaborg was as awestruck by the immensity of the Hanford plant as Lawrence had been on witnessing the transformation of Oak Ridge. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The young chemist sprinted up three flights to Lawrence’s office in LeConte Hall to find him in a state of agitation over Urey’s needling. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Keeping ahead of the competition would demand the full measure of Lawrence’s fund-raising prowess. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Spotting it on his daily rounds of the lab, Lawrence mutely obliterated it with the violent strokes of an eraser. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z In this, as in many other scientific debates when foresight would eventually trump nearsightedness, Lawrence was right. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z To Lawrence, however, the assignment seemed both inchoate and potentially overwhelming. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Poillon likely understood that the moment was not nearly as close at hand as Lawrence claimed, but was not necessarily too far off, either. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Weaver’s words could not have sounded a more discordant note to Lawrence’s ears. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z To Cockcroft he grumbled that Lawrence’s mistake was “one of judgment and point of view rather than of the errors in technique which can give rise to such a situation.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z In the distance, Lawrence could see the glow of spotlights illuminating the spindly hundred-foot-tall test tower from which the plutonium “gadget” was suspended. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Serber’s character witness before the Neylan board was Lawrence himself, as good a guarantee of clearance as he could have wished. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z His confidence in Lawrence’s administrative and scientific abilities, which dated from their very first meeting, had only been strengthened by the success of the electromagnetic separation process. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Now they could move ahead— but under standards of military secrecy even more stringent than those of Briggs, about which Lawrence had groused constantly. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “The same score reflects more ability when you come from a less fortunate background,” Lawrence Summers, the president of Harvard, said. Class Matters 2005-09-02T00:00:00Z Lewis Strauss, determined to keep President Eisenhower on the path to thermonuclear supremacy, would demand more from Lawrence: more counsel, more public support, more time and effort. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence was more surprised to hear his deuton theory come under sustained attack from other European delegates. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Oppenheimer was rare among theorists in conceding value to the uncomplicated perception of nature, free of abstractions, that happened to be Lawrence’s approach. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The fund-raising campaign for the he-man cyclotron kicked off on January 7, 1940, when Warren Weaver arrived in Berkeley to visit with Lawrence and Sproul. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Gracious to a fault, Fowler comforted Lawrence with the gratifying assertion, surely untrue, that “for a long time Rutherford and Chadwick were nearly convinced that your explanation was right.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The aplomb with which Lawrence responded to Bethe’s challenge reflected the Rad Lab’s increasing confidence in the quality of its work. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Mrs. Lawrence missed Emeline and the way her effervescence and physical brightness—her prettiness and sunflower hair—lit the sullen halls of Holmes’s building. The Devil in the White City 2003-02-11T00:00:00Z The lithium experiment was in the hands of a graduate student named Milton White, who now got his first exposure to Ernest Lawrence in the throes of a mania. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrences words, which remained safely immune to cross-examination by Lloyd Garrison through this tactic, were withering. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z There was a 1997 newspaper mug shot of Lawrence’s son with a caption that said, WANTED. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z That imposed a constraint Lawrence had become a master at overcoming. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Perhaps this latter finding should not have been so surprising: after all, Lawrence himself was still thoroughly preoccupied with his other work—namely, the construction of the 184-inch cyclotron on the hillside above the university. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He thought Lawrence’s endorsement of a policy that deprived his lab of its entire theoretical physics staff disgraceful. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence’s statement had the curious effect of undermining both the other witnesses, while placing his own credibility at the service of a smear of Oppenheimer. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Crocker’s donation for the medical school project solved one of Lawrence’s immediate problems: keeping Stan Livingston on hand after the expiration of his one-year instructorship at Berkeley. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z They compiled a wish list of a half dozen candidates, among them the young Yale instructor widely considered back East to be the best of the current crop of fellows: Ernest O. Lawrence. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence and Alvarez were equally disgruntled by their encounter with the AEC chairman. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The new isotope’s potency and the efficiency of the cyclotron in producing it surprised even experts accustomed to Lawrence’s guileless optimism. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Conversations with Crick frequently upset Sir Lawrence Bragg, and the sound of his voice was often sufficient to make Bragg move to a safer room. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Lawrence drove Edward Teller out to Livermore during the first week of February, hoping that Teller would become the instrument of his hopes to create a permanent foothold for Livermore in the thermonuclear program. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The security restrictions also burdened Lawrence personally, and not merely because they added a new administrative concern to his expanding responsibilities. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z In the days that followed Mrs. Lawrence asked Holmes additional questions about Emeline, but he responded only in monosyllables. The Devil in the White City 2003-02-11T00:00:00Z The Lawrence family was pious in the manner of northern Midwestern Lutherans, religion serving as much as the warp and woof of the community fabric as a source of personal succor or theological speculation. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z With Henrietta unconscious on the operating table in the center of the room, her feet in stirrups, the surgeon on duty, Dr. Lawrence Wharton Jr., sat on a stool between her legs. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z Lawrence could afford to scoff at suggestions that the cyclotron was still in its shakedown stage. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z For all that, Lawrence remained unmistakably the animating force at Livermore, which soon acquired the operational features of a classic Lawrence laboratory. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z George probably had met Gist before, because Gist had worked for the Ohio Company, whose members included Lawrence Washington. George Washington, Spymaster 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z Yet the assumption that Lawrence and Teller would work together in unalloyed harmony turned out to be an instance of hope triumphing over reality. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z It could have been the greatest moment in the partnership of Lawrence and Oppenheimer; the unveiling of earthshaking experimental findings with solid theoretical underpinnings. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence feared that the failure at Y-12 would destroy the army’s confidence in the entire bomb project, with billions of dollars—indeed, the entire war effort—hanging in the balance. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z And Lawrence considered that necessary, in its turn, because he needed Livingston to complete the construction of the new accelerator. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Bobbette excused herself and ran home, bursting through the screen door into the kitchen, yelling for Lawrence, “Part of your mother, it’s alive!” The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z Lawrence Robertson was still president of the corporation; Alfred Lanning had become director of research. I, Robot 1950-12-02T00:00:00Z At the age of 16, George went off to live with his brother at Mount Vernon, Lawrence’s Potomac River plantation. George Washington, Spymaster 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z At Tellers invitation, Lawrence and Alvarez flew into Albuquerque, landing before dawn and arriving in Los Alamos at ten in the morning. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence, who had demanded the urgent face-to-face meeting, had come bearing news of an extraordinary breakthrough in that field. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He felt some empathy with Lawrence over what he called the “gold rush of isotopes,” because he recognized the importance of public relations and “missionary work” for the lab. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z On this occasion, however, Lawrence’s immense credibility as the biggest of the big scientists failed to carry the day. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Strauss fired back furiously that his science advisors, Professors Lawrence and Teller, thought the assumptions underlying Rabi’s findings baseless. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The ultimate explanation of Lawrence’s error came, perhaps inevitably, from Rutherford, who demonstrated once again the potency of his theoretical instincts when they were yoked to the experimental precision of the Cavendish. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence had several feline pelts already at hand. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Nothing then gave Sir Lawrence more pleasure than showing his ingenious motion-picture film of how bubbles bump each other. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Lawrence absorbed the news with surprising equanimity, for reasons that soon became obvious. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z In early December, Bush had brought together a small group to act as the bomb project’s civilian overseers: Conant, Briggs, Compton, Urey, and Lawrence. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z She’d carefully folded the test and slipped it into the pages of the book Mr. Lawrence had lent to her, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. I Survived the Great Molasses Flood, 1919 2019-09-03T00:00:00Z The trip had three functions: as a lecture tour, an opportunity for more fund-raising, and an introduction of the Lawrences’ first child, seven-month-old John Eric, to his Blumer grandparents in New Haven. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Where they disagreed was that Lawrence believed that goal had been reached by the bombing of Japan; Oppenheimer, by contrast, feared that the bombs of August had made it more remote than ever. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Without Lawrence, there would be no Rad Lab—none of the teamwork that combined the disparate knowledge and skills of physicists, chemists, biologists, physicians, and engineers into a new paradigm of science. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z When Bud Lawrence saw the article about the new word, he had his lawyer file a preliminary trademark claim on the word frindle. Frindle 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z Julius Robert Oppenheimer had arrived on the Berkeley campus almost exactly one year after Ernest Lawrence, and with every bit as much thunder. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Even then, however, they assured Lawrence that the funds could be disbursed “subject to your discretion without the usual University restrictions.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z What he did remember is that he and Lawrence immediately “hit it off.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Despite Lawrence’s reputation for personal integrity, an unaudited private fund controlled by a faculty member eventually made university accountants uneasy. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He imported Hiram Walker’s whiskey from Ontario, beer from Quebec, and rum from Barbados by way of the St. Lawrence River. Middlesex: A Novel 2002-06-05T00:00:00Z Having absorbed Lawrence’s confidence that further efficiencies eventually would be achieved, Groves reduced the specification for Y-12 to five hundred tanks, or five racetracks. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z That she would leave without a parting word struck Mrs. Lawrence as being very much out of character. The Devil in the White City 2003-02-11T00:00:00Z Having made a special case of Ernest Lawrence in one of his first official acts as Berkeley’s president, Sproul was not about to skimp on his new star’s research budget. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The French occupied land in the Mississippi Valley called Louisiana and much of the land north of the Saint Lawrence River. George Washington, Spymaster 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z “As the galvanometer spot swung across the scale, indicating that protons of 1-MeV energy were reaching the collector,” Livingston recalled, “Lawrence literally danced around the room with glee.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He and his fellow Chromatic employees became accustomed to receiving calls from Lawrence at dinnertime with the message, “I’ve got a new idea—let’s stop what we’ve been doing and look at it tonight.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z For all its audacity, Lawrence’s conjecture about the potential to create new radioisotopes was correct. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Leaders of Lawrences Berkeley and Livermore empire during the postwar bonanza, which enriched the university and secured the Rad Lab’s position as the preeminent center of high-energy physics in the nation, perhaps the world. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Kamen told Lawrence that he and Ruben would have been happy to continue their search, but the oversubscribed cyclotron was unavailable for the lengthy bombardments the program required. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Inside his lab, amid the stink of petroleum fumes and the clatter of motors, Tuve asked Lawrence what research he intended to do at Berkeley, and got what he thought was a woolly answer. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z It finally ended in defeat in April 1939, when the patent office rejected the claims finally and decisively based on the prior publications by Cockcroft and Walton and by Lewis, Lawrence, Livingston, and Henderson. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Oppenheimer, in his predilection for action, had foolishly overlooked Lawrence’s mind-set. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Another factor driving Lawrence’s ambition was the speed at which the rest of the cyclotron world was catching up to Berkeley. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Conant knew Lawrence well enough to have confidence he was not drawing castles in the air. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He assured Lawrence that he had his eye on a deep pocket and had “reasons to be hopeful that our quest in this direction may meet with success.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Then Bud Lawrence handed Nick’s dad a check for $2,250. Frindle 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z It was evident from the moment Lawrence stepped off the train in Boston that Harvard president James B. Conant had more on his mind than hearing his lecture. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Compton saw Lawrence freeze, his mouth half open in surprise. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z As the emotional conversation drew to a close, Lawrence pleaded with Alvarez to follow his lead for the good of the lab and refuse to testify. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z As Lawrence and Compton both recalled, the general reaction was negative. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence had asked his childhood friend to double-check the Rad Lab’s results using the Carnegie’s accelerator, the only machine in the world that could approach the cyclotron’s energies. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence and Zakariyya thought Michael Gold must have been related to George Gey or some other doctor at Hopkins—how else could he have gotten their mother’s records? The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z Quivering with the uncertainty of pioneers, dreading that they might have been led astray by some minuscule miscalculation, they wrote a short note for publication and hastened to Lawrence’s house for his approval. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence, for his part, was inclined to call Teller’s bluff, for his putative partner was already proving entirely too fractious for his taste. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence had the best shot at acquiring the funding to lead the way. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z It turned out later that Dennis Doyle, a man I knew in Nairobi, had sent the man from St. Lawrence University to see me while he was in Kenya doing fieldwork with his students. Facing the Lion 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z He was not assuaged by the more charitable opinion of his superior, Rutherford, who was delighted with Lawrence’s spirit in defending his results. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z What is agreed upon is that Lawrence understood almost immediately the import of what he had seen, even though Wideroe’s report was written in dense technical German, a language that was largely beyond Ernest’s ken. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Indeed, it was not long before the Super’s apparent lack of progress in Washington had Lawrence and Alvarez feeling uneasy. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Still, he retained a deserved sense of pride in having brought Lawrence to Berkeley in the first place. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Not long afterward, Stimson named a scientific panel to advise the committee: Ernest Lawrence, Robert Oppenheimer, Arthur Compton, and Enrico Fermi. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Then there was a thump on the ceiling and the rustling of someone walking around, and Lawrence jumped from the table and ran into the kitchen. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z Lawrence’s reputation and his nimble management of this newest patron had carried the day. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Now he was stuck in the middle of an increasingly acrimonious debate between the browbeating Lawrence and the bedridden Compton. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z In any event, Lawrence put his name to the statement on June 16, and thereafter never admitted publicly to any misgivings about the result. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Sonny’s rough period was only getting worse: most of his income now came from a food-stamp ring he ran out of Lawrence’s convenience store, and soon he found himself in jail for narcotics trafficking. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z Perceiving that this was a more serious affair, he invited Lawrence to his office to discuss it. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z This was perhaps unduly harsh; Lawrence’s effort to secure Livingston another year’s stipend through Crocker’s medical school donation attested to the esteem he held for this particular pair of arms. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z McMillan perceived the same purple glow as Lawrence through his welders glass, and similarly attributed it to the ionization of atmospheric gas. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z But as Lawrence would tell Tuve before his departure for Europe, “We helped start this and have to do what we can about it. The president asked, so I must go.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Jack Livingood put Lawrence’s lament to Boyce in graphic terms that his mentor never would have used: “We felt like kicking each other’s butts.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Judge Lawrence Irving, a Reagan appointee, noted upon his retirement: “If I remain on the bench, I have no choice but to follow the law. I just can’t, in good conscience, continue to do this.” The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The first restored the imperative that the University of California take Lawrence’s demands seriously. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “I count about one hundred and thirty men, Lawrence. Forty to fifty already dead, about ninety wounded. Lot of boys walking around with minor stuff, one hundred thirty for the hospital.” The Killer Angels: The Classic Novel of the Civil War 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z Lawrence had invented a superb instrument for smashing atoms, but while he was preoccupied with making the tool better, the quintessential small-science lab had stolen the prize from under his nose. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z She handed the parcel to Mrs. Lawrence, who opened it immediately and pulled from the wrapping a tin plate upon which Emeline had painted a lovely forest. The Devil in the White City 2003-02-11T00:00:00Z An imaginative experimentalist who had been skeptical of Lawrence’s deuteron theory, Kurie proposed to Cooksey that they goad Yale into building a cyclotron to rival Berkeley’s—and to do better work. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence delivered his own judgment nonverbally by becoming more detached from the project as its fortunes waned. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “The Berkeley laboratory, I felt, would continue as long as Ernest Lawrence lived, provided it received proper financial support from the government,” he wrote later. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence asked, “Is there any point in my coming east at the moment?” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Like his colleagues, Seaborg never forgot where he was the moment he first heard about fission: in his case, at Lawrence’s Monday Journal Club. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence recognized that their accomplishments added luster to the Rad Lab, and, accordingly, gave them as much freedom as they needed. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence’s campaign placed his friends and colleagues in a quandary. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z But Livingston had just had his brainstorm about removing the grids from the dees, and taking a respite at such a moment fit neither his personality nor Lawrence’s calendar. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z She gave me three phone numbers: her father; her oldest brother, Lawrence; and her brother David Jr.’s pager. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z That fault could properly be laid to Ernest Lawrence, who was still learning how to balance engineering and hard science. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Its source was Merle Tuve, whom Lawrence had visited in Washington on his way home from Europe. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The insight, which would be implemented in an accelerator known as the synchrotron, was a breakthrough on a par with Lawrence’s own recognition of the cyclotron principle. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The Rad Lab’s letter reporting its own disintegrations of lithium went out to the journal Physical Review on September 15 and appeared in print two weeks later over the names of Lawrence, Livingston, and White. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z When Rogers made it to Lawrence’s house, he expected to interview the Lackses about Henrietta, but found himself bombarded with questions instead. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z Bud Lawrence had lived all his life in Westfield, and when he was only nineteen years old, he had saved enough money to make an investment. Frindle 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z When Mr. Allen came home at lunchtime, his wife told him that he had to call Bud Lawrence. Frindle 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z Standing next to Lawrence, Serber had trained his unprotected eyes directly on the fireball at the moment of detonation. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence appeared untroubled by the prospect of continued military oversight of the program, which was where Oppenheimer drew the line. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “There’s a very good reason for it,” Lawrence replied. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z And somewhere in there a nice man named Seymour Lawrence gave me a three-book contract, and I said, “O.K., the first of the three will be my famous book about Dresden.” Slaughterhouse-Five 1969-01-01T00:00:00Z His elder half-brother, Lawrence, who had been a British officer, saw to it that George was accepted as a midshipman in the Royal Navy. George Washington, Spymaster 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z Outside Lawrence, Kansas, two dogs and a man walk along a gravel road surrounded by open fields. A Deadly Wandering: A Mystery, a Landmark Investigation, and the Astonishing Science of Attention in the Digital Age 2014-09-23T00:00:00Z There is no written record that Lawrence replied to the overture, although around the same time, he registered a private opinion of the federation—and of scientific activism in general—in a letter to Weaver. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Rutherford, however, compensated with his own blustery good will: “He’s a brash young man,” he told Oliphant after Lawrence departed, “but he’ll learn!” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Ernest Lawrence spotted the startling headlines from his car when he pulled up at a corner newsstand in Merced, on his way to a business meeting at Yosemite National Park. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z At Geneva, there were no residual hard feelings; Lawrence and Veksler shared a friendly dinner at the city’s finest French restaurant, comparing notes on the technologies that had made their careers. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Sincerely, Lawrence Tushman To: melissa.albans@rmail.com Fr: johnwill@phillipsacademy.edu Cc: ltushman@beecherschool.edu; amandawill@copperbeech.org Subject: Jack Hi Melissa, Thank you for being so understanding about this incident with Jack. Wonder 2012-02-14T00:00:00Z He took pride in never having lost a faculty member he wished to keep—and among that group, Lawrence stood out. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z His advice may have been superfluous, for when it was fully assembled, nine of the Lawrence panel’s twelve scientists were from Livermore. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He was determined to push back firmly at Lawrence, but at that moment, he was placed at a disadvantage by a miserable case of the flu. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z When Lawrence visited New York, which happened with increasing regularity as his fund-raising demands expanded, he invariably stayed at Loomis’s Manhattan town house. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “It was there waiting for us. In less than half an hour from the time Lawrence brought the news, we were observing it.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “Dan Lawrence was home on sick leave. His pa brought him over; he told us all about it.” Across Five Aprils 1964-01-01T00:00:00Z Lawrence camouflaged his frustration by ordering up a lab-wide effort to expand the Joliots’ findings beyond aluminum, magnesium, and boron to heavier elements. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The arrangement worked, Dean recalled a few years later, “because of Teller getting along very well with Dr. Lawrence.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lewis soon was providing heavy water in quantity to Ernest Lawrence, who vaporized it into gas to pump into the cyclotron. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z In any case, Ernest Lawrence, a man normally not given to introspection in the Oppenheimer style, struggled to set down his emotions on paper. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The university was then almost as much of a physics backwater as Berkeley had been when Lawrence first set foot on its campus, especially in comparison to its Cambridge neighbor, MIT. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Rutherford cheerily tendered an invitation for Lawrence to visit the Cavendish, which Ernest accepted eagerly. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z It was the old Ernie Lawrence, distracted by gadgetry and apparatus instead of burying his nose in scientific journals. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence and Alvarez filled the lawmakers’ heads with a calculatedly sinister vision of Russia’s quest to rule the world by thermonuclear terror. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Entranced again by Lawrence’s “thrilling” optimism, as he described it to Weaver, Fosdick came away from the meeting anxious that the Rad Lab might not need the foundation’s funds after all. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence’s campaign to add a nuclear reactor to Berkeley’s arsenal of atom-smashing technologies dated back to his wartime effort to wrest Enrico Fermi’s nuclear pile away from Arthur Compton and the University of Chicago. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He feared that with Lawrence gone, the staff of the Rad Lab and the Physics Department would drain away like a reservoir behind a breached dam. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Those who found the team research Lawrence pioneered uncongenial simply moved on, but they were a distinct minority. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Still, one method did show distinct promise: Lawrence’s. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z With all four of us girls lined up at the window with our mouths gaping open, we must have looked like the Lennon Sisters on Lawrence Welk. The Poisonwood Bible 1998-01-01T00:00:00Z Tuve upbraided Lawrence with all the authority of his six weeks’ advantage in age and with all the frank liberty afforded to one childhood friend speaking to another. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence was already occupied with the twenty-seven-inch cyclotron rising in the wooden Rad Lab. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Given Lawrence’s relationship with both Oppenheimer and Strauss, it was inevitable that he would be drawn into their conflict. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z To Szilard, his device was one of many ideas that might or might not work; to Ernest Lawrence, it was an idea upon which to build a career. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence turned instead to his newest and wealthiest private patron, the Rockefeller Foundation. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z On May 23 Conant summoned to Washington all the program chiefs— Lawrence, Briggs, Compton, Murphree, and Urey—in the hope of settling on one or two separation methods and scrapping the others. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Yet what really drove a wedge between Lawrence and Oppenheimer was politics. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z On one occasion, he slapped a Livermore staff member who had questioned his instructions, an unprecedented breach of the Lawrence style and Radiation Laboratory protocol. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z For Lawrence, the stepwise acceleration of particles by multiple small impulses “immediately impressed me as the real answer which I had been looking for to the technical problem of accelerating positive ions.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Groves originally had considered appointing Lawrence to head the bomb lab but decided to leave him in place overseeing the crucial electromagnetic separation work. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z I was going to St. Lawrence University, in Canton, New York, with a full scholarship. Facing the Lion 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z Only after the bomb was dropped did Lawrence reveal to Fosdick what the latter recalled as “the vital part played by the Rockefeller Foundation in the development of the atomic bomb.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z When she saw Edward, she dropped the apron and clapped her hands together and said, “Oh, Lawrence, you brung me a rabbit.” The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane 2006-03-30T00:00:00Z Lawrence agreed to recruit the new lab’s staff. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The competition ended, and Principal Lawrence took the stage again, holding three envelopes. The Serpent King 2016-03-08T00:00:00Z “That is the reason that I hesitate at the name of Ernest Lawrence.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z A year later, Lawrence again had to intercede to protect a Rad Lab colleague. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Outside the White House, Lawrence and Teller barely moved the needle of debate. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z What about Mr. Lawrence and the kids at school? I Survived the Great Molasses Flood, 1919 2019-09-03T00:00:00Z The Geneva conference continued for three more weeks after Lawrence’s return home. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z After York’s departure for the Pentagon, Lawrence had agreed to name Teller as lab director for a single year, with the proviso that Mills would then take over permanently. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence replied that “it never occurred to me to patent the work we are doing either, and I am doing so only at the urgent request of the Research Corporation and the Chemical Foundation.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z In connection with the new arrangement, Lawrence received approval for his expanded Alpha II plant, which would supplement the feed from the diffusion process in a final push to produce uranium enriched to weapon-grade. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Compton scheduled a meeting with Lawrence and several other members of his technical committee for October 21 at the General Electric research facility in Schenectady. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence called his father to tell him what Bobbette had heard, and Day didn’t know what to think. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z They say she . . . kicks back the rug every Saturday night when Lawrence Welk comes on . . . and laugh, I thought I’d die! Go Set a Watchman: A Novel 2015-07-14T00:00:00Z After the cyclotron, Lawrence would not receive another patent until wartime, when federal officials demanded that his inventive process for uranium separation be protected legally—and the patent rights be assigned permanently to the government. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Principal Lawrence nudged Dill aside and spoke into the microphone. The Serpent King 2016-03-08T00:00:00Z In truth, Lawrence had not found Northwestern’s offer all that compelling. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The next day, he bearded Lawrence in his office with the words “We have to do something about this.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z They had a car—it’s about a three-hour drive from Syracuse to St. Lawrence—and we set off. Facing the Lion 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z Cooksey “brought a certain idolization of Lawrence into the laboratory,” Livingston observed more than thirty years after his departure. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z On the morning of April 3, Lawrence picked up the phone at the Rad Lab to hear Weaver’s voice on the other end. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “The day after Miss Cigrand disappeared, or the day we last saw her, the door of Holmes’ office was kept locked and nobody went into it except Holmes and Patrick Quinlan,” Mrs. Lawrence said. The Devil in the White City 2003-02-11T00:00:00Z Conant figured that recruiting Lawrence would eliminate with one stroke the two universities’ disparity in experimental physics. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Their approaches to physics were divergent: Lawrence was an experimentalist nonpareil, Teller a profoundly intuitive theorist. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z She panicked and called her brother Lawrence, who told her the man was right, so she left me a message saying she couldn’t talk to me anymore. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z This was not the first time, nor would it be the last, that Lawrence would play multiple sponsors against one another. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z This open criticism was certainly behind Sir Lawrence’s recent outburst against him. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z “Your father was just gluing on a missing piece, wasn’t you, Lawrence?” The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane 2006-03-30T00:00:00Z Sonny and Lawrence told their father to get Joe to Clover, back to the tobacco farms, where he could hide from the law and be safe. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z Despite his failure to testify in person, Lawrence’s voice did not otherwise go unheard at the hearing. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z But that had not saved them from treatment as severe as Lawrence received at the Solvay Conference. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The launch of the carbon-14 project coincided with another round of anxious expectation about a Nobel Prize for Ernest Lawrence. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence relocated one hundred of his Berkeley staff to Oak Ridge to tune the calutrons personally. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence’s ability to maintain AEC backing for the MTA was fading fast. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence said hang it, we ought to be die first ones in, we’d probably give the Rebs a disease and be more useful than any other outfit in the whole army. The Killer Angels: The Classic Novel of the Civil War 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z The following morning I went back to the Cavendish, since Max wanted me to meet Sir Lawrence Bragg. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z It was the winter of 1975, the streets were icy, and on his way to Lawrence’s house, Rogers’s taxi was hit by another car in the middle of an intersection. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z The board’s appeal to Lawrence showed the confidence of its members in his ability to see things their way and balance the interests of the emerging security state and the scientists it employed. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He was sympathetic and he helped me get the call through to St. Lawrence, and I told them what had happened. Facing the Lion 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z Then the death of his son, Lawrence, to whom he was devoted, made further living seem pointless. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z The new lab had inherited this tenet from its parent, Ernest Lawrence, who had experienced not a few such mishaps during his career. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z To the contrary, he had tried to bring the maniacally optimistic Alvarez and Lawrence down to earth from the moment they first approached him about joining the H-bomb program. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z At the Lawrence Corporation, just down the riverbank from the Concord, a girl had slipped on the icy staircase in the rush to dinner. Lyddie 1991-02-01T00:00:00Z Lawrence built an elegant mechanism out of brass and steel. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “It had seemed to me for some time that Miss Cigrand was changing in her feelings toward Holmes,” said Dr. Lawrence. The Devil in the White City 2003-02-11T00:00:00Z Conant declared later that he fully intended his question to Lawrence as a test—even a dare. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z As Lawrence expected, the skills of the mass spectrograph operators improved dramatically with experience, expanding the device’s capabilities; by mid-January, a nine-hour run yielded 18 micrograms of uranium enriched to 25 percent U-235. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “What good is one lousy hero’? Joshua Lawrence.Chamberlain said something like that to me once, just before he single-handedly changed the course of your Civil War.” The Sea of Monsters 2006-04-01T00:00:00Z Lawrence now faced the task of climbing down from his discredited position without sacrificing his dignity or the Rad Lab’s youthful reputation. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Bringing Lawrence back to New York, he exploited his personal business contacts to secure tons of copper and iron for the giant machine. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence had expected that the Rad Lab, like other scientific institutions, would be placed on a crash diet after the war as the torrent of military funding dried up. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Yet Lawrence greeted Bethe’s attack with surprising complacency— even condescension. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Through the 1930s, Lawrence considered himself a New Deal Democrat. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Compounded by Lawrence’s campaign for the Super, a project that many physicists considered technically and morally dubious, this record undermined his reputation as a scientist s scientist driven by the quest for knowledge alone. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “I’m Mr. Lawrence. Recess is now against the law!” I Survived the Great Molasses Flood, 1919 2019-09-03T00:00:00Z Bay Area industry began to perceive the value of a relationship with Lawrence and his increasingly famous machine. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z At the outset, most of it came from Groves, who committed to supporting Lawrence’s laboratory at the level of more than $3 million a year. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z With the team-style research encouraged by Lawrence reaching its full flower, collaboration was the order of the day. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrences visceral feel for the mechanics and capabilities of the calutrons matched the mysterious affinity he had always shown for the cyclotrons. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Every night after dinner, Lawrence said that he thought he would go out and get some fresh air and that maybe Susanna would like to come with him. The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane 2006-03-30T00:00:00Z Lawrence had built his career by overreaching and then making good on his promises. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z From this raw material, Lawrence was creating a cohesive research organization. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z With Lawrence gone, someone else had to raise the Lacks children. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z Lawrence was predictably incensed by the implication that his patent claims might have infringed Caltech’s claim to primacy. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z As the apostle of building the biggest cyclotrons that technology and funding could produce, Ernest Lawrence was not shy about envisioning the new Berkeley cyclotron being funded by William Crocker’s donation on a grand scale. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence’s move into the wood clapboard Rad Lab in 1932 marked an administrative, financial, and intellectual break between the lab and the Berkeley Physics Department, its putative parent. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence didn’t think about the cells much anymore, though occasionally he and Zakariyya still entertained the idea of suing Hopkins. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z As the Solvay drew near, interest in the deuton spread beyond Berkeley and the Cavendish, as did doubts about Lawrence’s disintegration theory and, consequently, his calculation for the neutron’s weight. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Indeed, Colonel Nichols, exasperated by the scientists’ condescension toward his workforce, soon informed Lawrence that the women could outproduce the scientists and that he was prepared to prove it in a production race. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The regents’ breath was taken away by Lawrence’s audacious request for funds at a time when the stock market crash still weighed on the university endowment. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Ford declined to contribute, but during his encounter with Fosdick, Morris alluded to the breadth of support for Lawrence among other influential donors. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “Lawrence, you want to hear a funny thing? We were talking to these three Reb prisoners, trying to be sociable, you know? But mainly trying to figure ’em out. The Killer Angels: The Classic Novel of the Civil War 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z Oppenheimer plainly did not agree to it, and there is no evidence that Lawrence or Alvarez even knew they had been mentioned until years later. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence was working full-time on the railroad and living in a house filled with children, Zakariyya was still in jail, and times had gotten tough for Sonny, who was now busy selling drugs. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z Upon entering, he was physically staggered by a powerful stench emanating from John Lawrence’s mouse cages. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z This was a frightful blow, especially as Lawrence’s name was starting to be heard in connection with the Nobel Prize, for which Bohr’s endorsement was indispensable. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z When he “tactfully” corrected Lawrence by return mail, Lawrence replied with a letter in which was enclosed, sure enough, a millicurie of Na-24. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence drove to the airport for a flight home to Berkeley. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z This letter signifies the start of a crucial new phase in Lawrences transformation from hands-on physicist to fund-raising impresario. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence had laid the groundwork for a request that he finally submitted toward the end of the year. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z A few days in advance of the meeting, Birge sat down with a stack of index cards to construct his case for giving Lawrence whatever was necessary to keep him at Berkeley. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence was also, in Cooksey’s eyes, still very much a hayseed. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Walked toward the statue of Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, since it seemed a lucky thing to do. Orbiting Jupiter 2015-10-06T00:00:00Z The second, which recognized the very process by which Big Science grew bigger, made Lawrence even more the darling of every scientific research foundation in the land. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Some design changes arose from Lawrence’s own indefatigable quest for the next big technical advance. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “It was much easier, and more pleasant, to understand round-faced young Professor Ernest Orlando Lawrence of the University of California tell how he transmuted elements with ‘deuton’ bullets.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence’s withdrawal from the policy debate also reflected his long- held conviction that science and politics made for an unwieldy mix. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Nor was Yale allowing the bidding for Lawrence to go unanswered. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z As Lawrence became more interested in the military applications of nuclear research, he grew more dismayed at the lack of progress under the dead hand of the Uranium Committee. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The control console had been relocated in accordance with John Lawrence’s instructions, though it was now jammed in a crowded room between Cooksey’s workbench and a drafting table. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Sonny had just been honorably discharged from the Air Force, and Lawrence had a good job working for the railroad. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z Bush’s appointment as the nation’s science czar would soon give Ernest Lawrence entree to the highest councils of government. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Yet during the morning, Lawrence had alluded approvingly to the possibility of a nonmilitary demonstration. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Madame Lawrence said, pointing as Bridge took her seat at the very back of the room. Goodbye Stranger 2015-08-04T00:00:00Z If both Lawrence and Oppenheimer resigned, there would be little to keep McMillan, Alvarez, and other promising young physicists in Berkeley. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Neylan stood by as Lawrence weaved his spell over this sophisticated gentleman, who had socialized with governors and presidents. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Herb York had learned this in 1954, soon after Lawrence bestowed on him the formal title of Livermore director. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Eventually two other Cavendish scientists invented a more powerful proton-beam device, while in California Ernest Lawrence at Berkeley produced his famous and impressive cyclotron, or atom smasher, as such devices were long excitingly known. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z The next question was obvious: Would Lawrence take on the task? Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence’s trolling for government funds took place against the backdrop of a fierce battle in Washington over legislation to bring atomic energy under civilian control. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence would provide the instrumentation and nurture the new sources of money and patronage needed to make it ever more powerful; Oppenheimer would provide the intellectual bedrock on which Lawrences machinery would stand. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z As Alvarez recounted the episode, he hastened to Lawrence’s office to advise him that as long as Wick remained in good standing as a faculty member, Ernest had no authority to fire him. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “Lawrence both made his reputation with some people and lost it with others at that meeting,” Livingston reflected later. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The debate over Lawrence’s future at Berkeley climaxed at an acrimonious faculty conclave pitting the hard sciences, represented by Birge and Lewis, against the humanities and social sciences departments. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z For those already skeptical of the cyclotron, Lawrence’s error reinforced their scorn. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The machines, which were dismantled by occupation personnel and dumped in the Pacific Ocean, included the identical copy of Lawrence’s sixty-inch cyclotron built in Tokyo. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence mustered his best arguments for this elaborate defense of his work. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z No one who knew Teller would have expected him to submit meekly to Lawrence’s authority. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z They heard his unspoken challenge to Bryce Lawrence, loud and clear: You want secrets? Blood of Olympus 2014-10-07T00:00:00Z George Lawrence from over near Grandville heard that his youngest son had arrived in the river town, and he made the long trip by wagon to bring the wounded boy back home. Across Five Aprils 1964-01-01T00:00:00Z To the unabashedly chauvinistic Time, the youthful Professor Lawrence’s career symbolized the emergence of American science as the lodestar of international research. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Chemistry dean Gilbert Lewis was the undisputed head of the Berkeley science faculty when Lawrence arrived. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z To Kamen’s surprise, Lawrence agreed—but on condition that he not be subjected to cross-examination. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The hearing progressed inexorably to the point when Ernest Lawrence would be called to testify. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z As Lawrence had perceived toward the end of the war, peacetime offered the opportunity to make Big Science much bigger. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Alvarez had been willing to sign the oath, but he understood that Lawrence had wildly exceeded his authority; at the time of the Wick confrontation, the regents had still not decided whether to dismiss nonsigners. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z From Oak Ridge, Lawrence telephoned Berkeley to pour out his misgivings to Alvarez. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z His thoughts turned to linear acceleration, the technology that Lawrence had been developing with David Sloan at Berkeley until the cyclotron demonstrated its superiority in 1931. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Knowing that the immense energies available to Lawrence via the cyclotron were hopelessly out of reach of their equipment, they opted for lower energies but a higher proton current—less power but more particles. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Madame Lawrence might make her take them off, she knew. Goodbye Stranger 2015-08-04T00:00:00Z Lawrence had disembarked from his flight and was home in Berkeley. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Livingston considered himself an equal partner with Lawrence in the cyclotron’s early development. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “Hello, Lawrence,” called a woman from the front of a shop. The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane 2006-03-30T00:00:00Z At that moment, he and Lawrence realized that Alvarez, their student and protege, was seeing them at their worst. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Indeed, at first Lawrence seemed to let Harvard’s flattery go to his head. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Its developer was Ernest Lawrence, who had shared his boyhood fascination with electric gadgetry with Merle Tuve, his schoolmate and friend from across the street in a compact South Dakota town named Canton. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Whether time proves me right and the Pres.’s two Secretaries, and the Hill boys, and the E. O. Lawrences wrong, I suppose no one will ever know.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Ernest Orlando Lawrence, overlooking the 184-inch cyclotron at what is now Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. shaken off the torpor observed by Livingston in midsummer and were all operating again. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Tony thought Mr. Lawrence was trying to torture him. I Survived the Great Molasses Flood, 1919 2019-09-03T00:00:00Z The report from Lawrence’s panel proved suitably skeptical about monitoring. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence replied defensively that “the radio-sodium experiments were instigated by me alone,” adding, “I did suggest looking for artificial radioactivity this way and actively supervised the experiments.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence predicted that each Alpha would be capable of producing 300 grams of enriched uranium a month. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Oppenheimer recognized that Lawrence’s politics had evolved to reflect those of the people who had become his patrons and friends, men like Alfred Loomis and Jack Neylan. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Sir Lawrence was shown the paper in its nearly final form. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z That does not mean that government security officials invariably found Lawrence cooperative, especially when their suspicions fell upon Rad Lab members he considered indispensable. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He assumed that Lawrence, in his slapdash way with numbers, had mislaid a decimal point and meant a microcurie, a thousand times less. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The fiasco placed heavy pressure on Lawrence, whose outwardly sunny disposition concealed how close he had been brought to physical collapse by the weight of his responsibilities and the strain of constant traveling. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence worked on the tube design with an intensity he had not shown since the Alpha racetrack project. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Three emergencies, actually: first, Lawrence recognized that he must spend more “in order that this giant new machine may really be safe.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z While the twenty-seven-inch accelerator was still on the drawing board, Lawrence and Livingston worked intently to improve the performance of the eleven-inch chamber that Livingston had built for the old magnet. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence reluctantly agreed to meet with the corporation’s Los Angeles patent attorney, Arthur Knight. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z But Berkeley would never again face the risk of losing Ernest Lawrence. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The circumstances of Ernest Lawrence’s first visit to Tuxedo Park are murky. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “The day has been filled . . . with talk about supers, single weapons capable of desolating a vast area,” Lilienthal recorded sourly, his earlier admiration for Lawrence shattered by the latter’s enthusiasm for this loathsome new weapon. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He slung it around his neck and walked the last few feet to where Principal Lawrence stood. The Serpent King 2016-03-08T00:00:00Z To chair the panel devoted to the crucial issues of international inspection and control of nuclear materials, he named Ernest Lawrence. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence acknowledged the presence of some obstacle, but instinct told him they were nowhere near the relativistic limit. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z It was a fortuitous partnership, for Livingston’s skills neatly complemented Lawrence’s. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Ordinarily Holmes looked at Mrs. Lawrence with a directness that was unsettling, but now he avoided her gaze. The Devil in the White City 2003-02-11T00:00:00Z Learning that Wick had refused to sign, Lawrence summoned him to his office for a bitter interview. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “Every two years, someone comes up with an experiment in which he rotates a magnet or something and expects to get the effect he wanted, but he doesn’t and can’t understand why,” he told Lawrence. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The rivalry weighed heavily at the Rad Lab: having learned that Brookhaven was about to submit its proposal, Lawrence gave Brobeck and his design staff a scant two weeks to finish theirs. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Ernest Rutherford was as quick as Lawrence and Lewis to divine the virtues of the deuton as a nuclear projectile. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He was standing on stage again, accepting the envelope and a handshake from Principal Lawrence. The Serpent King 2016-03-08T00:00:00Z As the countdown squawked from the radio, Lawrence was unable to keep still. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He spread his wings and flew off Lawrence’s shoulders, out of his hands and up into the nighttime sky, toward the stars, toward Sarah Ruth. The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane 2006-03-30T00:00:00Z The debate behind the scenes had focused on Lawrence’s role as the quintessential pioneer of Big Science. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Several news publications looked into the predictions of powerful yet clean nuclear weapons made by Lawrence, Teller, and the president and determined they were talking fantasy. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z As part of the university’s contribution, Sproul turned over to Lawrence a two-story wood structure on campus, just across a narrow alley from Gilbert Lewis’s chemistry building. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z This was the Rockefeller Foundation, which soon would supplant every other source as Ernest Lawrence’s preeminent philanthropic sponsor. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence provided the vision, he reflected later, and “Livingston was a pair of arms.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Because of the Korean War, Congress had just lowered the minimum age for military service to eighteen and a half, so Lawrence was drafted at sixteen. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z At Berkeley, he moved into the Faculty Club, a haven for bachelors where Ernest Lawrence—at twenty-eight, Oppenheimer’s senior by nearly three years— was his neighbor. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z That was much closer to the truth: Lawrence had gone to Geneva out of a sense of duty and a commitment to seeing the talks through, and the effort shortened his life. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Blanching at the thought of the indefatigable Lawrence pestering Fosdick in person, Weaver responded sharply, “I don’t see it.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z At issue was an experiment that Lawrence had conducted with James Cork of the University of Michigan on the disintegration of platinum under bombardment. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Swann also may have bequeathed Lawrence another lesson, this one negative. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence had returned to the wartime mind-set of applying unlimited resources to a problem. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z As a rule, Lawrence was not a boisterous sort, but they had all at one time or another witnessed his ebullient outbursts when he was seized with a new idea. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z But they had not reckoned with the horrors of hex—or with the galvanizing personality of Ernest Lawrence. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Smyth was also unhappy with Lawrence’s habit of proposing increasingly ambitious projects before his previous ones had borne fruit. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “Lawrence, we’re going to need another runner, sir, old brother. I go up and down this hill much more my legs going to fall off.” The Killer Angels: The Classic Novel of the Civil War 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z At eleven o’clock on the night of the fifteenth, a government sedan picked up Lawrence for the bumpy three-hour ride to Compania Hill, a watching post twenty miles from the bomb site. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Bush fulfilled that promise a few weeks later by placing Lawrence on a special committee formed under Compton to review the Briggs committee’s work. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence’s interference in a private friendship only added to the growing rift between him and Robert and Kitty. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Beams, for one, was convinced that Yale would never let Lawrence go. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He looked at himself, wonderingly, at the beloved men around him, and he said to himself: Lawrence, old son, treasure this moment. The Killer Angels: The Classic Novel of the Civil War 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z Lawrence and Livingston finally achieved resonant acceleration with this device. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He further informed Lawrence that he intended to back up Briggs “unless there was some decidedly strong case” for accelerating uranium research, which he had yet to see. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z I used to bust out crying all the time, and that was always their go-to line—see Ms. Lawrence. The Hate U Give 2017-02-28T00:00:00Z As Neylan recollected, Lawrence said, “ ‘I hope you’ll give him the benefit of the doubt because he is a fine fellow.’ Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z One time he gave a lengthy tour to a tall, stoop-shouldered man with a lugubrious expression on his long face, whom Lawrence introduced with unusual deference as “Dr. Nicholas Baker.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Also, he was Jewish, and although Lawrence was not an anti-Semite, he could be oversensitive to ethnic distinctions, possibly because of his upbringing in an ethnically homogenous rural community. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The plan was that I’d page Sonny when I got to Baltimore, then he’d pick me up and take me to his brother Lawrence’s house to meet their father and—if I was lucky—Deborah. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z With Lawrence’s endorsement, Seaborg’s project was awarded top priority for time on the Crocker Cracker. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence exploited to the limit the free labor of graduate students, an important key to low-cost operation of the enormous piece of capital equipment he was erecting. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z We know that Ernest Lawrence acquired the basic idea from an article in an obscure German technical journal, and we know the journal, the article, and its author. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Staggering from the examination room, Livingston sought out Lawrence to warn that he almost certainly would be refused his doctorate, due to his failure to demonstrate a grasp of basic nuclear physics. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence can be seen seated with his hands clasped on the lower pole face, near the center of the photo, with the omnipresent Cooksey at his left. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence placed that project under McMillan, whom he extracted from the radar program for the purpose. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Livermore’s nebulous mandate was an ideal fit for Lawrence’s scheme. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence fell back in his chair and stared into his lap, his smile collapsing. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z Lawrence confided to Lilienthal that they were so close that he stayed at the McCormick country mansion when visiting Chicago. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Meanwhile Lawrence, Teller, and Alvarez pitched in with appeals to the Pentagon and influential members of Congress. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence had brought in the sixty-inch despite the warnings of naysayers such as Bethe. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “Lawrence the experimentalist and Oppenheimer the theoretical man formed about as strong a team as you could imagine in physics,” James Brady told an interviewer years later. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z If Lawrence’s attention was still devoted more to perfecting the machine than to exploit its powers, both its performance and its results already were being noticed around the world. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z That was where the Quints were and the St. Lawrence River. The Heart is a Lonely Hunter 1940-07-29T00:00:00Z While the Mark I was still undergoing this shakedown procedure, Lawrence spent his time soothing official doubts about the MTA by citing the continuing threat of a shortage of fissile material. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z It was not about to take Lawrence’s challenge lying down. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z She smiled, a little embarrassed for Madame Lawrence, who’d missed something so obvious. Goodbye Stranger 2015-08-04T00:00:00Z “If Lawrence was interested in the program,” DuBridge explained later, “that was what I wanted to be in.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The final act of this family drama played out at the annual meeting of the American Physical Society, held on Lawrence’s home turf in Berkeley in mid-June. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z I sit at the graves of Oliver and Eugene in the old St. Patrick’s Burying Ground and cross the road to St. Lawrence’s Cemetery where Theresa is buried. Angela's Ashes: A Memoir 1996-09-05T00:00:00Z The next day Mrs. Lawrence stopped Holmes yet again, and this time asked what he knew about Phelps. The Devil in the White City 2003-02-11T00:00:00Z “Lawrence was particularly vociferous about the need for mobilizing all scientific talent for the uranium program,” he wrote. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The sales slowed down, and Bud Lawrence started thinking about other projects. Frindle 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z Livingston doubted that these produced the resonant acceleration Lawrence claimed. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The following year, doctors working with John Lawrence conceived a new use for the cyclotron: the direct irradiation of patients. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “Well then, I don’t care how much political fast-talking you hear, that’s what it’s all about and that’s what them fellers died for, and I tell you, Lawrence, I don’t understand it at all.” The Killer Angels: The Classic Novel of the Civil War 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z To my relief, Sir Lawrence not only made no objection but encouraged me to get on with the job of building models. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Two weeks later, Lawrence was spreading the news that the apparatus had accelerated protons up to 900,0 volts. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence, Teller, and Mark Mills appeared before the subcommittee on Thursday, June 20. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z In other words, Lawrence’s targets were contaminated—his supposed great discovery the product of poor technique. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The Lawrences’ second son, born just after New Year’s Day 1941, was christened Robert, after Oppenheimer. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Just as Lawrence had warned Sproul that the cyclotron diaspora was bound to end Berkeley’s monopoly on cheap grad-student labor, it was now ending Berkeleys monopoly on cyclotron technology. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z After 1933, Lawrence even tapped federal New Deal programs such as the Works Progress Administration and the National Youth Authority, which supported as many as fifteen researchers a year. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The give-and-take of scientific discussion was fostered by another Lawrence innovation: the Journal Club, a weekly colloquium to which all the Rad Lab staff and visitors from other departments were invited. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence charged more than $6,000 to his credit cards to cover the cost of her burial, and when this book went to press, Sonny was saving money to buy her a tombstone. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z All through the fall of 1933, Ernest Lawrence had been on a soaring high, his fame growing within the physics fraternity and among the public. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Kamen could not fathom how Lawrence expected to be immune from courtroom questioning; he supposed, undoubtedly correctly, that Ernest was “not prepared to undergo the trauma of an adversary confrontation.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Groves returned the favor by delivering the keynote at the presentation of Lawrence’s Presidential Medal in 1946, declaring, “We bet a hundred million on him and won.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z This time Neylan’s target was Melvin Calvin, a future Nobel laureate who had worked at the Metallurgical Lab in Chicago and then moved to Berkeley to research peacetime applications of medical radioisotopes with John Lawrence. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The big difference between them was that for Lawrence, the future might well be now. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “All right,” Principal Lawrence said, stepping to the microphone, paper in hand. The Serpent King 2016-03-08T00:00:00Z “It was Lawrence’s genius for understanding a new phenomenon when he had only a glimpse of it,” Livingston marveled years later. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence and Stone may have been too aggressive, but they were on the right track. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The most speculative option involved element 94, that purportedly hyperfissionable substance discovered in Lawrence’s laboratory. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He presented Lawrence’s application at the board’s upcoming meeting on April 3. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Now, meeting Lawrence in person for the first time, he found himself agreeing with Loomis that the Berkeley physicist should be part of the effort. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The Harvard affair permanently altered Lawrence’s relationship with the University of California. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence was sympathetic to the displays of doubt shown by some of his closest friends and colleagues. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z I politely thanked Sir Lawrence for accepting me and told Max I would be back in three weeks for the start of the Michaelmas term. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Lawrence and Alvarez, egged on by their mutual mentor, continued their campaign the next morning. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z To their colleagues, Rutherford and Lawrence would be known as “the two Ernests,” and their work would bookend an epochal quest for knowledge of the natural world. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence, of course, displayed no such doubts, which may only have deepened “Dr. Baker” ’s dismay. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z There Molly came face-to-face with the difference in lifestyles between the cosmopolitan Blumers of New Haven and the Lawrences of pastoral Canton. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z But those five Great Lakes which the St. Lawrence feeds with memories of the sea are themselves landlocked, in spite of the wandering river that connects them to the Atlantic. Song of Solomon 1977-01-01T00:00:00Z The previous day Max Perutz had given Francis a new manuscript by Sir Lawrence and himself, dealing with the shape of the hemoglobin molecule. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Within the decade, Oppenheimer’s theoretical teachings and Ernest Lawrence’s cyclotron would transform Berkeley into very much Caltech’s superior—no longer a desert but the preeminent center of nuclear physics in the world. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence’s approach to security pressures in the bomb program soon evolved under pressure and the omnipresence of security officials in his life. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The heart of Lawrence’s pitch, however, involved two other demands. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z At the White House, he dismissed Byrnes’s concerns by pointing out that the scientific team behind the bomb included Ernest Lawrence and three other Nobel laureates, along with “practically every physicist of standing.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z To Oppenheimer, this sounded like a marketing pitch for government funding of Lawrence’s laboratory, and he persuaded Ernest to back down. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The more Lawrence pushed, the harder Compton pushed back. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He introduced Ernest Lawrence to his readers as the leader of a “scouting party” of Berkeley wunderkinder, most of them “still in their early thirties.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Neylan agreed to extend the contract only after Lawrence pledged not to spend any time on direct management of the Los Alamos lab, though he would have “free run” to consult on its research program. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z When Lawrence visited Y-12 in May 1943, less than three months after ground had been broken, the sight of the transformed valley left him spellbound. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z On the eve of a joint meeting of all the task forces in October 1955, Strauss cautioned Lawrence against any attempt by Stassen to co-opt his reputation for the cause of disarmament. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Tom Johnson would recall hearing Lawrence describe it in the Berkeley library that first night, the Wideroe paper clutched in his hands. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Reaching DuBridge by phone in early October, Lawrence informed him curtly that he was needed to lead an important defense initiative. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z In General Groves, Lawrence encountered—possibly for the first time in his adult life—someone who was even more driven than himself. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z There were shared trips to Yosemite National Park or down to the shore at Carmel, sometimes in Lawrence’s sedan, graciously loaned out if he was staying home. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence asked, “What I was wondering was, about these cells ... They say they’re stronger, they’re taking over—is that bad or good? Does that mean if we get sick, we’ll live longer?” The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z Yet this view fails to reckon with the persuasive powers of Ernest Lawrence and Edward Teller, which played the crucial role in creating momentum for the H-bomb. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The students were all wearing T-shirts with St. Lawrence University printed on them. Facing the Lion 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z On the surface, this appeared to be another victory for Lawrence, for five of the members were his friends or former colleagues. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence had decreed that the electrical field that delivered the sequential jolts to the spiraling protons should be present only in the gap between the two dees. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z As it happened, the Joliots’ discovery of artificial radioactivity came at the moment when Lawrence was fighting his final rearguard action in defense of his deuteron theory. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z So on the way back to the store, Nick’s dad went to Bud Lawrence’s office. Frindle 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z In 1987 Saul Perlmutter at the Lawrence Berkeley lab in California, needing more la supernovae than visual sightings were providing, set out to find a more systematic method of searching for them. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z Lawrence granted him priority access to both the thirty-seven-inch and sixty-inch cyclotrons for a “systematic and energetic campaign” to find long-lived radioactive isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen, with carbon-14 the main quarry. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence reasoned, however, that although domestic sources of uranium ore were practically nonexistent, uranium was plentiful in another form: tons of uranium tailings piled up as waste at Oak Ridge and Hanford. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Livingston may not have recognized that the Rad Lab already had acquired unique prestige at the moment that he challenged Lawrence for credit. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z As Lawrence machines went, this one was a fiasco, not even yielding substantial or unique knowledge to advance the science of accelerator design. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Still, the MTA’s failure marked only a temporary stumble in Lawrence’s influence over domestic nuclear policy. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z But his leftist politics never lay far beneath the surface, posing a continual irritant for Lawrence. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “Don’t make me pinch that freckled cheek a little too hard. It will smart. Seriously, what draws you to the Lawrence movie?” Adrift 1986-01-01T00:00:00Z Lawrence avoided pointing out to Sproul that he had planted the seeds of this competition himself, but plainly the harvest was already being reaped at Berkeley’s expense. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Of course, after dinner Edward did not go outside and stand beneath the stars to have a smoke with Lawrence. The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane 2006-03-30T00:00:00Z This time Lawrence launched the patent frenzy himself. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He measured Lawrence against the other program heads he already had met, and judged him the most capable. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z It was the first appearance of Lawrence’s method for building the world’s first great Big Science laboratory: the remorseless exploitation of cheap graduate-student labor, a resource he would soon have in surfeit. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Then Lawrence pulled a rabbit out of his hat. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Principal Lawrence gestured for Dill to take his place and stepped aside. The Serpent King 2016-03-08T00:00:00Z Lawrence was the only American invited to an event at which he would be rubbing shoulders with twenty-one other present and future Nobel laureates. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z And Neylan’s visceral disdain for Robert Oppenheimer—“so conceited that he just shoved God over”—may well have contributed to the bitter break between Lawrence and Oppenheimer that soured their last years. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The words must have elicited from Poillon a knowing, if wry, smile; in the midst of his travails, Lawrence was looking ahead to the time when the cyclotron’s inconstancy would be merely a quaint memory. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He also considered Harvard the wrong choice for Lawrence. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Tom said, “When you ask them prisoners, they never talk about slavery. But, Lawrence, how do you explain that? What else is the war about?” The Killer Angels: The Classic Novel of the Civil War 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z D. H. Lawrence wrote a novel, The Trespasser, which was inspired by Wagner s version of Siegfried. The Story of Music 2012-12-25T00:00:00Z Her fears were not fully assuaged until she became pregnant early in the new year and delivered a healthy boy, John Eric Lawrence, in mid-October. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lewis Strauss’s monopoly on the scientific information reaching Dwight Eisenhower was about to end, taking with it Ernest Lawrence’s influence over nuclear policy. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z When it was brought before Lawrence, however, he took a very different line. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Alvarez was torn by his loyalties to both men; he had received his doctorate at Chicago under Compton and then had become a trusted staff member at Lawrences Radiation Laboratory. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The delay allowed Lawrence to exploit Groves’s largess without competition: by the time Brookhaven was chartered, the foundations for Lawrence’s three new accelerators already had been laid. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Also omitted were his mentions of the biomedical team working with John Lawrence; consequently, the article gave readers the impression that the radioisotope and neutron work was solely a two-brother effort. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Kamen was the most prominent victim of Lawrence’s increasing rigidity on security matters, for it cost him his job at the Rad Lab and almost his entire career. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Compton relayed Lawrence’s words to Bush the next day, repeating Ernest’s dreary assessment of Briggs as “slow, conservative, methodical, and accustomed to operate at peacetime government bureau tempo.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z It was the moment of truth, for both Lawrence and the bomb project. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence was still on the boil the next day. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Before a cheerful crowd that included Lawrence and Gordon Dean, the “well-lubricated” Teller dropped a bombshell, declaring that he would have nothing to do with the new lab. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Deborah begged Lawrence to tell her about their sister, but the only thing he’d say was that she was beautiful, and that he had to take her everywhere he went so he could protect her. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z While the Rad Lab quickly moved back into basic nuclear research, Ernest Lawrence maintained his personal interest in military projects. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z At dinner the first night, Conant asked Lawrence what he thought it might cost to replicate the Rad Lab at Harvard. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence’s experience as an impresario of Big Science gave him an instinctive grasp of how to scale up a process from prototype to production. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence was nearly sixteen, already out having a life of his own. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z In the end, science was going to dictate the course of the NDRC’s program, and the science of the atomic nucleus was on Lawrence’s side. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z To Bush, the sequestering of knowledge and policy authority had one special virtue: it clipped Lawrence’s wings. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence viewed the quest for 94 through a double prism. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Ernest Lawrence’s renown as an experimentalist and the father of the most productive instrument for researching the atom had spread coast to coast. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Uttered by another laboratory director, these words might sound like lip service, but the record shows that Lawrence vigorously sought opportunities even for his best people. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Even if he were inclined to buy into Lawrence’s vision, funds were scarce. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z War preparations were already tightening the supplies of both commodities, but Loomis pulled strings, even yanked them, to get Lawrence what he needed at a preferential price. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The feel of a tight-knit group pulling together under Ernest Lawrence’s paternal eye was slipping away. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z But Lawrence and Oppenheimer understood that they could not have achieved what they did without each other. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Despite his loyalty to Lawrence, Alvarez proved to be more pliable to the AEC chairman’s haranguing. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The Mark I was what brought Lawrence and Alvarez to Livermore on their scouting visit, Ernest again embracing his wartime role as impresario of a partnership of government, academia, and industry. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “We had more trouble with Ernest Lawrence over personnel than any four other people put together,” Lieutenant Colonel John Lans- dale, Groves’s security chief, was still complaining many years after the war. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence had died the year before, and George had become the heir to Mount Vernon and the thousands of acres that his brother had owned elsewhere in Virginia. George Washington, Spymaster 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z “Smile,” Chamberlain said cheerily, “and don’t call me Lawrence. Are they moving?” The Killer Angels: The Classic Novel of the Civil War 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z Sure enough, Bush interpreted Lawrence’s visit as an attempt to short-circuit his own prerogatives of command. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Elated—perhaps in part because he had won his January bet with Lawrence that the chain reaction would be going by the end of that year— Compton called Conant in Cambridge. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He was a chemist, not a physicist, with an intellectual temperament much closer to Oppenheimer’s than to Lawrence’s. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The task was to assure Lawrence that Berkeley would continue to support the Radiation Laboratory at its accustomed level and open the doors for the expansion he was already contemplating. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z But whenever she left the house, Lawrence stopped being good. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z A few hours later, Strauss called him back, determined to prevent Lawrence’s “illness” from spreading. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Following his ill-fated endorsement of May-Johnson and his subsequent repudiation, Lawrence absented himself from the debate over domestic control. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Working on a navy contract quietly and virtually single-handedly at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, Lawrence’s former graduate student Philip Abelson had perfected a way of enriching uranium by thermal diffusion. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z After Washington, Lawrence and Alvarez planned to fly to Ottawa for a look at the Canadian government’s heavy-water reactor in nearby Chalk River, a design they thought might be adapted for tritium production. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Armed with job offers from several elite universities, he informed Lawrence of his decision to resign. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z That same day, Deborah got a call about one of Lawrence’s sons who’d been arrested for robbery and was in the same jail as Alfred. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z A hub of hydrogen bomb research, the Livermore National Laboratory would be Ernest Lawrence’s final monument. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z But this was tantamount to calling Lawrence’s bluff: at its current level of development, Ernest acknowledged, the calutron could produce enriched uranium fast but only in very small quantities. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrences precocious talent for experimentation and his engaging character were already attracting attention from recruiters in academia and industry. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Teller produced the first draft and brought it to Lawrence’s home on the Sunday before Election Day, just as Ernest was bidding farewell to guests with whom he had shared a liquor-fueled country club outing. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z This was enough to get him an appointment with Ernest Lawrence, who, he recalled, “was very pleased to have another person with engineering interests, because there were lots of engineering problems.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z "Yeah, me neither, but she's really funny. How far is Sarah Lawrence from here?" We Are Okay 2017-02-14T00:00:00Z Lawrence was not to get behind the wheel of an automobile for any distance longer than a few miles, or travel “without suitable protection on any lonely road” or after dark. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Stern barked impatiently, or as John Lawrence, a witness to the encounter, recalled Stern’s words in his own fractured German: “Sie mussen Zurich gehen!”His meaning was clear: “Get back to the lab!” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence responded to the summons by informing Compton, as a fait accompli, that he would be introducing a new participant to the technical roundtable: Robert Oppenheimer. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “How you feel, Colonel, sir? You notice I don’t say ‘Lawrence.’” The Killer Angels: The Classic Novel of the Civil War 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z Lawrence had mentioned the possibility that he might look to the army for the funding necessary to complete the cyclotron, even if a government grant would mean devoting the machine chiefly to military research. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z It fell to Ernest Lawrence, purportedly the only other witness to the conversation, to break the deadlock. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z This is my situation: writing these pages, surrounded in the room I am in by volumes of Montaigne and Shakespeare and Lawrence. Hunger of Memory 1982-01-01T00:00:00Z One man who took such apocalyptic speculation seriously was Leo Szilard, the energetic and resourceful Hungarian physicist who had tried to patent a prototypical cyclotron just before Lawrence’s practical invention. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The gift delighted Mrs. Lawrence but also perplexed her. The Devil in the White City 2003-02-11T00:00:00Z Oppenheimer’s exposure to the high-level deliberations in Schenectady impressed upon him, more directly than Lawrence’s scolding, the wisdom of shedding his political entanglements. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z His goal was to expose them at close quarters to the charismatic energy of his protege Ernest Lawrence, and he was surely successful at finalizing their approval for the cyclotron grant. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Earlier that morning, Deborah had warned me that Lawrence was convinced Hopkins was paying me to gather information about the family. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z “Better get moving, Lawrence, there’s a big rain coming.” The Killer Angels: The Classic Novel of the Civil War 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z That began to change as Lawrence embraced these strangers within the Rad Lab. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z They moved in together when Bobbette was twenty and Lawrence was twenty-four, and they had their first child that same year. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z The discovery of carbon-14 was the high water mark of Kamen s career in the Rad Lab; its publication was the beginning of his painful journey out of Lawrence’s good graces. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z We know less about what prompted Lawrence to pick up the journal and page through it. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “If Lawrence needs more money and is unable to get it from the government under the conditions which will give him complete freedom of action, I would be in favor of our stepping in.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “She seemed delighted with the anticipation of a visit to them,” Mrs. Lawrence said. The Devil in the White City 2003-02-11T00:00:00Z On one previous occasion, Sproul had countered an offer from a rival university—Northwestern, in 1930—by maneuvering around faculty objections to promote Lawrence to a full professor. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Dan Lawrence was not yet twenty; he was still weak from his wounds and loss of blood, still under the cloud of a horror that only subsequent horrors could make him forget. Across Five Aprils 1964-01-01T00:00:00Z The spectacle of Lawrence’s lending his highly developed talent for persuasion to a project of such dubious morality was more painful still. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “Many of the leading institutions of this country and abroad are now engaged in building laboratories similarly equipped,” Lawrence noted. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Teachers made me aware of D. H. Lawrence’s felt separation from his working-class father. Hunger of Memory 1982-01-01T00:00:00Z The stories quoted her son Lawrence, who wanted to know if the immortality of his mother’s cells meant that he might live forever too. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z The French were barely able to sustain trading posts in the St. Lawrence and didn’t even try to plant their flag in pre-epidemic New England. 1491 2005-10-10T00:00:00Z For years, the chemist harbored a bitter resentment of Lawrence, who had plainly dumped the task of firing him in Cooksey’s lap and absented himself from the Rad Lab while the deed was done. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The incident placed Lawrence in a delicate position, for he was then awaiting Groves’s approval of a budget for the Rad Lab’s ambitious postwar program. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Sonny had to work, and Lawrence said he wanted to talk to a lawyer about suing Hopkins instead of seeing the cells, which he referred to as “a multibillion-dollar corporation.” The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z Great achievements always inspired Lawrence to think bigger, and Oak Ridge was no exception. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z York, who knew nothing of the high-level politics driving the Super debate, avoided giving a straight answer, but Lawrence’s question was mostly rhetorical. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence left no public statement about his views of the affair. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence went into business for himself, opening a convenience store in the basement of an old townhouse; Sonny had graduated from high school, joined the air force, and grown into a handsome ladies’ man. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z Many issues raised at Lawrence’s briefings resulted from the decision to begin construction of Y-12 before the central technology was perfected. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “Gosh, Lawrence. There’s almost as many men there as we got in the whole regiment. How we going to guard them?” The Killer Angels: The Classic Novel of the Civil War 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z Lawrence had spent a difficult year cadging money from philanthropists and foundations for a proton accelerator, the purpose of which had to be explained to them in the abstract terms of basic science. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “Lawrence’s commitment of his own war years set the pattern.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “Did you know that Mr. Lawrence Hobgood brought dog biscuits as his covered dish?” Each Little Bird That Sings 2005-03-01T00:00:00Z “I hope you will publicize the fact that you made this plea . . . mainly because of the possibility of public opinion harmful to science,” he wrote Lawrence. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He made the required optimistic noises and asked Lawrence to prepare a preliminary budget. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Seaborg’s early life told the same quintessentially American story of immigration and assimilation as Ernest Lawrence’s, although his upbringing was rather more insular and culturally constrained than that in the Lawrences’ educated household. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z As Lawrence had pointed out to Alvarez, outstanding results in nuclear physics were now emerging steadily from the Rad Lab. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z For all that he felt drawn into Lawrence’s field of attraction, Lilienthal was no innocent. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Frustrated by the slow pace of progress, physicist and U-Committee member Ernest Lawrence urged the committee to bring in some fresh talent. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z In the vacuum created by the long transition to civilian control of atomic energy, Lawrence and his lab prospered. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z This work held up over time, and the new discovery in his lab provoked by Bohr’s skepticism ultimately enhanced, not diminished, Lawrence’s claim to the Nobel. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z But he was correct about the others: not even Oppenheimer had read the actual text before drafting the message to which Lawrence and Fermi had blindly signed their names. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z And the very same day, a man loading finished bolts of cloth onto the railroad cars in the Lawrence mill yard had been run over and crushed. Lyddie 1991-02-01T00:00:00Z But Rutherford’s colleagues found reason to doubt Lawrence’s results. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence’s concern, Frank recalled, was that politics might cause dissension and distraction on the laboratory floor—creating what he called “inhomogeneity” in the lab. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “The last one of our group to give up hope,” Compton wrote later, was Ernest Lawrence. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z York chalked up his new opportunity to Lawrence’s visionary audacity: “It certainly was a matter of great guts,” he reflected. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Plainly Lawrence had placed his thumb on the scale. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He believed the Rad Lab was destined to face inevitable decline as physics progressed and competitive laboratories emerged—many of them built on the model Lawrence had pioneered. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z With that step, Ernest Lawrence became more than just another physics professor with a clutch of graduate students in his charge. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence presented the data, and Oppenheimer followed with a “typically stupefyingly brilliant exposition of its theoretical consequences,” which his hundreds of spectators strained to make out through his “nim-nim-nim” mumbling. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The pier had burned down years earlier, leaving tall wooden pilings that Lawrence and his friends liked to dive from. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z As for Alvarez’s linear accelerator, Lawrence did not even submit an estimate—the device was too novel even to calculate a rough construction budget. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He was equally enthralled by Lawrence’s innovative Journal Club, that weekly free-form exchange of scientific data and news for graduate students, physics faculty, and the occasional visiting eminences that Oppie called Lawrence’s “other great invention.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Compton was seized with a vision of Lawrence supplanting his own authority by the sheer exercise of will, abetted by geography. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z On the return drive, Panofsky told Lawrence that he had not changed his mind. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Morris was a Lawrence fan who labored ceaselessly to solicit donations for the Rad Lab from his circle of distinguished friends. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z This was only one change that Lawrence knew he would face as war gave way to peace. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The beam not only facilitated more sophisticated experiments but also provided a new “vaudeville” for Lawrence to exploit, for it never failed to elicit gasps of astonishment from his visitors. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Livingston carried Loeb’s doubts back to Lawrence, who extinguished them with a typically powerful display of self-confidence. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The legend took hold in Berkeley that this fancy was born in the Lawrence brothers’ neutron treatment of their own mother. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z In those first years of joint bachelorhood, Lawrence and Oppenheimer were virtually inseparable. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The war had thrust itself upon Lawrence’s consciousness in an especially personal way. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Birge’s goal was to wean Lawrence from Yale’s aura of prestige, which could seem overwhelming compared with that of a distant public university. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence expected his cyclotron operators to carry their knowledge out into the world. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence did not spare his own staff: among the first scientists he summoned to MIT were Edwin McMillan, who was then deeply involved in the search for element 93, and Luis Alvarez. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence moved rapidly to recover from the defeat, albeit at long range. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z For the first time, Lawrence heard a physicist with a solid grasp of subatomic behavior express support for his idea rather than smothering it in quibbles. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Nor was the fund-raising potential of the cyclotron lost on Lawrence. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The opportunity to get on with it arrived when Lawrence’s graduate student Niels Edlefsen completed his doctoral work early in the new year. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The three-way appeal from Weaver, Lawrence, and Sproul convinced Fosdick and the foundation trustees: the grant, to be disbursed over two years, came through before the end of January. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z At one point, Kamen recalled, Alvarez tried to cadge more experimentation time from Lawrence by displaying a chart showing a decline in publications by members of the lab. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Sir Lawrence flatly denied prior knowledge of Francis’ efforts and was thoroughly insulted by the implication that he had underhandedly used another scientist’s ideas. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Officer Lawrence Celestine had committed suicide on Friday, in front of another police officer. Zeitoun 2009-07-15T00:00:00Z Lawrence’s talent for communicating with a lay audience was the theme of Time's report. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence would breach that wall and clear away the mist, marking at that same moment the transition to Big Science from small science. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Yet Groves was fully cognizant of Lawrence’s crucial role in the program. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The exodus continued, fueled by growing dismay in the Rad Lab at Lawrence’s refusal to oppose the oath. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Merle Tuve, who was still struggling to produce high-energy particles with his obstreperous Tesla coil, saw little practical application for Lawrence’s curved variation on a linear accelerator. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence replied that “the idea of a federation of democracies may have much practical merit, but... I would not think of using my position as a scientist in furthering such a political movement.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Tuve’s electrostatic accelerator would produce high voltages, all right, Lawrence told Brady. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The team approach to physics, Alvarez judged, was “Lawrence’s greatest invention.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Nor did Oppenheimer share the hauteur that other theoretical physicists displayed toward Lawrence and his crew of preoccupied tinkers. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z To be a Swann loyalist, as Lawrence was, meant being prepared to pack one’s academic bags on short notice. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He was struck by the nonchalance of Lawrence’s decision making: there had been no search committee; no bureaucratic procedure or vetting of candidates. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Many of the scientists Lawrence and Loomis assembled at the MIT Rad Lab would eventually move on to the team that was to build the bomb. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z A friend of Ernest’s since their days as graduate students together, he left Yale to join the Rad Lab, where he would play out his long career as Lawrence’s right-hand man. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Politics had come through the door after all, more or less at Lawrence’s invitation. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He hated people like Bryce Lawrence, who inflicted pain just for fun. Blood of Olympus 2014-10-07T00:00:00Z When Max telephoned upstairs that I was here, Sir Lawrence came down from his office, let me say a few words, and then retired for a private conversation with Max. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Weaver sat through his lunch and dinner meetings with Sproul and Lawrence in a daze, trying not to make promises he could not keep. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z They no longer talk about suing Johns Hopkins, though Lawrence and Zakariyya still believe they’re owed a share of the profits from HeLa cells. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z “E. O. Lawrence personally never quite demobilized after the end of World War II,” the Rad Lab physicist Wolfgang “Pief” Panofsky would observe many years later. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z That still left open the question of who would manage Livermore day to day, in effect as Lawrences viceroy. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Even more alarming was what the Lawrence brothers witnessed that September at the Fifth International Congress of Radiology in Chicago. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The sixty-inch, a huge leap forward in cyclotron technology, had just begun to work, but Ernest Lawrence was already thinking ahead to the next step. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Ernest Lawrence, a Nobel laureate and the intimate friend of statesmen and millionaires, suffered a sudden bout of stage fright at his first meeting with a US president. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence tried to communicate his excitement about Seaborg’s discovery in writing, via a memo to Jewett’s committee declaring that “an extremely important new possibility has been opened for the exploitation of the chain reaction.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The news conference ended with a question for Lawrence: “Do you think the tests should be continued?” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Back in Berkeley, Lawrence redoubled the pace of the deuton bombardments. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence acknowledged that the cost of the new cyclotron “could hardly be absorbed in the general university budget” and promised to help raise the necessary funds. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Many of them would retain lifelong memories of the first time they heard Ernest Lawrence describe the cyclotron. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence calculated the cyclotron’s yield as the equivalent of more than one ton of radium—more radium than was known to exist on earth. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “Of course, such a great instrument would involve large expenditures,” Lawrence said. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z As they made their way around the room, Tab signed up for Hindi Club and French Club, where Madame Lawrence pointed at Bridge and said, “Le chat! ” Goodbye Stranger 2015-08-04T00:00:00Z Notwithstanding the test fizzles, the AEC had committed fully to Livermore, its faith in Ernest Lawrence still strong. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “If we stop testing,” Lawrence declared, “well, God forbid ... we will have to use weapons that will kill fifty million people that need not have been killed.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence escorted Groves around the Rad Lab, showed him the calutron in operation, and explained its virtues so convincingly that the general was carried away. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Around two o’clock in the afternoon, John met up with his friends, the four Williams boys: Charles and Lawrence were brothers; Paul and Eugene just happened to have the same last name. A Few Red Drops: The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 2018-01-02T00:00:00Z On that “cool September evening,” Compton, Conant, and Lawrence arranged themselves around the fireplace in Compton’s living room. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z A further irritant was the inability of patent office examiners to grasp Lawrence’s work, which resulted in skeptical questioning of his patent claims. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence filled out the rest of his budget with contributions from the John R. and Mary Markle Foundation and the Macy Foundation. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z For the first time since Eisenhower took office, the views of Strauss, Lawrence, and Teller were balanced by learned voices on the opposite side of the nuclear debate. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence, unmoved, pointed out that Alvarez himself had produced an impressive number of research papers during the very period he claimed that scientific research had been hobbled. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Not only did he answer my letter, but he included his response in his autobiography, sandwiched between letters to Nehru, Khrushchev, T. S. Eliot, D. H. Lawrence, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and other luminaries. Innumeracy: Mathematical Illiteracy and Its Consequences 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Lawrence, viewing the meeting through the scrim of his boundless optimism, overlooked these off-key notes, detecting only a resounding validation of his vision. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence, the sole American invited, is standing, second from right. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Deuterons being the Rad Lab’s stock in trade, Lawrence commanded, “Let’s try it out.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z After the first Friday, a bone-weary Ernest Lawrence boarded a red-eye flight west for a few days at Balboa and was back in the air two days later for another grueling week. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The Washington visit launched Lawrence into the role of the hydrogen bomb’s most prominent and credible promoter. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Soon, while sitting on his Baltimore hotel bed with the view of the B-R-O-M-O-S-E-L-T-Z-E-R clock, Rogers found Lawrence Lacks in the phone book. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z For all his creativity, Szilard lacked the tenacity of an Ernest Lawrence, as he acknowledged years later. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z When the operator couldn’t find a record of a patient named Henrietta Lacks in the hospital, Lawrence hung up and didn’t know who else to call. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z “Miss Rebecca telling me about our mother cells,” Lawrence said. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z Lawrence would soon jolt it in the right direction. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Trinity fireball at 25 thousandths of a second after detonation, witnessed by Lawrence and others from a watching post twenty miles from the test site. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z This led to the formation of a microwave committee with Loomis as chairman and Lawrence as a member, and in turn to the NDRC’s subsequent decision to establish a crash program at MIT. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z But he could not be unaware that Lawrence’s program would once again strain the university’s resources beyond the breaking point. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z In the early 1600s the French explorer Samuel Champlain thought he might find a route by water across Canada—up the St Lawrence, through the Great Lakes, and on. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Tom said, “You know, Lawrence? I close my eyes, I fall asleep.” The Killer Angels: The Classic Novel of the Civil War 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z Tuve’s indignation revived Lawrence’s defensiveness: “It would seem,” Ernest replied, “that you are overstating things a bit with the remark that you are unable to check a single one of our observations.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The offer surprised York almost as much as Lawrence’s original question about the need for a second lab. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The unexplained refusal shocked Williams, who scurried to find a traveling companion who “meets with your approval,” as he wrote Lawrence. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The station chief, Mr. Lawrence Devlin, was instructed to take as bold an action as he could keep secret: a coup would be all right. The Poisonwood Bible 1998-01-01T00:00:00Z We drove out from the library parking lot and down to the statue of Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain again—he looked pretty cold— and past Bowdoin College. Orbiting Jupiter 2015-10-06T00:00:00Z Lawrence was once again making fresh footprints into a new world, an experience he had not enjoyed since the construction of the twenty- seven-inch cyclotron. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The real culprit was the culture of the lab, as dictated by Lawrence. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence’s results bore important implications for nuclear physics. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Berkeley and its remarkable style of scientific inquiry was on the rise, and that was Ernest Lawrence’s doing—mostly. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence’s concern with the threat to national security from outside forces, specifically Communism, dated back to his earliest involvement with wartime research, when security issues deprived the Rad Lab of Rossi Lomanitz and Martin Kamen. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Swann helped Lawrence apply his raw tinker’s skills to the fashioning of effective experimental equipment. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Bush could not fail to be impressed by DuBridge’s instantaneous assent and what it indicated about Lawrence’s standing in the scientific community. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z It is the emblematic photograph of Ernest Lawrence and Robert Oppenheimer together in the full bloom of their friendship, long before their personal relations became soured by rivalry, suspicion, and politics. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence basked in its glory and made sure the entire lab was warmed in the glow. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Hall informed Lawrence: “Livingston looks tired, and I suggested to him yesterday that he ought by all means to take at least two weeks’ vacation. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He also recorded Lawrence’s assurance that a recent visitor, “a very distinguished biologist,” had declared “that this technique could well be as important to biology and medicine as the discovery of the microscope.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z For his own part, Oppie was profoundly stimulated by the torrent of experimental results from Lawrence’s magnificent machine. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Rutherford and Chadwick stated flatly that they had not found Lawrence’s suspiciously light neutrons in any of their bombardments and saw no reason to revise their calculation of the neutron’s weight to conform to Lawrence’s. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He started with Abilene and then went to Nellie and Lawrence and from there to Bull and Lucy, and then he ended again with Abilene: Abilene, Nellie, Lawrence, Bull, Lucy, Abilene. The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane 2006-03-30T00:00:00Z Lawrence, perfecting his style of Big Science, already was involved less in performing experiments than in managing his interdisciplinary staff. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence arrived in Belgium only a few weeks after he engaged in a minor dustup with Rutherford, at long range, over the prospects for useful energy from the atomic nucleus. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence pried the necessary salary and staff approvals from Sproul, and committed himself personally to finding money to build Seaborg’s hot lab and reactor. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z From left: J. Robert Oppenheimer, newly appointed to head the Manhattan Project’s bomb design lab at Los Alamos; future Nobelist Glenn Seaborg, developing plutonium for the bomb program; and Lawrence inspect the machine’s control console. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z As Lawrence told Shane that first night, he could see nothing wrong with it. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence’s hands were on everything, and everything required decisions, sometimes split-second decisions. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence was summoned to the phone at Trader Vic’s to receive the news. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Once again he was excited about the completion of the St. Lawrence Seaway, and he stopped referring to me altogether because I hadn’t been born. Middlesex: A Novel 2002-06-05T00:00:00Z But he made one compelling point that showed Lawrence and Alvarez how they might restore the program to Washington’s front burner. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence was not alone among the Berkeley crowd in disparaging Oppenheimer’s character. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z For one thing, the relationship between Lawrence and Oppenheimer had become seriously frayed. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z It was not by chance that Lawrence’s personal recollection of the Trinity test was the only one Groves selected for direct transmission to the Pentagon on the day after the blast. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z For this, he needed equipment to manage intense radioactivities and, as a capstone, a nuclear reactor—the one nuclear technology that had eluded Lawrence’s grasp. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Whether it was Lawrence or Livingston who first came up with shimming is unknown, for both would claim credit. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z She clapped her hands together again and Lawrence passed Edward to her. The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane 2006-03-30T00:00:00Z “If there is one chance in ten that he’ll be one of the top physicists in the country, I’ll take that chance,” he declared in approving Lawrence’s promotion. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z What drove the new program forward was the return of Lawrence’s gifted team of physicists from their wartime assignments. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Strauss made the most of his influence over Lawrence by urging him to appoint Teller to the task force and keep thinkers of the Oppenheimer stripe off it. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Despite Lawrences own initial doubts, it would produce the fuel for the bomb that destroyed Hiroshima. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Mr. Lawrence had his lesson all planned out. I Survived the Great Molasses Flood, 1919 2019-09-03T00:00:00Z Old Lawrence there he went on up and argued, but wouldn’t nobody come near us. The Killer Angels: The Classic Novel of the Civil War 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z Lawrence was right about the Rad Lab’s capabilities, however. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z By 1939, nearly a score of physicists who had been trained on Lawrence’s machines were building cyclotrons at a dozen American universities. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence eventually found his voice and launched into a speech very much like the one he had delivered to Jackson’s subcommittee. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Within days, he had remedied the experimental shortcomings that had prevented Lawrence from producing mesons, and before the end of the month had captured tracks of the first artificial mesons ever seen. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence settled on a linear accelerator as the most efficient neutron producer for his purpose. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z It was a prescient question, for Frank Oppenheimer’s association with Lawrence’s lab would end abruptly, following the disclosure of his earlier membership in the Communist Party. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence had already telephoned Arthur Compton to set up a meeting in Chicago. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence countered that Chicago’s experience with large-scale nuclear research was meager compared with that of the Rad Lab, which had support facilities to spare. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z She climbed the stairs to the second floor and went directly to the Lawrences’ apartment. The Devil in the White City 2003-02-11T00:00:00Z “You’ll never get the chain reaction going here,” Lawrence shot back. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Another lab director might have been inclined to fend off poachers from rival universities; Lawrence welcomed them, or at least refused to stand in their way. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Helping him was Sir Lawrence Bragg, the director of the Cavendish. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z After a few days with Lawrence, Groves recognized that his process was the only one with a demonstrated capability to produce appreciable quantities of U-235. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z But when Lawrence saw the publication and heard the lame explanation, he turned his back on Kamen and strode away in wordless fury at the Rad Lab’s subordinate position. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Contemplating the grand tour of Lawrence and Alvarez and the resurgent electioneering of Teller for the Super, Oppenheimer aired his doubts to Conant in a letter affectionately addressed to “Uncle Jim.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Our history teacher, Miss Josie Lawrence, was the blackest teacher in the whole school, but she had the same attitude. Claudette Colvin: Twice Toward Justice 2009-01-20T00:00:00Z “Hey, Lawrence, want you to meet this fella from Alabama. Cap’n Hawkins, want you to meet my brother. This here’s Colonel Chamberlain.” The Killer Angels: The Classic Novel of the Civil War 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z The concept appealed to both Teller and Lawrence, who understood that public alarm about fallout could threaten the lab’s existence. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The bond between Ernest Lawrence and Robert Oppenheimer would influence the development of nuclear physics itself, allied strategy in World War II, and civilian and military nuclear policy through the postwar years. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “Lawrence? The way them Rebs kept coming yesterday . . . You got to admire ’em.” The Killer Angels: The Classic Novel of the Civil War 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z For a Lawrence of Arabia deli called Tray Sheik, I was the one who thought the place should have a bazaar effect, and I found the replicas of cobras lying on fake Hollywood boulders. The Joy Luck Club 1989-01-01T00:00:00Z A few years later the Japanese company incorporated elements of Lawrence’s design into one of the most successful color TV technologies in history, a product it named Trinitron. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z After Loeb made the initial contact with Lawrence in Washington, Birge took over. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Knight and Lawrence spent months trying to counter these serial objections. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “I’m going to be your Lowell Thomas, Sonny my boy,” he told me, “and you my Lawrence of Araby.” October Sky 1999-04-01T00:00:00Z In 1937 they sent up an emergency flare for help; this brought them Laslett, one of Lawrence’s most valued assistants, who advised them that their magnet had been ill designed and misengineered. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Back in Los Alamos, Oppenheimer recorded his thoughts in a disconsolate letter to Lawrence. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Their task was eased somewhat by Lawrences unassailable reputation as an accelerator builder. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Deborah was still waiting to hear the results of what she thought was her cancer test, and Sonny and Lawrence were still busy trying to figure out how to get money from Hopkins. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z On one side were Lawrence, Alvarez, and a few other supporters of the oath; on the other side were several equally distinguished scientists. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z After Strong described at dinner one evening his experiences supervising the carpenters, plumbers, and electricians building his house, Lawrence drove him up the hill to the Rad Lab site. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence and Cork had gone to great lengths, all meticulously documented, to cleanse their platinum targets of all impurities. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Radioisotopes would be the currency of a new physics, chemistry, and biology, and Lawrences cyclotron would be the world’s preeminent mint. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Slater wrote Lawrence that the application concerned “your proton merry- go-round ... It never would have occurred to me to patent such a thing but I thought at any rate you would want to know.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence did not yet command a laboratory staff—only three graduate students, each already working on projects he had approved. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Sure enough, conflict between them broke open at the end of January, when Lawrence appeared in Chicago with a proposal to centralize all the plutonium and isotope work, including the atomic pile, at Berkeley. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z When Sherm said “date,” Bridge’s head buzzed the same way it did when Madame Lawrence pointed at her in French class. Goodbye Stranger 2015-08-04T00:00:00Z Five years earlier she noticed Lawrence walking down the street in his uniform, and fell for him instantly. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z They draped these over the balky apparatus and localized the radiation source to Kamen’s fly, which evidently had collected a heavy burden of waste radio-phosphorus from Kamen’s work for John Lawrence. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z With an additional $500 cadged from the National Research Council, Lawrence ordered a custom magnet with nine-inch pole faces from the Federal Telegraph Company. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence had been talent-spotted by Time-, his elevation to the magazine’s cover boy as the symbol of modern American science would soon follow. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “Great and small, they all backed the plan and you” Dave Morris wrote Lawrence the next day. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z On March 12, 1928, Lawrence accepted the Berkeley offer by telegram. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Despite the inflow of cash and capital assets, Lawrence kept a parsimonious grip on his kingdom. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z But when I asked about his mother, Lawrence fell silent. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z After only three weeks of bombardments under Lawrence’s intent gaze, White had enough data to publish. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “And they are uncommonly sensitive. They mourn their dead just like we do. In fact, I read a story about Lawrence Anthony, a man they called ‘the elephant whisperer.’ Shouting at the Rain 2019-05-07T00:00:00Z Everybody else on the train, Franny said, looked very Smith, except for two absolutely Vassar types and one absolutely Bennington or Sarah Lawrence type. Franny and Zooey 1961-09-14T00:00:00Z Initially her mood was bright, for the parcel contained an early Christmas present she planned to give to her friends the Lawrences, but as she neared the corner of Sixty-third and Wallace, her spirits dimmed. The Devil in the White City 2003-02-11T00:00:00Z Livingston’s first task was to scrub the hyperbole from the claims that Lawrence and Edlefsen had made. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “It is not appropriate for the two of you to watch together,” and she flips the channel, stops on an afternoon rerun of Lawrence Welk. The Help 2009-02-10T00:00:00Z It was also at odds with the facts, and with Oppenheimer’s own judgment as he relayed it a few years later to Lawrence’s biographer, Flerbert Childs. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence did his best to field all these challenges, but plainly he was overmatched. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z One of the first letters of congratulations came from Lawrence. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Then, right there on TY Mrs. Granger and Nick and Bud Lawrence and Nick’s mom were talking to twenty million people about frindles. Frindle 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z What they did not anticipate, however, was Lawrence’s reaction to the publication the following March of their note in the Physical Review. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z At Yale, Lawrence’s closest research collaborator was Jesse Beams, another rural Midwesterner—his grandparents had migrated from West Virginia to Kansas in a covered wagon. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Why had Emeline said nothing to Mrs. Lawrence, when together they had shared so many other confidences? The Devil in the White City 2003-02-11T00:00:00Z Kamen reached out to Lawrence for a deposition attesting to his loyalty, of which Lawrence in fact had no doubt. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Bud Lawrence was suddenly flooded with orders for anything with the word frindle on it, and he quickly got interested again. Frindle 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z “It was discussed at some length,” Lawrence remembered, “perhaps ten minutes.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Torn between his incompatible loyalties to Lawrence and to Strauss, Alvarez finally opted to serve the latter, and booked a seat on the red-eye flight to Washington. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Deborah hounded Lawrence to tell her anything he remembered about their sister and mother. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z Yet even as Lawrence’s words were reminding Fosdick of the foundation’s guilt, they cracked open a door to its redemption. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z No one in the family remembers reading that article—they figure Lawrence just put it in a drawer and forgot about it. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z Lewis “told me facetiously that he is going to have the Radiation Laboratory declared a public nuisance,” Lawrence wrote Poillon, not without a certain perverse pride. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence planned to place Lomanitz in charge of the electromagnetic separation work at Berkeley, but the security men had other ideas. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z But to Lawrence, seized with unrestrained enthusiasm, the projects future seemed assured. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z She included a copy of the George Gey tribute written by McKusick and Jones, saying she thought Lawrence would like to see an article about his mother’s cells. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z Livingston had discovered electrical focusing by sheer ingenuity and serendipity; Lawrence recognized the underlying principle, which enabled him to incorporate it into subsequent designs. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z After Lawrence brought his bride, Molly, to Berkeley, Oppenheimer remained an intimate part of the family circle. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Soon, Hsu wrote a letter to Lawrence asking if she could send a nurse out to Hagerstown to collect samples from Zakariyya in prison. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z Lawrence remained defensive about the oversight as late as 1940, when he rationalized it as the consequence of the Rad Lab’s singular devotion to improving the cyclotron at the expense of unimportant short-term discoveries. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence called the main switchboard at Hopkins, saying, “I’m calling about my mother, Henrietta Lacks—you got some of her alive in there.” The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z To what extent Ernest Lawrence concurred with that baleful conclusion is not documented, for no notes by him have been found. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z But they bowed to Sproul’s judgment that losing Lawrence would be even costlier, and voted to cover all the annual operating and maintenance costs that Lawrence had budgeted for the Rad Lab. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z In the evening, Lawrence came home from the sea and there was dinner and Edward sat at the table with the fisherman and his wife. The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane 2006-03-30T00:00:00Z He still felt plenty of rage towards Bryce Lawrence, and Gaia and the giants. Blood of Olympus 2014-10-07T00:00:00Z The centrifuge, which was being pursued by Lawrence’s old friend Jesse Beams at the University of Virginia, persistently underperformed its expected enrichment yield; it would be the first method abandoned outright. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “Well, Lawrence, Great God A-Mighty—” “You just be careful of the name business in front of the men. Listen, we don’t want anybody to think there’s favoritism. ” The Killer Angels: The Classic Novel of the Civil War 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z Sir Lawrence had had too much of Francis to be surprised that he had again stirred up an unnecessary tempest. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Poillon, concerned that Berkeley’s broad patent claims might provoke a messy interinstitutional fight, pleaded with Lawrence to narrow his claims to avoid controversy. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z A great deal of obloquy fell on Lawrence and his colleagues at the Rad Lab, who had stood united, and virtually alone, against Oppenheimer. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Tom said, “I tell you, Lawrence, I sure was fond of that man.” The Killer Angels: The Classic Novel of the Civil War 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z Lawrence was beating the bushes for money to build his new 100-volt, sixty-inch cyclotron, which by Bethe’s reckoning was ten times beyond useless. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The men continued to work heedlessly in a miasma of radioactive emissions, including neutrons, which Lawrence recognized as especially active on human tissue. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “Much of the difficulty in the past has been due to the fact that Ernest Lawrence in particular had strong ideas in regard to policy, and talked about them generally,” Bush wrote Frank Jewett. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The friends of Seymour Lawrence call him “Sam.” Slaughterhouse-Five 1969-01-01T00:00:00Z Lawrence cautioned Sproul that personnel expenses at the Rad Lab were destined to rise sharply, for the lab was becoming the victim of its own success. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “Have you heard of St. Lawrence?” he asked me. Facing the Lion 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z Sometimes Elsie raced through the fields, chasing wild turkeys or grabbing the family mule by the tail and thrashing against him until Lawrence pulled her off. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z He was Lawrence’s great friend, yet as different from the South Dakota boy as the moon is different from the sun. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z After the war, Serber had become a valued member of the Berkeley faculty, recruited by Lawrence to succeed Oppie as its chief theoretical physicist. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z In Lawrence’s expansive vision, Rutherford’s goal of 10 million electron volts was already within reach. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence donated the unfinished 184-inch to the bomb effort by converting it to a mass spectrograph for the separation of uranium isotopes. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He set up a trust account for Nick, and the bank manager said he could make arrangements with Mr. Lawrence so any other money would be deposited automatically. Frindle 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z But Lawrence responded brusquely to what sounded like Oppie’s assumption of guilt on behalf of scientists everywhere. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z It was Stan Livingston who chafed most deeply under the Lawrence regime. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence thereby presided over a transformation of American science as profound as any change inspired purely by scientific discovery: the launch of peacetime government patronage. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z As Lawrence rose in professional esteem, his social circle came to encompass the banking and oil magnates who had become his financial patrons. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “If they succeeded first,” Compton recalled Lawrence’s warning, “they would have in their hands the control of the world.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z But the infuriated Strauss dismissed Lawrence’s plea of illness and delivered a vicious tongue-lashing, capping it bluntly with an accusation of cowardice. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z There Ernie Lawrence and Merle Tuve grew up together in tidy houses facing each other across the street, Merle the elder by a scant six weeks. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Swann assigned Lawrence to design an experiment to investigate the effect, acknowledging cheerfully that previous efforts all had yielded inconclusive results. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence could also take pride in the cyclotron’s improved reputation as a reliable laboratory instrument. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z On the West Coast, however, Ernest Lawrence was developing his own solution to the agency’s dilemma. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence was given to extravagant predictions of this sort; if he had not consistently delivered on them, no one would believe him. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Alvarez had spent nearly his entire professional career in Lawrence’s thrall, following his orders without question. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Madame Lawrence, who was very strict, sometimes chatted and laughed with Tab before class. Goodbye Stranger 2015-08-04T00:00:00Z “So we went to Oppenheimer,” Brady recalled of one such occasion, “and Lawrence hardly finished the first sentence when Oppie said, ‘No, no, no, no, no. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He made Lawrence and Compton aware that henceforth their portfolio was to be exclusively scientific and technical. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “Theorists tend to be more liberal in their politics, liberal ranging on into radical,” the Nobel laureate Edwin McMillan, Lawrence’s laboratory associate and brother-in-law, observed years later. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence’s relationship with the patent bureaucracy would never be particularly comfortable or, for that matter, lucrative. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z There would be five more Lawrences, all perfectly healthy at birth. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z She pictured Mr. Lawrence, limping through the classroom. I Survived the Great Molasses Flood, 1919 2019-09-03T00:00:00Z Mr. Lawrence told them it was even more deadly than the Black Death, the plague that struck Europe during the time of the knights. I Survived the Great Molasses Flood, 1919 2019-09-03T00:00:00Z But for Mrs. Lawrence this explanation only raised more questions. The Devil in the White City 2003-02-11T00:00:00Z Liverpool was soon the happy recipient of Lawrence’s blueprints and two English-born, Rad Lab—trained physicists, dispatched to help Chad wick build his machine. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He cited the conclusion of Lawrence and Teller that “several score of inspection stations would be required to monitor testing in the Soviet Union,” not the dozen or so proposed by Stassen. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z But Lawrence saw opportunity in the discouraging new figure. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z As it happened, Lawrence would meet Swann’s ten-year timeline with room to spare, bringing home the Nobel Prize only eight years later. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z There also would be quarters for John Lawrence’s “rat colony,” Hanson reported. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “I’m so scared, Jeth. Seems I hadn’t known what war was till Danny Lawrence come bringin’ us this awful word of Tom.” Across Five Aprils 1964-01-01T00:00:00Z Lawrence stunned his colleagues with the disclosure that the Rad Lab had isolated a microscopic quantity of U-235 on the very day before the attack on Pearl Harbor. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence listened soberly, his eyes wandering over the magnets, Tesla coils, and vacuum tubes littering the lab. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z But Lawrence was thinking about 100 million or even 200 million volts, not Chadwick’s mere 60 million or 70 million. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence’s statement took the wind out of the security inquiry, and the board passed Calvin after a brief interrogation. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The dinner was Kheifetz’s way of thanking Kamen for his having arranged radiation treatment for a Soviet diplomat’s leukemia in John Lawrence’s lab, but it was viewed with much greater gravity by the security men. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Unlike his mentor, Lawrence would be an academic homebody all his life, preferring to remain in place rather than move on. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The week after Dan Lawrence’s story had been heard in Newton, Ross Milton printed an open letter in his paper. Across Five Aprils 1964-01-01T00:00:00Z John Lawrence became interested in radiation medicine through his work with the pioneering neurosurgeon Harvey Williams Cushing at Harvard. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He surely appreciated the assignment for another reason: it was his first chance to move out of the shadow of Ernest Lawrence. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The prospect of losing Lawrence provoked panic on the science faculty. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence further assured Groves that, if Oppenheimer failed in his task, he would step in himself. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence “became a relatively prominent guy during the thirties, and rightly so,” Oppenheimer would recall. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “I am hastening to let you know that the experiments on the production of high speed protons have been successful beyond our expectations,” Lawrence wrote to Dr. Frederick Gardner Cottrell on July 17. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “The cyclotron evidently proves to be a sort of hen laying golden eggs,” Segre wrote Lawrence fulsomely. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z In Lawrence’s flat- management paradigm, there would be no titles among rhe scientists at Livermore, no pecking order among the PhDs on the laboratory floor. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Yet bonds of friendship, colleagueship, and shared travail in the bomb project made it difficult for Lawrence to dismiss Oppenheimer’s disquiet entirely. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Back home in New York and safely out of range of Ernest’s ebullience, Weaver outlined his doubts in letters to both Sproul and Lawrence. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence, now back on his feet, felt encouraged enough to outline an appeal for yet another expansion of Y-12. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence eventually accepted the patenting of scientific inventions as a necessary evil. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Supreme Court finally invalidated them in Lawrence v. Drama High 2013-09-26T00:00:00Z This underscored Bush’s esteem for the breadth of Lawrence’s scientific knowledge and his emollient managerial technique. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Mrs. Lawrence’s questioning had become more pointed, almost accusing. The Devil in the White City 2003-02-11T00:00:00Z But as Lawrence informed Cottrell, the magnet would require its own building and a brand-new array of high-powered oscillators and other accessories. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z In October 1948, as Frank was preparing to accompany physicist John Williams to Berkeley to discuss the construction of an accelerator at Minnesota, Lawrence abrupdy informed Williams that Frank would not be welcome. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Scientists seeking a step-by-step guide to the novel science of artificial radioactivity needed to study Lauritsen; those seeking a foreshadowing of the new science’s possible harvest consulted Lawrence. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The project neatly combined work each had been doing previously—Lawrence’s research under Swann into the photoelectric effect in gas vapor and Beams’s investigation of short-lived physical phenomena. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “Lawrence is the only one of us kids who remembers our mother,” Sonny said eventually. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z When Oppie called to tell him he would rejoin the Berkeley faculty after all, Lawrence responded, “Good, I can clip your wings a little.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Why, Maine extends northward almost to the mouth of the St. Lawrence, and its upper border is perhaps a hundred miles north of Quebec. Travels with Charley in Search of America 1962-01-01T00:00:00Z For this, he chose to blame Donald Cooksey, who, as the longtime associate director of the Rad Lab, served as the official keeper of the Lawrence flame. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z As befit the man who had challenged Ernest Rutherford’s disparagement of atomic power as “moonshine” back in 1933, Ernest Lawrence’s first instinct was to take the news of fission as vindication. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence knew the Cavendish delegates were skeptical not only of his deuton theory but also of the cyclotron itself as a laboratory tool. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Additionally, the lab would be recognized as a division of the university, independent of the Physics Department, with Lawrence as director. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The goal was not necessarily to change Comptons mind, for he was likely to hold a positive view of Lawrence’s project anyway, but to encourage him to express his opinion in especially forceful terms. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z In acknowledgment of the University of California’s tolerant hospitality toward a laboratory that was now devoted almost entirely to government work, Lawrence dubbed the new unit the calutron. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “And tonight is a big night. Lawrence Welk is on TV. All the singing, dancing, and polka music. You’ll love it!” The Red Umbrella 2010-04-25T00:00:00Z Back in his office, Lawrence asked Oppenheimer to join them. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Lawrence had run the Rad Lab frugally—for a laboratory. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Ernest Lawrence was being mentioned in quarters and in contexts that only a year or two earlier would have been unimaginable. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z |
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