| 单词 | Lamarckian |
| 例句 | Whether you’re Darwinian or Lamarckian, you have to ask the question: What’s that information doing in the child if it doesn’t matter? Kyle Pruett on Fatherhood 2012-07-23T11:00:00Z The various models proposed for the mechanism of evolution, such as Lamarckian evolution, orthogenesis, and use-disuse, all implied some level of teleology, that there was a directionality inherent in the process. When Lord Kelvin Nearly Killed Darwin's Theory 2021-09-05T04:00:00Z But biologists are quick to stress that what these organisms show is not true Lamarckian evolution. Cannibalistic tadpoles and matricidal worms point to a powerful new helper for evolution 2018-11-28T05:00:00Z The main alternative hypothesis was Lamarckian evolution, named after the French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. A spotlight on bacterial mutations for 75 years 2018-11-25T05:00:00Z But wealth inheritance is obviously Lamarckian, in that it’s the inheritance of an acquired characteristic. The Bazalgettes And The Slowness Of Economic And Social Mobility 2015-02-02T05:00:00Z In the present state of our knowledge the theoretical difficulty is not fatal to the Lamarckian supposition; it does no more than demand a much more careful scrutiny of the supposed cases. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 3 "Helmont, Jean" to "Hernosand" 2012-04-14T02:00:23.707Z Not unnaturally, therefore, he was to begin with a Lamarckian, believing in the cumulative transmission of the transforming results of use and disuse and of environmental influences. Herbert Spencer 2012-02-29T03:00:20.773Z Although some researchers bristle at giving any credence to Lamarckian thinking, "The way plasticity can influence evolution really fits very comfortably in the general framework of how we think evolution works," Pfennig says. Cannibalistic tadpoles and matricidal worms point to a powerful new helper for evolution 2018-11-28T05:00:00Z However, scientists are uncovering and debating an increasing array of other evolutionary processes at work in bacteria, some of which are suspiciously Lamarckian in character4–6. A spotlight on bacterial mutations for 75 years 2018-11-25T05:00:00Z To recast this same argument there’s both Darwinian and Lamarckian evolution. The Bazalgettes And The Slowness Of Economic And Social Mobility 2015-02-02T05:00:00Z The question was unorthodox, says Brunet, "because it touches upon the Lamarckian idea that you can inherit acquired traits, which biologists have believed false for years." Longevity Shown for First Time to Be Inherited via Non-DNA Mechanism 2011-10-19T17:15:00.263Z In his Autobiography he gives two reasons for his oversight, one was his Lamarckian preconception that the inheritance of functionally-produced modifications sufficed to explain the facts of evolution. Herbert Spencer 2012-02-29T03:00:20.773Z The Duke of Argyll, Mr. Mivart and Mr. Geddes may be named in this connexion; together with the self-styled neo-Lamarckians, who seek to magnify the Lamarckian principles at the expense of the distinctively Darwinian. Darwin, and After Darwin (Vol 3 of 3) Post-Darwinian Questions: Isolation and Physiological Selection 2011-10-18T02:00:18.363Z I know it is sometimes said by members of this school, that in his utilization of Lamarckian principles as accessory to his own, Darwin was actuated by motives of "generosity." Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z Dugatkin: Kropotkin, particularly towards the end of his career, became very interested in Lamarckian inheritance. The Prince of Evolution: Lee Alan Dugatkin on Peter Kropotkin, Anarchism, and Cooperation in Nature 2011-09-13T18:15:00.207Z It is suggested that even in the absence of modification produced by any possible Darwinian or Lamarckian factors, that even in a neutral environment, divergent evolution of some kind would have occurred. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 1 "Evangelical Church Conference" to "Fairbairn, Sir William" 2011-07-16T02:00:16.387Z Nevertheless, for purposes of illumination, it is sometimes useful—on what we may call the Lamarckian system—to see where the orbits of certain eminent writers of distinctive originality approach nearest to one another. Aspects and Impressions 2011-04-12T02:00:22.073Z All his life long, as his letters show us, the great geologist had felt the powerful spell of the Lamarckian hypothesis continually enticing him with its seductive charm. Charles Darwin 2010-12-24T03:00:33.847Z For no matter how faintly or how fitfully the substance of heredity may be modified by somatic tissues, the Lamarckian principles are hypothetically allowed some degree of play. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z The most famous Lamarckian example: giraffes acquired their long necks because their recent ancestors had stretched to reach high, nutrient-rich leaves. 2010-01-08T21:15:00Z This doctrine makes both the Darwinian and Lamarckian theories merely secondary. Naturalism And Religion Darwin accepted in general the Lamarckian doctrine that each succeeding generation would have new characters added to it by the modification of environmental factors and by the use and disuse of organs and functions. History of Human Society Such hazy and indistinct thinkers as these are still really at the prior stage of Lamarckian evolutionism. Charles Darwin 2010-12-24T03:00:33.847Z I have now given a brief sketch of the indirect evidence in favour of the so-called Lamarckian factors, in so far as this appears fairly deducible from the facts of reflex action and of instinct. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z Lamarckian evolution came to be seen as a scientific blunder. 2010-01-08T21:15:00Z For the phenomena which suggest the Lamarckian interpretation presuppose this most essential factor—the primary adaptiveness. Naturalism And Religion Subsequently, Weismann and others reinterpreted Darwin's theory and strengthened its main propositions, abandoning the Lamarckian theory of use and disuse. History of Human Society He attributed considerable importance as well to the Lamarckian principle of use and disuse, already so fully insisted upon before him by Mr. Herbert Spencer. Charles Darwin 2010-12-24T03:00:33.847Z In the first place, it is forgotten that the very question in debate is whether causes of the Lamarckian order are unnecessary to explain all the phenomena of organic nature. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z But may there not be other factors, as yet unrecognized, that supplement the Lamarckian and Darwinian principles in bringing about this marvellous evolution of beings? A History of Science, Volume 5(of 5) Aspects Of Recent Science He did, indeed, make some concessions to the Lamarckian principle that new characters may be acquired by increased use, and to other “secondary” principles. Naturalism And Religion Since Weissmann's time, however, every Lamarckian feels it necessary to suggest some method by which the altered body of the parent can produce modifications in the germ plasms from which the young are to spring. The Meaning of Evolution Nay, the dream of the Lamarckians labors under a special disadvantage, from which the dreams of the others are free. The Testimony of the Rocks or, Geology in Its Bearings on the Two Theologies, Natural and Revealed The Lamarckian factors, however, have no reference to degrees of adaptation, any more than they have to degrees of complexity. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z Where is the necessity for even the remains of the Lamarckian doctrine of inherited habit? Are the Effects of Use and Disuse Inherited? An Examination of the View Held by Spencer and Darwin But attempts are being made in other quarters, especially among the Lamarckians, to build up an opposition theory. Naturalism And Religion Even a Lamarckian will allow this to be within the range of possibility. Heads and Tales : or, Anecdotes and Stories of Quadrupeds and Other Beasts, Chiefly Connected with Incidents in the Histories of More or Less Distinguished Men. The Lamarckian theory of the hereditary transmission of characters acquired by use, disuse, etc., has still a following, though it is controverted by the schools of Darwin and Weissmann. The World's Greatest Books — Volume 15 — Science In this Preface it is argued that we are not necessarily obliged to exclude the possibility of Lamarckian principles having operated in the original formation of these instincts. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z It will be enough to ask that the Lamarckian factor of use-inheritance shall be removed from the category of accredited factors of evolution to that of unnecessary and improbable hypotheses. Are the Effects of Use and Disuse Inherited? An Examination of the View Held by Spencer and Darwin The “Lamarckian” view as opposed to the Darwinian continues to hold its own, and indeed is more ardently supported than ever. Naturalism And Religion Surely the ancients surpassed many modern naturalists of the Lamarckian school, who would derive him from an ourang, a chimpanzee, or a gorilla. Heads and Tales : or, Anecdotes and Stories of Quadrupeds and Other Beasts, Chiefly Connected with Incidents in the Histories of More or Less Distinguished Men. It seems to me that in the Origin he gives more weight to the “Lamarckian factor” than he did in 1844. The Foundations of the Origin of Species Two Essays written in 1842 and 1844 Thus it raised the whole question as to the admissibility of Lamarckian principles in general; or the question on which we are now engaged touching the possible inheritance of acquired, as distinguished from congenital, characters. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z For Lamarckians however the modifications which are admittedly factors in survival, are regarded as the parents of inherited variations; for believers in organic selection they are only the foster-parents or nurses. Evolution in Modern Thought "The Lamarckian principle, therefore, offers but a possible and to transformation, the principal cause is to be found in organic growth." At the Deathbed of Darwinism A Series of Papers So numerous are now the adherents, in some form, of Lamarck’s views, that at the present time evolutionists are divided into Darwinians and Lamarckians or Neolamarckians. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work We fight shy of the Lamarckian conception that the living thing obscurely works out its own salvation by blind and instinctive effort. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology But in the majority of cases where adaptive structures are concerned, there is no means of discriminating between the influences of the Lamarckian and the Darwinian factors. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z The Lamarckian Principle Lamarck, as is well known, formulated a definite theory of evolution at the beginning of the nineteenth century, exactly fifty years before the Darwin-Wallace principle of selection was given to the world. Evolution in Modern Thought How does the Lamarckian hypothesis explain the sterility of hybrids, for example? Selections from Previous Works and Remarks on Romanes' Mental Evolution in Animals When a boy, I used to arrange my collection of shells by the Lamarckian system, which had replaced the old Linnean classification. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work It so happened that just about the time when Roux's papers were beginning to appear a brilliant attempt was made by Samuel Butler to revive and complete the Lamarckian doctrine. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Starting with the evidence in favour of the so-called Lamarckian factors, we have to begin with the Indirect—and this without any special reference to the theories, either of Weismann or of others. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z Darwin also regarded this Lamarckian principle, as it is now generally called, as a factor in evolution, but he was not fully convinced of the transmissibility of acquired characters. Evolution in Modern Thought The Lamarckian doctrine is now held mainly by persons who have either lacked training in the evaluation of evidence, or have never examined critically the assumptions on which they proceed. Applied Eugenics When in our boyhood days we attempted to arrange our shells, we were taught to use the Lamarckian system, that of Linné having been discarded many years previous. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work Led by the German biologist, Weismann, they would thrust the Lamarckians, with their hypothesis of use-inheritance, clean out of the field. Anthropology Therefore, in many such cases, if the incipient construction is not to be explained by the Lamarckian principles, it is difficult to see how it is to be explained at all. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z It is inconceivable, he says, that so many processes of selection should take place simultaneously, and we are therefore forced to fall back on the Lamarckian factor of the use and disuse of functional parts. Evolution in Modern Thought As C. L. Redfield has secured considerable publicity for his attempt to bolster up the Lamarckian theory, it deserves a few words of comment. Applied Eugenics In his Experimental Evolution he employs the Lamarckian factors of environment and use and disuse, regarding the selective factors as secondary. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work From what has been said of these post-Darwinian discoveries, the Lamarckian doctrine, which teaches that acquired non-congenital characters are transmitted, seems to be ruled out. The Doctrine of Evolution Its Basis and Its Scope On the contrary, it appears to be self-evident that this principle must be accepted in some degree or another by every one, whether Darwinians, Neo-Darwinians, Lamarckians, Neo-Lamarckians, or even the advocates of special creation. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z And yet all this belongs to an organ which is only passively functional, and therefore can have nothing to do with the Lamarckian principle. Evolution in Modern Thought Such a view is often taken, but the Lamarckian doctrine seems to us just as mystical here as anywhere else, and no more necessary. Applied Eugenics Our present views as to the relations between the Lamarckian factors and the Darwinian one of natural selection are shown by the following summary at the end of this essay. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work A combination of Lamarckian and Darwinian factors has been proposed by Osborn, Baldwin, and Lloyd Morgan, in the theory of organic selection. The Doctrine of Evolution Its Basis and Its Scope At first sight nothing could seem more conclusive on the side of Darwinian or Lamarckian principles than are the facts of hereditary disease, in cases where the disease has unquestionably been acquired by the parents. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z Spencer's main object was to substantiate the validity of the Lamarckian principle, the coöperation of which with selection had been doubted by many. Evolution in Modern Thought The arrangement here adopted is a modified Lamarckian one, very similar to that used by Reeve and Sowerby, and by MR. Ceylon; an Account of the Island Physical, Historical, and Topographical with Notices of Its Natural History, Antiquities and Productions, Volume 1 It is interesting to see how thoroughly Lamarckian Cope was in his views on the descent theory. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work I have pointed out elsewhere that the British nation does not consist of atheists and Plymouth Brothers; and I am not now going to pretend that it ever consisted of Darwinians and Lamarckians. Back to Methuselah In one of his papers Weismann says that if there be any truth in the Lamarckian doctrine of the transmission of acquired characters, it ought to follow that the human infant should speak by instinct. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z The Lamarckian system has all along been maintained by Mr. Herbert Spencer, who, in his Principles of Biology, published in 1865, showed how impossible it was that accidental variations should accumulate at all. The Humour of Homer and Other Essays The antlers of stags are the best case in favour of the Lamarckian view of the evolution of somatic sexual characters. Hormones and Heredity This requirement is one of the indispensable supports of the Lamarckian theory. Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation This acceptance of the congenital character of the individual as the determining factor in his destiny had been reinforced by the Lamarckian view of Evolution. Back to Methuselah Lastly, I was myself led to doubt the Lamarckian factors still further back in the seventies, by having found a reason for questioning the main evidence which Mr. Darwin had adduced in their favour. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z Both Lamarckians and Weismannists, not to mention mankind in general, admit that the better adapted to its surroundings a living form may be, the more likely it is to outbreed its compeers. The Humour of Homer and Other Essays The evolution of it can only be explained either on the theory of mutation or some Lamarckian hypothesis. Hormones and Heredity On the one hand, Weismann has rejected the Lamarckian factors,--the effect of use and disuse upon organs, and the transmissibility of acquired characters. Beacon Lights of History, Volume 14 The New Era; A Supplementary Volume, by Recent Writers, as Set Forth in the Preface and Table of Contents We have here a routine which, given time enough for it to operate, will finally produce the most elaborate forms of organized life on Lamarckian lines without the intervention of Circumstantial Selection at all. Back to Methuselah Before we are entitled to discard the Lamarckian factors in toto, we must be able to destroy all evidence of their action. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z One moment he gives all that is wanted for the Lamarckian contention, the next he denies common sense the bare necessaries of life. The Humour of Homer and Other Essays The possibility of a Lamarckian explanation he does not even mention. Hormones and Heredity The Lamarckian hypothesis has long since been justly condemned, and it is the established practice for every tyro to raise his heel against the carcase of the dead lion. Darwiniana : Essays — Volume 02 The reason was, I think, that Circumstantial Selection is easier to understand, more visible and concrete, than Lamarckian evolution. Back to Methuselah And this fact is of itself sufficient to prove the doctrine of continuity to the extent that even the Lamarckian is rationally bound to concede. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z These facts convince me that he was at no time a thoroughgoing Darwinian, but was throughout an unconscious Lamarckian, though ever anxious to conceal the fact alike from himself and from his readers. The Humour of Homer and Other Essays Lamarckian views have never lacked defenders here and in America. Unconscious Memory Not to speak of ancient speculations of the sort, it is the well-known Lamarckian theory. Darwiniana; Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism Let us fix the Lamarckian evolutionary process well in our minds. Back to Methuselah But it must be remembered that this is a different thing from saying that the Lamarckian interpretation is the true one. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z Mr. Wallace, on the contrary, at once raised the Lamarckian spectre, and declared it exorcized. The Humour of Homer and Other Essays In America the majority of the great school of palæontologists have been strong Lamarckians, notably Cope, who has pointed out, moreover, that the transformations of energy in living beings are peculiar to them. Unconscious Memory These facts convince me that he was at no time a thorough-going Darwinian, but was throughout an unconscious Lamarckian, though ever anxious to conceal the fact alike from himself and from his readers. Essays on Life, Art and Science To talk of climate or Lamarckian habit producing such adaptations to other organic beings is futile. Life and Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 1 For Lamarckians however the modifications which are admittedly factors in survival, are regarded as the parents of inherited variations; for believers in organic selection they are only the foster parents or nurses. Darwin and Modern Science And, for that matter, the leaders of the scientific world were equally antagonistic to the Lamarckian hypothesis. A History of Science — Volume 4 If he did, he saw no escape from the dilemma, for it seemed to him that the record in the rocks clearly disproved the alternative Lamarckian hypothesis. A History of Science — Volume 3 Mr. Wallace, on the contrary, at once raised the Lamarckian spectre, and declared it exorcised. Essays on Life, Art and Science But the fact remains that Aristotle's grand divisions correspond to the grand divisions of the Lamarckian system—vertebrates and invertebrates—which every one now accepts. A History of Science — Volume 1 They are usually contrasted with "acquired characters," using the expression "acquired character" in the Lamarckian sense. Darwin and Modern Science The Lamarckian and Weismannist theories are rival interpretations of past events, and we shall not find it necessary to press either. The Story of Evolution The Lamarckian system has all along been maintained by Mr. Herbert Spencer, who, in his “Principles of Biology,” published in 1865, showed how impossible it was that accidental variations should accumulate at all. Essays on Life, Art and Science One moment he gives all that is wanted for the Lamarckian contention, the next he denies common-sense the bare necessaries of life. Essays on Life, Art and Science Spencer's main object was to substantiate the validity of the Lamarckian principle, the cooperation of which with selection had been doubted by many. Darwin and Modern Science It is inconceivable, he says, that so many processes of selection should take place SIMULTANEOUSLY, and we are therefore forced to fall back on the Lamarckian factor of the use and disuse of functional parts. Darwin and Modern Science In regard to the issue between the Lamarckians and Weismannists—whether changes acquired by the parent are inherited by the young—recent experiments again suggest something of a compromise. The Story of Evolution Nothing that we have seen will enable us to choose between the Lamarckian and the Weismannist hypothesis; and I doubt if anything we are yet to see will prove more decisive. The Story of Evolution |
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