| 单词 | Lamarck |
| 例句 | Charles agreed with much of what Lamarck had to say, especially that the environment in which an animal lives causes it to change. Charles and Emma: The Darwins' Leap of Faith 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z Lamarck believed that animals adapted to their environments by strengthening or weakening certain traits—“with a power proportional to the length of time it has been so used.” The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Grisly as it was, the experiment nonetheless announced that Darwin and Lamarck could not be right. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z In Lamarck’s view, hereditary traits were passed from parents to offspring in the same manner that a message, or story, might be passed—i.e., by instruction. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z It was a hoary restatement of Lamarck’s idea—of adaptation morphing directly into hereditary change—decades after geneticists had pointed out the conceptual errors of Lamarckism. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Grants theory mostly came from one that had been suggested by a Frenchman named Jean-Baptiste Lamarck late in the previous century. Charles and Emma: The Darwins' Leap of Faith 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z Darwin had obviously split ways with Lamarck’s evolutionary ideas. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The immediate appeal of Lamarck’s idea was that it offered a reassuring story of progress: all animals were progressively adapting to their environments, and thus progressively slouching along an evolutionary ladder toward perfection. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z In Darwin’s time, the most commonly accepted mechanism of heredity was a theory advanced by the eighteenth-century French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z While this mechanism for evolutionary change as described by Lamarck was discredited, Lamarck’s ideas were an important influence on evolutionary thought. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Lamarck theorized that inbreeding would lead to higher proportions of homozygous recessive genotypes, potentially conferring recessive diseases onto offspring. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed two of the first hypotheses about how species could change. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The work was initially controversial, as geneticists saw it as a revival of the non-Darwinian ideas of 19th century scientist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Parents’ emotional trauma may change their children’s biology. Studies in mice show how 2019-07-18T04:00:00Z He didn’t know about genes, and he speculated, wrongly but reasonably, that acquired characteristics might be passed on to offspring, as Lamarck had proposed. Was Darwin Wrong? 2019-06-15T04:00:00Z The inscription on the statue of Lamarck that stands at the gates of the Jardin des Plantes in Paris describes him as the “founder of the doctrine of evolution.” Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z This observation led Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck to hypothesize that organisms adapted to their environment by changing over time. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Lamarck suggested that individual organisms could change during their lifetimes by selectively using or not using various parts of their bodies. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z To some, such findings evoke the spirit of the French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Cannibalistic tadpoles and matricidal worms point to a powerful new helper for evolution 2018-11-28T05:00:00Z The main alternative hypothesis was Lamarckian evolution, named after the French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. A spotlight on bacterial mutations for 75 years 2018-11-25T05:00:00Z The last such theory, proposed by Lamarck in the nineteenth century, was replaced by the theory of natural selection. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Which of the following would be supported by Lamarck? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Lamarck proposed that all organisms have an inborn urge to become more complex and perfect. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Decades before Charles Darwin laid out his evolutionary theory in On the Origin of Species, Lamarck and other biologists proposed their own mechanisms for evolutionary change. Cannibalistic tadpoles and matricidal worms point to a powerful new helper for evolution 2018-11-28T05:00:00Z Was it merely fortuitous, or was Lamarck correct about the inheritance of acquired traits? Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea 2018-04-19T04:00:00Z A single exception was a research program in the Soviet Union based on Lamarck’s theory during the early twentieth century that set that country’s agricultural research back decades. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Lamarck theorized that individuals more fit to their environment would me more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on their genes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z According to Lamarck, water birds could have acquired long legs by wading in deeper water looking for food. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z On the surface, the findings vindicate Lamarck: Acquired traits can be inherited. Cannibalistic tadpoles and matricidal worms point to a powerful new helper for evolution 2018-11-28T05:00:00Z Lamarck was mostly wrong about inheritance of "acquired traits." Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea 2018-04-19T04:00:00Z In the early nineteenth century, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a book that detailed a mechanism for evolutionary change that is now referred to as inheritance of acquired characteristics. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Lamarck theorized that traits that parents acquired in their lifetime could be inherited by offspring in an attempt to improve. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Lamarck called traits altered by individual organisms during their lifetime acquired characteristics. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z If Lamarck had come across these matricidal worms, he might have thought a selfless mother had adopted this strategy in a single generation, then passed it on. Cannibalistic tadpoles and matricidal worms point to a powerful new helper for evolution 2018-11-28T05:00:00Z “It seems to me almost certain that an ordinary hoofed quadruped might be converted into a giraffe,” Darwin wrote, echoing Lamarck. How the Giraffe Got Its Neck 2016-05-17T04:00:00Z Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, in the early nineteenth century, had supposed that when an antelope strained its neck to reach a tree its efforts were somehow passed down and its progeny evolved into giraffes. The Science of Identity and Difference 2016-05-02T04:00:00Z Lamarck theorized that traits in offspring were a blend of traits from the two parents. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Lamarck also suggested that acquired traits, such as longer legs, could be passed on to offspring. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z So 200 years later, biologists are realizing Lamarck wasn't wrong in emphasizing that fast, flexible responses to the environment—what biologists now know as plasticity—can drive lasting change. Cannibalistic tadpoles and matricidal worms point to a powerful new helper for evolution 2018-11-28T05:00:00Z The French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck held that a giraffe was merely an antelope whose progenitors had strained their necks toward higher and higher branches for food. How the Giraffe Got Its Neck 2016-05-17T04:00:00Z Lamarck is being rehabilitated into the new Darwin. The Science of Identity and Difference 2016-05-02T04:00:00Z They recede for a while–like Lamarck’s notion of the inheritance of acquired traits–and then insinuate their way back into scientific consciousness. Ideas That Deserve To Die ... But Probably Won't 2015-03-08T05:00:00Z Today we know that Lamarck’s hypotheses are wrong. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Application of Lamarck's idea to modern findings "has led to a lot of confusion and debate," says Cameron Ghalambor, an evolutionary ecologist at Colorado State University in Fort Collins. Cannibalistic tadpoles and matricidal worms point to a powerful new helper for evolution 2018-11-28T05:00:00Z I also studied a few modern essays that respond to and update Darwin, as well as older works by Darwin’s predecessors Linnaeus and Lamarck. Happy Darwin Day. Will We Heed His Time-Tested Wisdom? 2015-02-16T05:00:00Z In response to Tremper: In the early 1800s Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed the theory that environmental factors promoted phenotypic changes that affect evolution, and Lysenko derived his theories from that earlier work. Readers Respond to "ClimeApocalype" 2014-11-24T05:00:00Z And in the Evolution Range, also in the Sierra, “Mount Stephen Jay Gould” was added to a group of mountains that includes Darwin, Mendel and Lamarck. A Mountain to Honor Thoreau 2014-10-06T04:00:00Z Lamarck recognized that organisms’ adaptations are related to their environment and the way they live. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The subject remains controversial, in part because it harks back to the discredited theories of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, a nineteenth-century French biologist who proposed that organisms pass down acquired traits to future generations. Epigenetics: The sins of the father 2014-03-05T18:50:37.761Z Unfortunately for Lamarck – and the naturalists of the Baudin expedition – he mixed his careful observations with wild speculations. Geologists in the land of the Kangaroo: The first (and forgotten) geological Exploration of Australia 2013-04-19T20:45:00.353Z There comes between him and Lamarck, both in order of time and sequence of ideas, Erasmus Darwin, the distinguished grandfather of Charles Darwin. Pioneers of Evolution from Thales to Huxley With an Intermediate Chapter on the Causes of Arrest of the Movement 2012-04-26T02:00:14.960Z M. Lamarck is, I think, mistaken in the synonyms of this shell, which is represented in the Ency. Zoological Illustrations, Volume III or Original Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare, or Interesting Animals 2012-04-20T02:00:06.887Z Lamarck did not know what we know today about how parents pass traits or characteristics on to their offspring. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Brugui�re and Lamarck have each written very able descriptions of the species, of which the latter enumerates 179 recent, and 9 found only in a fossil state. Zoological Illustrations, Volume II or Original Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare, or Interesting Animals 2012-04-19T02:00:34.283Z We have had much difficulty in the investigation of this species: for its characters cannot be reconciled with any of those contained in Lamarck's Monograph of the genus in the Annales du Museum. Zoological Illustrations, Volume I or Original Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare, or Interesting Animals 2012-04-19T02:00:27.027Z Lamarck, poor, neglected, and blind in his old age, died in 1829. Pioneers of Evolution from Thales to Huxley With an Intermediate Chapter on the Causes of Arrest of the Movement 2012-04-26T02:00:14.960Z Of the Anodons, it may be doubted whether the great Linn�us was acquainted with more than three or four species; Lamarck enumerates fifteen, but a much greater number have passed under my own examination. Zoological Illustrations, Volume III or Original Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare, or Interesting Animals 2012-04-20T02:00:06.887Z However, Lamarck was one of the first naturalists to argue that species are not fixed and unchanging. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z I have therefore retained the character given by Lamarck, as the best method to be followed in doubtful cases. Zoological Illustrations, Volume II or Original Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare, or Interesting Animals 2012-04-19T02:00:34.283Z In the beginning of the present century Lamarck, in Germany, following Kielmayer, reproduced the same theory. The Catholic World; Volume I, Issues 1-6 A Monthly Eclectic Magazine 2012-04-05T02:00:40.207Z Lamarck advanced the theory that the development of organs and their force of action is in ratio to their employment. A Review of the Systems of Ethics Founded on the Theory of Evolution 2012-03-17T02:01:00.033Z This extremely rare shell bears not the least resemblance to any which Lamarck has described, or with which I am acquainted. Zoological Illustrations, Volume III or Original Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare, or Interesting Animals 2012-04-20T02:00:06.887Z Lamarck’s hypotheses were wrong, but his ideas paved the way for Darwin’s ideas. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Between these two genera should be placed another of Lamarck's, called by him Iridinia, which has likewise only a simple lamellar plate, but broken into a great number of crenated teeth. Zoological Illustrations, Volume II or Original Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare, or Interesting Animals 2012-04-19T02:00:34.283Z It is not the rigid old-fashioned materialism, but a return to the more plastic theories of Lamarck and the transformism of the Dutch botanist, Hugo de Vries. Unicorns 2012-03-14T02:00:26.677Z Darwin also laid stress, particularly in his later works, on Use and Disuse, but he often defined the term more specifically than many other authors, Lamarck among them, seem to have done. A Review of the Systems of Ethics Founded on the Theory of Evolution 2012-03-17T02:01:00.033Z In fact, Lamarck says both shells are transversely striated. Zoological Illustrations, Volume III or Original Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare, or Interesting Animals 2012-04-20T02:00:06.887Z Darwin knew that many scientists ridiculed Lamarck’s ideas, and Darwin’s theory was even more radical. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The indefatigable Lamarck has described sixty-six species, only one of which inhabits the European seas. Zoological Illustrations, Volume II or Original Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare, or Interesting Animals 2012-04-19T02:00:34.283Z Although there is truth in Lamarck's dictum that "Nature is never brusque," although Jack-in-the-box phenomena are rare, the evidence, e.g. of Bateson and De Vries, as to the frequent occurrence of discontinuous variations appears conclusive. Herbert Spencer 2012-02-29T03:00:20.773Z But Lamarck and Humboldt and Darwin and Spencer and Haeckel and Huxley and Tyndall have done far more for natural philosophy than they have for orthodox religion. The Works of Robert G. Ingersoll, Vol. 7 (of 12) Dresden Edition?Discussions 2012-02-11T03:03:58.623Z Gmelin and Lamarck have both described the lateral spots on this shell as blood-red. Zoological Illustrations, Volume III or Original Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare, or Interesting Animals 2012-04-20T02:00:06.887Z Darwin, like Lamarck, recognized that there is a connection between the way an organism “makes a living” and its environment. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z I believe it to be hitherto unfigured, and unknown to any writer; for I cannot reconcile it with any of Lamarck's descriptions of species not yet represented. Zoological Illustrations, Volume II or Original Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare, or Interesting Animals 2012-04-19T02:00:34.283Z In spite of Lyell's chapter refuting Lamarck's views concerning the origin of species, it was with Lamarck that Spencer, at the age of twenty, sided. Herbert Spencer 2012-02-29T03:00:20.773Z Lamarck, Humboldt, Haeckel, and above all, Darwin, not only asserted, but demonstrated, that man is not a special creation. The Works of Robert G. Ingersoll, Vol. 11 (of 12) Dresden Edition?Miscellany 2012-02-11T03:03:52.627Z Lamarck has omitted to quote any of the figures representing the young shells of this and the following species. Zoological Illustrations, Volume III or Original Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare, or Interesting Animals 2012-04-20T02:00:06.887Z I thank Lamarck and Darwin—Darwin who revolutionized the thought of the intellectual world. The Works of Robert G. Ingersoll, Vol. 4 (of 12) Dresden Edition?Lectures 2012-02-11T03:03:46.253Z This will be sufficiently obvious by referring to the figures either of Lister, Chemnitz, or Lamarck. Zoological Illustrations, Volume II or Original Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare, or Interesting Animals 2012-04-19T02:00:34.283Z In the fifth chapter Darwin incorporated a certain proportion of the doctrines of Buffon,—modifications due to the direct influence of environment; and of Lamarck,—the hereditary effects of use and disuse. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 9 "Dagupan" to "David" 2012-02-11T03:03:39.807Z No doubt the public or a part may be induced to think that, as he gives to us a larger space than to Lamarck, he must think that there is something in our views. Charles Darwin: His Life in an Autobiographical Chapter, and in a Selected Series of His Published Letters 2012-01-22T03:00:19.733Z Mr. Sowerby appears the only writer who has figured this shell, which he has mistaken for the A. rugosa of Lamarck. Zoological Illustrations, Volume III or Original Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare, or Interesting Animals 2012-04-20T02:00:06.887Z Later came the Neo-Darwinians, and they went the whole way of rejecting Lamarck’s explanation entirely, and accepting the natural selection explanation as the wholly sufficient cause and the only one needed to explain all evolution. The Unpopular Review, Number 19 July-December 1918 2012-01-09T03:00:24.167Z It is true that he prized highly many of the results of science, especially the theory of evolution as it was taught by Lamarck and other forerunners of Darwin. Liberty In The Nineteenth Century 2011-12-24T03:08:02.240Z By many it was thought to be practically the same idea as Lamarck’s. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 9 "Dagupan" to "David" 2012-02-11T03:03:39.807Z He speaks of having 'advocated a law of continuity even in the organic world, so far as possible without adopting Lamarck's theory of transmutation.... Charles Darwin: His Life in an Autobiographical Chapter, and in a Selected Series of His Published Letters 2012-01-22T03:00:19.733Z Lamarck has omitted to quote any of the figures representing the young shells of this and the following species. Zoological Illustrations, Volume III or Original Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare, or Interesting Animals 2012-04-20T02:00:06.887Z Then came Darwin with his natural selection explanation, a very different explanation from Lamarck’s, and one also very plausible and logical. The Unpopular Review, Number 19 July-December 1918 2012-01-09T03:00:24.167Z Battle of New Orleans, January 8th; Waterloo, June 18th; controversy of Unitarians and Trinitarians in U. S. A.; last heretic burned in Mexico; Lamarck publishes the first volume of his Histoire Naturelle. Liberty In The Nineteenth Century 2011-12-24T03:08:02.240Z He approached the subject from an opposite and less philosophical point of view than that of Lamarck, coming to it with certain preconceived notions, which affected all his subsequent writings. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 6 "Geodesy" to "Geometry" 2011-09-19T02:00:10.473Z With respect to books on this subject, I do not know of any systematical ones, except Lamarck's which is veritable rubbish: but there are plenty, as Lyell, Pritchard, &c., on the view of the immutability. Charles Darwin: His Life in an Autobiographical Chapter, and in a Selected Series of His Published Letters 2012-01-22T03:00:19.733Z He used Lamarck’s inheritance of acquired characteristics as a mechanism that could still promote mutual aid with an evolutionary underpinning but at a much faster rate. The Prince of Evolution: Lee Alan Dugatkin on Peter Kropotkin, Anarchism, and Cooperation in Nature 2011-09-13T18:15:00.207Z Darwin did not altogether disbelieve in Lamarck’s theory; but he believed much more in his own. The Unpopular Review, Number 19 July-December 1918 2012-01-09T03:00:24.167Z He says Lamarck’s original animal is something metaphysical, not physical, namely, the will to live. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 1 "Evangelical Church Conference" to "Fairbairn, Sir William" 2011-07-16T02:00:16.387Z He was contemporary with Lamarck, but of a very different type of mind. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 6 "Geodesy" to "Geometry" 2011-09-19T02:00:10.473Z Heaven forfend me from Lamarck nonsense of a "tendency to progression," "adaptations from the slow willing of animals," &c.! Charles Darwin: His Life in an Autobiographical Chapter, and in a Selected Series of His Published Letters 2012-01-22T03:00:19.733Z Kropotkin was a committed Darwinist and rejected the idea that physical traits evolved the way Lamarck proposed. The Prince of Evolution: Lee Alan Dugatkin on Peter Kropotkin, Anarchism, and Cooperation in Nature 2011-09-13T18:15:00.207Z But maybe the name "Lamarck" would sound too much like a maitre d' rather than a mutant to fans. The Evolutionary Errors of X-Men 2011-06-03T19:15:02.187Z The Vestiges of Creation and the theory of Lamarck are superseded, not so much because of deficiency in speculative power, as because the theories are not sufficiently buttressed by facts. The Age of Tennyson 2011-05-31T02:00:36.607Z The mollusca of the Tertiary deposits of the Paris basin became, in the hands of Lamarck, the basis on which invertebrate palaeontology was founded. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 6 "Geodesy" to "Geometry" 2011-09-19T02:00:10.473Z Lamarck, the celebrated naturalist, in the opening year of the present century, first proposed a classification of cloud forms. Sounding the Ocean of Air 2011-05-31T02:00:35.603Z According to the System laid down by Lamarck, with the late Improvements by De Blainville. Captain Kyd (Vol 1 of 2) or, The Wizard of the Sea 2011-05-06T02:00:10.447Z If anything, the mutant’s abilities are more in line with the rival, disproved theories of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, who argued for the heritability of acquired characteristics. The Evolutionary Errors of X-Men 2011-06-03T19:15:02.187Z Lamarck.—The evolutionary idea, however, though attractive to philosophers, and even to men of science, was insufficient as an explanation of the origin of species so long as the processes of transformation remained obscure. Religion and Science From Galileo to Bergson 2011-04-07T02:00:16.760Z Not even Playfair could have stated this doctrine more emphatically, and it is worthy of notice that Playfair’s Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory appeared in the same year with Lamarck’s book. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 6 "Geodesy" to "Geometry" 2011-09-19T02:00:10.473Z In France such distinguished names as Lamarck, the great founder of modern biology and the first to broach the theory of evolution; Ha�y, the father of crystallography; Laplace, and many others might be mentioned. Makers of Modern Medicine 2011-03-05T03:00:29.580Z Man began his course as a monad, but, by the force of Lamarck’s two principles, has reached the most elevated rank on the scale of animals. The Religion of Geology and Its Connected Sciences 2011-02-28T03:00:28.890Z Cuvier, Pasteur, Lamarck have no rivals on the other side of the Rhine, and their work no equal. Six Women and the Invasion 2011-01-18T03:00:13.193Z But the scientific prejudices of the time were against Lamarck's theories, and he had to lament their inhospitable reception. Religion and Science From Galileo to Bergson 2011-04-07T02:00:16.760Z The scientific society of his elders and of the contemporaries among whom he grew up was permeated with the leaven of Laplace and of Lamarck, of Hutton and of Herschel. Charles Darwin 2010-12-24T03:00:33.847Z Darwin, who was 84 years younger than Lamarck, was the better scientist, and he won the day. 2010-01-08T21:15:00Z Lamarck included the Thysanura and the Myriapoda in his class Arachnida. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 3 "Apollodorus" to "Aral" The admirable work of Lamarck was absolutely neglected in France, where it was treated as unworthy even of consideration. The Mechanism of Life Darwin himself talks of "Lamarck's nonsense," and of his "veritable rubbish"—language, however, which he was subsequently able to retract. Religion and Science From Galileo to Bergson 2011-04-07T02:00:16.760Z For speculations and hypotheses like those of Lamarck and Erasmus Darwin, however brilliant and luminous they may be, the hard, dry, scientific mind cares as a rule less than nothing. Charles Darwin 2010-12-24T03:00:33.847Z By no one has this conclusion been more clearly stated than by Lamarck, the real father of Organic Evolutionism, whom many would therefore represent as an atheist. The Old Riddle and the Newest Answer For these Lamarck proposed the name Hexapoda; but that name has been little used, and they have retained to this day the title of the much larger Linnaean group, viz. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 3 "Apollodorus" to "Aral" But apart from this and a perfecting of its various details, Lamarck had already formulated the doctrine of evolution with perfect precision. The Mechanism of Life Contemporary geologists were by no means prepared to grant Lamarck the illimitable periods of time which his transformation processes seemed to require. Religion and Science From Galileo to Bergson 2011-04-07T02:00:16.760Z And herein consisted his great advance upon the earlier evolutionism of Lamarck, Goethe, and Erasmus Darwin. Charles Darwin 2010-12-24T03:00:33.847Z Lamarck in the chair of natural history at the museum. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 1 "Bisharin" to "Bohea" The labors of Cuvier in comparative osteology, and of Lamarck in recent and fossil shells, had raised these departments of study to a rank of which they had never previously been deemed susceptible. Principles of Geology or, The Modern Changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants Considered as Illustrative of Geology It was the environment that stifled the offspring of Lamarck. The Mechanism of Life Indeed Lamarck's critics did not hesitate to exercise their powers of ridicule, or to make fun of the giraffe who derived his long neck from the attempts of his ancestors to browse on high trees. Religion and Science From Galileo to Bergson 2011-04-07T02:00:16.760Z In short, Chambers's theory is Lamarck's theologised, and spoilt in the process. Charles Darwin 2010-12-24T03:00:33.847Z The manifest error of Lamarck was an egregious exaggeration of certain well-known truths. Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, Volume 57, No. 354, April 1845 The ocean teems with life—the class of Polyps alone are conjectured by Lamarck to be as strong in individuals as insects. Principles of Geology or, The Modern Changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants Considered as Illustrative of Geology The chief of the natural philosophers of France is Jean Lamarck, who takes his place beside Goethe and Darwin in the history of evolution. The Mechanism of Life Peron and Lamarck are in error in their belief that the "poulp" having no fins cannot swim. Toilers of the Sea This is the principle of natural selection or survival of the fittest—the great principle which Darwin and Wallace added to the evolutionism of Lamarck and his successors. Charles Darwin 2010-12-24T03:00:33.847Z His reading of Cuvier and Lamarck indicates his interest in theories of animal life and organism. Artists Past and Present Random Studies Lamarck has thrown out as a conjecture, that the wolf may have been the original of the dog; and eminent naturalists are still divided in opinion on this subject. Principles of Geology or, The Modern Changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants Considered as Illustrative of Geology The spirit of opposition does not seem to have much changed in France since Lamarck's time. The Mechanism of Life On the other side—with Lamarck—the progress is regarded as due to effort and function on the part of the organism itself. Naturalism And Religion Thus the name of Darwin will often no doubt be tacked on to what are in reality the principles of Lamarck. Charles Darwin 2010-12-24T03:00:33.847Z Lamarck in 1801, but he only used French terms, and those were not always happily chosen. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 5 "Clervaux" to "Cockade" Lamarck's arguments in favor of the transmutation of species.—The name of species, observes Lamarck, has been usually applied to "every collection of similar individuals produced by other individuals like themselves." Principles of Geology or, The Modern Changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants Considered as Illustrative of Geology In his expression of this law Lamarck insists on the fact that organization precedes function. The Mechanism of Life The whole theory of Lamarck and St. Hilaire transcends—notwithstanding the protests of Eimer to the contrary—the categories of the mechanical theory of life, and this chapter does so in particular. Naturalism And Religion Why did the world, that listened so coldly to Lamarck and Chambers, turn so ready an ear to Charles Darwin and natural selection? Charles Darwin 2010-12-24T03:00:33.847Z The only serious attempt to explain the derivation of new species from old ones that came before Lyell was that of the illustrious Lamarck. The Coming of Evolution The Story of a Great Revolution in Science Use and Disuse From Lamarck to Weismann The second of the four great historical explanations appeals to a change not immediately connected with the outer world, but to one within the organism itself. A Critique of the Theory of Evolution In his Philosophie Zoologique, which appeared in 1809, Lamarck put forth his claim to regard all the phenomena of life, of living beings, and of man himself as pertaining to the domain of natural phenomena. The Mechanism of Life “The great Lamarck voiced a mighty fact when he said, ‘Function precedes structure.’ Carmen Ariza Hence Darwin was able to convert the world, where Lamarck had only been able to stir up enquiry among the picked spirits of the scientific and philosophical coterie. Charles Darwin 2010-12-24T03:00:33.847Z He exhibited this by becoming a convert to the Descent theory, though he had gained much fame by opposing Lamarck's views, and this after he had grown old.' The Coming of Evolution The Story of a Great Revolution in Science Lamarck's name is always associated with the application of the theory of the inheritance of acquired characters. A Critique of the Theory of Evolution In the intellectual evolution of the human mind perhaps no advance has been more important than that of Lamarck—the conquest of the domain of life by human intelligence. The Mechanism of Life He had, in fact, already hinted at the principle, shortly after put forward by Lamarck, and long afterward developed and firmly established by Darwin. The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 13 One is the doctrine of natural selection, which was his own personal contribution to the discussion, and the other is that of the inheritance of acquired characters, which he borrowed from Lamarck. The Church, the Schools and Evolution "In Geology," Professor Osborn writes, 'Lamarck was an ardent advocate of uniformity, as against the Cataclysmal School. The Coming of Evolution The Story of a Great Revolution in Science He made few experiments to disprove Lamarck's hypothesis. A Critique of the Theory of Evolution It was this observation of the gradual perfecting of living organisms from the simplest to the most complicated that inspired Lamarck with the idea of evolution and transformation. The Mechanism of Life In reality, the idea of the transformation of organisms was put forward by Lamarck more than a century ago, but he did not sufficiently support it. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study The whole theory of Lamarck was based on the assumption that this could be done. The Meaning of Evolution It is interesting also to notice that Darwin, like Lyell, gradually came to entertain a higher opinion of the merit of Lamarck's works, than he did on his first perusal of them. The Coming of Evolution The Story of a Great Revolution in Science For the history of research in this field, the student is referred to treatises upon genetics and evolution and to the works of Lamarck, Darwin, DeVries, Weismann, and Mendel. Introduction to the Science of Sociology Lamarck also raises his voice against the supposed immutability of species. The Mechanism of Life Butler, Samuel.—Evolution, old and new; or, the theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin, and Lamarck, as compared with that of Mr. Charles Darwin. Life of Charles Darwin This remains true until the time of Lamarck. The Meaning of Evolution By his early labours, Lamarck had attained a considerable reputation as a botanist, and later in life he turned his attention to zoology, and then to palaeontology and geology. The Coming of Evolution The Story of a Great Revolution in Science Lamarck was scoffed at in his own time; he was respected as a naturalist, but unrecognized as a prophet. A History of the Nineteenth Century, Year by Year Volume Two (of Three) This neglect profoundly afflicted Lamarck, who gradually sank a victim to the opposition of his contemporaries. The Mechanism of Life This fact Darwin considers to be demonstrative against Lamarck’s doctrine. Life of Charles Darwin Lamarck's conception of the cause of progress was somewhat as follows: The desire for any action on the part of an animal leads to efforts to accomplish that desire. The Meaning of Evolution Accordingly when the second volume of the Principles was issued in 1832, it was found to contain in its opening chapters a very trenchant criticism of Lamarck's theory. The Coming of Evolution The Story of a Great Revolution in Science Jean Baptiste de Lamarck, a forerunner of Charles Darwin died in this year. A History of the Nineteenth Century, Year by Year Volume Two (of Three) Haeckel has but done tardy justice in his discovery of and testimony to the genius of Lamarck. The Mechanism of Life A valuable historical sketch of the modern progress of opinion on the subject, from Lamarck’s time, was prefixed to the book. Life of Charles Darwin But Cuvier laughed it out of court, and only in comparatively modern times, since Darwin's work has set the world thinking anew, is Lamarck's career recognized at its true value. The Meaning of Evolution But that later in life Darwin came to take a more indulgent view of the result of Lamarck's labours is shown by a passage in his 'Historical Sketch' prefixed to the Origin, in 1866. The Coming of Evolution The Story of a Great Revolution in Science Lamarck As early as 1801 Lamarck had outlined his ideas of the transmutation of species and attempted to explain the manner in which that transmutation had been brought about. A History of the Nineteenth Century, Year by Year Volume Two (of Three) Lamarck himself gives a r�sum� of his doctrine in the following six propositions:— 1. The Mechanism of Life Many years afterwards in the “Origin of Species” Darwin referred to the “erroneous views and grounds of opinion of Lamarck.” Life of Charles Darwin The Chevalier de Lamarck, serving in Monaco, was attracted by its rich flora to the study of botany. The Meaning of Evolution We can say with old Lamarck:— 'For Nature, Time is nothing. The Coming of Evolution The Story of a Great Revolution in Science His grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, anticipated Lamarck's views in his Zoonomia, which Darwin at one time "greatly admired." Are the Effects of Use and Disuse Inherited? An Examination of the View Held by Spencer and Darwin No such idea is to be found in all the works of Lamarck. The Mechanism of Life It does not appear that Lamarck would by any means have sufficed to convince Darwin, judging from his references to him in his Journal and the “Origin.” Life of Charles Darwin For the brilliant Cuvier simply laughed before his students at each "new folly" of Buffon and of Lamarck. The Meaning of Evolution It is well known that Lamarck attributed to the living being the power of varying by use or disuse of its organs, and also of passing on the variation so acquired to its descendants. Creative Evolution Darwin is "surprised that no one has hitherto advanced the demonstrative case of neuter insects, against the well-known doctrine of inherited habit, as advanced by Lamarck." Are the Effects of Use and Disuse Inherited? An Examination of the View Held by Spencer and Darwin The change in our views on this subject is due to a Frenchman, Jean Lamarck, who was the true originator of the scientific doctrine of evolution. The Mechanism of Life Car., which proved to be a species of Mollusca belonging to the Heteropodes of Lamarck. A New Voyage Round the World, in the years 1823, 24, 25, and 26, Vol. 2 In all of these points Lamarck is at one with modern thought. The Meaning of Evolution A Popular Exposition of the Doctrine of Evolution in general, and of that of Darwin, Goethe, and Lamarck in particular. Freedom in Science and Teaching. from the German of Ernst Haeckel It has been claimed that Buffon in a measure anticipated Lamarck and Darwin. The World's Greatest Books — Volume 15 — Science Lamarck also clearly affirms the fact of spontaneous generation. The Mechanism of Life Some half a century ago, M. Lamarck, a French naturalist, propounded a theory which excited the derision of the whole world. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 18, No. 108, October, 1866 Historically speaking the first of these was that which was put forward by Erasmus Darwin, Lamarck, and Herbert Spencer. Darwin, and After Darwin (Vol. 1 and 3, of 3) An Exposition of the Darwinian Theory and a Discussion of Post-Darwinian Questions Great scientific names—Laplace, Bichat, Cuvier, Lamarck—testify to the fact that a movement which made the eighteenth century illustrious had not spent its force. A History of French Literature Short Histories of the Literatures of the World: II. Had Lamarck been the discoverer he would unquestionably have held that he had caught a fish almost in the act of wishing itself into a bird. The World's Greatest Books — Volume 15 — Science Evolutionists like Lamarck and Haeckel admit spontaneous generation, not as the most probable, but as the only possible explanation of the phenomenon of life. The Mechanism of Life The version of it by the French naturalist Lamarck was the latest and the most in vogue, till the appearance of the present volume. A Theory of Creation: A Review of 'Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation' Such is what is ordinarily known as Lamarck’s theory of evolution. Darwin, and After Darwin (Vol. 1 and 3, of 3) An Exposition of the Darwinian Theory and a Discussion of Post-Darwinian Questions Lamarck regarded them as more nearly allied to the Crustacea than Insecta. Our Common Insects A Popular Account of the Insects of Our Fields, Forests, Gardens and Houses The degrees good enough for Roger Bacon, Erasmus Darwin, Lavoisier, Linnaeus and Lamarck are good enough for me. Greener Than You Think Long ago, the penetrating genius of Lamarck seized on the idea that a knowledge of life could only be obtained by the comparison of organic with inorganic phenomena. The Mechanism of Life It implies the awakening of human intelligence, the increasing of the inventive spirit tenfold, a hundredfold; it is the dawn of a new science—the science of men like Laplace, Lamarck, Lavoisier. The Conquest of Bread Lastly, in the third place, the validity of Lamarck’s hypothesis in any case whatsoever has of late years become a matter of serious question, as will be fully shown and discussed in the next volume. Darwin, and After Darwin (Vol. 1 and 3, of 3) An Exposition of the Darwinian Theory and a Discussion of Post-Darwinian Questions This is an exaggeration, both as regards the originality of Lamarck's work and the reception it has met with. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Some authors as Lamarck, Whewell &c., believe that the degree of affinity on the natural system depends on the degrees of resemblance in organs more or less physiologically important for the preservation of life. The Foundations of the Origin of Species Two Essays written in 1842 and 1844 As the author points out, Lamarck's early evolutionary hypothesis was killed by opposition and neglect, and had to be reborn in England before it obtained universal acceptance as the Darwinian Theory. The Mechanism of Life The Lamarckian Principle Lamarck, as is well known, formulated a definite theory of evolution at the beginning of the nineteenth century, exactly fifty years before the Darwin-Wallace principle of selection was given to the world. Evolution in Modern Thought The first one was made by Lamarck, who, taking the really different ideas of descent and evolution as one, made use of the hypothesis of transmutation; thus becoming the pioneer of Darwinism. The Theories of Darwin and Their Relation to Philosophy, Religion, and Morality I will give a few of the passages which Lamarck would find in this translation. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin No doubt this would be the case, if it were presupposed with Lamarck that there was some inherent tendency to change and development in all species, for which supposition I see no evidence. The Foundations of the Origin of Species Two Essays written in 1842 and 1844 Long before the discovery of the laws of energy, Lamarck had recognized and formulated this fact. The Mechanism of Life On the contrary after it had at first received a general tacit recognition and was postulated by Lamarck, Darwin and Haeckel, it was denied by Weismann. At the Deathbed of Darwinism A Series of Papers Lamarck himself seems not to have been mentioned in this contest. The Theories of Darwin and Their Relation to Philosophy, Religion, and Morality But the authorship is immaterial; whether the passage was by Dr. Darwin or M. Deleuze, it was, in all probability, known to Lamarck before his change of front. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Oken and Lamarck and Chambers had been triumphantly despatched and buried, but here was Darwin making the very same heresy seem only more plausible. Memories and Studies Lamarck thus accounts for the production of the radial symmetry of the medusæ and echinoderms, his Radiaires. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work He then pays Lamarck and Darwin the necessary tribute, at which we cannot take offense since he was reared in the Darwinian atmosphere of Jena. At the Deathbed of Darwinism A Series of Papers Only twice after this did the question put by Lamarck attract wider attention from the learned world. The Theories of Darwin and Their Relation to Philosophy, Religion, and Morality I shall also use inverted commas while translating with such freedom as to omit several lines together, where I can do so without suppressing anything essential to the elucidation of Lamarck's meaning. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Theories such as Lamarck's, which postulate an active responsive self-adaptation of the organism, are essentially a continuation and completing of Cuvier's thought. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology There are therefore no good grounds for supposing that Lamarck was indebted to Darwin for his views. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work The doctrine of Heredity or of Descent, which comes from Lamarck though it was first made widely known by Darwin, has since continually gained a broader and surer foundation. At the Deathbed of Darwinism A Series of Papers At first, Lamarck met only with violent opposition; but after a little while his views ceased to attract attention. The Theories of Darwin and Their Relation to Philosophy, Religion, and Morality The reader had better be on his guard here, and whenever Lamarck is speculating about the lowest forms of action and sensation. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin In his third law, that use and disuse are powerful to modify organs, Lamarck is upon more solid ground, and can point to many instances of the visible effect of these factors of change. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology The idea that all animals have descended from a similar living filament is expressed in a more modern and scientific way by Lamarck, who derived them from monads. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work Lamarck's theory of the use and disuse of organs and Darwin's hypothesis of natural selection are consequently pushed into the background. At the Deathbed of Darwinism A Series of Papers Lamarck was one of those men of whom I believe it has been said that they have brain upon the brain. Selections from Previous Works and Remarks on Romanes' Mental Evolution in Animals In his second chapter Lamarck deals with the importance of comparative anatomy, and the study of homologous structures. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin There is no doubt that, as expressed by Lamarck, the conception conceals a radical confusion of thought. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology If Lamarck had actually seen and read the Zoonomia he would have been manly enough to have given him credit for any novel ideas. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work The spelling of the last name of French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck has been corrected throughout the text. Fables of Infidelity and Facts of Faith Being an Examination of the Evidences of Infidelity Lamarck had little if any perception of any one of the four. Selections from Previous Works and Remarks on Romanes' Mental Evolution in Animals For the sake of brevity, I shall take Lamarck as the exponent of the older view, and Mr. Darwin as that of the one now generally accepted. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Lamarck could never resolve this antinomy, and his speculations were thrown into confusion by it. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology It will now be interesting to see what factors of evolution Lamarck employed in this first sketch of his theory. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work Lamarck believed in spontaneous generation; Darwin does not. Fables of Infidelity and Facts of Faith Being an Examination of the Evidences of Infidelity I imagine simply what I have referred to in the preceding chapter,—over-anxiety to appear to be differing from his grandfather, Dr. Erasmus Darwin, and Lamarck. Selections from Previous Works and Remarks on Romanes' Mental Evolution in Animals Lamarck maintains that variations having once arisen have a tendency to be transmitted to offspring and accumulated: so does Mr. Darwin. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin We shall say then that Lamarck, in spite of his materialism, was the founder of the "psychological" theory of evolution. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Lamarck’s name, however, is written on the outside of the cover of the copy we have translated. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work It never could be inferred from the facts stated, even did nature correspond to Lamarck's description. Fables of Infidelity and Facts of Faith Being an Examination of the Evidences of Infidelity He probably failed to grasp it because Lamarck had failed. Selections from Previous Works and Remarks on Romanes' Mental Evolution in Animals As regards the general conclusion arrived at, therefore, I am unable to detect any difference of opinion between Lamarck and Mr. Darwin. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Lamarck's scientific, as distinguished from his speculative work, was exclusively systematic, and it was systematics of a very high order. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Lamarck insists that time without limit and favorable conditions are the two principal means or factors in the production of plants and animals. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work But even in Lamarck's days, and even to the most uneducated, there was no such imperceptible shading and blending as the theory requires. Fables of Infidelity and Facts of Faith Being an Examination of the Evidences of Infidelity Add this to the theory of Buffon, Erasmus Darwin, and Lamarck, and the points which I have above alluded to receive a good deal of “lucidity.” Selections from Previous Works and Remarks on Romanes' Mental Evolution in Animals This doctrine," he continues, "is diametrically opposed to that of Cuvier, and is not entirely the same as Lamarck's. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin The idea of a gradation of all animals from the lowest to the highest was always present in Lamarck's mind, and links him up, perhaps through Buffon, with the school of Bonnet. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology I shall await your work on Lamarck’s biography with great interest. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work Were the order of nature such as Lamarck describes, how could any man logically infer the birth descent of each of its classes from the next below? Fables of Infidelity and Facts of Faith Being an Examination of the Evidences of Infidelity A Comparison of the theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin, and Lamarck, with that of the late Mr. Charles Darwin, with copious extracts from the works of the three first-named writers. Selections from Previous Works and Remarks on Romanes' Mental Evolution in Animals Cuvier, according to him, sums up against the facts, while Lamarck goes further than they will bear him out. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin "The function creates the organ," this would seem to be the kernel of Lamarck's doctrine. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Lamarck died before the rise of the sciences of morphology, embryology, and cytology. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work But nature does not correspond to Lamarck's description. Fables of Infidelity and Facts of Faith Being an Examination of the Evidences of Infidelity That plants in germinating have the power of generating heat was proved by Mr. Hunter and by Lamarck. Scientific American, Volume XXXVI., No. 8, February 24, 1877 A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures. So little difference did Sir Charles Lyell discover between the views of Lamarck and those of his successors. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin But, speaking generally, Lamarck's theory of evolution exercised very little influence upon his 229contemporaries. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Lamarck discusses direct or spontaneous generation in the same way as in 1802. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work Dr. Buchner says of Darwin's theory, "It is the most thoroughly naturalistic that can be imagined, and far more atheistic than that of his decried predecessor, Lamarck." Fables of Infidelity and Facts of Faith Being an Examination of the Evidences of Infidelity All the animal families have, in like manner, their connecting links; and it is chiefly out of these that writers such as Lamarck and Maillet construct their system. Evolution An Investigation and a Critique With the identity, however, of the main proposition which, both Lamarck and Mr. Darwin alike endeavour to establish, the points of agreement between the two writers come to an end. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Lamarck's exposition of his first law, that life tends by its own powers to enlarge and extend its bodily instrument, is vague and difficult to understand. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology The earth’s interior was, in Lamarck’s opinion, solid, formed of quartzose and silicious rocks, and its centre of gravity did not coincide with its geographical centre, or what he calls the centre de forme. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work In following Lamarck I am not disturbed by the bogey of teleology, or the ghost of mysticism. The Last Harvest Of all the organisms of the Old Red Sandstone, one of the most extraordinary, and the one in which Lamarck would have most delighted, is the Pterichtys, or winged fish. Evolution An Investigation and a Critique Lamarck's great aim was to discover the cause of those variations whose accumulation results in specific, and finally in generic, differences. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin For Lamarck, as for Darwin later, the chief problem was not the evolution and differentiation of types of structure, but the mode of origin of species. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Lamarck in theory was throughout, as Houssay well says, at one with us who are now living, but a century behind us in knowledge of the facts needed to support his theory. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work It crops out again in Lamarck, but was repudiated by Darwin. The Last Harvest Had Lamarck been the discoverer, he would unquestionably have held that he had caught a fish almost in the act of wishing itself into a bird. Evolution An Investigation and a Critique No one would admit this more readily than Lamarck. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Lamarck is at great pains to show how arbitrary are our 217determinations of species, and how artificial the classificatory groups which we distinguish in Nature. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Lamarck’s success as a botanist led to more or less intimate relations with Buffon. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work So, too, thought Lamarck, who half a century before Darwin propounded a theory of the origin of species that was equally evolutionary in its way. Anthropology Lamarck held, as people in all ages have held, that characters acquired by parents are also transmissible to some extent, and that evolution results from their accentuation during succeeding generations. Evolution An Investigation and a Critique If the reader will bear in mind the idea of the runners in a race, it will help him to see the point at issue between Mr. Darwin and Lamarck. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Note that Lamarck's Échelle is in no way a morphological one, and was not intended to be such. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology One who has read the writings of the great French naturalist, who may be regarded as the founder of evolution, will readily realize that Lamarck’s mind was essentially philosophic, comprehensive, and synthetic. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work Lamarck thought it was because the giraffe had acquired a habit of stretching his neck out. Anthropology Lamarck's theory is rejected totally by the modern followers of Darwin. Evolution An Investigation and a Critique A concluding example will put this clearly before the reader, and at the same time serve to illustrate the most tangible feature of difference between Mr. Darwin and Lamarck. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Near the beginning of the Introduction Lamarck gives us in a few short "Fundamental Principles" the main lines of his general philosophy. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology This is the subject which has elicited so much adverse criticism and ridicule, and has in many cases led to the wholesale rejection of all of Lamarck’s views. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work Lamarck had worked out a theory of descent in the fullest detail, and regarded it as the foundation of the whole science of biology. Thomas Henry Huxley; A Sketch Of His Life And Work Lamarck had worked out the descent of plants and animals from a common ancestor by slow modification. Falling in Love With Other Essays on More Exact Branches of Science These are the facts; let us now see how Lamarck would treat them. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Like Lamarck, Charles Darwin was, neither by inclination nor by training, a morphologist. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology The doctrine of appetency attributed to Lamarck is without foundation. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work He entirely failed to convince his contemporaries; and Darwin himself, in a letter to Lyell, declared that he had gained nothing from two readings of Lamarck's book. Thomas Henry Huxley; A Sketch Of His Life And Work It was in the last century that the evolutionary idea really began to take form and shape in the separate conceptions of Kant, Laplace, Lamarck, and Erasmus Darwin. Falling in Love With Other Essays on More Exact Branches of Science Lamarck would say that the beetles once being on this island it became one of the conditions of their existence that they should not get blown out to sea. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin He was not satisfied with the theories of evolution that had been proposed by his grandfather, by Lamarck, and by E. Geoffroy St Hilaire—he did not indeed understand these theories any too well. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Seven years after the publication of these views, Lamarck again returns to the subject in his Philosophie zoologique, which we translate. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work I had studied Lamarck attentively, and I had read the Vestiges with due care; but neither of them afforded me any good ground for changing my negative and critical attitude. Thomas Henry Huxley; A Sketch Of His Life And Work In the first year of the present century, Lamarck followed Erasmus Darwin's lead with an open avowal that in his belief all animals and plants were really descended from one or a few common ancestors. Falling in Love With Other Essays on More Exact Branches of Science How refreshing to turn to the simple straightforward language of Lamarck. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Lamarck's affinity with the transcendentalists was in many ways a close one, but he differed essentially in being before all a systematist. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Hertwig is in error, and could never have carefully read what Lamarck did say, or have known that he was the first to throw aside the serial arrangement, and to sketch out a genealogical tree. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work However, the ingenious speculations of Lamarck were unsupported by a sufficient range of actual knowledge of anatomy, and lacked experimental proof. Thomas Henry Huxley; A Sketch Of His Life And Work This one was not a novice, but a naturalist well known through his beautiful and important discoveries; it was M. Lamarck. Biographies of Distinguished Scientific Men Lamarck was born August 1, 1744, at Barenton, in Picardy, being the eleventh child of Pierre de Monet, squire of the place, a man of old family, but poor. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin The second group are distinguished from the first by their possessing, in addition to irritability, a power which Lamarck calls the sentiment intérieur. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology The “inherited habit” theory is thus stated by Lamarck. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work There can be little doubt but that several Continental writers, in particular Haeckel, have exaggerated Lamarck's services to the development of the idea of evolution. Thomas Henry Huxley; A Sketch Of His Life And Work Of the influence of selection Lamarck has as little notion, and he makes no use of the wonderful phænomena which are exhibited by domesticated animals, and illustrate its powers. Lay Sermons, Addresses and Reviews The two French generals were beaten owing to their divided counsels, and Lamarck's company, almost annihilated by the enemy's fire, was forgotten in the confusion of the retreat. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin As a systematist of vast experience Lamarck knew how difficult it is in practice to distinguish species from varieties. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology The distinguished French naturalist, Quatrefages, although he was not himself an evolutionist, has protested against the way Lamarck’s views have been caricatured. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work The Hospital we had given us was for Belgian Tommies, and called Lamarck, and had been a Convent school before the War. Fanny Goes to War Lamarck laid greater stress upon the indirect or functional variations due to the factors of use and disuse, and he also assumed as self-evident that such effects were transmissible as "acquired characters." The Doctrine of Evolution Its Basis and Its Scope It seems unnecessary to give Lamarck's intentions with regard to his second and third parts, as they do not here concern us; they deal with the origin of life and mind. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Of Lamarck's fourth law, which asserts the transmission of acquired characters, little need here be said in the way of exposition. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Lamarck’s definition of species the most satisfactory yet stated. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work It had always been our ambition at Lamarck to have red top blankets on every bed in our wards. Fanny Goes to War Several of the animals which I supposed to be the Velella of Lamarck, and some of which had been caught on the 11th of November 1837 were also found today. Journals of Two Expeditions of Discovery in North-West and Western Australia, Volume 2 What, then," continues Lamarck, "can be the cause of all this? Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Upon the truth of it depends of course Lamarck's whole theory. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology As the article states, “Entirely devoted to his studies, Lamarck entered into no intrigue under the falling monarchy, so he always remained in a position straitened and inferior to his merits.” Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work There were about fourteen entries for our race, several of them from Lamarck, and we all drew for polo ponies lent from the Brigade. Fanny Goes to War In the latter part of it, Erasmus Darwin, Goethe, Treviranus, and Lamarck took up the work more vigorously and with better qualifications. The Advance of Science in the Last Half-Century A longer time," says Lamarck, "and a greater influence of surrounding conditions, is necessary in order to modify interior organs. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin It is no easy matter to give in short compass an account of Lamarck's biological philosophy. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology He inspired himself with Lamarck’s ideas, but enlarged upon them. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work Life in the Convoy Camp was very different from Lamarck, and I missed the cheery companionship of the others most awfully. Fanny Goes to War Early in the present century Lamarck had attempted to prove that by the use and disuse of organs through a series of generations a great divergence might arise resulting in new species. The Whence and the Whither of Man A Brief History of His Origin and Development through Conformity to Environment; Being the Morse Lectures of 1895 Lamarck's sixth chapter is headed "Degradation and Simplification of the Animal Chain as we proceed downwards from the most complex to the most simple Organisms." Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Subtle fluids play a great part in Lamarck's biology: they take the place of the soul or entelechy which the vitalists would postulate to explain organic happenings. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology The Intendant, as Hamy adds, knew well the value of the services rendered by Lamarck at the Royal Garden, and that, as a partial recompense, he had been appointed botanist to the museum. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work My last leave came off in the autumn, and while I was at home Lamarck Hospital closed on its second anniversary—October 31, 1916. Fanny Goes to War On the other hand, it is easy to understand his aversion from purely empirical, evolutionist, or transformist doctrines, such as those set forth in the works of Lamarck and Darwin which came to his notice. Tragic Sense Of Life Here again the direct cause of modification is given as being the inner feelings of the animal modified, change of conditions being the indirect cause as with Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin We have pointed out, too, the paramount rôle that function plays in Roux's theories of development and heredity, and we have brought out the close kinship existing between his theory and that of Lamarck. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Lamarck was extremely regular in his attendance at these meetings. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work Our work for the Belgians did not cease with the closing of Lamarck, and a convoy was formed with the Gare Centrale as its headquarters, and so released the men drivers for the line. Fanny Goes to War This, my friend, is the use for which such men as Lamarck and Cuvier were intended. Letters on International Copyright; Second Edition This introduction being devoted only to Lamarck's labours as a naturalist, we will pass over certain works in which he treats of physics and chemistry. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin With Lamarck the problem of species and the problem of ecological adaptation enter into general biology. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology He therefore interested himself in my inquiries, and, thanks to him, I have been able to determine exactly where Lamarck had been buried. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work They were still carried on at Lamarck, however, and whenever possible we went down in force. Fanny Goes to War Lamarck attempted also to use the faculties of animals as a groundwork for division among them. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 09, No. 51, January, 1862 Settling down to a single branch of science, in consequence of his professorship, Lamarck now devoted himself to the twofold labour of lecturing and classifying the collections at the museum. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin The first is associated with the great names of Aristotle, Cuvier, and von Baer, and leads easily to the more open vitalism of Lamarck and Samuel Butler. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology The bones of Lamarck are probably at this moment mixed with those of all the other unknown which lie there. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work Considering the many men we had had at Lamarck burnt practically all over from fire-bombs, I suggested that she should bring the baby into the Pharmacie and see if I could do anything for it. Fanny Goes to War Lamarck, who had been a distinguished botanist before he began his study of the animal kingdom, brought to his zoölogical researches his previous methods of investigation. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 09, No. 51, January, 1862 Lamarck was fifty years old before he began to study zoology; and prolonged microscopic examinations first fatigued and at length enfeebled his eyesight. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin For Roux, as for Lamarck, the function creates the organ, and it is only after long generations that the organ appears before the function. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Whatever may be said of his chemical and physical lucubrations, Lamarck in his geological and palæontological writings is, despite their errors, always suggestive, and in some most important respects in advance of his time. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work It was sad to bid good-bye to Lamarck and the Belgians, but as the English Convoy was to be in the same town it was not as if we should never see them again. Fanny Goes to War By a like process Lamarck combined animals into families. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 09, No. 51, January, 1862 Lamarck, moreover, took his own line, and his conjectures are not only much bolder, or rather more hazardous, but they are profoundly different from Buffon's. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Lamarck had made much use of this idea, claiming that such modifications were transmitted to posterity, and claiming the same for the structural changes produced by use and disuse. Q. E. D., or New Light on the Doctrine of Creation But Lamarck was more than a systematic biologist of the first order. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work That night I spent at Lamarck on a stretcher—it at least had the virtue of being dry if somewhat hard. Fanny Goes to War Lamarck, his contemporary, not recognizing the truth of this principle, distributed the animal kingdom into two great divisions, which he calls Vertebrates and Invertebrates. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 09, No. 51, January, 1862 Lamarck's two daughters do not appear to have been the kind of persons who could make effective sisters or cousins or aunts. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Lamarck passed on from the conception of Evolution as a general law to Charles Darwin's department of it, which was the method of Evolution. Back to Methuselah As a zoölogical philosopher no one of his time approached Lamarck. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work We visited the men who were having tea in their "refectory" under Cicely's supervision, and once more returned to work at Lamarck. Fanny Goes to War Lamarck was one of the greatest teachers of this doctrine. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 09, No. 53, March, 1862 Not that Lamarck can claim, as a thinker, to stand on the same level with Dr. Darwin, and still less so with Buffon. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin The old saying, 'Where there is a will, there is a way,' condenses Lamarck's theory of functional adaptation into a proverb. Back to Methuselah Besides this, Lamarck lived in a transition period. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work We were to have taken turns with the kitchen, but owing to this episode the authorities considered the work too dangerous, and after being complimented on their behaviour they returned to Lamarck. Fanny Goes to War Thus, by misplacing certain animals, he arrived at a series which, like that of Lamarck, made a strong impression on the scientific world, till a more careful investigation of facts exposed its fallacy. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 09, No. 53, March, 1862 Lamarck again writes:— "The very imperfect animals of the lowest classes, having no nervous system, are simply irritable, have nothing but certain habits, experience no sensations, and never conceive ideas." Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin But Lamarck did not believe that the necks were so designed in the beginning: he believed that the long necks were evolved by wanting and trying. Back to Methuselah Before his appointment to this chair Lamarck had devoted considerable attention to the study of conchology, and already possessed a rather large collection of shells. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work Though I had come out originally with the idea of being a chauffeur, I had only done odd work from time to time at Lamarck. Fanny Goes to War But the "Vestiges of Creation," published in 1844, had already popularized the resuscitated theories of Lamarck. Ralph Waldo Emerson I do not see, then, that there is any substantial difference between the positions taken by Dr. Erasmus Darwin and by Lamarck in this respect. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Lamarck would have said, by wanting to get at the tender leaves high up on the tree, and trying until he succeeded in wishing the necessary length of neck into existence. Back to Methuselah Mondière, who made zealous inquiries for the exact site of the grave of Lamarck, that it is and forever will be unknown. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work I sighed when I thought of the makeshifts we had là bas at Lamarck. Fanny Goes to War One minute specimen, but very perfect, has been examined; but it is undoubtedly the one described and figured by M. Edwards, and noticed by Lamarck as inhabiting the seas of New Holland. Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake, Commanded By the Late Captain Owen Stanley, R.N., F.R.S. Etc. During the Years 1846-1850. Including Discoveries and Surveys in New Guinea, the Louisiade Archipelago, Etc. to Which Is Added the Account of Mr. E.B. Kennedy's Expedition for the Exploration of the Cape York Peninsula. By John Macgillivray, F.R.G.S. Naturalist to the Expedition. — Volume 1 The fact, then, that it is specific characters which vary most is agreed upon by both Lamarck and Mr. Darwin. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin The same method so successfully used by botanists was soon introduced into Zoölogy by the French naturalists of the beginning of this century,—Lamarck, Latreille, and Cuvier. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 09, No. 54, April, 1862 “We found the place, but unfortunately, as I have previously said, the remains of Lamarck are no longer there.” Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work Lamarck describes this shell from a specimen found by Peron. Narrative of a Survey of the Intertropical and Western Coasts of Australia Performed between the years 1818 and 1822 — Volume 2 Lamarck, indeed, denies this, and says that these can only trail themselves along the bottom by means of the suckers. The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction Volume 20, No. 562, Saturday, August 18, 1832. The reader has now before him a fair sample of "the well-known doctrine of inherited habit as advanced by Lamarck." Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Heat in Plants.—Lamarck tells us of a plant, which during a few hours of its growth, is "so hot as to seem burning." The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction Volume 19, No. 533, February 11, 1832 The memory of Lamarck is deeply and warmly cherished throughout France. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work This shell agrees very well with the description of Lamarck, except that the whole edge of the mouth is of a fine rose-red colour. Narrative of a Survey of the Intertropical and Western Coasts of Australia Performed between the years 1818 and 1822 — Volume 2 The contrast between the sober, patient, philosophical courage of our home philosophy, and the writings of Lamarck and his followers and predecessors, of MM. Famous Reviews These quotations must suffice, for the reader has already had Lamarck's argument sufficiently put before him. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Two men among these thinkers must be especially mentioned—Treviranus in Germany and Lamarck in France; each independently of the other drew the world more completely than ever before in this direction. History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom During the movement of the battle, de Lamarck’s company was stationed in a position exposed to the direct fire of the enemy’s artillery. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work This specimen, presented to the Museum, agrees very well with the short description given by Lamarck of this species. Narrative of a Survey of the Intertropical and Western Coasts of Australia Performed between the years 1818 and 1822 — Volume 2 Frenchman Lamarck in the eighteenth century had already conceived this idea; Darwin, purely a naturalist, set it forth clearly, Spencer again stated it and drew from it consequences of general philosophy. Initiation into Philosophy Dr. Darwin goes beyond his successor, Lamarck, while Étienne Geoffroy does not even go so far as Dr. Darwin's predecessor, Buffon, had thought fit to let himself be known as going. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Gates states that Michaux was in the habit of collecting seeds with his specimens, and that it is therefore highly probable that Lamarck's specimens were grown directly from seeds collected in America by Michaux. Hormones and Heredity Even in his humble position as keeper of the herbarium, with its pitiable compensation, Lamarck, now an eminent botanist, with a European reputation, was by no means appreciated or secure in his position. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work He differs from Lamarck, by allowing the creation of one germ, possibly a few more. The Evolution of Man Scientifically Disproved In 50 Arguments In Nature appears a report of the remarkable address given by Professor Haeckel at the recent Eisenach meeting of the German Association of Naturalists on the theories of Darwin, Goethe, and Lamarck. Scientific American Supplement, No. 358, November 11, 1882 Next day Lamarck was made an officer, and shortly afterwards lieutenant. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin But poor types might have been produced, and periods of mutability might have been gone through similar to that which is now under observation for Lamarck's evening primrose in Holland. Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation And now began a new era in the life of Lamarck. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work The first of modern scientific men to adopt the theory that all plants and animals, including man, are developed from certain original simple germs, was Lamarck, a French naturalist, in 1809. The Evolution of Man Scientifically Disproved In 50 Arguments Early in this century, M. Lamarck, a naturalist of the highest character, suggested an hypothesis of organic progress which deservedly incurred much ridicule, although it contained a glimmer of the truth. Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation In this work Lamarck describes two thousand genera, and illustrates them, according to the title-page, with nine hundred engravings. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin One is the mutability of Lamarck's primrose, and the second is the immutable condition of quite a number of other species. Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation Indeed, it is well known that when, in after years, his friend Charles Darwin published his views, Lyell expressed some leaning towards the older speculations of Lamarck. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work Darwin makes very little indeed of voluntary efforts as a cause of change, and even poor Lamarck need not be caricatured. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 06, No. 36, October, 1860 But Darwin was an evolutionist—a disciple of Lamarck. Ancient and Modern Physics In spite, however, of his incessant toil, Lamarck's position continued to be most precarious. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Sometimes they fertilize themselves without any aid, as for instance, the common evening-primrose; in other cases the pollen has to be placed on the stigma artificially, as with Lamarck's evening-primrose and its derivatives. Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation And now happened an event which proved to be the turning point, or rather gave a new and lasting impetus to Lamarck’s career and decided his vocation in life. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work Curiously enough, while walking one day with a fellow-undergraduate, the latter burst forth in high admiration of Lamarck and his views on evolution. Beacon Lights of History, Volume 14 The New Era; A Supplementary Volume, by Recent Writers, as Set Forth in the Preface and Table of Contents Lamarck's theory of evolution, known to all Asiatic races from time immemorial, was the intuitional and absolute knowledge that comes to all men when they reach a certain stage of development. Ancient and Modern Physics Cornélie de Lamarck earning a scanty pittance by fastening dried plants on to paper, in the museum of which her father had been a professor. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin The bearing of the phenomena of dimorphism upon the principles of evolution formulated by Lamarck, and modified by his followers to constitute Neo-Lamarckianism, remains to be considered. Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation We know little about Lamarck’s acquaintance with this genius, for all the details of his life, both in his early and later years, are pitifully scanty. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work Lamarck was the first naturalist whose divergent views upon the subject excited much attention. Beacon Lights of History, Volume 14 The New Era; A Supplementary Volume, by Recent Writers, as Set Forth in the Preface and Table of Contents If Lamarck could have shown experimentally that even races of animals could be produced in this way, there might have been some ground for his speculations. Darwiniana : Essays — Volume 02 But Lamarck, having once made up his mind, never changed it; in his ripe age he exhibits all the ardour of youth in propagating and defending his new convictions. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Since Lamarck first propounded the conception of a common origin for all living beings, much has been done to clear up our ideas as to the real nature of this process. Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation This elaborate work at once placed young Lamarck in the front rank of botanists, and now the first and greatest honor of his life came to him. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work Following the example of Lamarck, it is usual to put all the other animals together under the head of invertebrates. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 The former was simply the creative hypothesis with the creator left out; the latter had already been propounded by De Maillet and Erasmus Darwin, among others; and, later, systematically expounded by Lamarck. Darwiniana : Essays — Volume 02 I am not, therefore, wholly displeased to find this author conceiving himself to have been treated by Mr. Charles Darwin with some of the injustice which he has himself inflicted on Lamarck. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin So Lamarck unconsciously discovered and described himself the plant, which after a century, was to become the means of an empirical demonstration of his far-reaching views on the common origin of all living beings. Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation During the twenty-six years that he has lived in Paris the citizen Lamarck has unceasingly devoted himself to the study of natural history, and particularly botany. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work I hold, with Lamarck and Darwin, that the hereditary transmission of acquired characters is one of the most important phenomena in biology, and is proved by thousands of morphological and physiological experiences. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 With indefatigable patience he taught me the scientific classifications of Cuvier, Linne, Lamarck or Bruguieres, and I was astonished at the attention with which I listened to him. The Story of a Child I only find Lamarck's name twice in the 1859 edition of the 'Origin,' once on p. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin It is chiefly distinguished from Lamarck's evening-primrose by its smooth leaves, as the name indicates. Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation Lamarck was “chargé de sept enfans,” and this appropriation was a most welcome addition to his small salary. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work Jean Lamarck was the first to appreciate its fundamental importance in 1809, and we may therefore justly give the name of Lamarckism to the theory of descent he based on it. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 Mr. Darwin did not tell us what his grandfather and Lamarck would have had to say to this or that. Unconscious Memory Mr. Darwin has since introduced a paragraph concerning Lamarck into the "historical sketch," already more than once referred to in these pages. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin In short, Lamarck's Philosophie Zoologique shared the fate of Wolff's theory of development, and was for half a century ignored and neglected. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 Afterwards, in the records, his name is written De Lamarck. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work Now, guessing in science is a very hazardous proceeding, and Lamarck's reputation has suffered woefully for the absurdities into which his baseless suppositions led him. Lectures and Essays As a matter of fact, Buffon is much more of a Neo-Darwinian than either Dr. Erasmus Darwin or Lamarck, for with him the variations are sometimes fortuitous. Unconscious Memory In this he summarises the theory which I am about to lay before the reader, by saying that Lamarck "upheld the doctrine that all species, including man, are descended from other species." Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin To adaptation we must add heredity as the second and not less important agency, as Lamarck perfectly recognised. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 What had at first led us into an error is that we made the inquiries under the name of Lamarck instead of that of de Monnet. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work Lamarck imagined that he had discovered this 'vera causa' in the admitted facts that some organs may be modified by exercise; and that modifications, once produced, are capable of hereditary transmission. Lectures and Essays Lamarck's Introduction of the Element of Time into the Definition of a Species. The Antiquity of Man Lamarck's poverty was perhaps one main reason of the ease with which it was found possible to neglect his philosophical opinions. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin But WHY each individual human being should pass through this series of forms in the course of his embryonic development it was quite impossible to say until Lamarck and Darwin established the theory of descent. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 The death of Lamarck is not even referred to in the Procès-verbaux. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work Use and disuse, then, with me, and, as I gather also, with Lamarck, are the keys to the position, coupled, of course, with continued personality and memory. Life and Habit Some of the laws which govern the appearance of new varieties were clearly pointed out by Lamarck. The Antiquity of Man Is it possible that Lamarck was in some measure misled by believing Buffon to be in earnest when he advanced propositions little less monstrous? Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin He approaches so near to the theory of descent that we must regard him, after Lamarck, as one of its earliest founders. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 The two successors of the chair held by Lamarck were certainly not dilatory in asking for appointments. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work Lamarck’s wonderful conception was hampered by an unnecessary adjunct, namely, a belief in an inherent tendency towards progressive development in every low organism. Life and Habit Lamarck's Introduction of the Element of Time into the Definition of a Species. The Antiquity of Man But," continues Lamarck, "the less imperfect animals which have a nervous system, though they have not the organ of intelligence, have instinct, habits, and proclivities; they feel sensations, and yet form no ideas whatever. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin At the head of them we find the great French naturalist, Jean Lamarck, who first established evolution as a scientific theory in 1809. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 De Blainville honored and respected Lamarck, and fully appreciated his commanding abilities as an observer and thinker. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work Returning to Mr. Darwin, we find, as we have already seen, that it is hard to say exactly how much Mr. Darwin differs from Lamarck, and how much he agrees with him. Life and Habit The only point on which I doubted was whether the force might not be intermittent instead of being, as Lamarck supposed, in ceaseless operation. The Antiquity of Man On the other hand, Lamarck must be admitted to have elaborated the theory of "descent with modification" with no less clearness than Dr. Darwin, and with much greater fulness of detail. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin The German scientists, especially Oken and Goethe, who were occupied with similar speculations at the same time, seem to have known nothing about Lamarck's work. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 Lamarck’s first paper on fossils was read to the Institute in 1799, or about three years previous to the publication of the Hydrogéologie. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work Mr. Darwin tells us, in the preface to his last edition of the “Origin of Species,” that Lamarck was partly led to his conclusions by the analogy of domestic productions. Life and Habit I also copied with my own hand, having no means of purchasing the work, two volumes of Lamarck's 'Animaux sans Vertebres,' and my dear brother copied another half volume for me. Louis Agassiz: His Life and Correspondence In his fifth chapter Lamarck returns to the then existing arrangement and classification of animals. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Lamarck had unsuccessfully attempted to explain the modification of organisms that descend from a common form chiefly by the action of habit and the use of organs, though with the aid of heredity. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 He himself signed his name, when acting as secretary of the Assembly of Professors-administrative of the Museum of Natural History during the years of the First Republic, as plain Lamarck. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work Or that I have really found Lamarck’s talisman, which had been for some time lost sight of? Life and Habit Orchids at any rate can't try to improve themselves in taking shots at insects' heads with pollen bags—as Lamarck's Giraffes tried to stretch their necks! Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley — Volume 3 Lamarck here devotes about seventy pages to a survey of the animal kingdom in its entirety, beginning with the mammals and ending with the infusoria. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin The most important of them is his Zoonomia, published in 1794, in which he expounds views similar to those of Goethe and Lamarck, without really knowing anything of the work of these contemporaries. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 Philippe de Lamarck, with his large family, had endowed his first-born son so that he could maintain the family name and title, and had found situations for several of the others in the army. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work This view was, I believe, first suggested by Lamarck. Insectivorous Plants From 1830 onwards for more than forty years Lyell's "Principles of Geology" was one of the most widely read scientific books in this country, and it contains an elaborate criticism of Lamarck's views. Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley — Volume 3 I am obliged to pass this classification over, but do so very unwillingly, for it is illustrative of Lamarck, both at his best and at his worst. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin The gifted natural philosopher who treated this difficult question with the greatest sagacity and comprehensiveness was Jean Lamarck. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 Jean Lamarck did not manifest any taste for the clerical profession. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work Whenever he attempts this he reminds us of Lamarck, and shows us how little light the science of a century devoted to structural investigation has thrown upon the mystery of organization. Darwiniana; Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism We are certainly not guilty of any neglect of Lamarck on this side of the Channel. Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley — Volume 3 Lamarck is led into the statement that plants have neither actions nor habits, by his theories about the nervous system and the brain. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Not a word was ever said about the earlier efforts to understand the formation of living things, nor about Lamarck's Philosophie Zoologique which had made a fresh attack on the problem in 1809. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 Lamarck’s career as a botanist comprised about twenty-five years. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work However, I had studied Lamarck attentively and I had read the "Vestiges" with due care; but neither of them afforded me any good ground for changing my negative and critical attitude. Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley — Volume 1 M. Picavet has grouped around them, along with many obscurer names, the great scientific men of the time, like Laplace, Bichat, Lamarck, as all in the direct line of eighteenth century thought. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth The tongues of the ant-eater and the woodpecker," continues Lamarck, "have become elongated from similar causes. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin This plant, the scarlet-runner of English gardeners and the Phaseolus coccineus of Lamarck, originally came from Mexico, as I am informed by Mr. Bentham. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom On the other hand, Lamarck’s field comprised more than nine-tenths of the animal kingdom. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work I will take care about the Cheiroptera, and I will look at Lamarck again. Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley — Volume 1 But Lamarck, the elder Darwin, Monboddo, and others had submitted hypotheses of evolution. Alfred Tennyson Lamarck makes no exception in man's favour to the rule of descent with modification. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Now, guessing in science is a very hazardous proceeding, and Lamarck’s reputation has suffered woefully for the absurdities into which his baseless suppositions led him. Time and Life Of the last illness of Lamarck, and the nature of the sickness to which he finally succumbed, there is no account. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work I have already seen enough to be convinced that the present families of corallines as arranged by Lamarck, Cuvier, etc., are highly artificial. More Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 1 Buffon already, and especially Lamarck, in their great and incomplete sketches, outline with penetrating divination the leading features of modern physiology and zoology. The Ancient Regime Lamarck was one of those men of whom I believe it has been said that they have brain upon the brain. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin He speaks of having "advocated a law of continuity even in the organic world, so far as possible without adopting Lamarck's theory of transmutation"... On the Reception of the 'Origin of Species' Lamarck had long known Latreille “and loved him as a son.” Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work Lecture VI., page 151: Lamarck "said, for example, that the short-legged birds, which live on fish, had been converted into the long-legged waders by desiring to get the fish without wetting their feet." More Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 1 At the end it quotes all your conclusions against Lamarck, and makes a solemn appeal to you to keep firm in the true faith. Life and Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 2 Lamarck had little if any perception of any one of the four. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin With respect to books on this subject, I do not know of any systematical ones, except Lamarck's, which is veritable rubbish; but there are plenty, as Lyell, Pritchard, etc., on the view of the immutability. Life and Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 1 Lamarck, thy abandonment, sad as it was in thy old age, is better than the ephemeral glory of men who only maintain their reputation by sharing in the errors of their time. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work I am surprised that no one has advanced this demonstrative case of neuter insects, against the well-known doctrine of inherited habit, as advanced by Lamarck. The Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection, 6th Edition As for Lamarck, as you have such a man as Grove with you, you are triumphant; not that I can alter my opinion that to me it was an absolutely useless book. Life and Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 2 We have seen, that up to a certain point there is very little difference between Lamarck and Mr. Darwin. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Invert., etc., but then this would be incompatible with the law of priority, for where Lamarck has violated that low, one cannot adopt his name. Life and Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 1 Lamarck’s theoretical views were not known in Germany until many years after his death. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work Lamarck first called attention to this subject, and he has been ably followed by Macleay and others. The Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection, 6th Edition How strange it is that the country which gave birth to Buffon, the elder Geoffroy, and especially to Lamarck, should now cling so pertinaciously to the belief that species are immutable creations. Life and Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 2 |
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