| 单词 | Aramaic |
| 例句 | I discovered that my father’s method of teaching me Talmud and his patient insistence that I learn Talmudic grammar—I had painfully memorized an Aramaic grammar book—was now standing me in good stead. The Chosen 1967-04-28T00:00:00Z A far more important line evolved by way of the Aramaic alphabet, used for official documents of the Persian Empire, into the modern Arabic, Hebrew, Indian, and Southeast Asian alphabets. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Translated from the original Aramaic, it is a transcript of the final exit interview before Cat was loosed upon the world. Here’s what happened before God let cats loose upon the world 2016-12-12T05:00:00Z One lovely volume of the Psalms here from 1516, printed in Genoa, Italy, includes, along with the original Hebrew, columns of Septuagint Greek, Arabic, Aramaic and Latin, along with commentary. Exhibition Review: Abraham?s Progeny, and Their Texts 2010-10-22T22:50:00Z The same is true for the Old Testament, written in Hebrew and Aramaic from approximately the ninth century B.C. to the second century B.C. From Biden’s giant Bible to Christian flags waved by rioters, "religion" means many different things 2021-01-23T05:00:00Z It is a translation from the Latin vulgate, which was translated from ancient Greek, which was in turn translated from Aramaic, the language spoken by Jesus. Pope wants better translation of phrase on temptation in 'Our Father' prayer 2017-12-07T05:00:00Z In Semitic lands, Greek replaced Aramaic as the language of science and philosophy until the advent of Islam — which is why the last books of the Old Testament are in Greek. Art: Macedonia's Riches Before Alexander 2011-10-21T12:30:08Z Some of the pieces have notes on the back in ancient Aramaic, which appear to be the Ikea flatpack instructions of almost 3,000 years ago on how to assemble the furniture. British Museum buys Assyrian treasures cleaned by Agatha Christie 2011-03-07T16:43:37Z Because Wirtz claims he’s come into possession of several pages of parchment, written in Aramaic, by none other than Jesus Christ. Review | Years ago I wandered into a used book store and a man named X handed me this gem 2018-06-13T04:00:00Z The documents date to the ninth century and contain a babel of poetry, prayers, recipes, legal and family correspondence, doodles and accounting tallies, in languages including Aramaic, Hebrew, Arabic and Judeo-Arabic. The Cairo Geniza, Under Piecemeal Restoration 2014-09-25T04:00:00Z “I’m not missing out on his life,” she said, also revealing that the pair had matching tattoos in Aramaic. Regina King’s son, musician Ian Alexander Jr., dies at 26: ‘A bright light who cared so deeply’ 2022-01-23T05:00:00Z We also learn about Jewish history in the region, meet a Christian priest who sings in Aramaic and visit a monastery that seems almost eerily peaceful, considering the surroundings. Review: Two Battle Diaries From Iraq 2020-01-09T05:00:00Z However, his erudition includes a knowledge of Greek, Latin, Hebrew and Aramaic that reveals subtleties an ordinary reader would surely miss. Jay Parini on the complexities and contradictions of Jesus 2014-01-15T22:18:32Z Freedman is a much-published Judaic and Aramaic scholar whose book brims with insight, but the bulk of it is a song-by-song commentary that is peppered with many valuable observations. Review | How spirituality shaped Leonard Cohen 2021-11-22T05:00:00Z Soon world famous, these copies of Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek texts became a source of international contention. 'Sacred Treasure' tells engaging story of early Hebrew documents 2011-01-06T22:03:06Z Other denominations also hold services there, in languages including Latin, Arabic, Aramaic, Amharic and Ge’ez. 'Walking in the Lord's footsteps' in Jerusalem's Holy Sepulchre 2019-01-03T05:00:00Z In 11 songs that flow together in an unbroken monologue, the soloist continuously wrestles with questions of faith, drawing on sources in Aramaic, Czech, Moravian dialect, Spanish, English and Sanskrit. Online, Simon Rattle Gives a Preview of His Future in Munich 2021-03-14T05:00:00Z The lines of each protagonist are inscribed, anachronistically, in Hebrew rather than Aramaic on the base of each statue. Art Review: The Great Rustici Emerges From the Shadows 2010-12-13T15:41:00Z What there is, apparently, is advanced-placement classes in eschatology, because Grizz is able to translate the graffitied words, an Aramaic phrase from the apocalyptic Book of Daniel: “The writing’s on the wall.” “The Society,” Reviewed: A Teen Dystopia, but with, Like, Socialism 2019-05-22T04:00:00Z But the Greek accounts of Jesus were already translations: he and his followers spoke Aramaic. Talking in tongues 2016-09-08T04:00:00Z People asked me if it was in Aramaic or Latin fairly often. What can we learn from translations of the Bible? 2016-02-20T05:00:00Z On a computer screen was a piece of the Apocryphon of Daniel, an Aramaic text that includes a verse referring to a figure who "will be called the son of God." 2,000-year-old Dead Sea Scrolls go online 2011-09-27T00:31:04Z Yiddish, which combines elements of German, Hebrew, Aramaic and Slavic, is a language of many dialects corresponding to the different regions of Europe where they emerged. Hawaiian, Gaelic, Yiddish: so you want to learn an endangered language on Duolingo? 2020-02-14T05:00:00Z It is a translation from the Latin vulgate, which was translated from ancient Greek, which was in turn translated from Aramaic, the language spoken by Jesus. Pope wants better translation of phrase on temptation in 'Our Father' prayer 2017-12-07T05:00:00Z Raised in relative wealth and sophistication, Ana can read Aramaic, Greek, Hebrew and Latin. Review | In Sue Monk Kidd’s ‘The Book of Longings,’ Jesus has a wife — and behold, she’s so woke! 2020-04-21T04:00:00Z He spoke Aramaic perfectly, but it was much more likely, given all the circumstances, that he was a Gentile, perhaps a Greek philosopher from Athens or Alexandria. Philip Pullman: The Good Man Jesus and the Scoundrel Christ 2010-03-27T09:00:00Z The property’s pièce de résistance, however, is an iconic Waldorf Astoria timepiece rendered in Hebrew, Aramaic, Roman, and European numerals, set against evocative Jewish art and landscapes of the Holy City. Waldorf Astoria Opens a Stunning New Hotel in Jerusalem 2014-08-14T04:00:00Z An inscription is carefully engraved in Aramaic, the ancient Semitic language that was widespread across the Near East by the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. Review: 'Routes of Arabia'' Exhibition at Louvre Is Startling 2010-07-23T11:56:00Z There was an equally strong Jewish intellectual legacy that provided accurate translations from Hebrew and Aramaic to Greek, providing Greek-speaking Christians with access to a reliable version of the Old Testament. Western Civilization: A Concise History 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z After the news broke earlier this week, an expert in ancient Aramaic inscriptions approached the Israel Antiquities Authority to explain that she herself had actually etched those words onto the ancient fragment. Israel says inscription in Persian pottery shard inauthentic 2023-03-03T05:00:00Z The alphabet continued to evolve, from Phoenician to Old Hebrew to Old Aramaic to Ancient Greek to Latin, becoming the basis for today’s modern English characters. An Ancient People’s Oldest Message: Get Rid of Beard Lice. 2022-11-09T05:00:00Z Canaanites spoke an ancient Semitic language — related to modern Hebrew, Arabic and Aramaic — and resided in the lands abutting the eastern Mediterranean. Israeli archeologists find ancient comb with ‘full sentence’ 2022-11-09T05:00:00Z In some respects, the UTA and others have rigorous curriculums, teaching students to parse complicated texts and legal principles in Yiddish, Hebrew and Aramaic. In Hasidic Enclaves, Failing Private Schools Flush with Public Money 2022-09-11T04:00:00Z She saw them crowding the Sahara Restaurant on 16 Mile Road, sharing tea and speaking in Suret — a lilting dialect of the Aramaic spoken by Jesus. The angry White populist who paved the way for Trump Also rare are the inscriptions in Aramaic — one of the local languages at the time — near Hadad, Atargaris and the moon god Sîn. While Building a House, They Dug Up a Chamber for Ancient Gods 2022-05-12T04:00:00Z You could tell this story about Trump in Hebrew, Latin or Aramaic. Crime novelist Don Winslow imagines Trump behind bars — but will it happen? 2022-04-26T04:00:00Z For some audiences, the title of “The Automat” will tell them nearly everything they need to know; for others, the word will read like ancient Aramaic. Review | ‘The Automat’ documentary looks back fondly on a defunct eatery 2022-04-05T04:00:00Z The pair had matching tattoos reading “unconditional love” in Aramaic. Ian Alexander Jr., only child of Regina King, dies at age 26 2022-01-22T05:00:00Z "There is the beauty of these three languages, but essentially it's Aramaic which is the basis of the tradition of Maronites," Skender said. Maronites in Cyprus hope Pope can help save their culture 2021-11-30T05:00:00Z The Montana native, who spoke seven languages, used personal, informal language when discussing God — whom he referred to as “abba,” or “father” in Aramaic, recalled his niece, Colleen Cook. Teachers, scholars, mentors: Eight priests died of COVID-19 in a Jesuit retirement home 2021-07-13T04:00:00Z They contain manuscripts, mostly written in Hebrew as well as Aramaic and Greek, and are believed to date from about the Third Century BC. AI unlocks ancient Dead Sea Scrolls mystery 2021-04-22T04:00:00Z These documents — versions of what Jews call the Tanakh, or what Christians would call the Old Testament — are mostly in Hebrew, although some were written in Aramaic, Greek and Nabataean-Aramaic. What the newly-discovered Dead Sea Scrolls tell us about history 2021-03-18T04:00:00Z The 84-year-old pontiff, who suffers from sciatica, was limping noticeably as he walked off the plane and past a line of young people singing in languages including Aramaic, the language of Jesus. Francis Begins Visit to Iraq, in ‘Duty to a Land Martyred’ 2021-03-05T05:00:00Z The Maronite Church is headquartered in Lebanon, where most of its members still reside, but beyond the doors of the church in Cyprus, another hybrid Aramaic has evolved, spoken by only about 800-900 Cypriot Maronites. Maronites in Cyprus hope Pope can help save their culture 2021-11-30T05:00:00Z Many Christians there still speak a form of Aramaic, the language of Jesus. In Iraq’s Christian Heartland, a Feud Over a Town’s Identity 2021-03-05T05:00:00Z They speak a version of Aramaic, a Semitic language spoken at the time of Jesus. Factbox: Iraq's Christian denominations 2021-03-01T05:00:00Z Written primarily in Hebrew and Aramaic, the texts were some of the oldest biblical writings ever recovered and promised to illuminate the development of Christianity and modern Judaism. Hershel Shanks, Washington lawyer who became a force in biblical archaeology, dies at 90 2021-02-09T05:00:00Z It’s only two decades old, but it might as well be on papyrus in Aramaic. Opinion | Senate Republicans could restore a bit of civility by confirming Neera Tanden 2020-12-22T05:00:00Z Over 4 1/2 decades, working for up to 16 hours a day, he labored over the ancient texts, translating them from the Aramaic into modern Hebrew - along with editions in English, French and Russian. Adin Steinsaltz, groundbreaking Talmud translator, dies 2020-08-07T04:00:00Z According to the Bible and history, Jesus Christ and his disciples spoke Aramaic, the common language of the Eastern Mediterranean region. Opinion | Readers critique The Post: Enough, already. Give women’s sports fair coverage. 2020-07-09T04:00:00Z Last year, before more than 200 people at synagogue, he read a prayer in Aramaic in homage to his father, who was also a rabbi, a Torah scholar and a marathon runner. Lives Lost: For man with Down syndrome, a college dream 2020-06-18T04:00:00Z A small number were written in Aramaic or Greek. Ancient DNA Yields New Clues to Dead Sea Scrolls 2020-06-02T04:00:00Z Of these, four were found to have readable Hebrew/Aramaic text written in carbon-based ink. Dead Sea Scrolls discovery: Fragments thought to be blank reveal text 2020-05-19T04:00:00Z The words of a centuries-old prayer rose in the balmy air and echoed over the graves, hypnotic in the rhythms of ancient Aramaic but no less weighty in translation: 'The eulogy they never received': Reclaiming the heritage of Jewish American soldiers killed in World War II 2020-02-13T05:00:00Z The Babylonian Talmud is a vast, rambling text written mostly in Aramaic that encompasses law codes, anecdotes, mysticism, customs, disputations and aphorisms, and serves as the cornerstone of Orthodox Jewish practices. Orthodox women seek bigger role as Jews end Talmud cycle 2020-01-07T05:00:00Z All except the Armenians worshipped in Syriac - a dialect of Aramaic, the language of Christ. In search of Leonard, my martyred ancestor 2018-12-30T05:00:00Z Many of the Christian communities of northern Iraq are some of the oldest of the faith, where dialects of Aramaic — the language of Jesus — are still spoken. Vatican official urges Iraq's Christians to forgive, rebuild 2018-12-28T05:00:00Z It is one of the few books in the Hebrew Bible where Aramaic appears for long stretches of the text. After More Than Two Decades of Work, a New Hebrew Bible to Rival the King James 2018-12-20T05:00:00Z For 1,000 years, Aramaic was written and spoken right across Middle East. Were there more than Three Kings? 2018-12-21T05:00:00Z The women, shrouded in white and their hair tucked under headdresses, went into the river first, receiving their blessings in a Mandaean dialect of Jesus’s native tongue, Aramaic. Water pollution in Iraq threatens Mandaean religious rites 2018-10-17T04:00:00Z The Talmud is notoriously hard to follow, even if you understand Aramaic. The quest to put the Talmud online 2018-09-18T04:00:00Z Her devotion to Christianity is reflected in a small tattoo on her arm, an Aramaic phrase she scoured the Web to find. In-N-Out Burger suffers threats of boycott over donation to California Republican Party 2018-08-30T04:00:00Z The traditional wedding contract is written in Aramaic. Israel’s Latest Culture War Plays Out Under the Wedding Canopy 2018-08-19T04:00:00Z The Jewish holy book, the Talmud, was written in Aramaic, and scholars say Arabic script is derived from it. Were there more than Three Kings? 2018-12-21T05:00:00Z They belong to a number of churches, including the Assyrian Church of the East and the Chaldean Catholic Church, and they speak a dialect of Aramaic. ‘There Are No Girls Left’: Syria’s Christian Villages Hollowed Out by ISIS 2018-08-15T04:00:00Z It’s also a sequence of words that couldn’t be more mysterious to me if they’d been scrawled in Aramaic and stuffed in a buried chest. Dear Alexa, who‘s in charge of my life, me or you? | Rhik Samadder 2018-01-15T05:00:00Z Once inside they will celebrate their Christmas liturgy in a dialect of Aramaic, the language Jesus spoke. Merry Christmas, Iraq 2017-12-19T05:00:00Z And within just one valley, the team found a variety of religious buildings, including Buddhist stupas, Zoroastrian fire temples, and Hellenistic sanctuaries with both Greek and Aramaic characters written on stone slabs. Spy satellites are revealing Afghanistan’s lost empires 2017-12-13T05:00:00Z But now, if Aramaic was an animal species, it would be declared critically endangered. Were there more than Three Kings? 2018-12-21T05:00:00Z Down the centuries, the short prayer has been through the wringer, linguistically speaking, after being translated from Aramaic — the language Jesus spoke — to Greek and Latin and other languages. Pope Francis suggests rewording the Lord's Prayer. The problem? 'Lead us not into temptation' – LA Times 2017-12-08T05:00:00Z The persecution threatens the very existence of ancient Christian communities in the region; some of those communities continue to speak Aramaic, the language of Jesus. Texas church massacre against Christians 2017-11-06T05:00:00Z It owns myriad texts in Hebrew, Aramaic, and other scripts that are common targets for sophisticated forgers. Can the Museum of the Bible overcome the sins of the past? 2017-10-16T04:00:00Z The voice of the UN secretary general is followed by greetings in 55 languages, including Aramaic, Burmese, Urdu, and several African languages. What NASA's Golden Record taught me about humanity 2017-10-01T04:00:00Z In Aramaic this means the Mount of the Servants of God. Were there more than Three Kings? 2018-12-21T05:00:00Z Mr Hamama is a member of the Chaldean community, who descend from the ancient Assyrians, speak Aramaic and practise Catholicism according to eastern rites. Chaldean Catholics and Iraqi Kurds face deportation 2017-07-24T04:00:00Z “Then why are you deporting them?” he wrote on Twitter, bracketing the question with a snarl of English, Aramaic and Arabic that would be unprintable in any language. After Backing Trump, Christians Who Fled Iraq Fall Into His Dragnet 2017-07-04T04:00:00Z He gestured again with the quill, pointing at a computer monitor displaying rapidly scrolling Hebrew and Aramaic text. Sofer Pete : Nature : Nature Research 2017-03-28T04:00:00Z The pizza ruling was issued in mere days, in Hebrew, with certain citations of the Torah and the Talmud in ancient Aramaic. In Brooklyn’s Kosher Pizza War, Modern Tastes Battle Ancient Law 2017-03-28T04:00:00Z As we walk back in to the courtyard, I hear the village children reciting, Aramaic in class. Were there more than Three Kings? 2018-12-21T05:00:00Z There were many fragments of manuscripts and potsherds that had been used for writing—Greek, Latin, Hebrew, and Aramaic. The Scrolls from the Dead Sea 1955-05-06T04:00:00Z Mostly written in Hebrew, although a few were in Aramaic and Greek, the scrolls’ text dated back roughly 2,000 years. Archaeologists say they have found a cave that once held Dead Sea Scrolls, a first in 60 years 2017-02-09T05:00:00Z The priceless records include more than 800 documents written in Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek, mostly on animal skin and papyrus. New Dead Sea Scrolls cave discovered - BBC News 2017-02-09T05:00:00Z At the center of the battle are not prices or sauce recipes, but cryptic interpretations of holy law set down in ancient Aramaic thousands of years ago. In Brooklyn’s Kosher Pizza War, Modern Tastes Battle Ancient Law 2017-03-28T04:00:00Z He said Jews, Muslims and Christians live among one another in his and Amani’s hometown of Banyas, where people still speak Aramaic - the language spoken by Jesus and his disciples 2,000 years ago. Pendleton family proud to be American and Syrian 2017-02-04T05:00:00Z It has not been unrolled yet, but from two fragments detached from the back, it has been found to be written in Aramaic in “a very neat and fine script.” The Scrolls from the Dead Sea 1955-05-06T04:00:00Z The language of the mass is Chaldean, which is related to Aramaic - the language spoken in the Middle East at the time of Christ. Iraqi Christians celebrate Christmas in Irbil - BBC News 2016-12-24T05:00:00Z Some of them even use Aramaic, the language spoken by Jesus, in their liturgies. Christmas in the Middle East 2016-12-23T05:00:00Z Driving from Damascus, I stopped at Maaloula, an ancient Christian town where some inhabitants still speak the language of Jesus, Aramaic. Aleppo: Elegy for a doomed city whose history spans centuries 2016-12-18T05:00:00Z Members speak a modern version of Aramaic, the language of Jesus. Iraq’s Christians Turn to Militia for Protection 2016-12-06T05:00:00Z Though they had hitherto been known only in translation—Greek, Latin, or Ethiopic—it had already been assumed that the originals were in Hebrew or Aramaic. The Scrolls from the Dead Sea 1955-05-06T04:00:00Z To this day, they speak a dialect of Aramaic, believed to be the native language of Jesus. Ransomed: The race to free 226 Christian hostages in Syria 2016-12-05T05:00:00Z I couldn’t get into the city of Arsal, a mountain enclave whose name is Aramaic for “God’s throne,” because the Lebanese Army has cordoned it off to outsiders. After the Islamic State 2016-12-04T05:00:00Z By dinnertime, the doctors were exhausted, looking forward to beans and rice inside the boarded-up house, full of Christian relics they had salvaged including Aramaic books, rosaries and Christmas ornaments. 'In coming days, it will be thousands:' An ill-equipped field clinic struggles to keep up with the carnage of Mosul 2016-11-20T05:00:00Z “In neither Arabic, Aramaic, Greek nor Latin — in Hebrew.” As U.N. Ignores Jewish Ties to Holy Site, Israel Produces Ancient Evidence 2016-10-26T04:00:00Z But Gibson's account of the final hours of Christ's life - scripted entirely in Latin and Aramaic - drew widespread criticism from Jewish groups who determined it was anti-Semitic. Sequel planned for Passion of the Christ - BBC News 2016-06-10T04:00:00Z You may as well have told me she spoke ancient Aramaic, it was so exotic and so impressive. The Go-Go's Jane Wiedlin on the birth of LA punk: 'I wrote lyrics at work on crystal meth' 2016-06-01T04:00:00Z Its inhabitants, speakers of ancient Aramaic, fled in August 2014 when the town was overrun by Islamic State forces, who burned and desecrated its churches. Navy SEAL killed in Iraq after Islamic State punches through front line 2016-05-03T04:00:00Z They spend their time at the café joking in the indigenous dialect, a blend of Arabic, Aramaic and Greek. You say raki, I say ouzo 2016-04-21T04:00:00Z These inscriptions were often written both in Greek and Palmyrene Aramaic, a bilingual phenomenon unique to Palmyra. Why Palmyra, Recently Liberated, Is a Historical Treasure 2016-03-28T04:00:00Z Syriac Christians belong to the eastern Christian tradition and pray in Aramaic. Syriac Christian women take up Kalashnikovs to fight Islamic State 2015-12-13T05:00:00Z She quickly adjusted to life in the U.S. but maintained links to her past, teaching the Aramaic language at a church. For 3 killed in California attack, US was refuge from fear 2015-12-07T05:00:00Z For centuries, Christians in those regions used the Semitic Syriac language, which is so near to Hebrew and Aramaic. Dead temples vs. living churches: ISIS is obliterating Christian communities — why aren’t we paying attention? 2015-11-29T05:00:00Z Most Chaldeans are Eastern Rite Catholics who speak their native language, Aramaic, and are indigenous to Iraq, Syria and parts of Iran and Turkey. Foundation to expand Chaldean outreach in Detroit area 2015-11-09T05:00:00Z The town is home to Syria's Assyrian Christian minority, where the ancient language of Aramaic is still spoken. Syrian conflict: Islamic State advances in Homs Province - BBC News 2015-11-01T04:00:00Z These inscriptions were often written both in Greek and Palmyrene Aramaic, a bilingual phenomenon unique to Palmyra. How Ancient Palmyra, Now in ISIS's Grip, Grew Rich and Powerful 2015-08-26T04:00:00Z Most Chaldeans in Metro Detroit are Eastern Rite Catholics who speak their native language, Aramaic, and are indigenous to Iraq, Syria and parts of Iran and Turkey. Chaldean charter school coming to Madison Heights 2015-08-10T04:00:00Z On its walls were letters in Aramaic - the common language spoken in the time of Jesus - written in Hebrew script, and a series of symbols either smeared on with mud, or cut into the plaster. 'Ancient Hebrew inscriptions' baffle Israeli archaeologists - BBC News 2015-08-05T04:00:00Z There also will be a program to teach younger children Aramaic, the native language of Chaldeans. Foundation to expand Chaldean outreach in Detroit area 2015-11-09T05:00:00Z Pithy fables similar to those of Aesop were composed in an archaic Aramaic dialect of Syria and housed in Jewish temples. Classics for the people – why we should all learn from the ancient Greeks 2015-06-20T04:00:00Z As a child, Mr. Aziz spoke Aramaic, the tongue widely considered the language of Jesus. Tariq Aziz dies; Saddam Hussein’s top minister, longtime spokesman for Iraq 2015-06-05T04:00:00Z Upon graduation, the students are expected to be proficient in at least three languages: English, Aramaic and either Spanish or French. Chaldean charter school coming to Madison Heights 2015-08-10T04:00:00Z Much of “Simple Drugs” was eventually translated into Syriac, a form of Aramaic used by Middle Eastern Christian communities. Medicine’s Hidden Roots in an Ancient Manuscript 2015-06-01T04:00:00Z Few schools teach Aramaic in these places, contributing to the language’s disappearance, said Naby, the expert on Assyrian culture. Christians who use the language of Jesus being uprooted by Islamic State 2015-04-14T04:00:00Z Three thousand Christians fled when the militants occupied this ancient place of pilgrimage, one of only three places in the world where they still speak Aramaic - the language of Jesus Christ. Christians under threat in the Middle East 2015-04-14T04:00:00Z Before jihadists overran this mountain town in 2013, Maaloula was one of the oldest Christian communities in Syria, where Western Aramaic—the language of Jesus Christ—is still spoken. The New Exodus: Christians Flee ISIS in the Middle East 2015-03-26T04:00:00Z On that same trip, to Mosul, I spoke to a Chaldean priest who officiated at an ancient church where he still rendered his services in Aramaic, the language of Jesus Christ. ISIS and the Destruction of History 2015-03-18T04:00:00Z They speak Syriac, a form of Aramaic, the language of Christ. Islamic State seizure of Syria Christians: What we know 2015-02-26T05:00:00Z But he expressed doubt they will continue using Aramaic as they did in the Middle East. Christians who use the language of Jesus being uprooted by Islamic State 2015-04-14T04:00:00Z Assyrians, of whom there were about 40,000 in Syria, are Nestorian Christians and speak Syriac, a form of Aramaic, the language of Christ. IS 'abducts 90 Syrian Christians' 2015-02-24T05:00:00Z Last year the Syriacs were allowed to open a primary school where pupils will be taught in Aramaic, the tongue of Jesus Christ, for the first time. Build it 2015-01-08T05:00:00Z The Yazidi religion, for example, goes back to Mesopotamia; Aramaic, the language of Jesus, continues to be spoken in a clutch of villages near Damascus. Religious nationalism finds a footing in the Middle East 2015-01-02T05:00:00Z Chaldeans are not Arabs; their language is Aramaic, and they are Christians. Detroit’s Chaldeans expand services for refugees 2014-11-23T05:00:00Z Assyrians in Iraq and Syria belong to the last communities of significant size to speak the language of Jesus: Aramaic. Christians who use the language of Jesus being uprooted by Islamic State 2015-04-14T04:00:00Z I picked a random page and dredged up my O-level Aramaic. It seems Russell Brand has more in common with Jesus than you’d think 2014-10-19T04:00:00Z Jewish and other immigrants often spoke and wrote Aramaic. ‘When the Greeks Ruled Egypt’ Highlights the Diversity of Cultures in Ptolemaic Egypt 2014-10-06T04:00:00Z SOUTHFIELD, Mich. — Early on Wednesday morning, the sonorous sound of Aramaic rose from the pews of Mother of God Chaldean Catholic Church here. As Iraqi Christians in U.S. Watch ISIS Advance, They See ‘Slow-Motion Genocide’ 2014-09-06T04:00:00Z It’s actually the only time in the New Testament that an Aramaic form of the word is used; every other time Jesus is addressed with a similar term it’s the Hebrew “Rabbi.” Jesus’ language more complicated than experts claim 2014-07-02T04:00:00Z Aramaic is the oldest continuously written and spoken language in the Middle East, she said. Christians who use the language of Jesus being uprooted by Islamic State 2015-04-14T04:00:00Z But Jesus's "everyday" spoken language would have been Aramaic. What language would Jesus have spoken? 2014-05-27T04:00:00Z Inside the church, the congregants prayed in Syriac, an ancient Semitic language spoken in the pre-Islamic Levant and closely related to the old Aramaic probably spoken by Jesus. In Damascus, Christians briefly ignore war for Easter 2014-04-19T13:30:59Z Some of its inhabitants still speak Aramaic, the language of Christ, and the monastery of Mar Thecla has a reputation among believers for miraculous cures. Syrian army seizes ancient Christian town near Lebanese border 2014-04-14T16:10:16Z Few sacred texts confuse monolingual thinkers as badly as the Gospels, where Hebrew and Aramaic seem to be repeatedly confused. Jesus’ language more complicated than experts claim 2014-07-02T04:00:00Z “Assyrians remain the last Aramaic-speaking of people of the world. So the disappearance and displacement of these people pretty much spells the closing chapter of Aramaic use in the world,” Naby said. Christians who use the language of Jesus being uprooted by Islamic State 2015-04-14T04:00:00Z And it is Aramaic that most biblical scholars say he spoke in the Bible. What language would Jesus have spoken? 2014-05-27T04:00:00Z The nuns’ odyssey began in September when insurgents entered Maaloula, a town built into steep cliffs where Aramaic, the language of Jesus, is still spoken. Nuns Released by Syrians After Three-Month Ordeal 2014-03-10T00:56:39Z Many still speak a dialect of Aramaic, the language of Christ. Generations on, Christians fleeing Syria return to Turkish homeland 2014-02-28T07:14:00Z Indeed, the current debate is a mirror image of the last big public argument about Jesus’ language, when Mel Gibson’sThe Passion of the Christ had him speaking what was supposed to be Aramaic. Jesus’ language more complicated than experts claim 2014-07-02T04:00:00Z She noted that a similar loss of Aramaic happened when thousands of Jews left northern Iraq around the time of Israel’s creation in 1948. Christians who use the language of Jesus being uprooted by Islamic State 2015-04-14T04:00:00Z Dr. Fine said the lettering on the Jewish ones was in a form of Aramaic that only Jews, not Christians, were taught to read. Chasing 5th-Century Clues From a Woman’s Tombstone 2013-12-14T00:54:32Z The Gemara is written in Aramaic, and like the Mishnah lacks punctuation. The world's toughest religious text? 2013-10-29T07:41:31Z After reading the Aramaic, she embarked on a word-by-word textual analysis of a story about a rabbi who became immersed in his studies, and his wife who waited for him to return home. The world's toughest religious text? 2013-10-29T07:41:31Z This month, rebels overran the historic Christian town of Maalula, where many of its inhabitants speak Aramaic, the language of Jesus. Where’s the Outrage? 2013-09-27T09:45:00Z Famously, it is one of three villages in Syria where Aramaic, the language of Jesus Christ, is still spoken. Christian villagers cast doubt on Syria jihadist ‘threat’ 2013-09-18T17:40:58Z Children in two villages in the Holy Land are being taught the ancient language of Aramaic, with the help of an Aramaic-speaking television channel from Sweden. 7 questions on less-spoken languages 2012-05-30T12:40:13Z Not that they forgot their own tongue in the Captivity and learnt Aramaic in Babylon, as used to be supposed. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z The commuters here are not looking at their phones or checking the value of their shares, but peering down at ancient Hebrew and Aramaic text and discussing fine points of Judaic law. The world's toughest religious text? 2013-10-29T07:41:31Z “I researched further and discovered it was Aramaic, the original language of the Bible and what was spoken at the time in that region,” he said. Turkish Artist Brings Audience Into the Process of Performance 2012-04-18T18:50:12Z His proverbial sayings, in particular, a great number of which were written down partly in Aramaic, partly in Hebrew, strongly affected the spirit both of his contemporaries and of the succeeding generations. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 4 "Hero" to "Hindu Chronology" 2012-04-04T02:00:56.447Z Latin Greek Aramaic Hebrew Carian, Lydian, Phrygian were all spoken in what is now...? 7 questions on less-spoken languages 2012-05-30T12:40:13Z In the western provinces of the Persian empire Aramaic was the official language, spoken not only in Palestine but in all the surrounding countries, even in Egypt and among Arab tribes such as the Nabateans. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z It controlled even his later Greek and Aramaic rivals. The Making of the New Testament 2012-03-30T02:00:20.917Z Of or pertaining to the Syrians and Chaldeans, or to their language; Aramaic. Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 2012-03-24T02:00:23.513Z The coinage of the city begins in the 4th century B.C. with an Aramaic series, showing the goddess, either as a bust with mural crown or as riding on a lion. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 4 "Hero" to "Hindu Chronology" 2012-04-04T02:00:56.447Z He also wrote a Hebrew and an Aramaic grammar. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 7 "Horticulture" to "Hudson Bay" 2012-03-04T03:00:13.390Z Another form of the same hand, allowing for differences of material, is found in Egyptian Aramaic papyri of the 5th and 4th 169 centuries B.C. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z The language in which it was written was alone sufficient to place the Greek Matthew beyond all possible competition in the larger world from Aramaic rivals. The Making of the New Testament 2012-03-30T02:00:20.917Z Syriac was closely related to the vernacular Aramaic of Palestine and was spoken in the adjoining region: whilst Latin was the familiar idiom of all the Churches of the West. The Traditional Text of the Holy Gospels 2012-02-24T03:00:31.020Z If the original book was written in Aramaic it would seem that at least two authorised Greek versions of it existed, one of which was used in Europe and Syria, the other in Egypt. The Egypt of the Hebrews and Herodotos 2012-02-14T03:00:25.940Z Various attempts have been made to explain the sudden change from Hebrew to Aramaic in ii. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 9 "Dagupan" to "David" 2012-02-11T03:03:39.807Z For some centuries after the Exile, the people of Palestine must have been bilingual, speaking Aramaic for ordinary purposes, but still at least understanding Hebrew. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z Various Greek equivalents of this compilation had taken its place where Aramaic was not current. The Making of the New Testament 2012-03-30T02:00:20.917Z The stories and books, told or written in Aramaic, must have gone through all Syria, recounting the thrilling history of redemption before the authorized accounts were given in Greek. The Traditional Text of the Holy Gospels 2012-02-24T03:00:31.020Z For most Americans, buying a procedure is akin to choosing a house blindfolded, signing a mortgage in Aramaic, then discovering the price later. Health care in America: Shopping around for surgery 2012-02-02T16:03:13Z It was long thought, for example, that Aramaic was the vernacular of Babylonia and was consequently employed as the language of the parts relating to that country. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 9 "Dagupan" to "David" 2012-02-11T03:03:39.807Z As Hebrew became less familiar to the people, a system of translating the text of the Law into the Aramaic vernacular verse by verse, was adopted in the synagogue. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z The primitive work of the Apostle Matthew, was probably done in and for Jerusalem and vicinity—certainly so if written in Aramaic. The Making of the New Testament 2012-03-30T02:00:20.917Z Accordingly, in the earliest times translations must have been made from Aramaic or Syriac into Latin, as afterwards from Greek. The Traditional Text of the Holy Gospels 2012-02-24T03:00:31.020Z Cattle were marked with the letters of the Aramaic alphabet. The Old Testament In the Light of The Historical Records and Legends of Assyria and Babylonia 2012-02-02T03:04:35.567Z From a very early period one side of the triangle was often prolonged, thus producing a form which is characteristic of Aramaic from 800 B.C. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 8 "Cube" to "Daguerre, Louis" 2012-01-31T03:00:17.257Z Its name is derived from the Hebrew shanah, corresponding to the Aramaic tenā, and therefore a suitable name for a tannaitic work, meaning the repetition or teaching of the oral law. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z She speaks to each man in his native tongue—Chaldaic, Aramaic, Hebrew, Phœnician, or Egyptian—and on feast days she converses with the gods, her brothers, in that unknown language spoken by their statues. Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z As long as Aramaic was the chief vehicle of instruction, Syrian Christians most likely depended upon their neighbours in Palestine for oral and written teaching. The Traditional Text of the Holy Gospels 2012-02-24T03:00:31.020Z Aramaic and Hebrew, idioms—a popular dialect which grew up at Alexandria and perpetuated itself in the Septuagint, and to a less marked degree in the New Testament.—adv. Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary (part 2 of 4: E-M) 2012-01-11T03:00:23.770Z But what's less widely known is that Aramaic is still spoken, and is in fact thriving in some parts of Iraq. Ancient Language Gets Extended Life In Iraq 2012-01-10T21:54:46Z Encircling the interior of the church’s dome are the opening words of Our Father in Aramaic. On Christmas, an Israeli Village Tries to Revive the Language of Jesus 2011-12-23T12:06:43Z Astronomy, algebra, geometry, astrology, augury, and many languages—old Accadian, Aramaic, Hebrew, and Sanscrit could be learned there from the most efficient instructors in Chaldea. Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z Greek, Aramaic, Latin, Parthian, Middle Persian and Hebrew — all of these languages were used concurrently throughout the society, according to inscriptions and graffiti uncovered by archaeologists. On View: Dura-Europos, a Melting Pot at the Intersection of Empires 2011-12-19T21:32:55Z Whether these foreigners were Hebrews, or whether they, being strangers, had the gift of understanding the reports couched in Aramaic, we do not know. Ancient Faiths And Modern A Dissertation upon Worships, Legends and Divinities 2011-11-24T03:00:37.917Z Through them the Aramaic culture of Babylonia was transmitted to all parts of the peninsula. A Literary History of the Arabs 2011-11-13T03:00:15.660Z Aramaic remains the liturgical language of the Maronite Christians in the Galilee, where Christ grew up and a resilient congregation struggles to revive the language in everyday life. On Christmas, an Israeli Village Tries to Revive the Language of Jesus 2011-12-23T12:06:43Z Mass is often held in Arabic and Aramaic. Arab Christians, religious minorities reshaping various US enclaves after fleeing Middle East 2011-11-10T09:19:37Z Manen conjectures that the author got this “King of Israel” from the independent use of some Hebrew or Aramaic source. The Gospel According To Peter 2011-09-22T02:00:26.513Z Some of the other words are Aramaic, and probably even more modern than the rest. Ancient Faiths And Modern A Dissertation upon Worships, Legends and Divinities 2011-11-24T03:00:37.917Z The change makes little difference to the sense, but mashárat, being an Aramaic word, is peculiarly appropriate here. A Literary History of the Arabs 2011-11-13T03:00:15.660Z “It was very easy to understand, for me,” says Shadi Khalloul, who saw the movie in the U.S. and promotes Aramaic education at the Aramean Center in the town of Jish. On Christmas, an Israeli Village Tries to Revive the Language of Jesus 2011-12-23T12:06:43Z They are reviving old, dormant churches, bringing together families torn apart by war and praying collectively in Aramaic, the language spoken by Jesus. Arab Christians, religious minorities reshaping various US enclaves after fleeing Middle East 2011-11-10T09:19:37Z Assyrian belongs to the northern group of Semitic languages, being more closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic than it is to Arabic or Ethiopic. A Primer of Assyriology 2011-09-14T02:00:47.990Z So far as we have any information, he only made use of Greek and Aramaic, and never even preached where those languages were not current. Supernatural Religion, Vol. III. (of III) An Inquiry into the Reality of Divine Revelation 2011-08-30T02:00:34.690Z There is no point, however, on which the testimony of the Fathers is more invariable and complete than that the work of Matthew was written in Hebrew or Aramaic. Supernatural Religion, Vol. I. (of III) An Inquiry into the Reality of Divine Revelation 2011-08-30T02:00:33.183Z Now I did not know how closely Aramaic approached Arabic, but I did know that the argument was calculated to impress Saunders. A Tatter of Scarlet Adventurous Episodes of the Commune in the Midi 1871 2011-08-04T02:00:19.957Z For example, comparing a carefully retro-translated Aramaic Mark with the larger sample of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Could Computer Analysis Help Date the Gospels? 2011-07-19T15:52:09Z These dockets serve to verify the method of cuneiform decipherment, and are an indication that in the time of Tiglath-pileser III and his successors Aramaic was the common language of trade. A Primer of Assyriology 2011-09-14T02:00:47.990Z Whether they were delivered in Aramaic, or whether there be uncertainty on the point, any conclusion from linguistic analogies with the Epistles is obviously excluded. Supernatural Religion, Vol. III. (of III) An Inquiry into the Reality of Divine Revelation 2011-08-30T02:00:34.690Z Thus the account of Papias, supported by the perfectly unanimous testimony of the Fathers, declares that the work composed by Matthew was written in the Hebrew or Aramaic dialect. Supernatural Religion, Vol. I. (of III) An Inquiry into the Reality of Divine Revelation 2011-08-30T02:00:33.183Z This land was called Aram and the ancient language spoken there, the Aramaic. St. Nicholas v. 13 No. 9 July 1886 an Illustrated Magazine for Young Folks 2011-07-18T02:00:22.977Z Theoretically, any document written originally in Greek, would not translate easily into Aramaic or Hebrew. Could Computer Analysis Help Date the Gospels? 2011-07-19T15:52:09Z Some of them have Aramaic dockets attached to them, giving the names of the persons mentioned in the contract and the nature of its contents. A Primer of Assyriology 2011-09-14T02:00:47.990Z The Aramaic text behind 1 Esdras here is better than that behind the canonical Ezra. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 1 "Evangelical Church Conference" to "Fairbairn, Sir William" 2011-07-16T02:00:16.387Z He controverts Dr. Roberts' opinion that “Christ spoke for the most part in Greek, and only now and then in Aramaic.” A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament, Vol. II. 2011-06-30T02:00:31.117Z The Aramaic took the place of the Phœnician language, when the Phœnicians were edged out of Palestine westward over the Mediterranean. St. Nicholas v. 13 No. 9 July 1886 an Illustrated Magazine for Young Folks 2011-07-18T02:00:22.977Z And it seems to be an Aramaic that fits with that of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Could Computer Analysis Help Date the Gospels? 2011-07-19T15:52:09Z Actually, it’s a little bit easier to deal with a program from the 1960s than it is to deal with Aramaic. Errol Morris: Did My Brother Invent E-Mail With Tom Van Vleck? (Part Three) 2011-06-22T01:00:10Z There are relatively few traces of it in Nehemiah’s memoirs and in the Aramaic documents, but elsewhere the sources are largely coloured, if not written from the standpoint of his age. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 1 "Evangelical Church Conference" to "Fairbairn, Sir William" 2011-07-16T02:00:16.387Z This he understood to indicate that the translation of Matthew had a different origin from the other books, and was “built upon the original Aramaic text, which was the work of the Apostle himself.” A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament, Vol. II. 2011-06-30T02:00:31.117Z Both Phœnician and Aramaic were in all probability spoken and written in Palestine and Aram. St. Nicholas v. 13 No. 9 July 1886 an Illustrated Magazine for Young Folks 2011-07-18T02:00:22.977Z There was a change in language, from Hebrew to Aramaic or Chaldaic. Studies in Old Testament History 2011-06-17T02:00:16.420Z Certainly Luke reveals the use of Aramaic or Hebrew sources by the sudden changes in his style from 1:1-4. A Harmony of the Gospels for Students of the Life of Christ Based on the Broadus Harmony in the Revised Version 2011-05-31T02:00:30.837Z It is a Semitic language resembling Aramaic and Hebrew as well as Arabic. The New Gresham Encyclopedia Volume 4, Part 3: Estremoz to Felspar 2011-04-14T02:00:59.373Z As the word used for "son" is the Aramaic bar and not the Phœnician ben, we may conclude that the owner of the dish had come from northern Syria. The Library Magazine of Select Foreign Literature All volumes 2011-03-02T03:00:25.433Z In order to recover the original text, it is from time to time necessary to retranslate the Ethiopic into Greek, and the latter in turn into Aramaic or Hebrew. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 6 "English Language" to "Epsom Salts" 2011-02-19T03:00:59.807Z Certain it is that the earliest documents that have survived in Syriac, or Edessene Aramaic, do not represent an experimental stage. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 10 "Echinoderma" to "Edward" 2011-01-19T03:00:19.027Z But "Zealot" is simply a translation into Greek of the Aramaic "Canan�an." A Harmony of the Gospels for Students of the Life of Christ Based on the Broadus Harmony in the Revised Version 2011-05-31T02:00:30.837Z The Persian Empire stretched from Egypt to India, but conducted business in Aramaic, a desert tongue of the Fertile Crescent. Why Learn Mandarin? China Won't Make You Speak It. 2011-01-18T05:00:00Z M. Renan goes on to suggest that besides "Mark," "pseudo-Matthew" used an Aramaic version of the Gospel originally set forth in that dialect. Essays Upon Some Controverted Questions 2010-12-20T17:12:31.233Z Original Language.—That the Book of Enoch was written in Semitic is now accepted on all hands, but scholars are divided as to whether the Semitic language in question was Hebrew or Aramaic. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 6 "English Language" to "Epsom Salts" 2011-02-19T03:00:59.807Z When Aramaic began to take the place of Assyrian in written documents is not known; but just across the Euphrates the change had occurred as early as the 8th century B.C. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 10 "Echinoderma" to "Edward" 2011-01-19T03:00:19.027Z The original Talmud, written in a mixture of old Hebrew and Aramaic, is all about learning. Jerusalem Journal: Life?s Work Is a Talmud Accessible to All Jews 2010-11-19T14:00:00Z Don’t be shy when asking about advertising terms, some of which are right up there with Aramaic. Nine Keys to Getting the Most for Your Marketing Money 2010-07-12T19:38:00Z Engraved script in Aramaic cites a religious duty: “Prepare the flowing water and baptize yourself.” Lament for a Once-Lovely Waterway 2010-06-12T19:40:00Z Thus the Aramaic languages may be geographically defined as the Semitic dialects originally current in Mesopotamia and the regions extending south-west from the Euphrates to Palestine. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 4 "Aram, Eugene" to "Arcueil" The language was Western Aramaic, the mother tongue of Jesus and his apostles. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 2 "Anjar" to "Apollo" When subsequently the Babylonian language went out of use and Aramaic took its place, the latter tongue was wrongly termed “Chaldee” by Jerome, because it was the only language known to him used in Babylonia. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 7 "Cerargyrite" to "Charing Cross" He prepared to give his judgment, taking his place on the official seat, which stood on a tesselated pavement, called in Aramaic “Gabbatha,” from its elevated position in sight of the crowds standing outside. The Expositor's Bible: The Gospel of St John, Vol. II Many forms unique in Biblical Hebrew are at once explained by the Aramaic dialects, but not a few are still obscure. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 2 "Camorra" to "Cape Colony" This was the Aramaic form of the native name—Shimrôn, and must consequently have been derived by the Assyrians from the Aramaic neighbours of the Israelites. Fresh Light from the Ancient Monuments The mass of the population seems to have been only superficially Hellenic, and to have spoken Aramaic in non-official life. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 2 "Anjar" to "Apollo" For the following reigns Egyptian documents hardly exist, but some papyri written in Aramaic have been found at Elephantine and at Memphis. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 1 "Edwardes" to "Ehrenbreitstein" He distinguished between a Japhetic and Aramaic class, the former occupying the north, the latter the south, of the continent of Asia and Europe. Lectures on The Science of Language In point of language the departures from ordinary Hebrew are almost always in the direction of Aramaic. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 2 "Camorra" to "Cape Colony" History—There is good reason to regard the Druses as, racially, a mixture of refugee stocks, in which the Arab largely predominates, grafted on to an original mountain population of Aramaic blood and Incarnationist tendencies. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 7 "Drama" to "Dublin" The former literature was generally written in Hebrew or Aramaic, and seldom in Greek; the latter naturally in Greek. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 2 "Anjar" to "Apollo" The term Messiah was used with the article only in much later times, ha Meshiah, or in the Aramaic, Meshiha, from which we derive the name, Messiah. Jewish Theology This Aramaic was the dialect spoken by Christ and his disciples. Lectures on The Science of Language There are no words borrowed from Greek and Latin, and only one or two instances where an Aramaic term seems to have been adopted. The Covenanters of Damascus; A Hitherto Unknown Jewish Sect Scholars are pretty certain that the present Matthew is not a translation of an Aramaic original. The Next Step in Religion An Essay toward the Coming Renaissance The original language of the Old Testament is Hebrew with a few sections appearing in the Aramaic tongue; and the New Testament is Greek. Training the Teacher Subsequently collections of wise sayings and moral teachings ascribed to the Nazarene and handed down in the Aramaic vernacular, orally or in writing, were translated into Greek. Jewish Theology Abraham must have spoken Aramaic before he emigrated to Canaan. Lectures on The Science of Language Now and then he muttered inaudibly in Aramaic to himself. Mary Magdalen The Old Testament, or the Covenant of God with the Hebrew nation, is written partly in Hebrew, and partly—the latter part—in Aramaic. The Church Handy Dictionary The list gives us settlers in Britain of Germanic, Gallic, Iberic, Slavonic, Aramaic, and Berber extraction. The Ethnology of the British Islands Aramaic is called 'Chaldee' in the Book of Daniel. The Bible in its Making The most Wonderful Book in the World These three branches, the Aramaic, the Hebraic, and Arabic, are so closely related to each other, that it was impossible not to recognize their common origin. Lectures on The Science of Language It represents the southern branch of the Semitic language, and is closely related to the Hebrew and the Aramaic. History of Human Society Eichhorn adopted the theory of an Aramaic original, which was adopted with slight alterations by bishop Marsh. History of Free Thought in Reference to The Christian Religion This collection of sayings seems to have been originally written in Aramaic, the language Jesus spoke. Carmen Ariza Christ Himself no doubt taught the people in the Aramaic tongue, which was a mixed language, and came into use after the Jews' return from Babylon. The Bible in its Making The most Wonderful Book in the World It seems more probable that there was more than one Aramaic source, and that it was often changed and interpolated by the editor. Landmarks in the History of Early Christianity The fragments which survived probably had to stand the ordeal of translation from the Aramaic to the Greek. The Social Principles of Jesus The names are either of the Babylonian or Aramaic type. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters The absence of the principle which is God is sin, according to the Aramaic word, translated ‘hamartio,’ which Jesus used. Carmen Ariza The language in which it is written is Hebrew intermingled with Aramaic, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, Greek, and Latin words. Hebrew Literature Mark, though a document of early date and unsurpassed value, is the Greek edition of an earlier Aramaic tradition, probably, though not certainly, in documentary form before it was translated. Landmarks in the History of Early Christianity Jesus spoke in his own native language, the Aramaic. The Higher Powers of Mind and Spirit Many of them have Aramaic dockets, which have been collected and edited by Dr. J. H. Stevenson, in his Assyrian and Babylonian Contracts, with Aramaic reference-notes. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters Aye, death came into the world because of sin, for the definition of sin is the Aramaic word which Jesus used, translated ‘hamartio,’ which means ‘missing the mark.’ Carmen Ariza Towards the period of the second Chaldee Empire, another dialect of the same family, the Aramaic, seems to have been in common use from one end of Mesopotamia to the other. A History of Art in Chaldæa & Assyria, v. 1 This is particularly true of the Aramaic translation of the Targum. A History of Mediaeval Jewish Philosophy Hence it still seems best to assume some unknown Aramaic form equivalent to παράκλησις, and then to take the latter in the sense of comfort or encouragement. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 3 "Banks" to "Bassoon" These Aramaic legends, in the case of such labels, may have served as addresses. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters Evidently the Aramaic word which Jesus employed, and of which this Greek word was a translation, must have been an unusual one––a coined expression. Carmen Ariza Its form in inscriptions of Melos, Selinus, Syracuse and elsewhere in the 6th and 5th centuries suggests the influence of Aramaic forms in which the head of the letter is opened, . Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 1 "Austria, Lower" to "Bacon" It was taken for granted that Aramaic was known to an Assyrian official and diplomatist just as it was to the Jewish officials themselves. Babylonians and Assyrians, Life and Customs The others worked it into different kindred dialects—the Assyrian, the Aramaic or Syrian, the Arabic—according to their several peculiarities. Chaldea From the Earliest Times to the Rise of Assyria These loans made by the king Thus the above example bears the words in Aramaic, “barley, assignment, which is from Nabû-dûri.” Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters It is the only one which has been preserved to us in the original Aramaic, in the very syllables which were formed by the lips of Christ. Gloria Crucis addresses delivered in Lichfield Cathedral Holy Week and Good Friday, 1907 In the rabbinical Targum, the Aramaic translation of the Bible, canto viii, written about a. d. Primitive Psycho-Therapy and Quackery One of the contracting parties was a Syrian, and an Aramaic docket is accordingly attached to the deed, while among the witnesses to it we find Ammâ, “the Aramean secretary.” Babylonians and Assyrians, Life and Customs In the time of Christ the language spoken by the Jews was not Hebrew, but an Aramaic dialect. Jesus the Christ A Study of the Messiah and His Mission According to Holy Scriptures Both Ancient and Modern The presence of short inscriptions in Aramaic on a few contract-tablets naturally raised hopes, in the early days of decipherment, of finding some check upon the reading of cuneiform. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters In the time of our Lord the popular language of Palestine was Aramaic, a language which was akin to Hebrew and borrowed some words from Hebrew. The Books of the New Testament This self-evident fabrication, 'if it be not a part of the original Aramaic of St. Matthew,' remarks Dr. Cureton, 'would appear to have been supplied from the parallel passages of Luke and John conjointly.' The Causes of the Corruption of the Traditional Text of the Holy Gospels Being the Sequel to The Traditional Text of the Holy Gospels Many of the commercial firms in Babylonia were of Aramaic origin, and it was natural that some part at least of their business should have been carried on in the language of their fathers. Babylonians and Assyrians, Life and Customs Aramaic Hebrew name "Golgotha", the Greek "Kranion", and the Latin "Calvaria" or, as Anglicized, "Calvary", have the same meaning, and connote "a skull". Jesus the Christ A Study of the Messiah and His Mission According to Holy Scriptures Both Ancient and Modern The Aramaic scribe is often named, also the Egyptian. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters Hebrew was known by learned people, but the language which the Son of God learned from His blessed mother and His foster father was Aramaic, and He spoke the Galilean dialect of that language. The Books of the New Testament Or, it may be, some Aramaic song Of country lovers, after partings long Meeting anew, with much "good will" indeed, Blown by some swain upon his Jordan reed? In The Yule-Log Glow—Book 3 Christmas Poems from 'round the World In the eighth century before our era Aramaic had become the common medium of trade and diplomacy. Babylonians and Assyrians, Life and Customs The form here given by Taylor Lewis is the same as Jesus himself used, if he spoke the Aramaic, as my critic says he did, and I agree with him. The Arena Volume 4, No. 20, July, 1891 The whole of these Aramaic inscriptions have now been published by Dr. J. H. Stevenson in his Assyrian and Babylonian Contracts with Aramaic Reference Notes, where references to the literature will be found. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters In the course of this book it will be necessary to refer occasionally to the Aramaic language. The Books of the New Testament It was like translating the story from Aramaic to Dutch, but in the process nothing is lost of its original touching beauty. Rembrandt A Collection Of Fifteen Pictures and a Portrait of the Painter with Introduction and Interpretation If Sumerian was the Latin of the Babylonian world, Aramaic was its French. Babylonians and Assyrians, Life and Customs The evangelists did not get their accounts of the doings of Christ from observation, but from a primitive document written in the Aramaic language. History of Rationalism Embracing a Survey of the Present State of Protestant Theology What the Western World needs is a Bible in which the idioms of the Aramaic of thousands of years ago are translated into the idioms of today. Damn! A Book of Calumny It is highly probable that some of the earliest Christian writings were in Aramaic, but all the books of the New Testament which we now possess are in Greek. The Books of the New Testament If she had addressed him in Aramaic he would not have been more surprised; and for a moment he stared. Infelice When one of the parties to the contract was of Aramean descent, it was usual to add an explanatory docket in Aramaic to the deed of sale. Babylonians and Assyrians, Life and Customs Hence various modifications were proposed—an original Aramaic gospel with various Greek translations, this original Aramaic gospel variously increased with new matter, etc. Companion to the Bible Besides the "Nordarisch" mentioned above which was written in Brahmi, three other Iranian languages have left literary remains in Central Asia, all written in an alphabet of Aramaic origin. Hinduism and Buddhism, An Historical Sketch, Vol. 3 They might have sprung from different renderings of the same Aramaic original, and various passages derived from oral tradition might have been added to the original Gospel when it was translated. The Books of the New Testament M. Renan goes on to suggest that besides "Mark," "Pseudo-Matthew" used an Aramaic version of the Gospel, originally set forth in that dialect. Lectures and Essays Indeed, this seems to have been sometimes done even where there were no Arameans in the case, so thoroughly had Aramaic become the common language of trade. Babylonians and Assyrians, Life and Customs As the Aramaic—the so-called Syro-Chaldaic—was the language of the mass of the people, the style of the New Testament writers received a tinge from this also. Companion to the Bible According to the ordinary theory, this race was Aramaic or Semitic. The Seven Great Monarchies Of The Ancient Eastern World, Vol 1. (of 7): Chaldaea The History, Geography, And Antiquities Of Chaldaea, Assyria, Babylon, Media, Persia, Parthia, And Sassanian or New Persian Empire; With Maps and Illustrations. It is now generally believed that the three evangelists did not employ one original Aramaic Gospel. The Books of the New Testament M. Renan goes on to suggest that besides "Mark," "pseudo-Matthew" used an Aramaic version of the Gospel, originally set forth in that dialect. Collected Essays, Volume V Science and Christian Tradition: Essays Apparently, they were not written in a character which 'the king's wise men' could read, and probably were in Aramaic letters as well as language, which would be familiar to Daniel. Expositions of Holy Scripture Ezekiel, Daniel, and the Minor Prophets. St Matthew Chapters I to VIII These texts differ in minor details, but have all sprung directly or indirectly from one original, which was probably Hebrew or Aramaic, though some maintain that it was Greek. Companion to the Bible The Babylonian language of the age of Nebuchadnezzar is found to be far nearer to Hebrew than to Chaldee, which appears therefore to be misnamed, and to represent the western rather than the eastern Aramaic. The Seven Great Monarchies Of The Ancient Eastern World, Vol 1. (of 7): Chaldaea The History, Geography, And Antiquities Of Chaldaea, Assyria, Babylon, Media, Persia, Parthia, And Sassanian or New Persian Empire; With Maps and Illustrations. The agreement between the Greek words of the Synoptic Gospels is too close to be explained by the use of an Aramaic original. The Books of the New Testament Different ones of them were originally written in different tongues—Hebrew, Greek, and Aramaic. How to Teach Religion Principles and Methods The coins of Tarsus show Greek figures and Aramaic lettering. Outspoken Essays It was probably written by a Palestinian Jew in Hebrew or Aramaic somewhere about the second century before Christ. Companion to the Bible And if, as some thoughtful scholars think, Jesus spake here, not in His native Aramaic, but in the Greek tongue, it gives colouring to the supposition. Quiet Talks on John's Gospel It is well known that educated persons in Palestine were acquainted with Greek, although the majority spoke Aramaic. The Books of the New Testament The Meturgeman of Palestine and Babylon, who expounded the Hebrew text in Aramaic, became the preacher of Alexandria, who gave, in Greek, of course, homiletical expositions of the law. Philo-Judaeus of Alexandria Not until after 77 A.D., and then only occasionally, do Parthian coins bear inscriptions in Aramaic. The Crest-Wave of Evolution A Course of Lectures in History, Given to the Graduates' Class in the Raja-Yoga College, Point Loma, in the College-Year 1918-19 Northward were the Aramaeans and an Aramaic speech; southward the land of Canaan and the language which we term Hebrew. Patriarchal Palestine Written in Aramaic, it contains many words in the languages of the nations with whom Israel came in contact—Greek, Roman, Persian, and words from other tongues. Hebraic Literature; Translations from the Talmud, Midrashim and Kabbala As many people who spoke Aramaic were at one time heathen, both the Jews and the Christians adopted the habit of calling their language Syriac rather than Aramaic. The Books of the New Testament It is significant in this regard that the Haggadah is remarkable for the number of foreign words which it contains, Greek, Persian, and Roman terms jostling with Hebrew and Aramaic. Philo-Judaeus of Alexandria At the time of Hezekiah, Aramaic had become the official language of both Judea and Assyria: that is, the language spoken at the courts. Burroughs' Encyclopaedia of Astounding Facts and Useful Information, 1889 Perhaps the speakers of it, like the Hittites, had descended from the north, and occupied territory which had originally belonged to Aramaic tribes. Patriarchal Palestine Aramaic versions of the Bible were made at a very early period, and the Targum Onkelos may contain ancient elements, but in its present form it is not earlier than the fifth century. Chapters on Jewish Literature It has been held by some that there was at least an Aramaic document behind Mark, if there was not an Aramaic original employed by all the Synoptics. The Books of the New Testament Within a hundred years of their settlement Hebrew or Aramaic had become to the Jews a strange language, and they spoke and thought in Greek. Philo-Judaeus of Alexandria After the fall of Samaria the Hebrew inhabitants of Northern Israel were largely carried into captivity, and their place was taken by colonists from Syria, who probably spoke Aramaic as their mother tongue. Burroughs' Encyclopaedia of Astounding Facts and Useful Information, 1889 They were tribes of mountaineers from the ranges of the Taurus who had descended on the plains of Syria and established themselves there in the midst of an Aramaic population. Patriarchal Palestine The Aramaic version has been lost, but the Greek has survived. Chapters on Jewish Literature The different forms of this hypothesis can be described as the theory of an Aramaic original. The Books of the New Testament Its language is Western Aramaic, and its final editor is said to be Rabbi Ashe, who died A.D. The World's Greatest Books — Volume 13 — Religion and Philosophy When the latest books of the Old Testament were written, Hebrew, though still the language of literature, had been supplanted by Aramaic as the language of common life. Burroughs' Encyclopaedia of Astounding Facts and Useful Information, 1889 Aramaic, 63, 66, 93; cuneiform, 51, 87, in Cyprus, 57, Greek, 44, 51 f; Hittite, 51, 62; Latin, 53; Lycian,51; Lydian, 51; in Palestinian tombs, 71; Semitic, 62, 66 f., How to Observe in Archaeology This scroll contained thirty-five brief paragraphs written in Aramaic. Chapters on Jewish Literature St. Luke here seems to have used an Aramaic document; the beginning of the section is full of Aramaic idioms. The Books of the New Testament Why, then, do the Evangelists, writing for Greek readers, keep the Aramaic sentences? The Jesus of History Most of these books were originally written in Hebrew, the language of the Old Testament, or in Aramaic, the language of Palestine in the time of Jesus. The Life of Jesus of Nazareth Aramaic became the usual form of writing; ink used on sherds; wax tablets. How to Observe in Archaeology It is written, not in Hebrew, as the Mishnah is, but in a popular Aramaic. Chapters on Jewish Literature The same Aramaic word might be used for both "poor" and "poor in spirit." The Books of the New Testament Here and there the Gospels keep a phrase actually used by Jesus, and in his native Aramaic speech. The Jesus of History Week after week the boy Jesus heard the scripture in its original Hebrew form, followed by translation into Aramaic, and received instruction from it for daily conduct. The Life of Jesus of Nazareth After the fall of the Babylonian monarchy their numbers and importance increased, and the Aramaic they spoke—the so-called "Chaldee"—came more and more to supersede the language of Babylonia. Early Israel and the Surrounding Nations The language used by the Gaonim was at first Hebrew and Aramaic, and the latter remained the official speech of the Gaonate. Chapters on Jewish Literature The language used in the cenoby was Aramaic, and never did Joseph hear that language spoken so beautifully. The Brook Kerith A Syrian story It was in three languages, Latin the official tongue, Greek the world tongue, and Aramaic the native tongue. Quiet Talks about Jesus They hear the Aramaic speech of Palestine, which Quintus has been taught by his Athenian tutor, and their ears also catch the accents of other foreign tongues. An Easter Disciple The Chronicle of Quintus, the Roman Knight David had strengthened himself by marrying the daughter of the king of the Aramaic district of Geshur, which bounded Gilead on the north, and Ammonites and Aramæans were in close alliance with each other. Early Israel and the Surrounding Nations Of old the Targum, or Aramaic version, had been read in public worship together with the original Hebrew. Chapters on Jewish Literature He liked Aramaic for other purposes, but for philosophy there was but one language. The Brook Kerith A Syrian story If we assume an Aramaic original, Babylonia most probably will be the place for its production; Palestine somewhat less probably. The Three Additions to Daniel, a Study Aramæa, the territories lying to NE. of Palestine, the inhabitants of which spoke a Semitic dialect called Aramaic, and improperly Chaldee. The Nuttall Encyclopædia Being a Concise and Comprehensive Dictionary of General Knowledge They are the dialects we term Aramaic, and represent a mixture of Arabic with Canaanitish or Hebrew. Early Israel and the Surrounding Nations As Chatterton clothed his ideas in a pseudo-archaic English, so Moses of Leon used an Aramaic idiom, which he handled clumsily and not as one to the manner born. Chapters on Jewish Literature The presence of Aramaic and Persian words testify to its late date. The Makers and Teachers of Judaism And since M. Gaster discovered in 1894 an Aramaic text, the grounds for deeming the Greek to be the original, though not set aside, have been partially undermined. The Three Additions to Daniel, a Study "That was set down in Aramaic, nowadays called Hebrew, something like three thousand years ago," said Grim. Jimgrim and Allah's Peace Moab and Ammon were subdued; the Aramaic kinglets to the north-east were made tributaries, and the kingdom of Zobah, which had risen on the ruins of the Hittite power, was overthrown. Early Israel and the Surrounding Nations Even Greek terms made their way into Arabic through Aramaic. Christianity and Islam The decree of Cyrus recorded in the Aramaic document preserved in Ezra 6:3-5 is apparently the Jewish version of the general decree which he issued. The Makers and Teachers of Judaism The Hebraic style is somewhat less strongly marked than in the other two fragments, nor has an Aramaic text of this one yet been discovered. The Three Additions to Daniel, a Study It was always supposed that Christ talked in Aramaic. De Profundis The main part of the population of Syria and Mesopotamia was Aramæan—that is to say, it consisted of Semites from Arabia who spoke Aramaic dialects. Early Israel and the Surrounding Nations This natural dependency of Arabic upon Aramaic, which in turn was connected with Greek as the rival Christian vernacular in these regions, is alone sufficient evidence that Christianity exerted a direct influence upon Muhammedanism. Christianity and Islam The Aramaic document preserved in Ezra 5 and 6 describes in detail an attempt of the Persian governor, who ruled over the province west of the Euphrates, to put a stop to the temple building. The Makers and Teachers of Judaism When a Semitic original is pronounced for, the further question arises, was it Hebrew or Aramaic? The Three Additions to Daniel, a Study Are they Egyptian or Babylonian or Aramaic or are they something entirely different? Ancient Man The Beginning of Civilizations In northern Arabia, as well as in Mesopotamia and Syria, Aramaic dialects were used, the miserable relics of which are preserved to-day among a few villagers of the Lebanon and Lake Urumîyeh. Early Israel and the Surrounding Nations The original work consists of two Alphabets of Proverbs,—twenty-two in Aramaic and twenty-two in Hebrew—and is embellished with comments and fables. The Book of Delight and Other Papers The Aramaic letter was intended to be sent, together with rich gifts, to influence the powerful Persian governor of Judah, Bagohi, to issue an order permitting the Jews to rebuild their temple. The Makers and Teachers of Judaism Nor does the principle seem clearer in the Aramaic than in the Greek. The Three Additions to Daniel, a Study From his silence we may infer that he did not study Greek at this period, and Aramaic was his natural tongue. Josephus These Aramaic dialects, it is now believed, arose from a mixture of Arabic with "the language of Canaan." Early Israel and the Surrounding Nations Under this head are embraced, first, the Assyrian and Babylonian; secondly, the Hebrew and Phoenician, with the Syrian or Aramaic; and thirdly, the Arabic. Outline of Universal History The classic Hebrew style and the absence of Aramaic words indicate that the prose story is the oldest section of the book. The Makers and Teachers of Judaism It is highly probable that this would apply to the Bel as well as to the Dragon story, although the corresponding Aramaic of the former is not at present forthcoming. The Three Additions to Daniel, a Study He originally wrote seven books on the Wars with Rome in Aramaic for the benefit of his own countrymen. Josephus For example the language, in part Aramaic, is that of the Greek period. The Origin and Permanent Value of the Old Testament On the use of Aramaic in the Mishnah, see Schurer, History, I, ii, p. Pirke Avot Sayings of the Jewish Fathers In Ezra 4:7-23 is found a brief description in Aramaic of the opposition of Judah's neighbors to the rebuilding of the walls, probably in the days of Nehemiah. The Makers and Teachers of Judaism This indication, small though it be, inclines of course towards an Aramaic rather than a Hebrew original. v. The Three Additions to Daniel, a Study But, save that it was written in Aramaic, we cannot tell the form of the original history, since it has entirely disappeared. Josephus Aramaic language, early spoken in Syria and Mesopotamia, is a branch of the Semitic, and of this tongue the Chaldaic and Syriac were dialects. Handbook of Universal Literature From the Best and Latest Authorities Several centuries before the common era, Aramaic was the vernacular of the Jews. Pirke Avot Sayings of the Jewish Fathers The name is a late Aramaic word meaning zealot. Expositions of Holy Scripture St. Mark By the cultivation of grammar and lexicography as applied to the Biblical thesaurus of words, they resuscitated the Hebrew language, which, ousted by the Aramaic dialect, had already sunk into oblivion. Jewish History : an essay in the philosophy of history Hebrew and Aramaic he handled with the same ingenious skill. The Renascence of Hebrew Literature (1743-1885) Further, the Hebrew of the book has a strongly Aramaic flavour. Introduction to the Old Testament This accounts for the Mishnah being written almost entirely in Hebrew, though Aramaic was spoken on the streets. Pirke Avot Sayings of the Jewish Fathers After all is said and done, it is not the grammar-detail of Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Aramaic dialects that makes a minister's power. The Warriors You will remember that the Hebrew was a dead language while our Lord was on the earth, the Jews of Palestine speaking the Aramaic. Who Wrote the Bible? : a Book for the People His fate was sealed by his ingenious imitation of the Zohar, written in Aramaic, of which only fragments have been preserved. The Renascence of Hebrew Literature (1743-1885) Yet the fact that though a secular writing, it is in Hebrew and not Aramaic, which was rapidly gaining ground, shows that it can hardly be brought down much later. Introduction to the Old Testament It is a borrowed word from Aramaic; and the corresponding verb only came into use in the period when Aramaic began to find its way in. Prolegomena I am inclined to think that the Aramaic text has not been tampered with at this point. South Wind For their use, translations of the Hebrew into the Aramaic, called Targums, were made. Who Wrote the Bible? : a Book for the People It is true, he handles with ease Hebrew and Aramaic, or, rather, the rabbinical idiom, which is a mixture of the two. Rashi There are not a few words which occur elsewhere only in Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther: there are some pure Aramaic words, some words even which belong to the Hebrew of the Mishna. Introduction to the Old Testament In Aramaic, on the contrary, such adverbs take, as is well known, the form of the status constructus. Prolegomena Mordecai understood that he meant a place called En-Soker, "dry well," for eye and spring are the same word, En, in Aramaic, and Sikra also has a double meaning, staple and exhaustion. The Legends of the Jews — Volume 4 It is true that Palestine was, to some extent, a bilingual country,--like Wales, one writer suggests, where the English and the Welsh languages are now freely spoken,--that Aramaic and Greek were used indifferently. Who Wrote the Bible? : a Book for the People His favorite guide for the explanation of the Pentateuch is the Aramaic version by Onkelos. Rashi Even if we allow an early international use of Aramaic, the corrupt Hebrew of the book would alone compel us to place it very late. Introduction to the Old Testament In connection with it, the Hebrew language, which hitherto had been firmly retained by the Bne haggola, now began to yield to the Aramaic, and to hold its own only as a sacred speech. Prolegomena Whether the Sumerian, Aramaic, Hebrew, Greek, Arabic, Latin, or Slavic alphabet, the letters are not neutral signs for abstract phonetic language. The Civilization of Illiteracy These are Aramaic words, the very words that Jesus uttered. Who Wrote the Bible? : a Book for the People Often, for the purpose of explaining a word in the Bible, he has recourse to Talmudic Hebrew or to the Aramaic. Rashi Some words are pure Aramaic, and some of the Hebrew usages do not appear in early literature, e.g., "fall," in the sense of "fall out, issue, happen," iii. Introduction to the Old Testament There is a far closer analogy between the Palestinian group of languages—Phoenician, Hebrew, Moabite, and the Assyro-Babylonian, than between either of these and the Aramaic. History of Phoenicia At this time Aramaic was the speech of Syria, and the population, especially in the cities, was still largely Aramaean. Legends of Babylon and Egypt in relation to Hebrew tradition When "the Hebrew tongue" is mentioned in the New Testament it is the Aramaic that is meant, and not the ancient Hebrew. Who Wrote the Bible? : a Book for the People It must be borne in mind that Rashi explains in Hebrew - in rabbinical Hebrew - text written in Aramaic. Rashi The Aramaic of the book is that spoken when the book was written: it was certainly not the language spoken by the Babylonian wise men. Introduction to the Old Testament By local position they should belong to the western, or Aramaic branch, rather than to the eastern, or Assyro-Babylonian, or to the southern, or Arab. History of Phoenicia Its language has the Aramaic flavour of the later books, and such a phrase as "the God of heaven," i. Introduction to the Old Testament The margin of the revised version says "Aramaic." Who Wrote the Bible? : a Book for the People These different recensions of the original text attest the wide popularity of the book; an Aramaic gloss in x. Introduction to the Old Testament Some have supposed that part of a book originally Hebrew was translated into the more popular Aramaic, or that part of a book originally Aramaic was translated into the sacred Hebrew tongue. Introduction to the Old Testament A similar criticism may be made in general on the Aramaic document, Ezra iv. 7b-vi. Introduction to the Old Testament The influence of the Chronicler is unmistakable even in the Aramaic documents, whose authenticity one would on first thoughts expect to be guaranteed by their language. Introduction to the Old Testament We find this letter in our Hebrew Bibles in the Aramaic language. Who Wrote the Bible? : a Book for the People The question of the Ezra memoirs raises the further question of the Aramaic documents. Introduction to the Old Testament Further, the language is more Aramaic than the rest of the book. Introduction to the Old Testament Besides it is not certain that the word "in Aramaic" in ii. Introduction to the Old Testament We have a translation of his words from the Aramaic into the Greek, made either by the writers of the Gospels, or by some one in their day. Who Wrote the Bible? : a Book for the People The language of the second book is Hebrew; that of the first is partly Hebrew and partly Chaldee or Aramaic. Who Wrote the Bible? : a Book for the People But that Aramaic copy has never been seen since that day; we have no manuscript of any New Testament book except in the Greek language. Who Wrote the Bible? : a Book for the People Still, so elaborate an emphasis on the omnipresence of God as we find in Psalm cxxxix. is only possible to a later age, and this inference is more than confirmed by its highly Aramaic flavour. Introduction to the Old Testament The Evangelist gives us the Aramaic word which Jesus used, and translates it for his readers into Greek. Who Wrote the Bible? : a Book for the People These evangelists could have written Aramaic, doubtless did write Aramaic; and they would certainly have kept our Lord's discourses and sayings in the Aramaic original if they had been instructed to do so. 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