| 单词 | ionization |
| 例句 | McMillan perceived the same purple glow as Lawrence through his welders glass, and similarly attributed it to the ionization of atmospheric gas. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z They provided precise ionization data, spelled out their theory on how positrons emitted by the bombarded atoms transmuted into gamma rays, and carefully avoided any speculation about the significance of the new phenomenon. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z However, the radiation causes what he called intracellular ionization, and that is the real damage. Z for Zachariah 1976-07-29T00:00:00Z He published prolifically; his areas of interest, which included the propagation of electron beams and their usefulness as ionization agents, were among the most intriguing in physics; and his resourceful laboratory technique was widely praised. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The larger the meteoroid — and these are supposed to be large — the higher up they burn, the longer they cause ionization. Tonight’s spectacular new meteor shower can be seen and heard: Here’s how 2014-05-23T04:00:00Z "The collision of high-energy charged particles from the pulsar wind with the inflowing matter in the disc increases the ionization level of the disc," the authors wrote. Scientists just solved the riddle of a dead star that burps ultra-hot "cosmic cannonballs" of matter 2023-08-30T04:00:00Z By tracking how the flow of electrons varied with the x-rays’ energy, the team determined the ionization state of the metal atoms and how they were bonded to other atoms in the molecules. News at a glance: Long Covid defined, x-rayed atoms, and a tally of deep-sea biodiversity 2023-05-31T04:00:00Z And from the amount of ionization it produces, they can determine its type and energy. Showdown: Two huge neutrino detectors will vie to probe matter’s origins 2022-09-28T04:00:00Z Above that value, the field creates enough ionization in the air to make the air a conductor. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z This causes the dissolution equilibrium to shift left, resulting in a decrease in the concentration of dissolved CO2 and subsequent left-shifts of the hydrolysis and ionization equilibria. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The pulse of X-ray and gamma-ray radiation produced about the same level of ionization as the daytime Sun. Astronomy 2016-10-13T00:00:00Z There are two main types of alarm sensors: ionization and photoelectric. Tips for choosing — and using — smoke alarms 2022-04-12T04:00:00Z One is whether to get a dual-sensing detector, with both a photoelectric eye to quickly detect smoke and an ionization sensor, often called a heat detector, to quickly detect flames. How to replace wired smoke detectors — and prevent them from chirping 2021-10-15T04:00:00Z This can happen if the short creates ionization. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Write the reaction quotient expression for the ionization of NH3 in water. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Interstellar gas orbits through the Galaxy, and as it does so, it can become more or less dense, hotter and colder, and change its state of ionization. Astronomy 2016-10-13T00:00:00Z Many companies are installing what the Environmental Protection Agency calls “emerging technologies,” including one called a needlepoint bipolar ionization system. 6 Questions to Ask About Covid and Air Quality at Work 2021-09-13T04:00:00Z Stephens normally avoids add-ons such as ionization systems aimed at inactivating viruses, because the literature on them is limited, he said. COVID, wildfires spell big business for air purifier industry 2021-08-09T04:00:00Z Since P = V 2 / r , the power dissipated in the short rises, possibly causing more ionization, more power, and so on. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Which compound has the larger equilibrium constant for acid ionization? Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The ionization of atoms in a star’s outer layers is caused mainly by photons, and the amount of energy carried by photons is determined by temperature. Astronomy 2016-10-13T00:00:00Z “Bipolar ionization has the potential to generate ozone and other potentially harmful byproducts indoors.” 6 Questions to Ask About Covid and Air Quality at Work 2021-09-13T04:00:00Z The light rips electrons from the atoms, creating a tsunami of ionization that moves through the gas, followed by a wake of rippling electrons that produces an extremely strong electric field. This is the first mini particle accelerator to power a laser 2021-07-25T04:00:00Z In fact, γ rays are one type of ionizing radiation, as are x rays and UV, because they produce ionization in materials that absorb them. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The sodium ion does not undergo appreciable acid or base ionization and has no effect on the solution pH. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z If enough energy is absorbed, the electron can be completely removed from the atom—this is called ionization. Astronomy 2016-10-13T00:00:00Z The Boeing study has been cited in a federal lawsuit filed by a Maryland consumer against Global Plasma Solutions, maker of the "needlepoint bipolar ionization" technology that a Boeing spokesperson said its engineers tested. Boeing tested air purifiers like those widely used in schools. It decided not to use them in planes 2021-06-14T04:00:00Z Boeing noted in its conclusion that “air ionization has not shown significant disinfection effectiveness.” Boeing tested air purifiers like those widely used in schools and decided not to use them 2021-06-13T04:00:00Z Radiation detectors are based directly or indirectly upon the ionization created by radiation, as are the effects of radiation on living and inert materials. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The second ionization energy for K requires that an electron be removed from a lower energy level, where the attraction is much stronger from the nucleus for the electron. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The minimum amount of energy required to remove one electron from an atom in its ground state is called its ionization energy. Astronomy 2016-10-13T00:00:00Z The "corona discharge" ionization technology from another vendor that Boeing also studied did emit ozone at levels that "exceeded regulatory standards." Boeing tested air purifiers like those widely used in schools. It decided not to use them in planes 2021-06-14T04:00:00Z The Boeing study has been cited in a federal lawsuit filed by a Maryland consumer against Global Plasma Solutions, maker of the “needlepoint bipolar ionization” technology that a Boeing spokesperson said its engineers tested. Boeing tested air purifiers like those widely used in schools and decided not to use them 2021-06-13T04:00:00Z The amount of ionization is in turn proportional to the amount of deposited energy. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The ability of various kinds of emissions to cause ionization varies greatly, and some particles have almost no tendency to produce ionization. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z When we examine regions of the cosmos where there is a great deal of energetic radiation, such as the neighborhoods where hot young stars have recently formed, we see a lot of ionization going on. Astronomy 2016-10-13T00:00:00Z A GPS spokesperson said the result validates needlepoint bipolar ionization's "effectiveness against certain pathogens." Boeing tested air purifiers like those widely used in schools. It decided not to use them in planes 2021-06-14T04:00:00Z The next month, Boeing began its own testing of GPS devices and another kind of ionization technology. Boeing tested air purifiers like those widely used in schools and decided not to use them 2021-06-13T04:00:00Z The energy needed for a single ionization is a few eV, or less than 10−18 J . College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The rate of ionization is proportional to the amount of radiation. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Similarly, every other chemical element, in each of its possible stages of ionization, has a characteristic temperature at which it is most effective in producing absorption lines in any particular part of the spectrum. Astronomy 2016-10-13T00:00:00Z Boeing engineers said their study highlights the need for those in the ionization business to standardize the evaluation of the technology "to allow comparison to other proven methods of disinfection." Boeing tested air purifiers like those widely used in schools. It decided not to use them in planes 2021-06-14T04:00:00Z A GPS spokesperson said the result validates needlepoint bipolar ionization’s “effectiveness against certain pathogens.” Boeing tested air purifiers like those widely used in schools and decided not to use them 2021-06-13T04:00:00Z Each ion pair or ionization requires a certain amount of energy, so that the number of ion pairs is directly proportional to the amount of the deposited ionizing energy. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Base ionization of a species occurs when it accepts protons from water molecules. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z It plans to install ionization generators aimed at killing airborne viruses, bacteria, mold, allergens and pollutants. Missouri cites 161 additional COVID-19 deaths 2020-12-08T05:00:00Z The following month, Boeing began its own testing of GPS devices and another kind of ionization technology. Boeing tested air purifiers like those widely used in schools. It decided not to use them in planes 2021-06-14T04:00:00Z “As for the other items like ultraviolet exposure or ionization, every little bit helps, but I’m not quite sure any of them is the perfect solution. It’s more like a concert.” The Newest Hotel Amenity? Virus-Scrubbed Air 2020-12-03T05:00:00Z Because of its shorter range, the ionization and damage created by α is more concentrated and harder for the organism to repair. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The slight ionization of pure water is reflected in the small value of the equilibrium constant; at 25 °C, Kw has a value of 1.0 10−14. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Bipolar ionization is becoming popular in commercial buildings. Treat air quality to safeguard buildings from COVID-19 2020-11-12T05:00:00Z Boeing noted in its conclusion that "air ionization has not shown significant disinfection effectiveness." Boeing tested air purifiers like those widely used in schools. It decided not to use them in planes 2021-06-14T04:00:00Z Air cleaning technologies include bipolar ionization systems, which, according to their manufacturers, send charged ions out on air currents that damage the surface of the virus and inactivate it. The Newest Hotel Amenity? Virus-Scrubbed Air 2020-12-03T05:00:00Z Particles that have short ranges or create large ionization densities have RBEs greater than unity. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The process is endothermic, and so the extent of ionization and the resulting concentrations of hydronium ion and hydroxide ion increase with temperature. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z There are products that claim to rely on “bipolar ionization” to break down the coronavirus, but they may also produce ultrafine particles that are dangerous when inhaled. How to Keep the Coronavirus at Bay Indoors 2020-09-27T04:00:00Z He’s installed 20 bipolar ionization units in all four Jester restaurants, at the total cost of almost $10,000. Outdoor dining has helped restaurants avoid disaster. But winter is coming. 2020-09-25T04:00:00Z Beyond the jet, Delta is looking at bipolar ionization to improve air filtration at its airport facilities, including jetways. Delta doubles cabin cleaners in 'pit stop' revamp, buys kits to test for germs 2020-08-24T04:00:00Z They employ atomic ionization techniques and nuclear energy sources to produce extremely high exhaust velocities, perhaps as great as 8.00×106 m/s . College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z If the ionization reaction is essentially complete, the acid or base is termed strong; if relatively little ionization occurs, the acid or base is weak. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Another cost-effective option, long used in residential buildings but gaining traction on the commercial side, is bipolar ionization. A scramble to address fears that coronavirus can spread through shared air in buildings 2020-08-02T04:00:00Z Wendy Bohon, a geologist at the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology in Washington, D.C., who was not involved with the new study, is skeptical of the air ionization idea. Do Animals Really Anticipate Earthquakes? Sensors Hint They Do 2020-07-31T04:00:00Z While Buck & Honey’s invests in the “shock and shield” method of UV light and antimicrobial spray, Gadau is intrigued by bipolar ionization. Madison area restaurants adapt to pandemic dining 2020-06-29T04:00:00Z This is sufficient energy to ionize thousands of atoms and molecules, since only 10 to 1000 eV are needed per ionization. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The ionization constants increase from first to last of the listed equations, indicating the relative acid strength increases in the order CH3CO2H < HNO2 < Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z An emerging technology in this area is called bipolar ionization. Virus-proofing sports facilities presents a big challenge 2020-05-31T04:00:00Z Figure 1 | Production and ionization cooling of muons. Muon colliders come a step closer 2020-02-04T05:00:00Z This ionization process drains kinetic energy from muons, rendering them slightly less frenetic. MICE Cold: Collaboration Demonstrates Muon Ionization Cooling 2020-02-05T05:00:00Z Visible light, IR, microwaves, and all lower frequencies cannot produce ionization with single photons and do not ordinarily have the hazards of higher frequencies. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Another measure of the strength of an acid is its percent ionization. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The flare caused two "ionization cones" that ripped through the Milky Way, leaving an impact on the Magellanic Stream. Milky Way galaxy's center exploded 3.5M years ago 2019-10-07T04:00:00Z Finally, the muons passed through an energy-absorbing medium made of lithium hydride or liquid hydrogen that reduced this spread by a process called ionization cooling. Muon colliders come a step closer 2020-02-04T05:00:00Z Critically, experimental results of ionization cooling closely matched theoretical simulations. MICE Cold: Collaboration Demonstrates Muon Ionization Cooling 2020-02-05T05:00:00Z Because of their high photon energy, x rays produce significant ionization in materials and damage cells in biological organisms. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Unlike the Ka value, the percent ionization of a weak acid varies with the initial concentration of acid, typically decreasing as concentration increases. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Afterward, the spectacle of “beautiful phosphorescence” signals “radioactive ionization of air.” ‘Midnight in Chernobyl’ reveals the nuclear disaster's untold story 2019-04-12T04:00:00Z It only breaks down when considering one specific atom and its occupation of orbitals and ionization energies. Can quantum ideas explain chemistry’s greatest icon? 2019-01-29T05:00:00Z This generated a shock wave that did some ionization of its own, but farther away from the surface. A star that hides its shine draws admiring looks 2018-08-05T04:00:00Z All effects of radiation are assumed to be directly proportional to the amount of ionization produced in the biological organism. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z A stronger base has a larger ionization constant than does a weaker base. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z They constructed a wind-fueled, ventilated tower that harnesses positive ionization to clean a football stadium’s worth of air in a couple of days. Why You’ll Want to Visit Rotterdam in 2018 2018-01-22T05:00:00Z All the atomic species present in the ejecta have various degrees of excitation and ionization and thus absorb from the continuum and cause the formation of lines. Spectroscopic identification of r-process nucleosynthesis in a double neutron-star merger : Nature : Nature Research 2017-10-15T04:00:00Z Dual sensor alarms use both ionization and photoelectric technologies. Tennessee editorial roundup 2017-10-25T04:00:00Z The higher the energy per particle, the more penetrating the radiation is and the more ionization it can create. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The strength of an acid or base is quantified in its ionization constant, Ka or Kb, which represents the extent of the acid or base ionization reaction. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z But Bailey says Accion's ion thrusters are the first to use a liquid propellant — a more-efficient design than a conventional thruster that requires no valves, pipes, pumps or separate ionization chamber. Energy: Powering change : Nature : Nature Research 2017-05-16T04:00:00Z These conditions were held constant for both positive and negative ionization mode acquisitions. LACTB is a tumour suppressor that modulates lipid metabolism and cell state : Nature : Nature Research 2017-03-21T04:00:00Z What caused the ionization is not known for certain but astronomers suspect light from the first stars is the culprit. Astronomers spot planet-forming gas and dust 600 million years after the big bang 2017-03-08T05:00:00Z The source conditions for electrospray ionization were as follows: gas temperature was 325 °C with a drying gas flow rate of 9 l/min and a nebulizer pressure of 35 pounds per square inch gauge. Genome sequence and genetic diversity of European ash trees : Nature : Nature Research 2016-12-25T05:00:00Z This equation states the relation between ionization constants for any conjugate acid-base pair, namely, their mathematical product is equal to the ion product of water, Kw. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Other kinds of ionization event typically last 10 microseconds — 1,000 times longer. Dark matter: What's the matter? : Nature : Nature Research 2016-09-27T04:00:00Z After this calculation, positive and negative ionization mode data were combined to generate Fig. 4a, b. LACTB is a tumour suppressor that modulates lipid metabolism and cell state : Nature : Nature Research 2017-03-21T04:00:00Z The roentgen, describing air ionization, became a measurement in coulombs per kilogram. Modernize radiation measurements to save lives 2016-09-12T04:00:00Z This assumption does hold for highly oxygenated species with extremely low volatilities, but not for less oxygenated species as the ionization efficiency decreases21. The role of low-volatility organic compounds in initial particle growth in the atmosphere : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-05-24T04:00:00Z The ionization constant of is not listed, but the ionization constant of its conjugate base, NH3, is listed as 1.8 10−5. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The clearing field high voltage was turned off at 06:48, marking the start of GCR ionization conditions in the chamber, and the α-pinene flow into the chamber was stopped at 10:52. Ion-induced nucleation of pure biogenic particles : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-05-24T04:00:00Z The screening, under the direction of a California registered professional engineer, will use a flame ionization detector to look for methane, and Tedlar bags to capture indoor air “grab samples,” the gas company said. Gas company agrees to hire contractor to test homes in Porter Ranch 2016-03-11T05:00:00Z This awesome toy is a thermal ionization mass spectrometer! Astronomer calls scientists ‘boys with toys,’ #girlswithtoys proves him wrong 2015-05-17T04:00:00Z It is the fifth-lowest first ionization energy in the periodic table. Exotic atom struggles to find its place in the periodic table 2015-04-07T04:00:00Z The pH provided is a logarithmic measure of the hydronium ion concentration resulting from the acid ionization of the nitrous acid, and so it represents an “equilibrium” value for the ICE table: Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The reaction scheme for the ionization of SO2 to can be found in ref. Ion-induced nucleation of pure biogenic particles : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-05-24T04:00:00Z They carefully searched for the “fingerprints” of plutonium decaying to uranium—gamma rays emitted by atomic nuclei and x-rays emitted by electrons—using a germanium ionization detector. Manhattan Project Plutonium, Lost to Obscurity, Recovered by Scientists 2015-01-15T05:00:00Z A succession of ionization events were induced by passage through a carbon foil that culminated in a Coulomb explosion of mutually repelling nuclei. [Report] Imaging the Absolute Configuration of a Chiral Epoxide in the Gas Phase 2013-12-04T22:56:28.657Z They also examined instances where real-world events produced large-scale ionization in the atmosphere. Cosmic Rays Not Causing Climate Change 2013-11-11T13:45:00.473Z Explain why the ionization constant, Ka, for HI is larger than the ionization constant for HF. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Terrestrial radioactivity such as radon contributes additional ionization in the boundary layer over land masses72. Ion-induced nucleation of pure biogenic particles : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-05-24T04:00:00Z Those ionization pulses that Oppenheimer and Alvarez saw that day were the “truth”. Creationists are wrong. Science is actually concerned with the truth. 2013-07-19T17:45:03.337Z "In-source laser spectroscopy today is a most sensitive method to study atomic properties of exotic short-lived isotopes," Valentin Fedosseev, team leader of ISOLDE's resonance ionization laser ion source, said in a statement. Physicists Find Way to Measure Earth's Rarest Element 2013-05-17T17:15:00.217Z We backed it up by doing calculations for ionization energy. Scientists Probe Mystery Molecule that Reduces Greenhouse Gases 2012-01-16T16:15:01.960Z What is the ionization constant at 25 °C for the weak acid the conjugate acid of the weak base CH3NH2, Kb = 4.4 10−4. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The clearing field high voltage was turned off at 06:48, marking the start of GCR ionization conditions in the chamber, and the α-pinene flow into the chamber was stopped at 10:52. Ion-induced nucleation of pure biogenic particles : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-05-24T04:00:00Z To solve these issues, in 1907 he designed his own "dual thread electrometer", which became known as the "Wulf electrometer" and was quickly employed by many researchers performing delicate ionization experiments. Paris: City of Light and Cosmic Rays 2011-07-04T14:15:00.943Z Another effect of an electric current is electrolysis, and the phenomena of electrolytic conduction involve not merely the ionization of the compounds, but also the setting in motion of the ions towards their respective poles. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 3 "Electrostatics" to "Engis" 2011-02-06T03:00:53.093Z The salts tabulated are those of which the 221 equivalent conductivity reaches a limiting value indicating that complete ionization is reached as dilution is increased. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 2 "Ehud" to "Electroscope" 2011-01-29T03:00:23.777Z Their reactivity increases, as expected, with increasing size and decreasing ionization energy. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z For example, Maryland and New Jersey are using dogs that can sniff out the ionization of cellphone batteries. Outlawed, Cellphones Are Thriving in Prisons 2011-01-03T01:30:18Z In this technique, called electrospray ionization, a strong electric field dispersed charged droplets. John B. Fenn, Nobel Winner Who Developed Way to Study Large Molecules, Dies at 93 2010-12-13T02:58:00Z At this time in the early universe, a haze of hydrogen gas was everywhere, but radiation from primeval galaxies was causing a process called ionization that changed the nature of the hydrogen. Astronomers find oldest galaxy yet 2010-10-20T18:02:00Z Solid copper chloride is brown or yellow, so that its concentrated solution, which contains both ions and undissociated molecules, is green, but changes to blue as water is added and the ionization becomes complete. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 2 "Ehud" to "Electroscope" 2011-01-29T03:00:23.777Z Radiation causes the ionization of the gas in a Geiger-Müller tube. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z We have heard much of ionization in recent times, and in many ways this would remind one even only slightly familiar with the old scholastics, of their theories of form entering into matter. The Popes and Science The History of the Papal Relations to Science During the Middle Ages and Down to Our Own Time The only point of importance, that which determines their activity, whether chemical or therapeutic, is the degree of ionization or dissociation. The Mechanism of Life This property permits the existence in it simultaneously of materials having opposite electric charges, or the so-called ionization phenomena; hence, water is the best-known ionizing medium, and ionization favors chemical reactivity. The Chemistry of Plant Life Allowing for incomplete ionization the general concordance of these numbers with the theoretical ones is very striking. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 2 "Ehud" to "Electroscope" 2011-01-29T03:00:23.777Z This is a case in which the solution contains a mixture of acids of different ionization strengths. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Down, down for dim countless minutes, through the thin ionization of E, past the lowest ranges of auroras and noctilucent clouds and below the ozone layer. Fly By Night The Chemical, Therapeutic, and Toxic Actions of Ions.—The chemical, therapeutic, antiseptic, and toxic actions of electrolytic solutions are almost exclusively due to ionization. The Mechanism of Life It has also been shown that when different salts of the amine are used, their catalytic influence varies in amount and is almost proportional to their degree of ionization in aqueous solution. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 4 "Diameter" to "Dinarchus" Arrhenius has pointed out that the coefficient of affinity of an acid is proportional to its electrolytic ionization. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 2 "Ehud" to "Electroscope" 2011-01-29T03:00:23.777Z In solution, the HCO2H exists primarily as HCO2H molecules because the ionization of the weak acid is suppressed by the strong acid. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Experimental Confirmation This theory of the ionization of gases has been most interestingly confirmed by direct experiment. A Brief Account of Radio-activity The coefficient of ionization usually, though not always, decreases; the specific ionic velocities increase. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 8 "Conduction, Electric" The ionization in creases to a certain maximum degree, beyond which no more ions are formed. The Automobile Storage Battery Its Care And Repair As the concentration is increased and un-ionized molecules are formed, a change in temperature begins to affect the ionization as well as the fluidity. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 2 "Ehud" to "Electroscope" 2011-01-29T03:00:23.777Z With just a few clicks, you can create three-dimensional versions of the periodic table showing atomic size or graphs of ionization energies from all measured elements. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The details of an experiment will serve to make the meaning of this ionization clear. A Brief Account of Radio-activity These electrified particles are called ions, and the process by which the gas is made a conductor is called the ionization of the gas. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 8 "Conduction, Electric" It is probable that an electrolyte containing thirty per cent of acid is at its maximum degree of ionization and hence its lowest resistance. The Automobile Storage Battery Its Care And Repair But the temperature coefficient of conductivity is now generally less than before; thus the effect of temperature on ionization must be of opposite sign to its effect on fluidity. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 2 "Ehud" to "Electroscope" 2011-01-29T03:00:23.777Z The first ionization energy for an element, X, is the energy required to form a cation with +1 charge: Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z According to the theory of ionization, the radiation produces ions at a constant rate. A Brief Account of Radio-activity We shall discuss later the causes of the rise in the current with large potential differences, when we consider ionization by collision. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 8 "Conduction, Electric" As we mix the acid with water, ionization occurs. The Automobile Storage Battery Its Care And Repair The measurements of freezing points of solutions at the extreme dilution necessary to secure complete ionization is a matter of great difficulty, and has been overcome only in a research initiated by E.H. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 2 "Ehud" to "Electroscope" 2011-01-29T03:00:23.777Z The energy required to remove the third electron is the third ionization energy, and so on. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z A fuller understanding of the ionization of electrolytes also becomes possible. A Brief Account of Radio-activity The general features of the earlier part of the curve are readily explained on the ionization hypothesis. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 8 "Conduction, Electric" With very concentrated acid, ionization does not take place, and hence, there are no ions to carry current. The Automobile Storage Battery Its Care And Repair At extreme dilution, when the ionization is complete, a variation in temperature cannot change its amount. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 2 "Ehud" to "Electroscope" 2011-01-29T03:00:23.777Z Energy is always required to remove electrons from atoms or ions, so ionization processes are endothermic and IE values are always positive. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z And when it gets shoved back into the recoil chamber and you lose the protective layers of cold gas there—well, then you've got to look for your ship with an ionization gauge! This One Problem Thus if we wish to measure the amount of ionization in a gas we should be careful to see that the current is saturated. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 8 "Conduction, Electric" Starting with a certain amount of acid, let us see how the ionization progresses. The Automobile Storage Battery Its Care And Repair The ionization of a solution, then, is usually diminished by raising the temperature, the rise in conductivity being due to the greater increase in fluidity. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 2 "Ehud" to "Electroscope" 2011-01-29T03:00:23.777Z Relating this logic to what we have just learned about radii, we would expect first ionization energies to decrease down a group and to increase across a period. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The personification of power—the incredibly intense spot of incandescent vapor, the tiny sphere of blue-green fire, the spinning surge of that shining pool, the intense glare of ionization. Empire The modification consists in confining the ionization to a layer of gas below the gauze EF. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 8 "Conduction, Electric" In the introductory chapter are discussed the chemistry and physics of the animal cell, giving the essential facts of ionization, diffusion, osmotic pressure, etc., and the relation of these facts to cellular activities. The Elements of Bacteriological Technique A Laboratory Guide for Medical, Dental, and Technical Students. Second Edition Rewritten and Enlarged. Earth's air was so thoroughly poisoned that it would require centuries of slow ionization by sunlight to again make it fit for Rikorian breathing. The Cavern of the Shining Ones Figure 6.33 graphs the relationship between the first ionization energy and the atomic number of several elements. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z But some of the blue glow was almost certainly due to ionization of the air by the hard ultraviolet. Anything You Can Do ... The result of these measurements shows that the charge on the ion is the same whether the ionization is by R�ntgen rays or by the influence of ultra-violet light on a metal plate. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 8 "Conduction, Electric" But I wonder how you'll use the ionization of air to protect yourself from kidnapers! The Pirates of Ersatz Only a strange jumbled ionization appeared this time, then a slow, rising blue flame began to creep up, and burn hot and blue. The Ultimate Weapon The values of first ionization energy for the elements are given in Figure 6.34. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z First, the ionizing source of radiation—the primary star—was farther away from Eisberg than Sol was from Earth, which tended to reduce the total ionization. Unwise Child If, however, there is ionization either in the gas or at the anode, the positive ions will diffuse into the region of the discharge until they are sensibly equal in number to the negative ions. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 8 "Conduction, Electric" Fort after fort glowed opalescent, then flashed into protective ionization of screening. Invaders from the Infinite How Ions are Produced: Various causes of ionization—Moreau's experiments with alkaline salts—Barus and Bloch on ionization by phosphorus vapours—Ionization always result of shock. The New Physics and Its Evolution The first ionization energy for oxygen is slightly less than that for nitrogen, despite the trend in increasing IE1 values across a period. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The layer of ionization was too thick; the ship couldn’t make it through the layer fast enough, in spite of her high velocity. Unwise Child In this case, as Lenard has shown, the absorption is the same, so that with the Lenard rays, as with uranium and probably with R�ntgen rays, equal absorption corresponds to equal ionization. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 8 "Conduction, Electric" The Talsonian then threw a switch, and an intense ionization appeared within the tube, then a minute spot of light was visible within the sphere of light. Invaders from the Infinite The process of detachment or separation of the Feminine electrons is called "ionization." The Kybalion A Study of The Hermetic Philosophy of Ancient Egypt and Greece Thus, successive ionization energies for one element always increase. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z A typical example of an easily reversible reaction is that representing the changes in ionization which an electrolyte such as acetic acid undergoes on dilution or concentration of its solutions, !i.e.!, An Introductory Course of Quantitative Chemical Analysis With Explanatory Notes Thus if we measure the saturation current, we get a direct measure of the ionization, and this does not require us to know the value of any quantity except the constant charge on the ion. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 8 "Conduction, Electric" Behind them the air was a gigantic pool of ionization. Invaders from the Infinite A brief course in qualitative chemical analysis from the standpoint of the laws of equilibrium and ionization theory. U.S. Copyright Renewals, 1963 July - December As seen in Table 6.3, there is a large increase in the ionization energies for each element. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The figures given also illustrate the general principle, that the !relative! ionization of an electrolyte increases with the dilution of its solution. An Introductory Course of Quantitative Chemical Analysis With Explanatory Notes In measuring the value of α it should be remembered that the theory of the methods supposes that the ionization is uniform throughout the gas. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 8 "Conduction, Electric" But the ionization told of the ray shield over the little group of men. Invaders from the Infinite The measurements to be made with instrument are various: The ionization of the air. Scott's Last Expedition Volume I For example, Sc and Ga both have three valence electrons, so the rapid increase in ionization energy occurs after the third ionization. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The impelling force which causes an element to pass from the atomic to the ionic condition is termed !electrolytic solution pressure!, or ionization tension. An Introductory Course of Quantitative Chemical Analysis With Explanatory Notes Mixture of Gases.—The ionization of a mixture of gases raises some very interesting questions. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 8 "Conduction, Electric" The flame died instantly, though a slight ionization clung briefly. Invaders from the Infinite The temperature and humidity were optimized; the electricity content of air was neutralized both electrostatically and by nuclear ionization, and the air cycled and purified once an hour. Terminal Compromise: computer terrorism: when privacy and freedom are the victims: a novel The second ionization energy for sodium removes a core electron, which is a much higher energy process than removing valence electrons. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z It measures the amount of ionization produced per unit volume by the particles from radioactive decay. Worldwide Effects of Nuclear War: Some Perspectives The relation between the current and the potential difference in this case is in accordance with the results of the theory of ionization by collision. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 8 "Conduction, Electric" It was rampant with energy, energy flowed from it, and the air about was glowing with ionization. Invaders from the Infinite At the same time, a remote ionization monitoring device detected a rapid increase in radiation. Project Trinity 1945-1946 Just as with ionization energy, subsequent EA values are associated with forming ions with more charge. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The ionization constants for polyprotic acids decrease with each subsequent step; these decreases typically are large enough to permit simple equilibrium calculations that treat each step separately. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z In many cases, however, such as in electric sparks, there are no external agents to produce ionization and the electric field has to produce the ions as well as set them in motion. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 8 "Conduction, Electric" Scarcely visible, the air about him blazed with bluish incandescence of ionization. Invaders from the Infinite Assume that the ionization of water can be neglected, and show that the change in the initial concentrations can be neglected. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z We also might expect the atom at the top of each group to have the most negative EA; their first ionization potentials suggest that these atoms have the largest effective nuclear charges. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The ionization constant for procaine is 7 10−6. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Thus, though there were but few corpuscles to begin with, there may be great ionization after these have been driven some distance through the gas by the electric field. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 8 "Conduction, Electric" The represents the conversion of solid cesium into a gas, and then the ionization energy converts the gaseous cesium atoms into cations. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Rising concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide contribute to an increased acidity of ocean waters due to the dissolution, hydrolysis, and acid ionization of carbon dioxide: Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Which main group atom would be expected to have the lowest second ionization energy? Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The alkali metals have the largest atomic radii and the lowest first ionization energy in their periods. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z We shall suppose that a certain fraction of the number of collisions result in ionization and that this fraction is a function of the energy possessed by the corpuscle when it collides against the molecules. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 8 "Conduction, Electric" Because of this charge increase, the atoms of the alkaline earth metals are smaller and have higher first ionization energies than the alkali metals within the same period. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The higher ionization energy makes the alkaline earth metals less reactive than the alkali metals; however, they are still very reactive elements. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Substituting the expressions for the equilibrium concentrations into the equation for the ionization constant yields: Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Write equations showing the stepwise ionization of phosphorous acid. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The increase in the pressure increases the number of collisions, but diminishes the energy acquired by the corpuscle in the electric field, and thus diminishes the change of any one collision resulting in ionization. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 8 "Conduction, Electric" Given these ionization values, explain the difference between Ca and K with regard to their first and second ionization energies. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Many metallic elements have relatively low ionization potentials and lose electrons easily. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The first ionization always takes place to a greater extent than the second ionization. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The reaction between a Brønsted-Lowry acid and water is called acid ionization. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Thus the ratio between the current between the plates when there is ionization and when there is none cannot be greater than εV/60, when V is measured in volts. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 8 "Conduction, Electric" The formation and subsequent ionization of sulfuric acid are shown here: Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Acids that are partially ionized are called “weak,” and their acid ionization constants may be experimentally measured. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Similar to the case for polyprotic acids, note the ionization constants decrease with ionization step. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The percent ionization of a weak acid is defined in terms of the composition of an equilibrium mixture: Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z For if the ionization is due to the collisions with the corpuscles, then unless one collision detaches more than one corpuscle the maximum number of corpuscles produced will be equal to the number of collisions. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 8 "Conduction, Electric" These species do not undergo acid ionization in water; they are not Bronsted-Lowry acids. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z In such solvents, the acids will be “weak,” and so any differences in the extent of their ionization can be determined. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z This equation relates the pH, the ionization constant of a weak acid, and the concentrations of the weak conjugate acid-base pair in a buffered solution. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Following the same logic as for the left column, species listed above water are weaker bases and so they don’t undergo base ionization when dissolved in water. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Stark, however, gives 17 volts as the minimum for ionization. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 8 "Conduction, Electric" Comparing the two ionization constants: Ka of is 5.6 10−10 and the Kb of F− is 1.6 10−11, so the solution is acidic, since Ka > Kb. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The first-step acid ionization equations for a few other acidic metal ions are shown below: Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The solution pH is due to the acid ionization of HCl. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The first ionization of carbonic acid yields hydronium ions and bicarbonate ions in small amounts. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The existence of ionization by collision with positive ions has been proved by Townsend. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 8 "Conduction, Electric" Using the bicarbonate ion concentration computed above, the second ionization is subjected to a similar equilibrium calculation: Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z As for the diprotic acid examples, each successive ionization reaction is less extensive than the former, reflected in decreasing values for the stepwise acid ionization constants. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z These acids undergo stepwise ionization reactions involving the transfer of single protons. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z This is a general characteristic of polyprotic acids and successive ionization constants often differ by a factor of about 105 to 106. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z It is thus necessary to take into account the ionization of the positive ions. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 8 "Conduction, Electric" However, because the successive ionization constants differ by a factor of 105 to 106, large differences exist in the small changes in concentration accompanying the ionization reactions. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z |
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