| 单词 | intracellular |
| 例句 | However, the radiation causes what he called intracellular ionization, and that is the real damage. Z for Zachariah 1976-07-29T00:00:00Z The gas rises and initiates a different, intracellular fermentation without yeast among the bunches higher up. Morgon, in All Its Gorgeous Complexity 2018-09-27T04:00:00Z Listeria is what we microbiologists call an intracellular pathogen. What is listeria? A microbiologist explains 2022-09-08T04:00:00Z The site says that the company has provided “expertise to the Nobel Prize winning team on intracellular hydration.” Counterculture to Counterintuitive: Cannabis to Help You Diet? 2022-01-01T05:00:00Z Feeling a "sustained, distorting euphoria", for example, he speculates that "there's been a chemical accident while he slept – something like a spilled tray of drinks, prompting … a kindly cascade of intracellular events." Charles Fernyhough: Is memory just a leaky reconstruction? 2013-04-26T17:50:01Z Some of the grapes are not crushed by the feet, however, and these grapes do undergo a carbonic-style intracellular fermentation, which perhaps accounts for some of the similarities to the Broc carignan. You Can Teach an Old-Vine Grape New Tricks 2018-11-26T05:00:00Z Protein cages found in nature within microbes help weather its contents from the harsh intracellular environment -- an observation with many bioengineering applications. Engineering bacteria to biosynthesize intricate protein complexes 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z Adjacent brain cells also signal to each other with proteins that cross the space between cells to trigger complex intracellular responses. New branch of oncology, cancer neuroscience, offers hope for hard-to-treat brain tumors 2023-11-02T04:00:00Z His team, in the Biophysics of the Immune System group at the Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, undertook the technical challenge of studying the movement of intracellular zinc. The genetic heritage of the Denisovans may have left its mark on our mental health 2023-10-30T04:00:00Z "A unique mode of cancer cell destruction was initiated through the dual-action effect of strong intracellular oxidative stress and reduced intracellular pH value." Novel photo-oxidation therapy for anticancer treatment 2023-09-20T04:00:00Z This activates several intracellular pathways, causing people to feel high or intoxicated, Piazza explains. New Drug for Cannabis Use Disorder Shows Promise in Early Trials in Humans 2023-06-21T04:00:00Z Viruses can be seen as obligate intracellular parasites. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z To do its job, the enzyme must co-opt a host intracellular protein, and it is currently more tailored to the avian molecule than its mammalian equivalent. From bad to worse: How avian flu must change to trigger a human pandemic 2023-04-06T04:00:00Z Plants have evolved their own multipronged immune system, kick-started by cell receptors that recognize general pathogen features, such as a bacterial cell wall, as well as intracellular receptors for molecules secreted by specific pathogens. Alpaca-derived antibodies could protect plants from disease 2023-03-01T05:00:00Z The ROSs and lipid peroxides then triggered intensive oxidative bursts, while the protons lowered the intracellular pH value, creating an unfavourable acidic microenvironment for the cancer cells. Novel photo-oxidation therapy for anticancer treatment 2023-09-20T04:00:00Z Tau proteins play an important role in stabilizing neurons, but with age, they can start to clod together, forming tangles that are neurotoxic and can jam themselves into the entire intracellular space of a neuron. Dolphins are beaching themselves. The culprit could be Alzheimer's disease 2022-12-20T05:00:00Z Cnidarians perform extracellular digestion, with digestion completed by intracellular digestive processes. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Beer thinks a pandemic virus needs a fourth change: an ability to evade an intracellular protein called MxA. From bad to worse: How avian flu must change to trigger a human pandemic 2023-04-06T04:00:00Z These neurotransmitter molecules are stored in small intracellular structures called vesicles that fuse to the cell membrane and then break open to release their contents when the neuron is appropriately stimulated. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z This protein spans the membrane with intracellular and extracellular domains. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Once pinched off, the portion of membrane and its contents becomes an independent, intracellular vesicle. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Eukaryotic cells, in contrast, have intracellular organelles and are much more complex. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z “These examples tell us how easy it is, once you have a eukaryotic cell, to establish intracellular endosymbioses,” says Bill Martin, an evolutionary biologist who studies the origins of eukaryotes at the University of Dusseldorf. Heated Debate Persists over the Origins of Complex Cells 2022-06-13T04:00:00Z Under the scanning electron microscope, both skin and feathers had melanosomes, intracellular structures containing melanin that give pigment to skin, feathers, and fur in living animals, with differently shaped melanosomes conferring different colors. Pterosaurs may have flaunted colorful plumage long before the reign of dinosaurs 2022-04-20T04:00:00Z The ATP binding site of the Na+ / K+ pump is located on the intracellular domain of the pump. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z While progressing through the phases of the cell cycle, a large variety of intracellular molecules provide stop and go signals to regulate movement forward to the next phase. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Mammalian systems have evolved to regulate not only the overall osmotic pressure across membranes, but also specific concentrations of important electrolytes in the three major fluid compartments: blood plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z But eukaryotes already have all the intracellular machinery needed to engulf another cell. Heated Debate Persists over the Origins of Complex Cells 2022-06-13T04:00:00Z The scale will also break down body composition into whole-body fat and water percentages, visceral fat, muscle and bone mass, and extracellular and intracellular water. Withings’ new scale has a retractable handle that measures EKGs and segmented body composition 2022-01-03T05:00:00Z It binds to an intracellular receptor and activates gene transcription. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Keratin is an intracellular fibrous protein that gives hair, nails, and skin their hardness and water-resistant properties. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z After phagocytosis by a macrophage, the phagocytic vesicle fuses with an intracellular lysosome. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z All the genes identified so far have to do with intracellular trafficking, or the transport of molecules within cells. Stuttering Stems from Problems in Brain Wiring, Not Personalities 2021-08-09T04:00:00Z Manipulating these intracellular signals, combined with the addition of a widening field of neuron growth factors, offers hope to ramp up the extent, speed and accuracy of regeneration. Readers Respond to the January 2021 Issue 2021-05-23T04:00:00Z What would happen if the intracellular domain of a cell-surface receptor was switched with the domain from another receptor? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The SR functions to regulate intracellular levels of calcium. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Lacking a true digestive system, sponges depend on the intracellular digestive processes of their choanocytes for their energy intake. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Although biologists mooted a role for intracellular droplets as far back as the 1890s, evidence that they are vital began to coalesce a little over 10 years ago. Sloppy science or groundbreaking idea? Theory for how cells organize contents divides biologists 2021-01-21T05:00:00Z “The idea behind the virocell concept,” he told me by Skype from Paris, “was mainly to focus on this intracellular stage.” How viruses shape our world 2021-01-14T05:00:00Z There is no intracellular receptor for thyroid hormone in the cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z These multiple biochemical reactions converge to support the movement of intracellular vesicles containing facilitative glucose transporters to the cell membrane. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z TC cells attempt to identify and destroy infected cells before the pathogen can replicate and escape, thereby halting the progression of intracellular infections. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Moreover, because many intracellular structures possibly formed by phase separation are so small, they are near what’s known as the diffraction limit of traditional light microscopes. Sloppy science or groundbreaking idea? Theory for how cells organize contents divides biologists 2021-01-21T05:00:00Z But because the ubiquitin-mediated degradation pathway occurs inside the cell, protein degraders developed so far attack mainly intracellular targets. New class of molecule targets proteins outside cells for degradation 2020-07-28T04:00:00Z Some bacteria cannot be cultured because they are obligate intracellular parasites and cannot be grown outside a host cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Lactic acid buildup may lower intracellular pH, affecting enzyme and protein activity. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Among the research topics listed on her university webpage are coronaviruses but also “intracellular protein trafficking” and “exocytosis of large cargo.” Monster or Machine? A Profile of the Coronavirus at 6 Months 2020-06-02T04:00:00Z Like viruses, intracellular bacteria multiply within the cells of their hosts; Raoult found that hydroxychloroquine, by reducing acidity within the host cells, slowed bacterial growth. He Was a Science Star. Then He Promoted a Questionable Cure for Covid-19. 2020-05-12T04:00:00Z It opens the door to detailed analysis of the intracellular trafficking and signalling events that are activated following the internalization of tau, under both normal and pathological conditions. A receptor that lets dementia-associated tau proteins into neurons 2020-03-31T04:00:00Z Because a lipid-derived hormone such as a steroid hormone can diffuse across the membrane of the target cell, they bind to intracellular receptors residing in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z These glial cells appear similar to epithelial cells, making a single layer of cells with little intracellular space and tight connections between adjacent cells. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This is a form of cellular suicide that is orchestrated by the actions of enzymes called caspases, which cleave hundreds of different intracellular proteins3. Ghostly metabolic messages from dying cells 2020-03-17T04:00:00Z In the 1990s, in an early repurposing experiment, he tested the effect of hydroxychloroquine on a frequently fatal condition known as Q fever, which is caused by an intracellular bacterium. He Was a Science Star. Then He Promoted a Questionable Cure for Covid-19. 2020-05-12T04:00:00Z Using 3D printing allows the ingredients to be laid down as a criss-cross of filaments, which imitate the intracellular proteins in muscle cells. Would you eat a 'steak' printed by robots? 2020-02-24T05:00:00Z Unlike steroid hormones, they cannot act directly on DNA but activate a signaling pathway; this triggers intracellular activity and carries out the specific effects associated with the hormone. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The concentration of ions in extracellular and intracellular fluids is largely balanced, with a net neutral charge. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Thyroglobulin is synthesized in an intracellular organelle of the follicular cells, called the endoplasmic reticulum, where it forms a dimer before being secreted into the colloid. Molecular architecture of the key precursor of thyroid hormones revealed 2020-02-04T05:00:00Z He began treating Q fever with a combination of hydroxychloroquine and doxycycline and later used the same drugs for Whipple’s disease, another fatal condition caused by an intracellular bacterium. He Was a Science Star. Then He Promoted a Questionable Cure for Covid-19. 2020-05-12T04:00:00Z This enables researchers to track, for example, the formation of intracellular RNA clusters that contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. Technologies to watch in 2020 2020-01-20T05:00:00Z Describe how cell surface receptors and intracellular receptors are similar and how they differ. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z When T3 and T4 bind to intracellular receptors located on the mitochondria, they cause an increase in nutrient breakdown and the use of oxygen to produce ATP. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This, in turn, leads to increases in intracellular levels of the molecule lactate, and to lactylation of histones at promoter DNA sequences. Histone lactylation links metabolism and gene regulation 2019-10-22T04:00:00Z Given the similarities between intracellular bacteria and viruses, Raoult suspected that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine might have antiviral effects. He Was a Science Star. Then He Promoted a Questionable Cure for Covid-19. 2020-05-12T04:00:00Z In mice fed a high-fat diet, CB1 activation inhibited three interlinked intracellular signalling components in the liver, which was associated with excess glucose and insulin in the blood. Cannabis research round-up 2019-08-27T04:00:00Z Cell surface receptors facilitate direct mediation, whereas intracellular receptors facilitate indirect mediation. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The neurotransmitter, referred to as the first messenger, binds to the receptor protein on the extracellular surface of the cell, and the intracellular side of the protein initiates activity of the G protein. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Are the intracellular pools of serotonin replenished in different ways depending on how serotonin is being used in various cellular compartments at any given time? Modification of histone proteins by serotonin in the nucleus 2019-03-12T04:00:00Z The dogma for the past half-century has held that most intracellular deliveries happen by means of bubble-like sacs called vesicles that function like a microscopic postal system, ferrying packages from one organelle to another. How secret conversations inside cells are transforming biology 2019-03-10T05:00:00Z He was a physician and a scientist, who had spent decades pursuing the secrets of blood: how it flows, pools, clots, conducts intracellular conversations with itself. Family Medicine 2019-03-04T05:00:00Z Cell surface receptors facilitate direct mediation, whereas intracellular receptors facilitate indirect mediation. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z An effector protein is an enzyme that catalyzes the generation of a new molecule, which acts as the intracellular mediator of the signal that binds to the receptor. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Another strategy, which involves blocking the intracellular signalling pathways that maintain HSC activation, is similarly prone to unwanted effects. Liver cirrhosis: scar wars 2018-12-18T05:00:00Z For the biophysicist at Princeton University, that is “exactly what happened with our findings on intracellular liquid phases.” "Lava-Lamp" Proteins May Help Cells Cheat Death 2018-11-28T05:00:00Z During chloroplast evolution, thousands of genes transferred from the intracellular bacterial genome to the host genome. Exit route evolved into entry path in plants 2018-11-20T05:00:00Z A hormone is released in response to a stimulus, travels through the body and then binds to the intracellular receptors of target cells to illicit a response. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This intracellular mediator is called the second messenger. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Uncoupled respiration results in inefficient ATP production, and thereby increases the intracellular demand for oxygen for further respiration. Reduced oxygen consumption by fat cells improves metabolic defects 2018-11-18T05:00:00Z This includes electrical activation of the neural circuits, as well as underlying intracellular processes. Memories of trauma are unique because of how we respond to threat 2018-10-06T04:00:00Z For comparison, in CCRs, the intracellular region of the protein is mainly obstructed owing to the closure of the channel. Protein structures guide the design of a much-needed tool for neuroscience 2018-09-16T04:00:00Z Lipid-derived hormones have receptors located in the nucleus, and thus utilize intracellular receptors, whereas peptide and amino acid- derived hormones have receptors only on the surface of the cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The phosphate heads are thus attracted to the water molecules of both the extracellular and intracellular environments. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Once activated, the MOR triggers an intracellular "G protein" to initiate a molecular cascade that leads to pain relief. Spurred by opioid epidemic, new pain drugs may lower the risk of overdose and addiction 2018-08-29T04:00:00Z An intracellular effector domain is cleaved from Notch following ligand binding, and moves to the nucleus to regulate gene expression. Self-organizing multicellular structures designed using synthetic biology 2018-07-01T04:00:00Z Their data revealed that intracellular algae showed clear signs of stress and oxygen and sulfur deprivation, producing lots more heat shock and autophagy-related proteins in response to finding themselves inexplicably inside a salamander. Algae Living inside Salamanders Aren't Happy about the Situation 2018-05-20T04:00:00Z Lipid-derived hormones can permeate plasma membranes and thus utilize intracellular receptors. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Higher concentrations of intracellular calcium ions increase the strength of contraction. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Human β-cell proliferation and intracellular signaling part 2: still driving in the dark without a road map. Pancreas regeneration 2018-05-15T04:00:00Z The last TM encloses a hydrophobic pore, followed by three intracellular fenestration sites and side portals comprising pore-property-determining residues. Structure and mechanogating mechanism of the Piezo1 channel 2018-01-21T05:00:00Z The second form of symbiosis – the intracellular one – was only recognized in 2011, some 122 years after the first account of green salamander egg masses was first published. Algae Living inside Salamanders Aren't Happy about the Situation 2018-05-20T04:00:00Z A lipid-derived hormone because it is fat soluble and therefore able to pass through the cell membrane to reach intracellular receptors. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Because the phosphate groups are polar and hydrophilic, they are attracted to water in the intracellular fluid. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Reconstituting intracellular vesicle fusion reactions: the essential role of macromolecular crowding. A tethering complex drives the terminal stage of SNARE-dependent membrane fusion 2017-10-31T04:00:00Z Our results provide a structural basis for understanding nucleotide sugar recognition, and provide insights into the transport and regulatory mechanism of this family of intracellular transporters. Structural basis of nucleotide sugar transport across the Golgi membrane 2017-11-14T05:00:00Z It emerges that S. flexneri evades intracellular defences by releasing a protein that triggers the destruction of members of a key family of host enzymes. Microbiology: Bacteria disarm host-defence proteins 2017-10-24T04:00:00Z A polypeptide-derived hormone because it is fat soluble and therefore able to pass through the cell membrane to reach intracellular receptors. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Because the lipid tails are hydrophobic, they meet in the inner region of the membrane, excluding watery intracellular and extracellular fluid from this space. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Altered intracellular processing and release of neuropeptide Y due to leucine 7 to proline 7 polymorphism in the signal peptide of preproneuropeptide Y in humans. Genetic variation in glia–neuron signalling modulates ageing rate 2017-11-07T05:00:00Z Brooks, G. A. Cell–cell and intracellular lactate shuttles. Glucose feeds the TCA cycle via circulating lactate 2017-10-17T04:00:00Z People with Alzheimer's disease die with brains riddled by both amyloid plaques and intracellular tau "tangles." A new study is changing how scientists think about Alzheimer’s disease 2017-09-20T04:00:00Z Mammalian systems have evolved to regulate not only the overall osmotic pressure across membranes, but also specific concentrations of important electrolytes in the three major fluid compartments: blood plasma, extracellular fluid, and intracellular fluid. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Describe the processing and presentation of an intracellular antigen. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z That hydrolysis of a single ATP molecule is sufficient for closing the intracellular side is demonstrated by its homogeneous conformation in the transition state. Energy transduction and alternating access of the mammalian ABC transporter P-glycoprotein : Nature : Nature Research 2017-03-12T05:00:00Z Innes and other scientists are working on alternatives, but figuring out how to induce the sort of immune response necessary to fight off an intracellular parasite has been tough. Parasites: Kitty carriers : Nature : Nature Research 2017-03-28T04:00:00Z At week 2, antigen-specific CD4+ T cells were detected by intracellular cytokine staining. Zika virus protection by a single low-dose nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccination : Nature : Nature Research 2017-02-01T05:00:00Z The same vesicles are able to interact and exchange metabolites with the intracellular environment. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Figure 26.4 A Pie Graph Showing the Proportion of Total Body Fluid in Each of the Body’s Fluid Compartments Most of the water in the body is intracellular fluid. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Thus, ATP hydrolysis drives Pgp to a transition state that is homogenous on the intracellular side but heterogeneous on the extracellular side. Energy transduction and alternating access of the mammalian ABC transporter P-glycoprotein : Nature : Nature Research 2017-03-12T05:00:00Z In the prokaryotic world, the ability to form both extracellular and intracellular membrane structures and/or compartments is by no means exceptional. Asgard archaea illuminate the origin of eukaryotic cellular complexity : Nature : Nature Research 2017-01-10T05:00:00Z At week 2, antigen-specific CD4+ T cells were detected by intracellular cytokine staining. Zika virus protection by a single low-dose nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccination : Nature : Nature Research 2017-02-01T05:00:00Z After phagocytosis by APCs, the phagocytic vesicle fuses with an intracellular lysosome forming phagolysosome. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Describe the mechanism of hormone response resulting from the binding of a hormone with an intracellular receptor. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z These are intracellular proteins, however, and their accumulation might involve mechanisms that are distinct from those that facilitate the seeding of prions, amyloid-β assemblies and systemic amyloids. Mammalian prions and their wider relevance in neurodegenerative diseases : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z Advances in genetics and experimental model systems have illuminated an important role for defects in intracellular transport pathways to lysosomes. Defects in trafficking bridge Parkinson's disease pathology and genetics : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z As with intracellular degradation and clearance, maintenance of the extracellular environment also requires the removal of debris to protect connectivity and signalling capacities. The road to restoring neural circuits for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z The intracellular domain is involved in intracellular signaling. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z An intracellular pathogen is presented by a class I MHC molecule, and CD8 interacts with it. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Some ageing astrocytes express increased levels of cytokines, intermediate filament proteins and intracellular protein aggregates, which is consistent with the phenotype58. Ageing, neurodegeneration and brain rejuvenation : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z The accumulation of altered proteins and damaged mitochondria, particularly at axon terminals, ultimately might overwhelm the capacity of intracellular disposal mechanisms. Defects in trafficking bridge Parkinson's disease pathology and genetics : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z This specialized morphology necessitates highly coordinated intracellular functions, however, AD disrupts processes that maintain neuronal health and support circuit function. The road to restoring neural circuits for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z Some intracellular bacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, have evolved to multiply in macrophages after they have been engulfed. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Macrophage oxidative metabolism is hostile to intracellular bacteria, often relying on the production of nitric oxide to kill the bacteria inside the macrophage. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This first practical probe for calcium found wide early use in studies of intracellular calcium signalling. Roger Yonchien Tsien (1952-2016) : Nature : Nature Research 2016-10-11T04:00:00Z Genes that encode intracellular trafficking components are associated with common sporadic and familial forms of PD, as well as related syndromes that share some of the clinical features of PD. Defects in trafficking bridge Parkinson's disease pathology and genetics : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z The hallmark intracellular deposits of AD, neurofibrillary tangles, are the result of aberrant aggregation of tau protein, which usually associates with microtubules. The road to restoring neural circuits for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z CTLs attempt to identify and destroy infected cells before the pathogen can replicate and escape, thereby halting the progression of intracellular infections. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Hydrophobic hormones are able to diffuse through the membrane and interact with an intracellular receptor. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z At the time of delivery, the basal plate of the placenta contains intracellular bacteria in about a quarter of women, but in about half of those who deliver spontaneously before 28 weeks of pregnancy37. A microbial perspective of human developmental biology : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-07-05T04:00:00Z Genetic discoveries are beginning to illuminate cellular pathways and functions that are involved in the development of PD15, and the impairment of intracellular trafficking is emerging as a mechanistic link between many PD-associated genes. Defects in trafficking bridge Parkinson's disease pathology and genetics : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z Endocytosis is a process by which cells transport molecules into the cytosol and is crucial for regulating intracellular and extracellular environments to influence cellular and circuit homeostasis. The road to restoring neural circuits for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z This is not the case in eukaryotic cells, which have developed different structural adaptations to enhance intracellular transport. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Insulin facilitates the movement of intracellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The authors speculate that intracellular signalling proteins called interferons may have played a role. A Stronger Link Between Zika and Birth Defects 2016-05-11T04:00:00Z We also relate these defects in intracellular trafficking to new data suggesting that extracellular mechanisms, including inflammation and the spread of disease-related proteins between cells, play important parts in the development of PD. Defects in trafficking bridge Parkinson's disease pathology and genetics : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z Calcium is a crucial mediator of many intracellular events and calcium levels regulate synaptic plasticity and signal propagation91. The road to restoring neural circuits for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z However, most of the control of the respiration processes is accomplished through negative feedback inhibition of specific enzymes that respond to the intracellular concentrations of ATP, ADP, NAD+, and FAD, etc. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Intracellular antigens are typical of viruses, which replicate inside the cell, and certain other intracellular parasites and bacteria. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z He won the Lasker and Shaw prizes in 2014 for his research on the intracellular quality control system known as the “unfolded protein response.” Got just a single observation? New journal will publish it 2015-12-02T05:00:00Z Genes that encode intracellular trafficking components are associated with common sporadic and familial forms of PD, as well as related syndromes that share some of the clinical features of PD. Defects in trafficking bridge Parkinson's disease pathology and genetics : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z One serves as a software developer for the lab’s super-resolution imaging of intracellular structures. The future of the postdoc 2015-04-06T04:00:00Z Many intracellular receptors are transcription factors that interact with DNA in the nucleus and regulate gene expression. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This is especially important when it comes to the most common class of intracellular pathogens, the virus. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z By versatile, I mean that one receptor may signal through different intracellular signalling proteins. Q&A: Brian Kobilka : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-10-14T04:00:00Z Such extracellular release of α-synuclein could serve as a backup disposal mechanism to complement intracellular lysosomes. Defects in trafficking bridge Parkinson's disease pathology and genetics : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z “This provides strong support to the amyloid hypothesis and essentially cinches the serial link between amyloid and intracellular tangles,” Dr. Doraiswamy said. Breakthrough Replicates Human Brain Cells for Use in Alzheimer’s Research 2014-10-12T04:00:00Z This type of receptor spans the plasma membrane and performs signal transduction, in which an extracellular signal is converted into an intracellular signal. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This leads to higher intracellular calcium levels and greater strength of contraction. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z At the top end, the tip-link is tethered to intracellular motor molecules that regulate tension within the apparatus. [Review] Sound Strategies for Hearing Restoration 2014-05-08T18:26:15.183Z Dysfunction in intracellular vesicular trafficking that is associated with PD might also affect the spread of α-synuclein between cells. Defects in trafficking bridge Parkinson's disease pathology and genetics : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z Understanding the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis — the function of its intracellular machinery and the biochemical pathways critical for its survival and pathogenesis — is essential to combat the pathogen. Fundamental research is the key to eliminating TB 2014-03-26T18:20:04.708Z Each cell-surface receptor has three main components: an external ligand-binding domain, a hydrophobic membrane- spanning region, and an intracellular domain inside the cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Different T cell types have the ability to either secrete soluble factors that communicate with other cells of the adaptive immune response or destroy cells infected with intracellular pathogens. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The role of biological signaling networks is to reliably transmit specific information about the extracellular environment to multiple intracellular downstream effectors, allowing the cell to adjust its physiological state to changing conditions. [Perspective] Counting the Ways to Decode Dynamic Signals 2014-03-20T18:25:41.066Z However, diverse strategies are being pursued because there is a complex interplay between the various intracellular trafficking pathways. Defects in trafficking bridge Parkinson's disease pathology and genetics : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z Instead, ABP1 functions at the cell surface to bind auxin and a family of membrane kinases, thereby activating intracellular guanosine triphosphatases to initiate important developmental changes in cell shape. [Report] Cell Surface ABP1-TMK Auxin-Sensing Complex Activates ROP GTPase Signaling 2014-02-27T19:26:47.729Z In some cases, the intracellular domain of the receptor itself is an enzyme. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A hydrophobic hormone diffuses through the cell membrane and binds to the intracellular hormone receptor, which may be in the cytosol or in the cell nucleus. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Dynamic 13C tracer enrichment was used to estimate dynamic intracellular fluxes immediately after glucose addition. [Research Article] Lost in Transition: Start-Up of Glycolysis Yields Subpopulations of Nongrowing Cells 2014-02-27T19:26:22.918Z Surprisingly, intracellular chloride was not primarily determined by transporters. [Report] Local Impermeant Anions Establish the Neuronal Chloride Concentration 2014-02-06T19:26:47.823Z We determine how the intracellular circuit elements result in distinct classes of self- and neighbor communication, and in turn leads to various population-level behaviors. [Research Article] Secreting and Sensing the Same Molecule Allows Cells to Achieve Versatile Social Behaviors 2014-02-06T19:26:19.049Z Other enzyme-linked receptors have a small intracellular domain that interacts directly with an enzyme. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Antibodies have no effect on viruses or other intracellular pathogens once they enter the cell, since antibodies are not able to penetrate the plasma membrane of the cell. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The receptor identified carries an intracellular kinase domain and an extracellular lectin domain. [Report] Identification of a Plant Receptor for Extracellular ATP 2014-01-16T18:56:54.349Z Narrator: The binding of insulin to the insulin receptor leads to an intracellular signalling cascade that promotes the storage of glucose in cells. Column: Animated science 2013-10-09T17:20:46.633Z The intracellular parasites that Keeling studies, which also have reduced genomes and are unable to produce their own source of energy or survive without their hosts, are typically thought of as organisms. Tiny Genomes May Offer Clues to First Plants and Animals 2013-06-24T15:15:00.317Z Tyrosine residues on the intracellular domain are then autophosphorylated, triggering a downstream cellular response. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z As the story goes, one monkey was resting between studies, intracellular electrodes in place, just watching his experimenters. A Skeptic Considers the Hype Over Brain Cells Linked to Complex Behavior [Excerpt] 2013-05-31T14:15:00.327Z Decreased SPT activity affected intracellular magnesium homeostasis and altered the bronchial sensitivity to magnesium. [Research Articles] Impaired Sphingolipid Synthesis in the Respiratory Tract Induces Airway Hyperreactivity 2013-05-22T18:55:07.587Z The music, which won the 2006 Telly Award for Best Music Composition for a Non-Broadcast Film or Video, helped the viewer to become immersed in the intracellular world, and helped to create a lasting impression. Column: Animated science 2013-10-09T17:20:46.633Z According to the paper in the April 4th issue of Cell Stem Cell: Using patient neurons and astrocytes, we addressed the accumulation and possible pathological roles of intracellular Aβ oligomers in familial and sporadic AD. Scientists Test A Potential Treatment Of Alzheimer's In Vitro 2013-05-14T14:11:27Z Conformational changes of the extracellular domain upon ligand binding can propagate through the membrane region of the receptor and lead to activation of the intracellular domain or its associated proteins. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In the 1950s and 1960s, intracellular recording studies uncovered what were thought to be cells specific to particular visual functions. A Skeptic Considers the Hype Over Brain Cells Linked to Complex Behavior [Excerpt] 2013-05-31T14:15:00.327Z At electron microscope level, intracellular structure is similar. Researchers Home in on Biological Ways to Restore Hearing [Excerpt] 2013-02-15T11:15:03.257Z Narrator: The binding of insulin to the insulin receptor leads to an intracellular signalling cascade that promotes the storage of glucose in cells. Column: Animated science 2013-10-09T17:20:46.633Z Other TM helices and extracellular and intracellular regions interacting with TM3 are shown as green circles. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z It would activate the pathway normally triggered by the receptor that contributed the intracellular domain. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Using intracellular electrodes, they were able to locate and record the electrical activity of individual cells that fired when the monkey reached for bits of food. A Skeptic Considers the Hype Over Brain Cells Linked to Complex Behavior [Excerpt] 2013-05-31T14:15:00.327Z This creates a cleft in the portion of the protein inside the cell, allowing a G-protein to bind, which in turn triggers a series of a cascade of intracellular reactions. Receptor Scientists Nab Chemistry Nobel 2012-10-10T23:13:51Z BioVisions made a version of The Inner Life of the Cell in which a narrator describes the intracellular processes illustrated. Column: Animated science 2013-10-09T17:20:46.633Z This raises many key questions that are yet to be addressed: what is the molecular basis of the coupling of GPCRs with different intracellular effectors? Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z It would activate the same pathway even after the intracellular domain is changed with the domain from another receptor. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z GPCRs are membrane bound proteins that span the cell membrane in the form of seven transmembrane helices which are connected by three loops, three on the intracellular side and three on the extracellular side. G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) win 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012-10-10T13:45:00.463Z Some of these oxygen-using bacteria were swallowed up by larger cells who then used them as specialised intracellular breathing compartments. The origin of breathing: how bacteria learnt to use oxygen 2012-07-29T22:15:00.207Z This research builds up a picture of an incredibly sophisticated plant defence system which, while it might not seem as complex as the human immune system, nevertheless depends on organised and structured intracellular behaviour. How Barley Protects Against Invasion 2012-07-16T14:15:12.883Z This ultimately leads to larger structural rearrangements in the cytoplasmic side of the transmembrane–intracellular interface, facilitating the binding of intracellular effectors to the intracellular region. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z On the intracellular side, the ends of peptide chains on each protein phosphorylate the other member of the pair, providing active docking sites that initiate cellular responses. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The hope is to eventually incorporate the phosphoproteome: the set of proteins that is modified by addition of a phosphate group by protein kinases, thereby altering the proteins' activity in intracellular signalling pathways. Molecular oncology: The positive in the negative 2012-05-30T17:51:02.510Z The bacteria became mitochondria, and the cells with mitochondria grew bigger and formed more intracellular compartments. The origin of breathing: how bacteria learnt to use oxygen 2012-07-29T22:15:00.207Z We have here, in fact, a local intracellular parasitic disease, gradually invading large tracts of tissue and eventually inducing general disease resulting in death—a state of affairs reminding us of cancer in animals. Disease in Plants 2012-03-01T03:00:22Z Other TM helices and extracellular and intracellular regions interacting with TM3 are shown as green circles. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z The intracellular level of a bacterial protein can quickly be amplified by multiple transcription and translation events occurring concurrently on the same DNA template. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Synergy between intracellular and extracellular sensing mechanisms of the innate immune system improves adaptive immune responses to cancer vaccines and clearance of tumors. [Focus] Improving Immunotherapy: Revisiting the Immunologist's Little Secret 2012-02-08T20:55:06.247Z When ticking off the benefits of physical activity, few of us would include intracellular housecleaning. Phys Ed: Phys Ed: Exercise as Housecleaning for the Body 2012-02-01T14:55:28Z The end result of all of this, of course, was a much more complex cell, with specialized intracellular compartments devoted to different functions: what we now refer to as a eukaryote. Evolution: The Rise of Complexity 2012-01-16T21:15:00.253Z An important step towards answering these questions is to obtain more high-resolution structures of GPCRs in the fully activated state in complex with different ligands and diverse intracellular effector proteins. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z These proteins act both as receivers of extracellular inputs and as activators of intracellular processes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Schizogony very exceptional, only occurring during the intracellular phase, if at all. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 5 "Greek Law" to "Ground-Squirrel" 2011-12-05T03:00:51.527Z We developed small–molecular weight compounds termed mannosides that specifically inhibit the FimH type 1 pilus lectin of UPEC, which mediates bacterial colonization, invasion, and formation of recalcitrant intracellular bacterial communities in the bladder epithelium. [Research Articles] Treatment and Prevention of Urinary Tract Infection with Orally Active FimH Inhibitors 2011-11-16T19:55:21.817Z But in infected cells, they observed that the malaria parasite steals this actin and uses it to construct an intracellular bridge to transport a parasite-made protein to the cell surface. Sickle-Cell Anemia Mystery Is Solved 2011-11-11T16:45:00.273Z After stabilization of these lowly populated sub-states by ligand binding, activation proceeds through a series of discrete conformational intermediates that ultimately lead to larger structural rearrangements near the transmembrane–intracellular interface. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors, and they activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z These results suggest a mechanism in which vitamin D is required for acquired immunity to overcome the ability of intracellular pathogens to evade macrophage-mediated antimicrobial responses. [Research Articles] Vitamin D Is Required for IFN-{gamma}-Mediated Antimicrobial Activity of Human Macrophages 2011-10-12T19:25:08.397Z Here, we explored the possibility of antibody therapy or vaccination against intracellular proteins. [Research Articles] Targeting Intracellular Oncoproteins with Antibody Therapy or Vaccination 2011-09-07T19:25:12.547Z The actin bridge was cut off from the intracellular depot of adhesin, and the vesicles that would normally transport the adhesin to the cell surface were floating free in the cytoplasm. Sickle-Cell Anemia Mystery Is Solved 2011-11-11T16:45:00.273Z This will require a detailed characterization of which GPCRs and intracellular effectors are present in different cell types and, importantly, their abundance and the kinetic parameters of their interaction. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z The pocket pinches off, resulting in the particle being contained in a newly created intracellular vesicle formed from the plasma membrane. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Here, I discuss the implications of using intracellular targets in mAb-based immunotherapy as well as the possible underlying mechanisms of action. [Perspectives] Hidden Immunotherapy Targets Challenge Dogma 2011-09-07T19:25:10.897Z Using antibodies to target intracellular cancer proteins could "expand the scope for tailor-made cancer therapy as well as usher in a new era of tailor-made cancer vaccines," Zeng says. Antibodies Target Cancer's Insides 2011-09-07T20:05:59Z Yun and his colleagues are now working on investigating possible uses; for instance, using the laser system as a sensitive monitor of intracellular processes. Green Fluorescent Protein Makes for Living Lasers 2011-06-13T10:15:05.217Z "In cellular sensing, we may be able to detect intracellular processes with unprecedented sensitivity," they said. Single cell is first living laser 2011-06-13T00:42:37Z Paramecia are unicellular protists that have contractile vacuoles to remove excess intracellular water. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Low intracellular P in concert with high intracellular As was further confirmed through high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry and x-ray analyses, as discussed below. [Research Article] A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus 2011-06-02T18:26:22.637Z The same might be true of P contents, but the relatively low variability in the total P data suggests that intracellular P was more strongly biochemically retained compared with intracellular As. [Technical Response] Response to Comments on ?A Bacterium That Can Grow Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus? 2011-06-02T18:25:46.820Z CBLB502 helps to trigger the release of cytokines and chemokines—involved in intracellular communication—which boosts bone marrow and gastrointestinal tract regeneration. Radioactive Omission: Where Are the Anti-Radiation Drugs? 2011-04-04T23:15:00.253Z The consequences of this transient, but significantly high, concentration of intracellular calcium in the cells remains a question that the Garcia-Pichel laboratory hopes to pursue. Mystery Dissolves With Calcium Pump Discovery 2010-12-01T17:13:00Z Communication between cells is called intercellular signaling, and communication within a cell is called intracellular signaling. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The distribution of intracellular AsO in our experiments was consistent with these estimates. [Research Article] A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus 2011-06-02T18:26:22.637Z Jute contains in its raw state a considerable amount of colouring matter and intracellular substance. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 1 "Bisharin" to "Bohea" But most other plant enzymes are intracellular in type. The Chemistry of Plant Life Nephridia.—The nephridia in this group are invariably coiled tubes with an intracellular lumen and nearly invariably open into the coelom by a funnel. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 7 "Cerargyrite" to "Charing Cross" Removing the signals will reestablish the concentration gradient for the signal, allowing them to quickly diffuse through the intracellular space if released again. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z With one or two possible exceptions, they are invariably intracellular during the entire trophic life of the individual. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 5 "Clervaux" to "Cockade" Methods have been introduced for the purpose of breaking up the bodies of bacteria and setting free the intracellular toxins. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 2 "Baconthorpe" to "Bankruptcy" Sometimes the young cells appear to have no nuclei, as in the intracellular brood of chorda cells, but, as a rule, a nucleus is clearly visible. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Externally, the nephridium opens by a straight part of the tube, which is often very wide, and here the intracellular lumen becomes intercellular. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 7 "Cerargyrite" to "Charing Cross" These fluid-filled channels allow small signaling molecules, called intracellular mediators, to diffuse between the two cells. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Many amoeb� show also in the interior a small clear space, the contractile vesicle which alternately contracts and expands, through which action the movement of the intracellular fluid is facilitated and waste products removed. Disease and Its Causes The toxins are here manifestly contained within the bodies of the bacteria, i.e. are intracellular, though they may become free on disintegration of the bacteria. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 2 "Baconthorpe" to "Bankruptcy" A variety of intercellular and intracellular signal transmissions mediate gene expression. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This was received skeptically and largely rejected until 1984 when a modified form of ATP that was known to block the intracellular function of ATP was shown to effect extracellular signal transmission. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Figure 9.4 Hydrophobic signaling molecules typically diffuse across the plasma membrane and interact with intracellular receptors in the cytoplasm. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z It must constantly receive from the outside a supply of energy in the form of food, and substances formed as the result of the intracellular chemical activity must be removed. Disease and Its Causes With regard to the nature of intracellular toxins, there is even greater difficulty in the investigation and still less is known. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 2 "Baconthorpe" to "Bankruptcy" The steroid hormones pass through the plasma membrane of a target cell and adhere to intracellular receptors residing in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In this way, nothing passes through the cell membrane; the hormone that binds at the surface remains at the surface of the cell while the intracellular product remains inside the cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Eukaryotic cells, in contrast, have intracellular organelles that add to their complexity. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z It is generally believed that the cell material has a semi-fluid or gelatinous consistency and is contained within an intracellular meshwork. Disease and Its Causes In this process there are two factors concerned, viz. the ingestion of bacteria by the cells, and the subsequent intracellular digestion. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 2 "Baconthorpe" to "Bankruptcy" Hormones can affect cells directly through intracellular hormone receptors or indirectly through plasma membrane hormone receptors. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Hormones mediate changes by directly binding to the intracellular hormone receptors. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A variety of intercellular and intracellular signal transmissions mediate gene expression. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Hormones only affect cells that have intracellular receptors. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Cell surface receptors facilitate indirect mediation, whereas intracellular receptors facilitate direct mediation. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Cell surface receptors facilitate indirect mediation, whereas intracellular receptors facilitate direct mediation. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the receptor’s intracellular domain. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A variety of intercellular and intracellular signal transmissions mediate gene expression. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The binding of the receptors in this manner enables their intracellular domains to come into close contact and activate each other. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The following are some of the more common events in intracellular signaling. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Fluidity helps in maintaining the pH of intracellular fluid, and helps in maintaining the physiological pH of the cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z |
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