| 单词 | hydrolysis |
| 例句 | The organic matter is mostly sugar mixtures derived from the hydrolysis of cellulose, but, in addition, there are various food factors which must be added. I, Robot 1950-12-02T00:00:00Z Alkaline hydrolysis, which requires expanding the legal definition of cremation to include water, has been approved in 22 states but is available for humans in only 14. The stunning rise of cremation reveals America’s changing idea of death 2022-04-18T04:00:00Z He’s excited about green burial and alkaline hydrolysis, choices that are better for the environment. The stunning rise of cremation reveals America’s changing idea of death 2022-04-18T04:00:00Z West Laurel Hill Cemetery in suburban Philadelphia is home to the state’s first alkaline hydrolysis machine, which resembles an oversize fish poacher. The stunning rise of cremation reveals America’s changing idea of death 2022-04-18T04:00:00Z This often includes steps such as hydrogenation, which produces semisolid oils, and hydrolysis, which enhances flavors. How Do Ultraprocessed Foods Affect Your Health? 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z The disassembly of old filaments is crucial for cell movement and is regulated by ATP hydrolysis -- the reaction of ATP with water that cleaves a phosphate group and generates energy. Through the backdoor: How phosphate escapes from actin 2023-09-28T04:00:00Z They use a chemical process called "reverse hydrolysis" which combines hydrogen with oxygen and creates heat, water vapour and, crucially, electricity. Carbon-free flights promised 'within two years' 2023-07-17T04:00:00Z The light-dependent reactions release oxygen from the hydrolysis of water as a byproduct. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Alkaline hydrolysis, also known as water cremation, is a natural method of decomposition that uses water to cremate the body. Become a diamond or get launched into space — 7 alternatives to burial or cremation 2023-05-19T04:00:00Z Water cremation, also called alkaline hydrolysis, involves the body being placed in a chamber and broken down by a combination of water, heat and a strong alkali. Call for greener funeral options to be legalised 2023-02-22T05:00:00Z This causes the dissolution equilibrium to shift left, resulting in a decrease in the concentration of dissolved CO2 and subsequent left-shifts of the hydrolysis and ionization equilibria. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The free energy derived from exergonic ATP hydrolysis is used to pump sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The release of one or two phosphate groups from ATP, a process called hydrolysis, releases energy. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z For example, feldspar is altered — by hydrolysis — to clay minerals. Physical Geology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Chemical weathering includes carbonic acid and hydrolysis, dissolution, and oxidation. An Introduction to Geology 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z The hydrolysis of the sugar sucrose to the sugars glucose and fructose, Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The highly acidic environment also kills many microorganisms in the food and, combined with the action of the enzyme pepsin, results in the hydrolysis of protein in the food. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Water is a lubricant and cushion, a heat sink, a component of liquid mixtures, a byproduct of dehydration synthesis reactions, and a reactant in hydrolysis reactions. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Some of the important chemical weathering processes are hydrolysis of silicate minerals to form clay minerals, oxidation of iron in silicate and other minerals to form iron oxide minerals, and dissolution of calcite. Physical Geology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Generic hydrolysis diagram, where the bonds in mineral in question would represent the left side of the diagram. An Introduction to Geology 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z Inspection of these equilibria shows the carbonate ion is involved in the calcium carbonate dissolution and the acid hydrolysis of bicarbonate ion. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Here, hydrolysis of nutrients is continued while most of the carbohydrates and amino acids are absorbed through the intestinal lining. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z They are involved in dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Other silicate minerals can also go through hydrolysis, although the end results will be a little different. Physical Geology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Carbonic acid is an important agent in two chemical weathering reactions, hydrolysis, and dissolution. An Introduction to Geology 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z Rising concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide contribute to an increased acidity of ocean waters due to the dissolution, hydrolysis, and acid ionization of carbon dioxide: Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z H+ and OH− ions share electrons with the respective monomers in hydrolysis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In such cases, the same level of energy that had been released during hydrolysis must be reinvested to power dehydration synthesis. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The weathering of these rocks — most importantly the hydrolysis of feldspar — has resulted in consumption of atmospheric carbon dioxide and transfer of the carbon to the oceans and to ocean-floor carbonate minerals. Physical Geology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Dissolution is a hydrolysis reaction that dissolves minerals in bedrock and leaves the ions in solution, usually in water. An Introduction to Geology 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z It also clarifies rules surrounding alkaline hydrolysis, known as aqua cremation. Oregon legalizes human composting 2021-06-16T04:00:00Z Dehydration and hydrolysis reactions are similar for all macromolecules, but each monomer and polymer reaction is specific to its class. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In hydrolysis, a molecule of water disrupts a compound, breaking its bonds. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Critics of Keohokalole’s bills said they fail to address permitting and licensing for alkaline hydrolysis facilities. Lawmakers consider measures to aid Hawaiian burial practices 2021-02-25T05:00:00Z The weathering of these rocks — most importantly the hydrolysis of feldspar — has resulted in the consumption of atmospheric carbon dioxide and transfer of the carbon to the oceans and to ocean-floor carbonate minerals. An Introduction to Geology 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z The agency is also examining how to address new alternatives to cremation and traditional burial, like alkaline hydrolysis, sometimes called “flameless” cremation. Should Funeral Homes Be Required to Post Prices Online? 2020-06-12T04:00:00Z Dehydration reactions typically require an investment of energy for new bond formation, while hydrolysis reactions typically release energy by breaking bonds. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Instead, in the digestive tract, they are split into their component monosaccharides via hydrolysis. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Under current law, the process called alkaline hydrolysis is not illegal. Georgia senators: Allow bodies to be dissolved in chemicals 2020-02-03T05:00:00Z According to The Associated Press, alkaline hydrolysis is available in at least 19 states. Washington becomes first state to legalize ‘green funerals’ 2019-05-28T04:00:00Z Ar is a group that generates a fluorescent by-product on hydrolysis. Catalytic machinery of enzymes expanded 2019-05-26T04:00:00Z Describe how the role of the enzyme ATPase in the hydrolysis of ATP in a cell differs from a spark in the cylinder of an internal combustion engine. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z They bond by dehydration synthesis to form polymers, which can in turn be broken by hydrolysis. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The bill would eliminate that requirement for funeral homes using alkaline hydrolysis. Georgia senators: Allow bodies to be dissolved in chemicals 2020-02-03T05:00:00Z The law that Inslee signed in Olympia, the state capital, also permits a process called alkaline hydrolysis, in which bodies are broken down in water and lye. Washington state legalizes ‘human composting’ 2019-05-21T04:00:00Z However, the catalytic turnover was poor because the hydrolysis of the acyl–enzyme intermediate was slow. Catalytic machinery of enzymes expanded 2019-05-26T04:00:00Z Water, which was broken down into its hydrogen atom and hydroxyl group during ATP hydrolysis, is regenerated when a third phosphate is added to the ADP molecule, reforming ATP. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The new law, which takes effect in May 2020, added composting as well as alkaline hydrolysis, a process already legal in 19 other states. Eco-friendly ending: Washington state is first to allow human composting 2019-05-21T04:00:00Z Aides say Inslee plans a series of events highlighting some of those efforts, beginning Thursday at a wastewater treatment plant in Washington, D.C., that uses thermal hydrolysis to convert wastewater into electricity. Jay Inslee touts $9 trillion climate plan as economic boom 2019-05-16T04:00:00Z Both hydrolysis and composting differ from green burial, in which bodies are interred without embalming or headstones, sometimes in biodegradable caskets. Washington state legalizes ‘human composting’ 2019-05-21T04:00:00Z The measure, which passed with bipartisan support, also permits a process called alkaline hydrolysis, already legal in some states, in which bodies are broken down in water and lye. Washington state braces for eco-friendly ‘human composting’ 2019-05-13T04:00:00Z They are removed from OH and H in hydrolysis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The bill, which would take effect on May 1, 2020, also would legalize alkaline hydrolysis. Washington passes bill to become first state to compost human bodies 2019-04-26T04:00:00Z Further work is needed, however, to determine exactly how the ATP binding and hydrolysis steps are coupled to LPS transport. Ratcheting up lipopolysaccharide transport 2019-03-19T04:00:00Z The bill would also legalize a separate process sometimes known as water cremation or alkaline hydrolysis. Washington State Weighs New Option After Death: Human Composting 2019-01-26T05:00:00Z In a second step, the covalent bond is broken through a hydrolysis reaction, releasing the product of the enzymatic reaction and restoring the reactive nucleophile for a second round of catalysis. Enzymes engineered to trap reaction intermediates 2018-12-11T05:00:00Z Electrons are transferred from monomers to H and OH ions in hydrolysis and from OH and H to monomers in dehydration synthesis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Green Acres Pet Center offers another type of cremation using an alkaline hydrolysis system, Manager Bob Davis said. Finding the proper send-off for your four-legged friend 2018-10-26T04:00:00Z Each cycle of ATP binding and hydrolysis is coupled to the expulsion of one LPS molecule from the inner chamber. Ratcheting up lipopolysaccharide transport 2019-03-19T04:00:00Z Calendar, R. & Berg, P. d-Tyrosyl RNA: formation, hydrolysis and utilization for protein synthesis. ANKRD16 prevents neuron loss caused by an editing-defective tRNA synthetase 2018-05-15T04:00:00Z The resulting acyl-enzyme intermediate resists hydrolysis, allowing it to be visualized using X-ray crystallography. Enzymes engineered to trap reaction intermediates 2018-12-11T05:00:00Z The energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP + Pi is used to perform cellular work. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Some crematoriums in North America now offer alkaline hydrolysis, often marketed as “green”, “water”, or “flameless” cremation. Why undertakers are worried 2018-04-12T04:00:00Z By modifying the protein structure, the authors were able to lock the gate in the closed state, effectively blocking LPS transport without affecting ATP hydrolysis. Ratcheting up lipopolysaccharide transport 2019-03-19T04:00:00Z This week, California became the 15th state to outline commercial regulations for the disposal of human remains through the method, chemically known as alkaline hydrolysis. An Alternative to Burial and Cremation Gains Popularity 2017-10-19T04:00:00Z As a second test case, they incorporated DAP into the active site of a cysteine protease enzyme, and showed that the inserted DAP indeed forms an acyl-enzyme intermediate that is resistant to hydrolysis. Enzymes engineered to trap reaction intermediates 2018-12-11T05:00:00Z Cells use ATP to perform work by coupling the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The carboxylic acid produced by the hydrolysis could break down electronic materials too. Self-Destructing Circuits Mimic Mission: Impossible Tape 2017-09-08T04:00:00Z He has been working with state legislators on a bill allowing funeral homes to use this process, called alkaline hydrolysis. Dissolve the Dead? Controversy Swirls around Liquid Cremation 2017-09-07T04:00:00Z Alkaline hydrolysis has been used to dispose of human cadavers and dead pets since the process was modernized in the 1990s. An Alternative to Burial and Cremation Gains Popularity 2017-10-19T04:00:00Z This would usually be the result of a combination of two types of reaction – hydrolysis and oxidisation – according to the book Advances in Meat, Poultry and Seafood Packaging, published by Woodhead Publishing. Hummus 'crisis' sheds light on secret world of mass food production 2017-04-29T04:00:00Z ATP hydrolysis also provides energy to power coupling reactions. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z He suspects that the acidity, as well as the probable rapidity of hydrolysis in the moist environment of the body, may hinder biomedical uses, but he believes military applications are possible. Self-Destructing Circuits Mimic Mission: Impossible Tape 2017-09-08T04:00:00Z The Dutch numbers, which are usually cited by those championing alkaline hydrolysis, suggest cremations by fire account for only a few thousandths of a percent of total carbon emissions in the U.S. Dissolve the Dead? Controversy Swirls around Liquid Cremation 2017-09-07T04:00:00Z The environmental benefits of alkaline hydrolysis are significant. An Alternative to Burial and Cremation Gains Popularity 2017-10-19T04:00:00Z Step 4: outward-facing transition state after the hydrolysis of the second ATP molecule. Energy transduction and alternating access of the mammalian ABC transporter P-glycoprotein : Nature : Nature Research 2017-03-12T05:00:00Z ATP utilizes energy to power exergonic reactions by hydrolysis of ATP molecule. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z About a year ago, the Virginia Beach man invested in a new apparatus called an alkaline hydrolysis system. Green burial options provide an alternative resting place 2016-06-18T04:00:00Z There are other benefits to alkaline hydrolysis, proponents say: Inorganic materials like tooth fillings and breast implants are left behind by the process. Dissolve the Dead? Controversy Swirls around Liquid Cremation 2017-09-07T04:00:00Z Another alternative to traditional burial or cremation is alkaline hydrolysis, which is only legal in some states. Creative Things to Do With a Dead Body 2016-05-06T04:00:00Z Step 4: outward-facing transition state after the hydrolysis of the second ATP molecule. Energy transduction and alternating access of the mammalian ABC transporter P-glycoprotein : Nature : Nature Research 2017-03-12T05:00:00Z Is the EA for ATP hydrolysis relatively low or high? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z “Some glucosinolate hydrolysis products may alter the metabolism or activity of hormones like estrogen in ways that inhibit the development of hormone-sensitive cancers.” 8 vegetables it’s better to eat raw 2015-07-21T04:00:00Z Of greater concern is the high pH involved in the process, which scuttled the first California bill seeking to legalize alkaline hydrolysis. Dissolve the Dead? Controversy Swirls around Liquid Cremation 2017-09-07T04:00:00Z While the use of chemical hydrolysis for neutralizing the chemicals was a practiced method, marrying the removal of the weapons via ship and onboard hydrolysis was a highly innovative, though untested, technique. Nothing Left to Chance 2015-07-08T04:00:00Z That hydrolysis of a single ATP molecule is sufficient for closing the intracellular side is demonstrated by its homogeneous conformation in the transition state. Energy transduction and alternating access of the mammalian ABC transporter P-glycoprotein : Nature : Nature Research 2017-03-12T05:00:00Z EA for ATP hydrolysis is high because considerable energy is released. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Resomation, or alkaline hydrolysis, is considered a more ecologically sound alternative to cremation. Compost and spaceflight: Why people are starting to look for unconventional end-of-life options 2015-06-15T04:00:00Z And the California Catholic Conference is urging the state’s Senate to vote “no” on the latest legislation, concerned that alkaline hydrolysis “does not appear to respectfully treat human remains.” Dissolve the Dead? Controversy Swirls around Liquid Cremation 2017-09-07T04:00:00Z The other involves making ethanol from cellulose by enzymatic hydrolysis. Thin harvest 2015-04-16T04:00:00Z By contrast, opening of the extracellular side must require the hydrolysis of two ATP molecules; as a result, its conformation is heterogeneous. Energy transduction and alternating access of the mammalian ABC transporter P-glycoprotein : Nature : Nature Research 2017-03-12T05:00:00Z EA for ATP hydrolysis is high because a low amount of energy is released. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z State laws vary: In the last few years, several have legalized alkaline hydrolysis, sometimes known as water cremation, in which bodies are dissolved in a heated mix of water and lye. A Project to Turn Corpses Into Compost 2015-04-13T04:00:00Z Alkaline hydrolysis produces no smoke to worry about. Dissolve the Dead? Controversy Swirls around Liquid Cremation 2017-09-07T04:00:00Z Republican state Rep. Jeff Thompson of Lizton wrote the legislation, which would require the State Board of Funeral and Cemetery Service to adopt rules for alkaline hydrolysis. Indiana House bill would legalize cremation alternative 2015-01-19T05:00:00Z Thus, ATP hydrolysis drives Pgp to a transition state that is homogenous on the intracellular side but heterogeneous on the extracellular side. Energy transduction and alternating access of the mammalian ABC transporter P-glycoprotein : Nature : Nature Research 2017-03-12T05:00:00Z Note that the first two steps that are regulated occur early in the pathway and involve hydrolysis of ATP. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z It was outfitted with two specially developed hydrolysis machines that use water or bleach to neutralize the chemicals that produce nerve gases. U.S. completes task of destroying Syrian chemical agents 2014-08-18T04:00:00Z They range from burial and rendering to use of alkaline hydrolysis, a highly specialized process using chemicals and heat to break down tissues. Virus Plagues the Pork Industry, and Environmentalists 2014-07-04T04:00:00Z In their process, they took a carbohydrate and broke it down through a process called hydrolysis, rendering it into a white powder. Here’s How You Make Powdered Alcohol 2014-04-22T21:34:10Z The structure provides insight into how ligand interactions are coupled to ATP hydrolysis. [Report] Structural Basis for Heavy Metal Detoxification by an Atm1-Type ABC Exporter 2014-03-06T20:26:50.622Z A helicase using the energy from ATP hydrolysis opens up the DNA helix. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z US ship the MV Cape Ray will deal with the majority of the "priority" toxic substances by a process of hydrolysis at sea. Destroying Syria's chemical weapons 2014-02-27T14:23:28Z The most toxic substances, around 500 tonnes, will be destroyed on the Port Ray, a five-storey U.S. cargo vessel fitted with a so-called hydrolysis system, which will break down the chemicals at sea. Exclusive: Patience runs thin as Syrian chemical handover stalls 2014-01-24T18:55:12Z The materials be destroyed in international waters by a process known as hydrolysis. Syria chemical arms transport 'slow' 2014-01-16T19:29:57Z The plan is that the materials will then be destroyed by a process known as hydrolysis in international waters. Syria chemical arms transport 'slow' 2014-01-16T12:00:43Z During digestion, polymers can be broken down by hydrolysis, or the addition of water. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The hydrolysis effluent from the Cape Ray and the other chemicals removed from Syria will be destroyed at commercial facilities. Destroying Syria's chemical weapons 2014-02-27T14:23:28Z Heat recovered from the turbines will be converted into steam, which in turn will be piped back for use in the thermal hydrolysis portion. Washington, D.C. Water Utility Adapts to Global Warming 2014-01-13T18:45:00.537Z The technology, known as hydrolysis, turns dangerous toxins into a low-toxicity liquid waste. Task force gathers for Syria chemical weapons pickup 2013-12-14T16:53:01Z The process planned for on board MV Cape Ray - called hydrolysis - will produce an estimated 7.7m litres of effluent. Plan to destroy Syria weapons at sea 2013-11-28T19:01:00Z Both dehydration and hydrolysis reactions in cells are catalyzed by specific enzymes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z "If you use hydrolysis or incineration, there will be liquid waste," Trapp said. Exclusive: Syria's chemical weapons may be destroyed at sea - sources 2013-11-19T22:10:53Z During the first phase, hydrolysis, biodegradable material decomposes into smaller molecules including sugars. Second Helpings: Recycling Cairo's Food Waste 2013-05-13T12:45:00.353Z The main causes of biomolecular degradation are not due to the formalin directly but to hydrolysis and oxidation, he says. Biorepositories: Building better biobanks 2012-06-06T17:21:14.867Z Several of these clean technologies, like anaerobic digestion, gasification and hydrolysis, are already in commercial use in Europe and Asia. Green Blog: New York Seeks Waste-to-Energy Proposals 2012-03-06T23:07:11Z Dehydration reactions typically require an investment of energy for new bond formation, whereas hydrolysis reactions typically release energy that can be used to power cellular processes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Burning these, or neutralizing them with other chemicals in a process known as hydrolysis, would produce large amounts of toxic fluids. Exclusive: Syria's chemical weapons may be destroyed at sea - sources 2013-11-19T22:10:53Z That, he says, is the biggest misconception about alkaline hydrolysis, a green alternative to cremation that involves liquefying human remains with potassium hydroxide and 300F heat. The Greening of Death 2011-11-03T20:50:24Z The bodies are then immersed in a chemical bath and the remains are broken down by a process known as alkaline hydrolysis using water at high temperatures. Florida funeral home offers eco-friendly cremations 2011-10-10T22:47:58Z Effect of acids and salts on hydrolysis and germicidal action. Chlorination of Water 2011-09-13T02:00:32.243Z Figure 3.3 In the hydrolysis reaction shown here, the disaccharide maltose is broken down to form two glucose monomers with the addition of a water molecule. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In addition, the UC team also optimized the sensor layout and working-electrode surface to further reduce the effects of hydrolysis and to boost the reliability and sensitivity in detecting heavy metals. New Sensor Detects Dangerous Heavy Metals in Humans 2011-08-02T13:40:00Z Alkaline hydrolysis is already legal in seven states, he says, and the numbers are expected to rise. The Greening of Death 2011-11-03T20:50:24Z The discussion section of our paper included a tentative model for the catalytic mechanism of the GTP hydrolysis reaction itself. [Technical Response] Response to Comment on ?The Mechanism for Activation of GTP Hydrolysis on the Ribosome? 2011-07-05T19:25:35.447Z To illustrate, consider the charges and hydrogen bonds in the GTPase hydrolysis center. [Technical Comment] Comment on ?The Mechanism for Activation of GTP Hydrolysis on the Ribosome? 2011-07-05T19:25:18.187Z Dehydration and hydrolysis reactions are catalyzed, or “sped up,” by specific enzymes; dehydration reactions involve the formation of new bonds, requiring energy, while hydrolysis reactions break bonds and release energy. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z It is also enriched in membrane transporters, mostly of sugars, indicating the efficient binding of mucin and its subsequent hydrolysis as well as uptake of the resulting simple sugars by these genera. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome 2011-05-11T17:21:02.573Z The environmental benefits of hydrolysis are hard to argue with: The process results in only a fraction of the carbon emissions of a traditional cremation. The Greening of Death 2011-11-03T20:50:24Z It is soluble in water, and the solution has the property of inducing fermentation or hydrolysis of starch into dextrine and glucose. The New Gresham Encyclopedia Volume 4, Part 1: Deposition to Eberswalde 2011-04-14T02:00:57.977Z Saccharomyces Marxianus will not hydrolyse maltose, but it does attack cane sugar and ferment the products of hydrolysis. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 3 "Fenton, Edward" to "Finistere" 2011-03-14T03:01:00.580Z What role do electrons play in dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Alkaline hydrolysis has been used to destroy cattle infected with mad cow disease after it was found to be the only method effective in eradicating the deadly prions, or misshapen proteins, that cause the illness. Aquamation: A Greener Alternative to Cremation? 2010-10-01T03:30:00Z Resomation involves an alkaline hydrolysis process that dissolves a body into both a liquid and a powdery white mass. Going Green In Death 2010-08-19T22:20:00Z Johnson estimates that 40% of the cost of cellulosic ethanol is from the cost of the pretreatment and cutting up the cellulose into sugars, called hydrolysis. Designer Biofuel Crops 2010-04-01T23:00:00Z In the seeds of the castor oil plant, especially in the protoplasm of the seed, the enzyme which has the property of causing hydrolysis of the glycerides is found. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. Sharing of electrons between monomers occurs in both dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z It was learned for example, that the special kind of carbohydrate present in nucleins was very susceptible to change under the conditions of hydrolysis by acids. History of Phosphorus A small amount of carbohydrate having the formula for starch and yielding a reducing sugar on hydrolysis with acid has also been described. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 1 "Bisharin" to "Bohea" It is a constituent of sucrose, of raffinose, and of the polysaccharide inulin, from which it may be obtained by hydrolysis. The Chemistry of Plant Life To increase the hydrolysis a catalyzer, some neutral salt, usually manganese sulfate is added in the proportion of 0.15 per cent. appears to vary directly as the saponification number of the fat or oil. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. The sharing of electrons between monomers occurs in hydrolysis only. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The pyloric end of the stomach exhibits strong peptonizing powers and much of the hydrolysis of protein takes place here. Dietetics for Nurses There is also present a residue which is readily broken down by oxidizing agents, and indeed by simple hydrolysis, to acetic acid. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 5 "Cat" to "Celt" It is produced in large quantities by the hydrolysis of starch during the germination of barley and other grains. The Chemistry of Plant Life It is not necessary to filter the solution of the melt in this case, but sufficient time must be allowed for the hydrolysis of the anhydride before proceeding with the neutralization. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. What role do electrons play in dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Galactose.—This sugar, unlike the other members of this group, is not found free in nature, but it is produced as the result of hydrolysis of milk sugar, either by enzymes or by acids. Dietetics for Nurses It is resolved by solution in sulphuric acid and subsequent hydrolysis of the esters thus produced into dextrose. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 5 "Cat" to "Celt" This hydrolysis is brought about by the enzyme "diastase," which is present in the sprouting grain. The Chemistry of Plant Life Let stand with occasional shaking, for several hours, to permit the hydrolysis of all the anhydride; then dilute to about 200 cc., add phenolphthalein and titrate with N/1 NaOH. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. They are taken up by the H and OH ions from the monomers in hydrolysis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Dextrin, as has already been stated, is an intermediate product of the hydrolysis of starch by acid or enzymes. Dietetics for Nurses Ligno-celluloses.—These compounds have many of the characteristics of the cellulose esters; they are in effect ethereal compounds of cellulose and the quinonoid lignone complex, and the combination resists hydrolysis by weak alkalis or acids. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 5 "Cat" to "Celt" Cellobiose is a disaccharide which results from the hydrolysis of cellulose. The Chemistry of Plant Life There are also other means of saponification, as, the hydrolysis of an oil or fat by the action of hydrochloric or sulfuric acid, by autoclave and by ferments or enzymes. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. They are added to OH and H in hydrolysis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Trypsin in the pancreatic juice takes up the hydrolysis of the proteoses and peptones and those proteins which have escaped gastric digestion. Dietetics for Nurses This is found in grapes and in raisins and it is also produced in large quantities by the hydrolysis of starch and sold under the commercial name of corn syrup or Karo. Food in War Time The hydrolysis of raffinose presents several interesting possibilities. The Chemistry of Plant Life Others hold that bacteria or micro-organisms are the cause of this hydrolysis, citing the fact that they have isolated various micro-organisms from various fats and oils. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. Cells use ATP by coupling the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, with ATP donating its phosphate group to another molecule via a process called phosphorylation. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Upon hydrolysis starch gives first a mixture of dextrin and maltose, then glucose alone as an end-product. Dietetics for Nurses The alcohol thus formed, together with the glucose formed by hydrolysis, are eventually converted to acid or combusted by the mycoderma species. The Bacillus of Long Life a manual of the preparation and souring of milk for dietary purposes, together with and historical account of the use of fermente Most commonly, however, they are artificial products resulting from the partial hydrolysis of starch in the laboratory or factory. The Chemistry of Plant Life The hydrolysis of fats and oils is accelerated when they are allowed to remain for some time in the presence of organic non-fats. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. Because this reaction takes place with the use of a water molecule, it is considered a hydrolysis reaction. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z They are built up of many sugar molecules, which yield upon complete hydrolysis many molecules of simple sugar. Dietetics for Nurses The mineral matter, together with certain decomposition and hydrolysis products of crude fiber and chlorogenic acid, contribute toward the astringency or bitterness of the cup. All About Coffee There are several different modifications, or forms, of dextrins, depending upon the extent to which the simplification of the starch molecule by hydrolysis is carried. The Chemistry of Plant Life In an acid fat there has been a hydrolysis of the fat and it has developed a rather high percentage of free acid. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. Since ATP hydrolysis releases energy, ATP regeneration must require an input of free energy. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Lea and Miquel further proved that the hydrolysis is due to an enzyme—urase—separable with difficulty from the bacteria concerned. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 2 "Baconthorpe" to "Bankruptcy" Prolonged contact of coffee with water results in the hydrolysis of some of the insoluble materials and subsequent extraction of the substances thus formed. All About Coffee Gums are extremely difficult to hydrolyze, the laboratory process of hydrolysis usually requiring from eighteen to twenty-four hours of continuous boiling with acids for its completion. The Chemistry of Plant Life This is a convenient, though slower and more dangerous method, of producing the hydrolysis of the glyceride, as well as the simplest in that fatty acids and glycerine in a water solution are obtained. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. Exactly how much free energy is released with the hydrolysis of ATP, and how is that free energy used to do cellular work? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In effect the urea first becomes carbonate of ammonia by a simple hydrolysis brought about by bacteria, more and more definitely known since Pasteur, van Tieghem and Cohn first described them. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 2 "Baconthorpe" to "Bankruptcy" Some of the more delicate constituents are unfavorably affected by such treatment, and undergo hydrolysis and oxidation. All About Coffee Because of this difficulty of hydrolysis, gums are practically indigestible by animals and of little use as food. The Chemistry of Plant Life The product is the quantity which should be subtracted from the total amount of dextrose found after hydrolysis. A Study Of American Beers and Ales The second question posed above, that is, how the energy released by ATP hydrolysis is used to perform work inside the cell, depends on a strategy called energy coupling. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Next we have the more positive definition by ultimate products of hydrolysis, so far as they are known, which discloses more particularly the presence of a greater or less proportion of furfural-yielding groups. Researches on Cellulose 1895-1900 Local overheating and hydrolysis occur, but not to so great an extent as in boiling; and most of the effects of oxidation and volatization of caffeol are absent. All About Coffee But in common usage, it refers to any compound which, when hydrolyzed, yields a sugar as one of the products of the hydrolysis. The Chemistry of Plant Life Fatty Acids.—We have already described the various methods of liberating fatty acids by hydrolysis or saponification. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z General Experimental Methods.—In the investigation of the cellulose group it is clear that methods of ultimate hydrolysis are of first importance. Researches on Cellulose 1895-1900 Greatest efficiency, when bags are used, is obtained by repouring until all of the liquid has passed twice through the coffee; further repouring extracts too much of the astringent hydrolysis products. All About Coffee Injury to the tissues, germination processes, and perhaps other physiological activities of the cells, result in bringing the enzyme in contact with the glucoside and the hydrolysis of the latter takes place. The Chemistry of Plant Life Sodium oleate is peculiar in not undergoing hydrolysis except in very dilute solution and at a low temperature. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture As with most cases of ATP hydrolysis, a phosphate from ATP is transferred onto another molecule. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This, however, is a 'net' result, and leaves undetermined the degree of hydration of the recovered cellulose as of hydrolysis of the original to groups of lower molecular weights. Researches on Cellulose 1895-1900 The irritating elements may be generally classified as compounds formed upon the addition of cream or milk to the coffee liquor, volatile constituents, and products formed by hydrolysis of the fibrous part of the grounds. All About Coffee Several glucosides which yield hydrocyanic acid as one of the products of their hydrolysis are of common occurrence in plants. The Chemistry of Plant Life Caustic soda exerts a marked retarding effect on the hydrolysis, as do also ethyl and amyl alcohols and glycerol. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture Essentially, the energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP is coupled with the energy required to power the pump and transport Na+ and K+ ions. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A similar conclusion results from the presence of furfural-yielding compounds with the observation that the hydrolysis to soluble derivatives mainly affects these derivatives. Researches on Cellulose 1895-1900 This is due to a number of causes, among which are oxidation, volatilization of the aroma, absorption of moisture and consequent hydrolysis, and alteration in the character of the aromatic principles. All About Coffee This is indicated by the fact that when submitted to the action of all known hydrolyzing agents which affect it, it has never been found to yield maltose as one of the products of hydrolysis. The Chemistry of Plant Life Yet another argument against the theory is that hydrolysis is greater in cold and dilute solutions, whereas hot concentrated soap solutions are generally regarded as having the best detergent action. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture Here, the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis is coupled with the endergonic reaction of converting glucose into a phosphorylated intermediate in the pathway. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z It is noted that acetate of ammonia causes rapid changes in the solution, which appear to be due to a species of hydrolysis. Researches on Cellulose 1895-1900 Analysis of them shows that these salts undergo hydrolysis, and lose half their sulphuric acid. The Dyeing of Cotton Fabrics A Practical Handbook for the Dyer and Student On further hydrolysis, this breaks up in the same order as before. The Chemistry of Plant Life The presence of acidity is essential for the hydrolysis to take place, the most suitable strength being one-tenth normal, and the degree of hydrolysis is proportional to the quantity of ferment present. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture The energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP + Pi is used to perform cellular work. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The green plant was extracted with alcohol, the residue freed from alcohol and subjected to acid hydrolysis. Researches on Cellulose 1895-1900 It is worth noting that the solution is not a stable one: on keeping, the cellulose changes its character and undergoes hydrolysis to a greater or less extent. The Dyeing of Cotton Fabrics A Practical Handbook for the Dyer and Student The remaining material is supposed to be also composed of amino-acids which are linked together in some arrangement which is not broken apart by any method of hydrolysis which has yet been devised. The Chemistry of Plant Life After stirring until an emulsion is formed, the mixture is allowed to stand for twenty-four hours, during which hydrolysis takes place. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture Cells use ATP to perform work by coupling the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In the earlier stages, moreover, the normal hexose constituents of the permanent tissue were hydrolysed in large proportion by the acid, whereas in the matured straw the hydrolysis is chiefly confined to the furfuroids. Researches on Cellulose 1895-1900 The excess of the sodium hydroxide reverses the reaction of hydrolysis and the normal salt crystallizes out. An Elementary Study of Chemistry The products of hydrolysis of the common simple proteins are all amino-acids. The Chemistry of Plant Life The maximum amount of hydrolysis was attained with cocoa-nut oil, probably owing to its large proportion of the glycerides of volatile fatty acids. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture EA for ATP hydrolysis is low because considerable energy is released. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Straw and esparto celluloses are subjected to the processes of acid hydrolysis, and the neutralised extracts fermented. Researches on Cellulose 1895-1900 Moreover, the acids set free in the hydrolysis of the magnesium salts attack the iron tubes and rapidly corrode them. An Elementary Study of Chemistry The use of the term "peptid" was suggested by the fact that these amino-acids are produced from the hydrolysis of proteins by the digestive enzyme pepsin. The Chemistry of Plant Life Castor oil is abnormal in only undergoing about 20 per cent. hydrolysis, but this is attributed to the different constitution of its fatty acids, and the ready formation of polymerisation products. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture EA for ATP hydrolysis is intermediate because considerable energy is released. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z By actual isolation of a crystalline dextrorotary sugar, by preparations of osazone and conversion into saccharic acid, it was proved that dextrose was the main product of hydrolysis. Researches on Cellulose 1895-1900 When one of the products of hydrolysis is nearly insoluble in water the solution will become saturated with it as soon as a very little has been formed. An Elementary Study of Chemistry The separation of the individual amino-acids from the mixture which results from the hydrolysis of any given protein is a long and tedious process and, at best, yields only moderately satisfactory results. The Chemistry of Plant Life I can see nothing wrong with the blood; it has not coagulated as I expected, nor is there any pronounced hydrolysis as yet. The Black Star Passes Millar, are maltose and glucose, which latter is derived from the hydrolysis of the stable dextrin. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Part 3 "Brescia" to "Bulgaria" It appears to be resolved by ultimate hydrolysis into dextrose and mannose. Researches on Cellulose 1895-1900 The sulphides of calcium, barium, strontium, and magnesium are insoluble in water, but are changed by hydrolysis into acid sulphides which are soluble. An Elementary Study of Chemistry These groups can be conveniently and fairly accurately separated out of the hydrolysis mixture, by means of various precipitating agents, and the quantity of N in the several precipitates determined by the usual Kjeldahl method. The Chemistry of Plant Life Comparison of this equation with that on page 30 will make it plain that hydrolysis is just the reverse of neutralization and must, accordingly, interfere with it. An Introductory Course of Quantitative Chemical Analysis With Explanatory Notes Owing to the difficulty of isolating the intermediary hydrolysis products, and the subsequent impossibility of drawing any conclusions as to the constitution of tannin, the latter investigators decided to adopt the methods offered by synthesis. Synthetic Tannins The authors were unable to obtain any pentoses as products of acid hydrolysis of raw cotton, and traces only of furfural-yielding carbohydrates. Researches on Cellulose 1895-1900 It is because of the hydrolysis of aluminium carbonate that alum is used as a constituent of some baking powders. An Elementary Study of Chemistry More recently, since their products of hydrolysis have been extensively studied, their classification has been modified, in attempts to make it correspond as closely as possible to their chemical constitution and physical properties. The Chemistry of Plant Life The term !hydrolysis! is applied to the changes which result from the reaction of these ions. An Introductory Course of Quantitative Chemical Analysis With Explanatory Notes In making experiments with 500 g. of p-nitrobenzyl cyanide, it was found that the time for hydrolysis was about the same as when smaller amounts were used. Organic Syntheses In a carefully regulated hydrolysis following the chlorination it appears that the furfuroids are almost entirely conserved in the form of a cellulose. Researches on Cellulose 1895-1900 This is a reversible reaction, however, and hydrolysis can therefore be prevented by first adding a considerable amount of the soluble product of the reaction, namely, hydrochloric acid. An Elementary Study of Chemistry They have been prepared in large numbers and quantities, by the hydrolysis of the natural proteins and the artificial synthesis of polypeptides. The Chemistry of Plant Life Why, there was my theory of the hydrolysis of casein by trypsin, which Professor Walters had been carrying out in his laboratory. The Jacket (Star-Rover) After this has been heated for forty-five minutes under a reflux condenser, the hydrolysis is practically complete. Organic Syntheses They are, however, not affected by diastase; and generally are more resistant to hydrolysis. Researches on Cellulose 1895-1900 While hydrolysis is primarily due to the slight extent to which either the acid or the base formed is dissociated, several other factors have an influence upon the extent to which it will take place. An Elementary Study of Chemistry Most enzymes are catalysts for hydrolysis reactions and are, hence, classed as hydrolytic in their action, and may be spoken of as "hydrolases." The Chemistry of Plant Life Under proper conditions of hydrolysis, one or more of the saccharide groups can be removed from such compounds, resulting in glucosides of simpler structure. The Chemistry of Plant Life The acid hydrolysis runs by far the more smoothly and so was the only one studied. Organic Syntheses Both yield, however, to acid hydrolysis a complex of products of similar composition and constitution. Researches on Cellulose 1895-1900 Since hydrolysis is a reversible reaction, the relative masses of the reacting substances influence the point at which equilibrium will be reached. An Elementary Study of Chemistry It aids in the hydrolysis of the starch for the use of the growing embryo. The Chemistry of Plant Life All natural glucosides are hydrolyzed into a sugar and another organic residue by boiling with mineral acids; although they vary widely in the ease with which this hydrolysis is brought about. The Chemistry of Plant Life On hydrolysis, it yields 2 molecules of glucose, 2 of galactose, and one of digitogenin. The Chemistry of Plant Life This group is closely related to chitin, yielding glucosamin and acetic acid as products of ultimate hydrolysis. Researches on Cellulose 1895-1900 Similar basic salts are formed by the hydrolysis of antimony salts. An Elementary Study of Chemistry Disaccharides of Type 1 may be obtained by the hydrolysis of other, more complex, carbohydrates. The Chemistry of Plant Life Glycerine is also prepared from fats by hydrolysis with superheated steam. The Chemistry of Plant Life The reaction for the hydrolysis of fats has been discussed in connection with the process for the manufacture of glycerine. The Chemistry of Plant Life The dissolution of the cellulose is not a simple phenomenon, but is attended with hydrolysis and a certain degree of condensation. Researches on Cellulose 1895-1900 What are the products of hydrolysis when stannic chloride is used as a mordant? An Elementary Study of Chemistry Sucrose is dextrorotatory, but since fructose has a greater specific rotatory action to the left than glucose has to the right, the mixture resulting from the hydrolysis of sucrose is levorotatory. The Chemistry of Plant Life The fats undoubtedly catabolize first by hydrolysis into glycerol and fatty acids, and then by oxidation possibly first into carbohydrates and then finally into the end-products of oxidation, namely, carbon dioxide and water. The Chemistry of Plant Life Both oleic acid and a solid fatty acid have been found in the hydrolysis products of lecithin from leguminous seeds. The Chemistry of Plant Life The acetates of hydrolysed celluloses manifest a retrogradation in structural and physical properties, proportioned to the degree of hydrolysis of the original. Researches on Cellulose 1895-1900 In many cases the hydrolysis of a salt is only partial, resulting in the formation of basic salts instead of the free base. An Elementary Study of Chemistry These all seem to be products of hydrolysis of a mother substance known as "pectose," which constitutes the middle lamella of unripe fruit, etc. The Chemistry of Plant Life The product of hydrolysis appears, therefore, to be xylose or a closely related derivative. Researches on Cellulose 1895-1900 They yield readily to acid hydrolysis, and certainly constitute a considerable percentage of the dissolved products. Researches on Cellulose 1895-1900 It has been already shown that this degree of hydrolysis does not produce molecular disaggregation. Researches on Cellulose 1895-1900 Write the equations showing the hydrolysis of antimony trichloride; of bismuth nitrate. An Elementary Study of Chemistry Certain bacteria can make use of cellulose as food, and secrete an enzyme, cytase, which aids in the hydrolysis of cellulose to sugars for this purpose. The Chemistry of Plant Life |
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