| 单词 | homologous |
| 例句 | They are the replicated parts of the first source of living, and they are wonderfully homologous. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z It has recently been reported that the nucleic acid of chloroplasts is, in fact, homologous with that of certain photosynthetic microorganisms. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z Traditional methods involve comparison of homologous anatomical structures and embryonic development, assuming that closely related organisms share anatomical features during embryo development. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Figure 6.2 There are 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes in a female human somatic cell. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z MnCO3 will form first since it has the smallest Ksp value among these homologous compounds and is therefore the least soluble. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Using morphological and molecular data, scientists identify both homologous and analogous characteristics and genes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The two sets of chromosomes are homologous, meaning that each chromosome from the male parent has a corresponding chromosome from the female parent. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Visit this interactive site to guess which bones structures are homologous and which are analogous. There are also examples of evolutionary adaptations that illustrate these concepts. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The matched pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism are called homologous chromosomes. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The human is a diploid organism, having 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes in each of the somatic cells. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The same relationship between complexity and shared evolutionary history is true for homologous structures in organisms. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Meiosis is a process in which the homologous chromosomes of a diploid cell are separated from each other. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z However, the bird wing and bat wing are both made from homologous bones that are similar in appearance. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Each copy of the homologous pair of chromosomes originates from a different parent; therefore, the copies of each of the genes themselves may not be identical. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z A homologous pair of chromosomes is the two copies of a single chromosome found in each somatic cell. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z For example, the bones in the front flipper of a whale are homologous to the bones in the human arm. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Since each pair of homologous chromosomes are separated, neither cell has the two complete sets of chromosomes found in a diploid cell. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z In mammals, membranes that are homologous to the extra-embryonic membranes in eggs are present in the placenta. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z At each pole, there is just one member of each pair of the homologous chromosomes, so only one full set of the chromosomes is present. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Figure 3.31 A Homologous Pair of Chromosomes with their Attached Sister Chromatids The red and blue colors correspond to a homologous pair of chromosomes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The wings of a butterfly and the wings of a bird are analogous but not homologous. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In meiosis, homologous chromosomes are separated, and each daughter cell receives only a haploid set of chromosomes. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Micro-fragmented adipose tissue and bone marrow aspirate treatments “are minimal manipulation and, as long as the physician is injecting ‘like into like,’ this is homologous use. Could platelet-rich plasma injections help avoid knee surgery? More studies may give answer. 2021-11-05T04:00:00Z In anaphase I, the homologous chromosomes are separated. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Each chromosome in the homologous pair is also bound to an identical sister chromatid, which is produced by DNA replication, and results in the familiar “X” shape. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Diploid organisms inherit one copy of each homologous chromosome from each parent; all together, they are considered a full set of chromosomes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Evolutionary theory explains the existence of homologous structures adapted to different purposes as the result of descent with modification from a common ancestor. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z So, injecting bone marrow into bone or fat into areas that contain fat for the purposes of cushioning, this is homologous use.” Could platelet-rich plasma injections help avoid knee surgery? More studies may give answer. 2021-11-05T04:00:00Z This separation, or segregation, of the homologous chromosomes means also that only one of the copies of the gene gets moved into a gamete. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z “But we do share a lot of homologous genes with these seemingly very distant animals.” How do most lobsters stay cancer-free? Newly sequenced genome could reveal their secrets 2021-06-23T04:00:00Z In mitosis, homologous chromosomes line up end-to-end so that when they divide, each daughter cell receives a sister chromatid from both members of the homologous pair. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Biologists determine that structures are homologous by studying anatomical details, the way the structures develop in embryos, and their appearance over evolutionary history. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z You know, the flippers of a right whale are homologous to the arms of a human. Whale hugs, ‘active sea serpents,’ and the wild world of whale sex 2021-05-14T04:00:00Z Genes that are located on separate, non- homologous chromosomes will always sort independently. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Writing in Nature, Yang et al.6 report structural data that shed light on how the protein RecA facilitates a key early step in the process of homologous recombination in bacteria. Demystifying the D-loop during DNA recombination 2020-10-13T04:00:00Z Figure 11.2 Early in prophase I, homologous chromosomes come together to form a synapse. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The degree of similarity in homologous structures is related to how recently species shared a common ancestor. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Instead only the most distal ones are homologous to digit bones; the proximal radials are homologous to the wrist bones and the long bones of the palm. How a 380-Million-Year-Old Fish Gave Us Fingers 2020-06-17T04:00:00Z In synapsis, the genes on the chromatids of the homologous chromosomes are precisely aligned with each other. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Yang and colleagues provide detailed data for D-loop structures that yield new insights into the mechanism of homologous recombination. Demystifying the D-loop during DNA recombination 2020-10-13T04:00:00Z A single crossover event between homologous non-sister chromatids leads to a reciprocal exchange of equivalent DNA between a maternal chromosome and a paternal chromosome. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z At the molecular level, similarities in the genetic code of all organisms, along with homologous genes and molecules, provide evidence of common descent. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Finally, during recombination, chromatid arms are exchanged between the two homologous chromosomes. How sex chromosomes break up to get together 2020-05-26T04:00:00Z As prophase I progresses, the close association between homologous chromosomes begins to break down, and the chromosomes continue to condense, although the homologous chromosomes remain attached to each other at chiasmata. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z These findings considerably advance our knowledge of the mechanism that underlies homologous recombination. Demystifying the D-loop during DNA recombination 2020-10-13T04:00:00Z With each member of the homologous pair attached to opposite poles of the cell, in the next phase, the microtubules can pull the homologous pair apart. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z An actin gene in humans is 92% identical to the homologous actin gene in mice. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The authors suggest that axis separation might suppress ineffectual intersister recombination in favour of homologous recombination between chromosomes. How sex chromosomes break up to get together 2020-05-26T04:00:00Z At the end of prometaphase I, each tetrad is attached to microtubules from both poles, with one homologous chromosome attached at one pole and the other homologous chromosome attached to the other pole. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z They might instead favour something like ‘homologous recombination DNA repair deficiency syndrome’. New name for breast-cancer syndrome could help to save lives 2019-07-02T04:00:00Z At the end of prometaphase I, each tetrad is attached to microtubules from both poles, with one homologous chromosome facing each pole. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z An actin gene in humans is 80% identical to the homologous gene in yeast. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Cohesin accumulation in this region might increase cohesion between sister chromatids, which in turn would help to stabilize the association between homologous chromosomes. How sex chromosomes break up to get together 2020-05-26T04:00:00Z The orientation of each pair of homologous chromosomes at the center of the cell is random. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Maria Jasin, a molecular biologist at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York, won the life science and medicine award for her studies on homologous recombination, a mechanism by which DNA repairs itself. Voyager spacecraft steward among winners of prestigious Hong Kong prizes 2019-05-21T04:00:00Z Every cell of the multicellular offspring has copies of the original two sets of homologous chromosomes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Nondisjunction, the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis, can lead to chromosome number disorders. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z However, the gene drive worked successfully when Cas9 was expressed specifically in the female germ line, and, in this context, the Cas9 cuts of the Tyr sequence were repaired by homologous recombination. On the road to a gene drive in mammals 2019-01-22T05:00:00Z Explain how the random alignment of homologous chromosomes during metaphase I contributes to variation in gametes produced by meiosis. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z “And they are probably not homologous with feathers at all,” he says. Pterosaurs Just Keep Getting Weirder 2018-12-17T05:00:00Z Aberrations caused when a pair of homologous chromosomes fails to separate during anaphase I or when sister chromatids fail to separate during anaphase II, the daughter cells will inherit unequal numbers of chromosomes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The most common error in meiosis occurs when homologous chromosomes fail to separate. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z I could feel myself approaching its body, putting my limb on one of its own, one metallic arm to another, an expression of homologous intimacy. Ferromagnetism 2018-10-16T04:00:00Z For example, as shown in Figure 12.6, the bones in the wings of bats and birds, the arms of humans, and the foreleg of a horse are homologous structures. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z A mechanism for the suppression of homologous recombination in G1 cells. Inactivation of DNA repair triggers neoantigen generation and impairs tumour growth 2017-11-28T05:00:00Z The mechanics of meiosis II is similar to mitosis, except that each dividing cell has only one set of homologous chromosomes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A cell with two sets of homologous chromosomes is diploid, meaning “double.” Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Through a series of experiments in the early 1980s, he harnessed homologous recombination to insert a gene into a specific location in the mammalian genome. Oliver Smithies (1925-2017) : Nature : Nature Research 2017-02-07T05:00:00Z Human somatic cells have 46 chromosomes consisting of two sets of 22 homologous chromosomes and a pair of nonhomologous sex chromosomes. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Pelvic fins are homologous to tetrapod hindlimbs and primarily serve a role in body trim and subtle swimming manoeuvres during teleost locomotion17, 18, 19. The seahorse genome and the evolution of its specialized morphology : Nature : Nature Research 2016-12-13T05:00:00Z Metaphase I occurs when chromosomes appear in homologous pairs on the spindle. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In prophase I of meiosis, each replicated chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Splicing in the donor DNA requires that its ends match, or are “homologous” with, the damaged DNA. 'Any idiot can do it.' Genome editor CRISPR could put mutant mice in everyone's reach 2016-11-03T04:00:00Z Features that overlap both morphologically and genetically are referred to as homologous structures; the similarities stem from common evolutionary paths. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The patent describes a method for introducing DNA changes by causing breaks in the DNA using a molecules dubbed chimeric restriction endonucleases and the subsequent cellular repair processes called homologous recombination and nonhomologous end joining. Dramatic twists could upend patent battle over CRISPR genome-editing method 2016-10-05T04:00:00Z Prophase II mimics prophase I. Metaphase I occurs when chromosomes appear in homologous pairs on the spindle. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z As the chromosomes pair, they sometimes exchange pieces of the homologous chromosomes in a process called crossing-over. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z But the precise definitions of “minimal manipulation” and “homologous use” are controversial. Boom in unproven cell therapies intensifies regulatory debate 2016-09-06T04:00:00Z The bird and bat wings are homologous structures. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z This separation was based on identification of the highly homologous relatively bright/white region of background present at the perimeter of each image. Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-[bgr] pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-09-08T04:00:00Z Prophase II mimics prophase I. Metaphase I occurs when chromosomes appear in homologous pairs on the spindle. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z During metaphase I of meiosis, paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Together, these results suggest that the global folding patterns of homologous chromosomes are highly similar. Chromatin architecture reorganization during stem cell differentiation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z Starting with all of the homologous traits in a group of organisms, scientists can determine the order of evolutionary events of which those traits occurred that is the most obvious and simple. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z As control, the predicted mouse cis elements with homologous sequences in the human genome or random genomic regions are included. A comparative encyclopedia of DNA elements in the mouse genome : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-11-18T05:00:00Z Prophase II mimics prophase I. Metaphase I occurs when chromosomes appear in homologous pairs on the spindle. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Similar structures, like the bones of vertebrate limbs, that are shared by species and inherited from a common ancestor are called homologous structures. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Apart from studies of individual loci in the genome30, 31, 32, little is known about the variability in higher-order chromatin structure between homologous chromosomes. Chromatin architecture reorganization during stem cell differentiation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z In animals, haploid cells containing a single copy of each homologous chromosome are found only within gametes. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z As control, the predicted mouse cis elements with homologous sequences in the human genome or random genomic regions are included. A comparative encyclopedia of DNA elements in the mouse genome : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-11-18T05:00:00Z The random alignment of homologous chromosomes at the metaphase plate ensures the random destination of the chromosomes in the daughter cells. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Many bones of reptiles and birds are more similar to one another in structure and development than they are to homologous bones in mammals. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Elevated point mutation frequencies may also arise through mechanisms that affect gross chromosome structure, such as DNA replication stress and defects in homologous recombination. The causes and consequences of genetic heterogeneity in cancer evolution 2013-09-18T17:22:16.487Z Diploid organisms that are homozygous for a gene have two identical alleles, one on each of their homologous chromosomes. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z As control, the predicted mouse cis elements with homologous sequences in the human genome or random genomic regions are included. A comparative encyclopedia of DNA elements in the mouse genome : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-11-18T05:00:00Z Because homologous chromosomes dissociate from the spindle fibers during metaphase I, they move randomly to the daughter cells. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Groups of plants share homologous stems, roots, leaves, and flowers. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z However, we cannot rule out that other forms of recombination occur in bdelloid populations in ways that do not require homologous pairing, such as parasexuality. Genomic evidence for ameiotic evolution in the bdelloid rotifer Adineta vaga 2013-08-21T17:50:58.107Z We now know that these so-called unit factors are actually genes on homologous chromosomes. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z As control, the predicted mouse cis elements with homologous sequences in the human genome or random genomic regions are included. A comparative encyclopedia of DNA elements in the mouse genome : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-11-18T05:00:00Z The homologous chromosomes are paired tightly during metaphase I and undergo crossover as the synaptonemal complex forms a lattice around them. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Recent studies show that the same groups of embryonic cells develop in the same order in vertebrates to produce many homologous tissues and organs. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Clustering of homologous genes for the U. gibba, , tomato, grape and papaya genomes was performed using OrthoMCL on the predicted protein sequences of all the five genomes. Architecture and evolution of a minute plant genome 2013-06-05T17:21:05.400Z The physical basis of Mendel’s law of segregation is the first division of meiosis in which the homologous chromosomes with their different versions of each gene are segregated into daughter nuclei. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z We therefore manually identified P. abies loci homologous to genes known to be centrally involved in these processes in angiosperms. The Norway spruce genome sequence and conifer genome evolution 2013-05-29T17:21:22.577Z In prophase I, the homologous chromosomes are paired up and linked together. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z One example of homologous genes is the set of Hox genes that determine the development of body parts. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Significant bilateral connectivity was evident in half of the 42 areas tested, and the strength of FC between homologous cortical brain regions increased with advancing gestational age. [Research Articles] Cross-Hemispheric Functional Connectivity in the Human Fetal Brain 2013-02-20T19:25:08.873Z Figure 8.17 The process of crossover, or recombination, occurs when two homologous chromosomes align and exchange a segment of genetic material. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z And because the fat-derived MSCs were used to treat problems in other tissue, such as nerve tissue in MS, it does not count as homologous use. Stem cells in Texas: Cowboy culture 2013-02-13T18:20:39.843Z Diploid organisms that are homozygous at a given gene, or locus, have two identical alleles for that gene on their homologous chromosomes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Some homologous Hox genes are found in almost all multicellular animals, from fruit flies to humans. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Hence if two genes are similar over a stretch comprising a significant number of nucleotides, this can only mean they have an ancestor in common; such genetically related molecules are said to be homologous. Archaebacteria: The Third Domain of Life Missed by Biologists for Decades 2013-01-01T00:45:00.170Z Red horizontal bars show the approximate location of centromeres in homologous chromosomes of zebra finch. The genomic landscape of species divergence in Ficedula flycatchers 2012-12-05T15:23:01.900Z Emmons's preliminary analysis shows that homologous pairs of neurons on either side of the nematode's body form highly similar strong and weak connections, suggesting that even the weak connections are not entirely random. The Connectome Debate: Is Mapping the Mind of a Worm Worth It? 2012-10-02T17:15:05.237Z In preparation for the first division of meiosis, homologous chromosomes replicate and synapse. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z These scientists used Neurospora crassa to work out many of the fundamentals of sexual recombination or “crossing over” of homologous parental chromosomes in the mid-20th century. How Ballistic Cup Fungi Fire Their Spores (and Look Cool Doing It) 2012-09-05T20:45:15.367Z The genomes of most chloroplasts are capable of high rates of homologous recombination, and targeting specific genes in these organelles is not difficult in most species. Exploiting diversity and synthetic biology for the production of algal biofuels 2012-08-15T17:22:27.080Z Red horizontal bars show the approximate location of centromeres in homologous chromosomes of zebra finch. The genomic landscape of species divergence in Ficedula flycatchers 2012-12-05T15:23:01.900Z Individual human genomes are diploid in nature, with half of the homologous chromosomes being derived from each parent. Accurate whole-genome sequencing and haplotyping from 10 to 20 human cells 2012-07-11T17:21:04.120Z Figure 12.18 The process of crossover, or recombination, occurs when two homologous chromosomes align during meiosis and exchange a segment of genetic material. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Viruses bearing homologous HA were used as antigens for the HI tests. Experimental adaptation of an influenza H5 HA confers respiratory droplet transmission to a reassortant H5 HA/H1N1 virus in ferrets 2012-06-20T17:22:43.540Z The development of the armature has been little studied, and the question whether there may be present gonapophyses homologous with those of the female is open. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 4 "Hero" to "Hindu Chronology" 2012-04-04T02:00:56.447Z The homologous tumor appears rather as a hypertrophy of the tissue from which it arises, and the line between this variety of growth and a simple hypertrophy is often purely arbitrary. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z The view is commonly held that these eye-stalks are really limbs, homologous with the other appendages. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 7 "Crocoite" to "Cuba" 2012-01-22T03:00:24.397Z When synapsed, homologous chromosomes undergo reciprocal physical exchanges at their arms in a process called homologous recombination, or more simply, “crossing over.” Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The actual conjugation is quite similar to the process in Coccidia, and the resulting zygote perfectly homologous. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 7 "Gyantse" to "Hallel" 2011-12-26T03:00:11.613Z The anterior limbs, homologous to the upper limbs in man, are formed, as in the latter, of four segments: the shoulder, the arm, the forearm, and the hand. Artistic Anatomy of Animals 2011-12-17T03:00:16.893Z Indeed, two homologous hairpins in TNF and CSF3 correspond to known mRNA-destabilization elements, suggesting roles in mRNA stability for the two families. A high-resolution map of human evolutionary constraint using 29 mammals 2011-10-26T17:21:43.610Z Instead of "corresponding angles" we may say "homologous angles," but there seems to be no reason for using the less familiar word. The Teaching of Geometry 2011-10-12T02:00:52.133Z Because they correspond to new allele combinations, the genotypes Ab and aB are nonparental types that result from homologous recombination during meiosis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Each ovule is enclosed at the base by an envelope or collar homologous with the lamina of a leaf; the fleshy and hard coats of the nucellus constitute a single integument. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 7 "Gyantse" to "Hallel" 2011-12-26T03:00:11.613Z Again, organs are homologous, or homologues, when they are constructed on the same plan, undergo a similar development, and bear the same relative position, and this independent of either form or function. Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary (part 1 of 4: A-D) 2011-10-11T02:01:08.990Z Adults of T. ornata have highly modified bony buttresses on the plastron that are homologous with those in more generalized emyids. Natural History of the Ornate Box Turtle, Terrapene ornata ornata Agassiz 2011-10-01T02:00:30.200Z If two similar rows are placed parallel, then the lines joining homologous points pass through a common point. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 6 "Geodesy" to "Geometry" 2011-09-19T02:00:10.473Z Notice that homologous chromosomes are the same size, and have the same centromere positions and banding patterns. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The stalk of an ovule, considerably reduced in normal flowers and much larger in some abnormal flowers, is homologous with a leaf-stalk, with which it agrees in the structure and number of vascular bundles. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 7 "Gyantse" to "Hallel" 2011-12-26T03:00:11.613Z Thus the arms of a man and the wings of a bird are homologues of one another, while the wing of a bird and the wing of a bat are both analogous and homologous. Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary (part 1 of 4: A-D) 2011-10-11T02:01:08.990Z These he considered to be homologous with the arms of Cephalopods. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 5 "Gassendi, Pierre" to "Geocentric" 2011-09-02T02:00:20.450Z In other words, the areas of similar triangles are to one another as the squares on homologous sides. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 6 "Geodesy" to "Geometry" 2011-09-19T02:00:10.473Z If homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis I, the result is two gametes that lack that particular chromosome and two gametes with two copies of the chromosome. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Furthermore, an additional 23 genes encode proteins homologous to other carbohydrate derivative transporters, such as triose phosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate, or UDP-glucuronic acid transporters and two loci with homologues for the brittle 1 protein. Genome sequence and analysis of the tuber crop potato 2011-07-13T17:21:42.673Z I had subjected myself to this restraint when I selected a form of language bearing the tradition of ages, a language which may be called homologous. An Autobiography 2011-05-21T02:00:10.850Z The fins of Pteropods are now interpreted as the expanded lateral margins of the foot, termed parapodia, not homologous with the siphon of Cephalopods which is formed from epipodia. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 5 "Gassendi, Pierre" to "Geocentric" 2011-09-02T02:00:20.450Z Similar triangles are to one another in the duplicate ratio of their homologous sides. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 6 "Geodesy" to "Geometry" 2011-09-19T02:00:10.473Z When one homologous chromosome undergoes an inversion but the other does not, the individual is described as an inversion heterozygote. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z It should be remembered, however, in reading descriptions of these animals, that the so-called bell is only a modified disk, and perfectly homologous with that organ in the Discophoræ. Seaside Studies in Natural History Marine Animals of Massachusetts Bay. Radiates. 2011-03-07T03:00:13.343Z For this reason, among others, it has been held by some zoologists that the mouth of the Vertebrata is not homologous with the mouth of such groups as the Annelida, Arthropoda and Mollusca. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 3 "Electrostatics" to "Engis" 2011-02-06T03:00:53.093Z This organ is probably homologous with the byssogenous gland of Lamellibranchs. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 5 "Gassendi, Pierre" to "Geocentric" 2011-09-02T02:00:20.450Z Similar solid parallelepipeds are to one another in the triplicate ratio of their homologous sides. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 6 "Geodesy" to "Geometry" 2011-09-19T02:00:10.473Z Things that are analogous look similar and things that are homologous do not. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z These are variously distributed over the body, but always with a certain regularity occupying definite spaces, shown by investigation to be homologous in all. Seaside Studies in Natural History Marine Animals of Massachusetts Bay. Radiates. 2011-03-07T03:00:13.343Z The layers are sometimes spoken of as the primary organs, and their importance lies in the fact that they are supposed to be generally homologous throughout the series of the Metazoa. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 3 "Electrostatics" to "Engis" 2011-02-06T03:00:53.093Z These radials may be homologous with the terminals already mentioned, but this is neither necessary nor certain. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 10 "Echinoderma" to "Edward" 2011-01-19T03:00:19.027Z The midbrain is represented chiefly by the optic lobes, the cortex of which alone is homologous with the corpora quadragemina of the mammals. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Slice 7 "Bible" to "Bisectrix" 2010-12-20T17:12:05.780Z Evidence of evolution can be observed by means of DNA code and the fossil record, and also by the existence of homologous and vestigial structures. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The homologous reaction was the standard of reference for all other test reactions with the same antiserum. Myology and Serology of the Avian Family Fringillidae A Taxonomic Study It was the concept of homologous series just developed in organic chemistry which influenced such considerations. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 3 "Electrostatics" to "Engis" 2011-02-06T03:00:53.093Z In other cases the similar parts are disposed symmetrically on either side of a median line or plane, giving a series of homologous parts which are not superposable. The Mechanism of Life Experiment upon the living human specimen is necessary for confirmation of the homologous structure of the two hearts, however. The Haunted Pajamas The genetic code is a homologous characteristic shared by all species because they share a common ancestor in the deep past. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Such values were converted to percentage values, that of the homologous reaction being considered 100 per cent. Myology and Serology of the Avian Family Fringillidae A Taxonomic Study Of the muscles described here, this one differs most strikingly from the homologous muscle in P. subis. Thoracic and Coracoid Arteries In Two Families of Birds, Columbidae and Hirundinidae This relationship between the members of homologous series is expressed in other terms by saying that the weight of the molecule increases by a constant quantity as we ascend the series. Coal and What We Get from It Gesture speech, which, among tribal peoples, never passes beyond the first stages of linguistic growth; and these stages are probably homologous to the earlier stages of oral speech. 3d. First Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 1879-1880, Government Printing Office 1881 Using morphologic and molecular data, scientists work to identify homologous characteristics and genes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Furthermore, the magnitudes of the reactions between the antiserum and the heterologous antigens vary according to the degrees of similarity of these antigens to the homologous one. Myology and Serology of the Avian Family Fringillidae A Taxonomic Study Insofar as possible, the numbers used for these arteries are the same numbers used for the homologous vessels in swallows. Thoracic and Coracoid Arteries In Two Families of Birds, Columbidae and Hirundinidae Benzene and toluene are related to each other in a way which chemists describe by saying that they are “homologous.” Coal and What We Get from It It is markedly enlarged in the White-winged Dove in relation to the homologous muscle in the Mourning Dove. Jaw Musculature of the Mourning and White-winged Doves After homologous information is identified, scientists use cladistics to organize these events as a means to determine an evolutionary timeline. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Here we have, for example, the homologous series of compounds of carbon of which many are known and each has its own algebraic formula. Landmarks of Scientific Socialism "Anti-Duehring" Numerals not used are those used for Progne subis for which no homologous artery occurs in Scardafella inca. Thoracic and Coracoid Arteries In Two Families of Birds, Columbidae and Hirundinidae At the same time it is necessary to observe that it is by no means certain that the mesoderm found in various groups of Metazoa is a similar or homologous formation in all cases. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 6 "Cockaigne" to "Columbus, Christopher" The homologous muscle in Columba palumbus apparently is consistently visible in lateral view. Jaw Musculature of the Mourning and White-winged Doves Phylogenetic trees are based on evolutionary connections, so scientists can use the homologous characteristics to build the phylogenetic trees. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This is probably homologous with the chromatin nucleolus described for the spermatids of the Coleoptera. Studies in Spermatogenesis Part II While certain additive relations hold between some homologous series, yet differences occur which must be referred to the constitution of the molecule. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 1 "Châtelet" to "Chicago" Fungi are veritably and unmistakably plants, of a low organization, it is true, but still plants, developed from germs, somewhat analogous, but not wholly homologous, to the seeds of higher orders. Fungi: Their Nature and Uses For by the division of a larger blood corpuscle into a series of homologous smaller ones, the respiratory surface is considerably increased. Histology of the Blood Normal and Pathological Phylogenetic trees are based on similar functions, so scientists can use the homologous characteristics to build the phylogenetic trees. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The organs of sight and hearing are generally admitted to be homologous, both with each other and with the various dermal appendages; hence these parts are liable to be abnormally affected in conjunction. The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, Volume II (of 2) It therefore appears that the difference between the heats of combustion of two adjacent members of a series of homologous compounds is practically a constant, and that this constant has two average values, viz. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 1 "Châtelet" to "Chicago" We have as yet no precise knowledge as to which glands are concerned in the production of this phenomenon, which is homologous to the urethrorrhæa ex libidine of the male. The Sexual Life of the Child Many people who never heard of Sanskrit have called him and his descendants by terms of homologous significance! The Log of the Sun A Chronicle of Nature's Year Maximum parsimony hypothesizes that organisms that display homologous structures are closely related, while organisms that display analogous structures must have diverged much farther in the past. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z But the belief that double monsters originate from the division of one germ, does not necessarily affect the question of subsequent fusion, or render less true the law of the affinity of homologous parts. The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, Volume II (of 2) Morphotropy.—Many instances have been recorded where substitution has effected a deformation in one particular direction, the crystals of homologous compounds often exhibiting the same angles between faces situated in certain zones. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 1 "Châtelet" to "Chicago" This main division is again separated into two subordinate divisions which embrace the Present and the Past, and thus is in structure homologous with the preceding main division. Homer's Odyssey A Commentary All new formations built of cells which continue true to the parent type we may call homologous new formations; while those which depart from the parent type or undergo degenerative changes we may designate heterologous. The World's Greatest Books — Volume 15 — Science Molecular studies of fruit fly, lancelet, human, and nematode show that homologous genes, when present, are strongly conserved. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The law of the affinity and fusion of similar parts applies to the homologous organs of the same individual animal, as well as to double monsters. The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, Volume II (of 2) It would be of the greatest importance to show directly that the homologous proteins of different species are different. Manhood of Humanity. On the one hand, we meet with structures which are perfectly homologous and yet in no way analogous: the structural elements remain, but are profoundly modified so as to perform wholly different functions. Darwin, and After Darwin (Vol. 1 and 3, of 3) An Exposition of the Darwinian Theory and a Discussion of Post-Darwinian Questions The homologous ones may accidentally become very injurious, but still they do not possess what can properly be called a destructive or malignant character. The World's Greatest Books — Volume 15 — Science The DNA sequences of A and B are highly homologous. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Whether any power exists which tends to bring homologous parts into contact seems more doubtful. The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, Volume II (of 2) They are developed as tubercles or folds in the tegument, and are homologous with the legs. Our Common Insects A Popular Account of the Insects of Our Fields, Forests, Gardens and Houses On the other hand, we meet with structures which are perfectly analogous, and yet in no way homologous: totally different structures are modified to perform the same functions. Darwin, and After Darwin (Vol. 1 and 3, of 3) An Exposition of the Darwinian Theory and a Discussion of Post-Darwinian Questions In both these instances it would appear that the diametric band, originally homologous to wings, had lost its former significance. Archeological Expedition to Arizona in 1895 Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1895-1896, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1898, pages 519-744 Each copy of a homologous pair of chromosomes originates from a different parent; therefore, the genes themselves are not identical. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The tendency in homologous parts to unite during their early development, Moquin-Tandon considers as one of the most striking laws governing the production of monsters. The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, Volume II (of 2) In his second chapter Lamarck deals with the importance of comparative anatomy, and the study of homologous structures. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Now this would be an objection fatal to the theory of natural selection, supposing these organs or structures in the cases compared are not merely analogous, but also homologous. Darwin, and After Darwin (Vol. 1 and 3, of 3) An Exposition of the Darwinian Theory and a Discussion of Post-Darwinian Questions In passing to the figure of the bird shown in plate cxxxviii, b, we find features homologous with those already considered, but also detect considerable modification. Archeological Expedition to Arizona in 1895 Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1895-1896, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1898, pages 519-744 At fertilization, the male parent contributes one member of each homologous pair to the offspring, and the female parent contributes the other. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Adjoining parts which are not homologous sometimes cohere; but this cohesion appears to result from mere juxtaposition, and not from mutual affinity. The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, Volume II (of 2) Collateral metamorphoses, comprising those permutations of form and function manifested in homologous organs in the different groups of organisms, classes, orders, genera, species, &c. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Most physiologists believe that the bones of the skull are homologous with—that is correspond in number and in relative connexion with—the elemental parts of a certain number of vertebr�. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. (2nd edition) Analogous: similar in function; but differing in origin and structure: e.g. the wings of birds and insects: see homologous. Explanation of Terms Used in Entomology With the exception of the sex chromosomes, homologous chromosomes contain the same genes, but these genes can have different variations, called alleles. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The same general principles apply to the fusion of homologous parts; and with respect to mere cohesion there is probably always some degree of fusion, at least near the surface. The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, Volume II (of 2) In ascending metamorphosis we have a gauge of the extent of alteration that may take place in the several homologous organs under existing circumstances. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Now I think no one will dispute that the ovigerous frena in the one family are strictly homologous with the branchi� of the other family; indeed, they graduate into each other. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. (2nd edition) In other countries there are homologous deities, such as Ea, Tammuz, Adonis, and Attis, which are certainly manifestations of the same idea and sprung from the same source. The Evolution of the Dragon The first division, meiosis I, separates homologous chromosomes, and the second division, meiosis II, separates chromatids. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Thus the heart of the rabbit and of the frog are homologous structures, corresponding in position, and resembling each other much as two memory sketches of one picture might do. Text Book of Biology, Part 1: Vertebrata The more important fatty acids may be classified according to their chemical constitution into five homologous series, having the general formulæ:— I. Stearic series CnH2n+1COOH II. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture She obligingly furnished a sample: "The perimeters of similar polygons are as their homologous sides." Just Patty So that the mandara is homologous with the mandragora. The Evolution of the Dragon As the nuclear envelope begins to break down, the proteins associated with homologous chromosomes bring the pair close to each other. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Such a series is called an homologous series. An Elementary Study of Chemistry Thus "the right and left hands," or "joints of the backbone," or "the teeth of the two jaws," are homologous parts of the same individual. On the Genesis of Species Parts homologous in this sense might develop in different ways, but no great importance was to be attached to such a circumstance. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology The killing of the sow to obtain a good harvest is homologous with the sacrifice of a maiden to obtain a good inundation of the river. The Evolution of the Dragon Recall that, in mitosis, homologous chromosomes do not pair together. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Like the other classes of organic compounds, the organic acids may be arranged in homologous series. An Elementary Study of Chemistry And we shall see in cases of disease and of malformation what a tendency there is to a similar affection of homologous parts. On the Genesis of Species Organs, therefore, which perform the same function and are similar in external form are not necessary homologous. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology In other words the similarity of the names of these homologous substances is a mere coincidence. The Evolution of the Dragon The synaptonemal complex, a lattice of proteins between the homologous chromosomes, first forms at specific locations and then spreads to cover the entire length of the chromosomes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In general, it may be stated that the members of an homologous series show a regular gradation in most physical properties and are similar in chemical properties. An Elementary Study of Chemistry And no investigator of homologies doubts that a considerable number of the bones which form the skull of any osseous fish are distinctly homologous with the cranial bones of man. On the Genesis of Species Goethe seems to have been the first to hit upon the idea that the skull is composed of a number of vertebræ, serially homologous with those of the vertebral column. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology The association with the antelope of the homologous deities in India and Egypt leaves the reality of the connexion in no doubt. The Evolution of the Dragon The tight pairing of the homologous chromosomes is called synapsis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Good instances of such homologous cures are afforded by the common Buttercup, the wild Pansy, and the Sundew of our boggy marshes. Herbal Simples Approved for Modern Uses of Cure Thus in man and other mammals, nothing of the kind is externally visible, and we have to penetrate to his skeleton to find such a series of homologous parts. On the Genesis of Species Organs can be homologous only within the limits of the big groups; there can be no question of homology between members of different types. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Thus we find traces of a blending of the two homologous designs, derived independently from the lotus and the winged disk, which acquired the same symbolic significance. The Evolution of the Dragon In synapsis, the genes on the chromatids of the homologous chromosomes are aligned precisely with each other. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The whale and the elephant both have backbones, jointed limbs, warm blood, and a hundred homologous organs. Evolution An Investigation and a Critique Next to the parts which are symmetrically placed, none are so nearly identical in composition as those which are homologous. On the Genesis of Species It is interesting to note that in developing this idea he arrived at a roughly accurate distinction between homologous and analogous structures. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology But the sets of homologous quantities running through the various terms of the series do converge to definite limits. The Concept of Nature The Tarner Lectures Delivered in Trinity College, November 1919 There must be at least one chiasma per chromosome for proper separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I, but there may be as many as 25. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z It consists of a mixture of homologous hydrocarbons, which form a solid under ordinary conditions. Scientific American Supplement, No. 711, August 17, 1889 The term "homologous" may be applied to parts in two individual animals of different kinds, or to different parts of the same individual. On the Genesis of Species Gill-arches and ribs were accordingly homologous structures and formed a parietal skeleton. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology The dorsal integument of a Doris and the cloak of a whelk are both called 'mantle,' without any evidence to show that they are really homologous. Thomas Henry Huxley; A Sketch Of His Life And Work The result is an exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In either case, any two parts of the one bear the same ratio to one another as the homologous parts of the other. Essays on Education and Kindred Subjects Everyman's Library We speak of a monkey's arm and a bird's wing as homologous, although they are wonderfully different in appearance and adapted to different duties. The Story of the Living Machine A Review of the Conclusions of Modern Biology in Regard to the Mechanism Which Controls the Phenomena of Living Activity In other respects Sedgwick's speculations link on more closely to the Gastræa theory, for one of his main contentions is that the blastopore or Urmund is homologous throughout at least the three metameric phyla. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology The skin and its various appendages, as horns, hoofs, hair, feathers, and teeth, are homologous parts, and are subject to very strange correlations of growth. Darwinism (1889) The homologous pairs orient themselves randomly at the equator. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z For autocratic tempers are bland towards each other, and murderous characteristics can mutually impart something homologous to the refining interchange of beautiful souls. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 08, No. 50, December, 1861 They are called homologous because they have similar parts in similar relations. The Story of the Living Machine A Review of the Conclusions of Modern Biology in Regard to the Mechanism Which Controls the Phenomena of Living Activity Gegenbaur distinguishes homologous or morphologically equivalent structures from such as are analogous or physiologically equivalent, just as did Owen and the older anatomists. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Among the benign bone tumors are exostoses—homologous outgrowths differing from hypertrophies, as they only involve a limited part of the circumference. Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine For example, if the two homologous members of chromosome 1 are labeled a and b, then the chromosomes could line up a-b, or b-a. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The spheres are to each other as the squares of their homologous sides. What Is Man? and Other Essays The under-witted strong man homologous in his sphere with the under-witted saint, is the bully of the slums, the hooligan or rowdy. Varieties of Religious Experience, a Study in Human Nature Thus the bones of the upper arm are completely homologous throughout all vertebrate classes from Amphibia upwards, while the heart of a fish is incompletely homologous with the heart of a mammal. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Thus if the model has been made one-quarter size in its homologous dimensions, the supporting surfaces will be sixteen times, and the total weight sixty-four times those of the model. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 This is important in determining the genes carried by a gamete, as each will only receive one of the two homologous chromosomes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Every crystallographer, not hampered by materialistic views and anti-vital theories, admits the presence of a fixed and determinate law governing each crystalline system, whatever may be the homologous parts or the unequal axes it represents. Life: Its True Genesis In the higher regions of thought the recognition of what a proposition is, and the recognition of its truth are more than homologous—they are the same thing. Weighed and Wanting So, too, organs which were homologous in the ordinary sense, as the heart of birds and mammals, might have arisen separately in evolution. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology The boiling points of the normal alcohols increase regularly about 10 deg. for each CH2 increment; this is characteristic of all homologous series of organic compounds. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 The main differences between the processes occur in the first division of meiosis, in which homologous chromosomes are paired and exchange non-sister chromatid segments. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z They are the rules of repeated, homologous, parallel and analogous variability. Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation Other examples of scales homologous with stipules are the American Elm, Tulip-tree, Poplar and Magnolia. Outlines of Lessons in Botany, Part I; from Seed to Leaf Generally speaking, parts which bear the same name are for Aristotle homologous throughout the class. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Adj. equal, even, level, monotonous, coequal, symmetrical, coordinate; on a par with, on a level with, on a footing with; up to the mark; equiparant†. equivalent, tantamount; indistinguishable; quits; homologous; synonymous &c. Roget's Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases In addition to 22 homologous pairs of autosomes, human females have a homologous pair of X chromosomes, whereas human males have an XY chromosome pair. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z It asserts that the same deviation may occur in different, but homologous parts of the same plant. Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation And, once more, the existence of rudimentary organs, homologous with organs that are developed in allied animals or plants, while it admits of no other rational interpretation, is satisfactorily interpreted by the hypothesis of evolution. Beacon Lights of History, Volume 14 The New Era; A Supplementary Volume, by Recent Writers, as Set Forth in the Preface and Table of Contents He classes together nails and claws, the spines of the hedgehog, and hair, as being homologous structures. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology In the lowest vertebrates and in the homologous tissues of the higher invertebrates, the fractions of the thyroid are intimately connected with the ducts of the sexual organs. The Glands Regulating Personality However, recombination serves to exchange genetic material on homologous chromosomes such that maternal and paternal alleles may be recombined on the same chromosome. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Morphologically however, the spikelet is not homologous to those parts of other grasses which have the same name. Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation If, therefore, the supposition that the appendages on the antennae of the pupae of Rhizocephala are young roots be correct, the roots of the Rhizocephala are homologous with the cement-ducts of the Cirripedia. Facts and Arguments for Darwin The main assumption was that the neural or blastoporal surface must be homologous throughout the Metazoa, though it was dorsal in the Chordata, ventral in the Annelida and Arthropoda. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Among the homologous plants alluded to are forty species, of which both the leaves and fruits are preserved, and thirty others, known at present by their leaves only. The Antiquity of Man While studying meiosis, you observe that gametes receive one copy of each pair of homologous chromosomes and one copy of the sex chromosomes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The quadrifid and bifid processes no doubt are homologous with the papillae on the outside of the bladder and of the leaves; and we shall see that they are developed from closely similar papillae. Insectivorous Plants Thus the letters indicate fixed terms in our system of music, and the syllables indicate terms homologous to the similar relations in different keys. Emile Perhaps, however, M. Naudin does not mean that "evolutive force," or the force of vitality, is really homologous with common physical force, but only something which may be likened to it. Darwiniana; Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism We are safe in laying down a law that antennae are homologous organs and used for identical purposes on all forms of life carrying them. Moths of the Limberlost The sorting of chromosomes from each homologous pair into pre-gametes appears to be random. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z They are, therefore, homologous with the sessile glands hereafter to be described on the leaves of Dionaea and Drosophyllum. Insectivorous Plants The organs of sight and hearing are generally admitted to be homologous with one another and with various dermal appendages; hence these parts are liable to be abnormally affected in conjunction. The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication — Volume 2 Nature may be said to have taken pains to reveal her scheme of modification, by means of rudimentary organs, of embryological and homologous structures, but we are too blind to understand her meaning. The Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection, 6th Edition I believe further that homologous conceptions are applicable in the consideration of the transmutations of the various forms of animal and of vegetable life and in other regions of thought. Darwin and Modern Science The exchange of DNA between homologous pairs of chromosomes is called genetic recombination, which occurs by the crossing over of DNA between homologous strands of DNA, such as nonsister chromatids. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z "Yes," replied Herbert; "their homologous sides are proportional." The Mysterious Island He adds that organs already differentiated probably in no case become united to homologous ones. The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication — Volume 2 Homologous parts tend to vary in the same manner, and homologous parts tend to cohere. The Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection, 6th Edition This led to the conclusion that the pairing chromosomes are homologous, and that one comes from the father, the other from the mother. Darwin and Modern Science What is the basic difference between things that are homologous and things that are analogous? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Most physiologists believe that the bones of the skull are homologous with—that is correspond in number and in relative connexion with—the elemental parts of a certain number of vertebrae. On the Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection, or, the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life CORRELATION. -of neighbouring parts. -of change in the whole body, and in some of its parts. -of homologous parts. -inexplicable. -commingling of, with the effects of other agencies. The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication — Volume 2 Hence in the several fishes furnished with electric organs, these cannot be considered as homologous, but only as analogous in function. The Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection, 6th Edition In this case also each pair would be formed by two homologous chromosomes, the one of paternal, the other of maternal origin. Darwin and Modern Science Things that are analogous have the same function and things that are homologous have different functions. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Recombination of maternal and paternal chromosomes occurs in metaphase I because the homologous chromosomes are not connected at their centromeres. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z HAIR, on the face, inheritance of, in man. -peculiar lock of, inherited. -growth of, under stimulation of skin. -homologous variation of. -development of, in the brain. The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication — Volume 2 Most physiologists believe that the bones of the skull are homologous—that is, correspond in number and in relative connexion—with the elemental parts of a certain number of vertebrae. The Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection, 6th Edition That they are homologous with the "gill-arches" and "gill-clefts" of fishes is true; but there is no evidence to show that they ever discharged a branchial function. Darwin and Modern Science Things that are analogous are not a result of evolution, whereas things that are homologous are. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Here the homologous chromosomes separate into different nuclei, causing a reduction in “ploidy.” Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This law seems to imply that homologous parts actually attract one another and then unite. The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication — Volume 2 The anterior and posterior limbs in all the higher vertebrate classes are plainly homologous. The Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection, 6th Edition In the reduction nucleus of the gonotokonts the homologous chromosomes being near together need not seek out one another; they are ready to form gemini. Darwin and Modern Science While examining the human genome, you find a gene that is not homologous to any other organisms known to man. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The cells are haploid because at each pole, there is just one of each pair of the homologous chromosomes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z VARIABILITY. -causes of. -correlated. -law of, equable. -necessity of, for selection. -of selected characters. -of multiple homologous parts. The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication — Volume 2 Such parts, whether more or less modified, unless their common origin became wholly obscured, would be serially homologous. The Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection, 6th Edition It seems probable that these are homologous chromomeres, and that the pairs afterwards unite for a short time, so that an exchange of hereditary units is rendered possible. Darwin and Modern Science The ear ossicles are homologous to bones in a fish mouth: the bones that support gills in fish are thought to be adapted for use in the vertebrate ear over evolutionary time. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The genetic makeup of peas consists of two similar or homologous copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z SKIN, and its appendages, homologous. -hereditary affections of the. The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication — Volume 2 In different plants the parts of the flower are homologous, and in general these parts are regarded as homologous with leaves. The Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection, 6th Edition It follows from these phenomena that any exchange which may be effected must be one of homologous carriers of hereditary units only. Darwin and Modern Science Figure 10.3 There are 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes in a female human somatic cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Each pair of homologous chromosomes has the same linear order of genes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Gene variants that arise by mutation and exist at the same relative locations on homologous chromosomes are called alleles. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The parts which stand in such a relation to each other are said to be homologous, and one such part or organ is called the homologue of the other. The Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection, 6th Edition We now know that these so-called unit factors are actually genes on homologous chromosome pairs. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z However, if the entire DNA sequence from any pair of human homologous chromosomes is compared, the difference is less than one percent. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The physical basis of Mendel’s law of segregation is the first division of meiosis, in which the homologous chromosomes with their different versions of each gene are segregated into daughter nuclei. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The physical basis for the law of independent assortment also lies in meiosis I, in which the different homologous pairs line up in random orientations. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Genes that are located on separate non- homologous chromosomes will always sort independently. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The alleles may differ on homologous chromosome pairs, but the genes to which they correspond do not. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Using both members of each homologous pair for chromosomes 1–3, model how the chromosomes would appear in a cell that had just finished the S phase of the cell cycle. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z He also assumed that the incidence of recombination between two homologous chromosomes could occur with equal likelihood anywhere along the length of the chromosome. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Weeks later, homologous recombination in Drosophila was demonstrated microscopically by Curt Stern. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z It is now known that homologous chromosomes regularly exchange segments in meiosis by reciprocally breaking and rejoining their DNA at precise locations. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Similar traits can be either homologous or analogous. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Most organisms have a ploidy level of 2, meaning that they have two sets of chromosomes due to presence of homologous pairs. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Some structures are both analogous and homologous: the wings of a bird and the wings of a bat are both homologous and analogous. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z After the homologous and analogous traits are sorted, scientists often organize the homologous traits using a system called cladistics. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Starting with all of the homologous traits in a group of organisms, scientists look for the most obvious and simple order of evolutionary events that led to the occurrence of those traits. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Phylogenetic trees are based on similar functions, so scientists can use the homologous characteristics to build the phylogenetic trees. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Explain how the orientation of homologous chromosomes during metaphase I of meiosis contributes to greater variation in gametes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Is this feature more likely a homologous or analogous trait? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z |
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