| 单词 | Hammurabi |
| 例句 | Zirin is probably right in going on to claim this “violates every health care law since the Hammurabi Code,” but I hope that at least Snyder got some kind of efficiency award from his peers. How owners are ruining the games we love 2012-07-23T19:22:00Z Another display, not providing much more insight, juxtaposes an image of the nearly 4,000-year-old law stele of Hammurabi with the U.S. An Awkward Trek Through Time at the Penn Museum 2018-05-14T04:00:00Z She escorted Matt Stanley, her client, and his Parisian date, Salomé Bes, 30, past the long lines at the museum’s entrance and toward the Code of Hammurabi. The Art of Drinking? Right This Way, S’il Vous Plaît. 2023-07-01T04:00:00Z Carved into it in cuneiform script is the Code of Hammurabi, the Babylonian system of law in ancient Mesopotamia. Persian Collections at Louvre Are Worth the Journey 2019-03-12T04:00:00Z The most substantial surviving law code is that of the Babylonian king Hammurabi, dating from about 1780 BCE. Western Civilization: A Concise History 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z Early in his reign, Hammurabi made an alliance with the powerful Assyrians to the north. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z Iraq is home to six UNESCO-listed World Heritage Sites, among them the ancient city of Babylon, the site of several ancient empires under rulers like Hammurabi and Nebuchadnezzar. Ancient restaurant highlights Iraq’s archeology renaissance 2023-03-01T05:00:00Z Babylon became the center of a new empire, more than 1,000 years after Hammurabi had ruled there. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z King Hammurabi of Babylonia, for example, developed a system of laws known as Hammurabi’s Code around 1750 B.C. Magruder's American Government 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z By about 1780 BCE, Hammurabi conquered many of the city-states near Babylon in the heart of Mesopotamia. Western Civilization: A Concise History 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z Hammurabi’s powerful realm, but it failed, and Hammurabi turned his attention to the south. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z The assignment asked students how to punish a defiant slave using Hammurabi’s code, a set of laws in ancient Mesopotamia. Wisconsin teachers resign in wake of slavery question 2021-04-14T04:00:00Z The noted lawgiver Hammurabi was also an able military leader, diplomat, and administrator of a vast empire. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Laws providing for capital punishment—the death penalty—date back to at least the 18th century B.C. and the Code of Hammurabi, which set death as the penalty for more than 25 different offenses. Magruder's American Government 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z Hammurabi’s law code went into great detail about the rights and obligations of Babylonians. Western Civilization: A Concise History 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z This grant makes it clear that Hammurabi’s right to rule comes directly from the heavens. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z The paper said that students were learning about ancient Mesopotamia and the set of laws called Hammurabi’s Code. Wisconsin middle school apologizes for activity asking students how they’d punish a slave 2021-02-04T05:00:00Z Hammurabi’s most enduring legacy is the code of laws he put together. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z It further explained that under Hammurabi’s Code the slave would be put to death. Teachers suspended after lesson asks: How to punish a slave? 2021-02-01T05:00:00Z Debt jubilees have a long history, stretching back to Babylonian King Hammurabi roughly 3800 years ago to modern Germany, where in 1953 an international decision was made to cancel much of the country's external debt. Will Joe Biden really forgive student debt? 2020-11-16T05:00:00Z But these extensive borders did not long survive the death of Hammurabi himself. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z In the run-up to Xi’s address Wednesday morning, the state-run China Global Television Network played a segment extolling Asia’s achievements, from the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi to the Hindu numeral system. China’s Xi rallies Asia by appealing to shared culture — with subtle dig at U.S. 2019-05-15T04:00:00Z Hammurabi recognized that a single, uniform code of laws would help to unify the diverse groups within his empire. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z By 1800 BC, around the time Hammurabi ruled over Babylon, it had largely become a literary language, akin to Latin in the Middle Ages. Miguel Civil, preeminent scholar of world’s oldest written language, dies at 92 2019-01-30T05:00:00Z The proposition is that computer code, unlike, say, Hammurabi’s or the Federal Reserve’s, is impartial—that it can eliminate, or at least greatly reduce, the role of toxic subjectivity. The Prophets of Cryptocurrency Survey the Boom and Bust 2018-10-15T04:00:00Z In this weakened state, Babylon was sacked by a new emerging power, the Hittites, and the dynasty of Hammurabi came to a definitive end. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z The best-known king of Mari was Zimri-Lim; a contemporary of the mighty Hammurabi of Babylon, famous for the earliest surviving law code. Destruction at the ancient site of Mari in Syria 2018-04-19T04:00:00Z He collected existing rules, judgments, and laws into the Code of Hammurabi. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z “I.C.O.s represent the most pervasive, open and notorious violation of federal securities laws since the Code of Hammurabi,” Mr. Grundfest said in an interview. Initial Coin Offerings Horrify a Former S.E.C. Regulator 2017-11-26T05:00:00Z It can be traced back to what's believed to be the oldest known legal code, the Babylonians' Code of Hammurabi, and to ancient Athens, where those who sought pardons had to collect 6,000 signatures. How President Trump's Pardon of Joe Arpaio Breaks With White House History 2017-08-26T04:00:00Z The Babylonians, often called the Neo-Babylonians to distinguish them from Hammurabi’s subjects in the Old Babylonian period, took control of the western portion of the former Neo-Assyrian Empire. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z “This is purely a case of founders going for overkill,” said Manoj Kumar, a managing partner at the corporate law firm Hammurabi & Solomon, which is based in Delhi. Infosys Chief Quits After Battle With Founders 2017-08-18T04:00:00Z Hammurabi had the code engraved in stone, and copies were placed all over his empire. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z He also allied himself with the powerful king of Babylon, Hammurabi, whose sons often visited Mari. The Greatest Library Before Alexandria 2017-07-19T04:00:00Z The Code of Hammurabi - a law code from Babylon, in what is now Iraq - is nearly 4,000 years old. What makes gambling wrong but insurance right? - BBC News 2017-03-19T04:00:00Z Hammurabi, for example, made frequent use of espionage. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z Hammurabi, ruler of Babylonia almost two thousand years before Christ, listed the protection of widows and orphans as an essential part of his famous legal code. Racial, partisan divides shape American views of poverty and the poor 2016-08-14T04:00:00Z Thus, Hammurabi’s Code reinforced the principle that government had a responsibility for what occurred in society. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z But mostly he sat, lips pursed, staring directly ahead of him — as still and silent as the stone likenesses of Hammurabi, Moses, Solomon and Confucius on the frieze above him. Anthony Kennedy restores a liberal Supreme Court 2016-06-27T04:00:00Z On a trip to Iraq last winter, Mr. Eibner met with his partners in the Hammurabi Human Rights Organization. Aiding the Christians Targeted by ISIS for Extermination 2015-12-11T05:00:00Z In the 1700s BCE, King Hammurabi transformed Babylon from a minor city-state to the center of a vast empire. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z William Warda, an Assyrian Christian from the Hammurabi Human Rights Organization in Baghdad, says he hears from Christians that they want to leave. The New Exodus: Christians Flee ISIS in the Middle East 2015-03-26T04:00:00Z Nearly two centuries after Hammurabi’s reign, the Babylonian Empire, which had become much smaller, fell to the neighboring Kassites. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z "For the first time in Mosul's history, there are no services being held and the church bells are silent on Sunday," lamented William Wardeh, spokesman for the Hammurabi Human Rights Organization, a watchdog group. In Iraq, rise of Islamic State deals blow to Christian population 2014-07-21T04:00:00Z In an era of ubiquitous iPhones, the nation’s most advanced law-enforcement agency has been using a technology that, in the words of one official, “dates from the time of Hammurabi.” The F.B.I.'s Interrogations, Finally on Film 2014-06-03T04:00:00Z The Third Dynasty of Ur and Hammurabi’s Babylonian kingdom were in many ways imitators of Sargon’s earlier example. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z At the time of lawgiver Hammurabi in the 18th century BC, it was central to the Story of Atra-hasis, the first Babylonian equivalent of our Noah. The Big Flood on the Big Screen 2014-03-27T14:54:07Z In some ways, this code resembled Hammurabi’s Code with its attitude of “an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.” World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z During the rule of King Hammurabi, tavern owners were threatened with drowning if they dared to overcharge. For Its Latest Beer, a Craft Brewer Chooses an Unlikely Pairing: Archaeology 2013-06-18T00:20:05Z Sometime around 1780-70 B.C., the Babylonian King Hammurabi promulgated the now famous Code of Hammurabi, covering both civil and criminal law. Today's Economist: Uwe E. Reinhardt: Hammurabi's Code and U.S. Health Care 2013-04-26T10:00:04Z Hammurabi had these edicts inscribed on stone pillars erected in different places in the empire to inform his subjects about proper behavior and the laws of the land. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z In the book he calls this "Hammurabi's Code", a 3,800-year-old Babylonian law that stipulated that if a building collapses and kills someone, the builder should be put to death. Nassim Taleb: my rules for life 2012-11-24T12:30:01Z It is commonly referred to as the Law Code of Hammurabi, but some experts argue it's not really a law code at all. 10 things which should be included in the history of the world 2012-09-24T11:00:34Z But they could have just as easily been written by Hammurabi. Opinionator: Taking One for the Team. Or Not. 2012-05-24T01:00:08Z On the other hand, our modern, differentiated payment system for health care does resemble the Code of Hammurabi in some respects. Today's Economist: Uwe E. Reinhardt: Hammurabi's Code and U.S. Health Care 2013-04-26T10:00:04Z Being especially clear, the Code of Hammurabi far outlived the king who created it. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z Not till the time of Hammurabi, and perhaps through his power, did Babylon become the centre and metropolis of the kingdom. The History of Antiquity, Vol. I (of VI) 2012-01-28T03:00:28.213Z There were precursors to Hammurabi's laws, explains Dr Frances Reynolds, Assyriology expert at Oxford University, but the stele and 130,000 clay tablet documents from the period establish the king as a "fantastic administrator". 10 things which should be included in the history of the world 2012-09-24T11:00:34Z Recently the Code of the Assyrian King Hammurabi, who reigned two thousand three hundred years before Christ, has been discovered. International Congress of Arts and Science, Volume I Philosophy and Metaphysics 2011-12-12T03:00:31.160Z Despite these cases the death penalty, on the statute books since the days of Hammurabi, is disappearing in much of the world. Capital punishment: Dying out 2011-09-22T06:17:42Z While Hammurabi’s empire lasted a century and a half, much of the territory he conquered began falling away from Babylon’s control shortly after he died. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z The ancient kings of Babylon, Hammurabi and his successors, not only built temples and palaces, but also fortresses. The History of Antiquity, Vol. I (of VI) 2012-01-28T03:00:28.213Z The law code of Hammurabi "The law code of Hammurabi ought to be in too - the first time a ruler laid down a coherent set of laws which all his people must live by." 10 things which should be included in the history of the world 2012-09-24T11:00:34Z Abraham may have lived as early as the days of Hammurabi in Babylon. A Short History of the World 2011-03-04T03:01:03.147Z And whence came the "experience and training" of Hammurabi and Sin-mubalit and their ancestors? The Color Line A Brief in Behalf of the Unborn 2011-01-30T03:00:15.907Z For example, aspects of Hammurabi’s law code called for punishments for causing physical harm to another to be equal to the harm inflicted. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z We found the name of this god in Babylonian inscriptions of the time of Hammurabi, and before it, his image, and that of his priests, among the monuments of Assyria. The History of Antiquity, Vol. I (of VI) 2012-01-28T03:00:28.213Z Hammurabi stared sternly down at the hulking figure in the defendant's seat. Roger Clemens's casual day in court 2010-08-31T03:24:00Z After all, the legacies of Hammurabi and Nebuchadnezzar remain far more enticing models for politicians to embrace as their own, as Saddam Hussein once did. Iraq's Imperiled Modern Art 2010-07-14T23:46:00Z The Hammurabi dynasty came to an end about 1926 B.C., when the Hittites raided Babylonia and carried off the statues of Marduk and his consort. The New Gresham Encyclopedia. Vol. 1 Part 3 Atrebates to Bedlis The Code of Hammurabi identifies different punishments and expectations for people based on their social position. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z Hammurabi is the first who, according to his inscriptions, resided at Babylon. The History of Antiquity, Vol. I (of VI) 2012-01-28T03:00:28.213Z In the Code of Hammurabi, who was King of Babylon about B. C. 2250, the most ancient of all known codes of law, woman fares well for so early a period. Oriental Women Hammurabi describes himself as a shepherd chosen by the gods to care for his people, to lead them into safe pastures and to make them dwell in peace and security. The Christian View of the Old Testament Sound and pictures were on them, impressed there by a triumphant science so long ago that the code of Hammurabi or the hieroglyphs of Khufu seemed by comparison like yesterday’s newspaper. The Record of Currupira By the time of Hammurabi, the large pantheon included gods of Sumerian origin as well as gods introduced by other groups that had influenced Mesopotamian religious practices, such as the Akkadians and the Amorites. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z Babylonia under Hammurabi, Nebuchadnezzar, and Marduknadinakh, was already the foremost state of Hither Asia in power, science, and skill in art. The History of Antiquity, Vol. I (of VI) 2012-01-28T03:00:28.213Z Where the law of Moses says: "He that smiteth his father or his mother shall be surely put to death," Hammurabi's code enjoins: "Who smites his father, loses the offending limb." Oriental Women In its present form it belongs to a period later than the elevation of Babylon to be the national center, which took place under Hammurabi, about B.C. The Christian View of the Old Testament Thirteen centuries shall pass before Hammurabi, King of Babylon, drafts the code of laws that will be found at that time. The Instruction of Ptah-Hotep and the Instruction of Ke'Gemni The Oldest Books in the World During Hammurabi’s dynasty, the storm god Marduk was elevated to the highest tier of the pantheon and accepted as the patron god of Babylonia. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z In his inscription, king Hammurabi says "that El and Bel have given over to his rule the inhabitants of Sumir and Accad." The History of Antiquity, Vol. I (of VI) 2012-01-28T03:00:28.213Z Hammurabi, 2250 B.C., reigned over a realm whose subjects were of different tongues, and entrusted his records to two methods of writing. History of Religion A Sketch of Primitive Religious Beliefs and Practices, and of the Origin and Character of the Great Systems The most important find, made in the winter of 1901-1902, is the monument upon which is inscribed the legal code of Hammurabi, king of Babylon, generally identified with the Amraphel of Gen. 14. The Christian View of the Old Testament Dr. J. Jeremias has published a small book called Moses und Hammurabi, in which he deals with the relations pretty thoroughly. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters To unify this new empire, Hammurabi initiated the construction of irrigation projects, built new temples at Nippur, and published his legal edicts throughout his realm. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z Where war was the chief pursuit she became a goddess of war; in this character she appears in Babylonia as early as the time of Hammurabi, and later in Assyria. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV The discovery of this code of Hammurabi has shown that many of the laws of Moses were laws of Babylonia long before Moses. History of Religion A Sketch of Primitive Religious Beliefs and Practices, and of the Origin and Character of the Great Systems It is different, perhaps, when we consider the relation of the more comprehensive civil legislation of the Pentateuch to the Code of Hammurabi. The Christian View of the Old Testament This Amarpal, more frequently mentioned under his other name of Sin-Muballit, is thought to have been the father of Hammurabi, the deliverer of Chaldea and the founder of the new empire. Chaldea From the Earliest Times to the Rise of Assyria Men and women were not equal under the Code of Hammurabi. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z If Chaldean civilization goes back five or six thousand years before Christ, then the Chaldeans had had ample time, even before Hammurabi, to experience the evils of overpopulation and of sex vice. Folkways A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals None of his children appeared interested in his allusions to Hammurabi or Charlemagne, on the contrary, monologues of any kind were taboo in the artistic circles where Lorado reigned. A Daughter of the Middle Border The testimony of the Code of Hammurabi points in the same direction, as also the most spiritual utterances of religion in the Euphrates valley, the penitential psalms. The Christian View of the Old Testament The inscriptions which Hammurabi left are numerous, and afford us ample means of judging of his greatness as warrior, statesman and administrator. Chaldea From the Earliest Times to the Rise of Assyria Let us remember that Hammurabi's code was represented as the work of Marduk.—In a general way, the gods are the authors of all inventions useful to humanity; cf. The Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism The laws of Hammurabi provide that a debtor may give his wife and children as pawn slaves, but only for three years. Folkways A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals If the suggestion above thrown out is correct, that the hymn is older than the days of Hammurabi, Ramman too would be older than his first mention in historical texts. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Hammurabi was known to Assyriologists long before the finding of his legal code. The Christian View of the Old Testament He had another, scarcely less splendid, and founded by Hammurabi himself in Borsip. Chaldea From the Earliest Times to the Rise of Assyria About the time of Hammurabi's reign, if we follow the account related in the book of Genesis, there lived among the nomads on the plains west of the city of Ur a man named Abraham. Hebrew Life and Times The Jewish law had a provision like that in the law of Hammurabi, except that the limit was six years instead of three. Folkways A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals In addition to this, the antiquity of the literary productions in which her name appears justifies us in reckoning her among the gods of Babylonia of Hammurabi's time. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The result among the Hebrews, determined in a large measure by their peculiar religion, is seen in the legislation of the Pentateuch, while the outcome in Babylon is best represented by the Code of Hammurabi. The Christian View of the Old Testament The inscriptions speak of a city having been destroyed "by a great flood," and mention "a great wall along the Tigris"—probably an embankment, as having been built by Hammurabi for protection against the river. Chaldea From the Earliest Times to the Rise of Assyria This state of things was fastened all the more firmly on the people by strong kings such as Hammurabi, who lived about B.C. Hebrew Life and Times The laws of Hammurabi show that, 2200 years B.C., men and women, in the Euphrates Valley, consorted freely and equally in life. Folkways A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals Assyria was never split up into independent states like Babylonia before the days of Hammurabi. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria It is stated, for example, without qualification by Delitzsch that the name "Yahweh" has been discovered on inscriptions belonging to the period of Hammurabi. The Christian View of the Old Testament Hammurabi, king of Babylon and all Chaldea, 226; his long and glorious reign, ib.; his public works and the "Royal Canal," 227. Chaldea From the Earliest Times to the Rise of Assyria If Hammurabi ever heard of him, which is improbable, he looked down upon him as of no account. Hebrew Life and Times In the laws of Hammurabi, if a man consorts with his mother after the death of his father, both are to be burned. Folkways A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals The successor of Hammurabi, Samsu-iluna, dedicates a fort, known as Dur-padda, to Ramman whom he addresses as his 'helper', along with several other gods. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria It contains on the obverse a very interesting representation of the King Hammurabi, receiving his laws from the seated sun-god Šamaš, ‘the judge of heaven and earth.’ The Oldest Code of Laws in the World The code of laws promulgated by Hammurabi, King of Babylon B.C. 2285-2242 Hammurabi", writes Professor Pinches, "seems to speak of the Euphrates as being 'the boundary of Dagan', whom he calls his creator. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria And the sons of Hammurabi have yet to reckon with Abraham and his ambitions. Hebrew Life and Times Now that we have the laws of Hammurabi we can see that the Euphrates valley was organized into a peace unit with a very complete and highly finished peace pact twenty-five hundred years before Christ. Folkways A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals After Hammurabi he is only mentioned once in inscriptions of the Cassitic period and then again in the days of Nebuchadnezzar I., who assigns a prominent place to him. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The Code of Hammurabi is one of the most important monuments in the history of the human race. The Oldest Code of Laws in the World The code of laws promulgated by Hammurabi, King of Babylon B.C. 2285-2242 For ten long centuries Sumer and Akkad flourished and prospered ere we meet with the great Hammurabi, whose name has now become almost as familiar as that of Julius Caesar. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Look up in any good Bible dictionary, the articles on Babylonia and Hammurabi. Hebrew Life and Times The provisions in the laws of Hammurabi are as simple and matter-of-fact as possible. Folkways A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals Both names, moreover, occur as parts of proper names in the age of Hammurabi. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In Assyria also, in the seventh century b.c., it was studied in a different edition, apparently under the name of ‘The Judgments of Righteousness which Hammurabi, the great king, set up.’ The Oldest Code of Laws in the World The code of laws promulgated by Hammurabi, King of Babylon B.C. 2285-2242 In time, however, the kings followed the example of Hammurabi by exalting Merodach. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria The foundation of all law-making in Babylonia from about the middle of the twenty-third century B.C. to the fall of the empire was the code of Hammurabi, the first king of all Babylonia. The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 01 In the laws of Hammurabi we find two classes of women attached to the temple. Folkways A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals Hammurabi felt himself to be honoring Marduk, through paying homage to a deity having affinity with the patron protector of Babylon. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria For many years fragments have been p. viiknown, have been studied, and from internal evidence ascribed to the period of the first dynasty of Babylon, even called by the name Code Hammurabi. The Oldest Code of Laws in the World The code of laws promulgated by Hammurabi, King of Babylon B.C. 2285-2242 As we have seen, an important dynasty flourished in this region in the time of Hammurabi. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Hammurabi, who is supposed to be identical with Amraphel, a contemporary of Abraham, is regarded as having certainly contributed through his laws to the Hebrew traditions. The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 01 In the laws of Hammurabi the widow was secured a share in her husband's property and was protected against the selfishness of her sons. Folkways A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals So far, however, as Hammurabi is concerned, he only refers to a duality—Anu and Bel—which, for him, comprises all the other gods. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The medical code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon. Gilbertus Anglicus Medicine of the Thirteenth Century In Hammurabi's time the river was crossed by ferry boats, but long ere the Greeks visited the city a great bridge had been constructed. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Commencement of the reign of Hammurabi, King of Babylonia: the earliest compilation of a code of laws was made in this reign. The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 01 Hammurabi united North and South Babylonia into a single State, and, desiring that uniform laws should prevail, issued the code which bears his name. Recent Developments in European Thought Marduk is an afterthought that points to the remodeling of the ancient texts after the period of Hammurabi. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The recently discovered code of Hammurabi, which comes from the twentieth century B.C., was inscribed in parallel columns on a stone monument. The Making of a Nation The Beginnings of Israel's History It was not until the thirty-first year of his reign that Hammurabi achieved ascendancy over his powerful rival. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria It is a remarkable code, quickly made available through translation and transliteration by the Assyrian scholars, and justly named, from its royal compiler, Hammurabi's code. The Witchcraft Delusion in Colonial Connecticut (1647-1697) The moral code of decent people is practically the same all over the terrestrial ball, and fundamentally it has not changed since the days of Hammurabi. By Advice of Counsel Viewed in this light, Hammurabi's establishment of the Marduk cult in Borsippa assumes a peculiar significance. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria As already noted, the code of Hammurabi is represented as having been given to him directly by the god Shamash. The Making of a Nation The Beginnings of Israel's History Hammurabi, statesman and general, is one of the great personalities of the ancient world. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Prof. Clay, it should be added, clings to the older reading, Hammurabi, which is retained in this volume. An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic What is easier than sitting before a comfortable steam radiator and reading an etymological dictionary or the Laws of Hammurabi? By Advice of Counsel The first mention of the god occurs in the inscriptions of Hammurabi, where he appears distinctly as the god of the city of Babylon. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The most striking example of the pre-Mosaic formulation of custom into law under the sanction of the deity is found in the so-called code of Hammurabi, which comes from about 1900 B.C. The Making of a Nation The Beginnings of Israel's History It is not surprising, after reviewing this part of the Hammurabi Code, to find Herodotus stating bluntly that the Babylonians had no physicians. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria It would be worth while to examine other texts of the Hammurabi period with a view of determining the scope in the use and meaning of the emphatic ma when added to a substantive. An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic Later,—before the time of Hammurabi; see below,—these Semites carried their settlements northward, and became the founders of Assyria. Outline of Universal History Hammurabi and his immediate successors, it is noteworthy, do not make mention of Nabu. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Hammurabi looked upon himself as a shepherd chosen by the gods to care for his people. The Making of a Nation The Beginnings of Israel's History There are only two paragraphs in the Hammurabi Code which deal with magical practices. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Even in that case, according to the Hammurabi Code, §§145–146, the wife retained her status. An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic The city is mentioned in the earliest cuneiform records, and from the time of Hammurabi was the chief city of the land. Outline of Universal History It did not seem consistent with this devotion to Marduk that Hammurabi and his successors should also recognize Nabu. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In connection with the tablet which records the laws of Hammurabi, we have a picture of Shamash the sun-god giving the laws to the king. The Origin and Permanent Value of the Old Testament Hammurabi was no respecter of persons, and treated alike all his subjects high and low. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria If it had originated in the Hammurabi period, we should have had Marduk introduced instead of Enlil. An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic Hammurabi was also an able statesman, who sought to develop the territories his sword had won. Early European History In view of the explanation offered for the silence maintained by Hammurabi and his successors regarding Nabu, we are justified in including Nabu in the Babylonian pantheon of those days. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The best preserved group is found in xxi.1 to xxii.20, and bears the title Judgments, which recalls Hammurabi's title to his code, The Judgments of Righteousness. The Origin and Permanent Value of the Old Testament Hammurabi's reign was long as it was prosperous. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria This justifies us in going back several centuries at least before Hammurabi for the beginning of the Gilgamesh story. An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic A conscientious monarch, such as Hammurabi, who describes himself as "a real father to his people," must have been a very busy man. Early European History The days of Hammurabi, as they were politically of great importance, also appear to have ushered in a new era in the religious life of the people. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The parallels with the code of Hammurabi are many, both in theme, form, and penalty, although there is no conclusive evidence that the Hebrew borrowed directly from the older Babylonian. The Origin and Permanent Value of the Old Testament The earliest Kassites, a people of uncertain racial affinities, began to settle in the land during Hammurabi's lifetime. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Mesopotamian arts and letters now reached the highest point at which they had stood since Hammurabi's days, and the fame of the wealth and luxury of "Sardanapal" went out even into the Greek lands. The Ancient East Hammurabi's laws thus present a vivid picture of Oriental society two thousand years before Christ. Early European History The consort of Ea figures occasionally in the historical texts of Hammurabi's successors. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria When, during the latter part of the third millennium before Christ, Babylon's supremacy was permanently established under the rule of Hammurabi. The Origin and Permanent Value of the Old Testament If influences, however, were at work to restrict the position of women they did not meet with much success, because when Hammurabi codified existing laws, the ancient rights of women received marked recognition. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Hammurabi, in 1900, already ruled it from Babylon; and the capital has never shifted more than sixty miles since then. Turkey: a Past and a Future Centuries after Hammurabi the enactments of the old Babylonian king were reproduced in some of the familiar regulations of the laws of Moses. Early European History Moreover, Babylon being the seat of culture as well as of power, in the period following upon Hammurabi, Marduk was necessarily conceived as possessing the same wisdom that distinguishes Ea. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Since all interest centred about the future life, instead of commercial pursuits, there is no evidence that the Egyptians ever produced a legal code at all comparable with that of Hammurabi. The Origin and Permanent Value of the Old Testament Although Babylonia was not so great a world power under the Kassites as it had been during the Hammurabi Dynasty, it prospered greatly as an industrial, agricultural, and trading country. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria He was supposed to administer it in true accord with the Custom of Paris; he might as well have been asked to apply the Code of Hammurabi or the Capitularies of Charlemagne. The Seigneurs of Old Canada : A Chronicle of New World Feudalism Of all the early Babylonian kings the most famous was Hammurabi. Early European History This was after the days of Hammurabi, and before the subjugation of Babylonia to Assyrian rule. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Investigation reveals in language, spirit, and form many analogies between the laws of Hammurabi and those of the Old Testament which suggest at least an indirect influence. The Origin and Permanent Value of the Old Testament When the five planets were identified, they were associated with the sun and moon and connected with the chief gods of the Hammurabi pantheon. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria It is for this reason that his image appears at the head of the stele inscribed with Hammurabi's laws, and legal ceremonies were performed within the precincts of his temples. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The code of Hammurabi shows, in general, a high sense of justice. Early European History Such, however, does not appear to be the case, at least so far as the epoch of Hammurabi is concerned. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The thesis of the Old Testament, and of Hammurabi also, is fundamentally true. The Origin and Permanent Value of the Old Testament This migration is termed the Canaanitic or Amorite: it flowed into Mesopotamia and across Assyria, while it supplied the "driving power" which secured the ascendancy of the Hammurabi Dynasty at Babylon. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria How old the worship of Tašmêtum, his consort, is, is doubtful, but her name first occurs in a date of the reign of Hammurabi. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria It is under the latter title that Hammurabi refers to her in his Code of Laws, where she is tenth in a series of eleven deities. Legends of Babylon and Egypt in relation to Hebrew tradition The manner in which Agumkakrimi introduces Anu is no less characteristic for the age of Hammurabi and his successors. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Perhaps the pristine affinity between Marduk, who, as we saw, was originally a sun-deity, and Shamash, also had a share in Hammurabi's fondness for coupling these two gods. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria There is no direct reference to the custom in the Hammurabi Code, which reveals a curious blending of the principles of "Father right" and "Mother right". Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Hammurabi seems to speak of the Euphrates as being "the boundary of Dagan," whom he calls his creator. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Moreover, the dynasty to which Hammurabi belonged came originally from the north-eastern border of Canaan and Hammurabi himself exercised authority in the west. Legends of Babylon and Egypt in relation to Hebrew tradition There is no reason why Nabu should have been added as a deity in later times, and in general we must be on our guard against assuming new deities subsequent to Hammurabi. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The name Tashmitum appears for the first time in the days of Hammurabi. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The various systems of law which obtained in the different states were then codified by Hammurabi, who appointed governors in all the cities which came under his sway to displace the patesis and kings. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Only found in names of the time of the Hammurabi dynasty, in one of which he appears as "a creator." The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Thus a plausible case could be made out by exponents of this theory, especially as many parallels were noted between the Mosaic legislation and that contained in Hammurabi's Code. Legends of Babylon and Egypt in relation to Hebrew tradition Neither Hammurabi nor his immediate successor make mention of Sarpanitum, and at no time does she appear independently of Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Elam, as we have seen, was constantly threatening Babylonia from the East, and shortly before Hammurabi's appearance, succeeded in putting an end to the dynasty of Larsa. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria After the Hammurabi period Assyria rose into prominence as a predatory power, which depended for its stability upon those productive countries which it was able to conquer and hold in sway. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria This goddess at all times played a prominent part in ancient Babylonian religion, especially with the rulers before the dynasty of Hammurabi. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria A great body of them are grammatical and represent compilations made by Semitic scribes of the period of Hammurabi's dynasty for their study of the old Sumerian tongue. Legends of Babylon and Egypt in relation to Hebrew tradition Among the literary remains of Hammurabi's days we have a hymn in which the chief gods worshipped by the king are enumerated in succession. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria We may therefore embrace the period of Hammurabi and his successors, down through the rule of the Cassite kings, under one head. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria When Hammurabi came to the throne he had apparently to recognize the overlordship of the Elamite king or his royal son at Larsa. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Nor does this conception in any way betray itself, as being due to the changed political conditions that set in, with the union of the states under Hammurabi. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Important as Ur and Harran are as sacred towns, politically they do not retain their prominence after the days of Hammurabi. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria We have found it in Gudea's days, and it must, therefore, have existed in the days of Hammurabi, without, perhaps, being regarded as an essential dogma as yet. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The dynasty of which Hammurabi is the chief representative comes to an end c. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria At first the Kassites held northern Babylonia only, while the ancient Sumerian area was dominated by the Sealand power, which had gradually regained strength during the closing years of the Hammurabi Dynasty. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Hostilities with Elam are frequent before and after the days of Hammurabi. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The Akkadian is, therefore, none other than Hammurabi, who succeeds in obtaining the supremacy over the entire Euphrates Valley, and whose successors for many centuries claimed control of the four quarters of the world. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Passing on, we find Hammurabi as strongly attached to the worship of the old sun-god as any of his predecessors. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The historical references in some of them have prompted Zimmern to give his partial assent to the opinion which would assign them, or some of them, to the age of Hammurabi. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Apparently some of the Hammurabi and Amenemhet kings were contemporaries, but there is no evidence that they came into direct touch with one another. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria It is to Marduk, that Hammurabi ascribes his success. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria As a result of this comparison, we may note the tendency towards a general recognition of certain great gods, which is more fully developed in the period of Hammurabi. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria More than this, Ramman is introduced for a second time in conjunction with Shamash, as in the hymn of Hammurabi. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Babylon, however, is the beloved city of Marduk, and upon its beautification and improvement Hammurabi expends his chief energy. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria A long list of kings with Semitic names held sway in the Assyrian cities during and after the Hammurabi Age. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria While the history of E-Sagila and E-Zida cannot be traced back further than the reign of Hammurabi, the temples themselves are considerably older. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria So far as the pantheon is concerned, the limitations in the development of doctrines connected with it were reached when the union of the several Euphratean states was permanently effected under Hammurabi. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Of the other gods whose names occur in the inscriptions of Hammurabi, but little of a special character is to be noted. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria We may expect to come across a god Hammurabi some day. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Excavators have discovered at Sippar traces of a school which dates from the Hammurabi Dynasty. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria It was not until at about two centuries after Hammurabi's day that Egypt first invaded Syria, with which, however, it had for a long period previously conducted a brisk trade. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria The period which followed the fall of the Hammurabi Dynasty of Babylonia is as obscure as the Hyksos Age of Egypt. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria With this list, however, we are far from having exhausted the pantheon as it had developed in the days of Hammurabi. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Hammurabi referred to himself in the Prologue as "a king who commanded obedience in all the four quarters". Myths of Babylonia and Assyria No doubt, Hammurabi's Babylon closely resembled the later city so vividly described by Greek writers, although it was probably not of such great dimensions. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria About 1800 B.C. a Hittite raid resulted in the overthrow of the last king of the Hammurabi family at Babylon. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Although Hammurabi ignored him, he was subsequently invoked with Merodach, and had probably much in common with Merodach. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria In order to emphasize this, Hammurabi actually transfers the name of Nabu's temple in Borsippa, E-Zida, to the one erected by him at that place to Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria King Hammurabi had to deal daily with a voluminous correspondence. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria With these two monarchs began the brilliant Hammurabi, or First Dynasty of Babylonia, which endured for three centuries. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Here may have collected evicted and rebel bands of Elamites and Sumerians and various "gentlemen of fortune" who were opposed to the Hammurabi regime. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria But the days of the brilliant Hammurabi Dynasty were drawing to a close. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria While acknowledging Marduk as one of the chief gods, these foreign rulers in Babylonia—the Cassites—did not feel the same attachment to him as Hammurabi did. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria |
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