| 单词 | glycolysis |
| 例句 | But even bacteria do anaerobic glycolysis, which is why apples rot: lunchtime for the microbes. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z As a result, the T cells are forced to switch to alternative metabolic pathways, mainly aerobic glycolysis, to meet their bioenergetic demand in the form of adenosine triphosphate. Immunology: Dysfunction of mitochondria drives the exhaustion of T cells 2023-11-02T04:00:00Z Diplomonads exist in anaerobic environments and use alternative pathways, such as glycolysis, to generate energy. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Many living organisms carry out glycolysis as part of their metabolism. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z And once inside, the sugar is broken down by enzymes in a process called glycolysis. Evolution Turns These Knobs to Make a Hummingbird Hyperquick and a Cavefish Sluggishly Slow 2023-02-24T05:00:00Z Phosphofructokinase deficiency occurs when a person lacks an enzyme needed to perform glycolysis in skeletal muscles. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Throughout glycolysis a total of four ATP molecules are produced. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The second phase of glycolysis, the energy-yielding phase, creates the energy that is the product of glycolysis. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z For example, mature mammalian red blood cells are only capable of glycolysis, which is their sole source of ATP. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z FBP2 encodes an enzyme in muscle cells that catalyzes this reversal of glycolysis. Evolution Turns These Knobs to Make a Hummingbird Hyperquick and a Cavefish Sluggishly Slow 2023-02-24T05:00:00Z Nearly all organisms perform glycolysis, the first part of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z One of the reactions that occurs during glycolysis removes four electrons. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z They depend on glycolysis and lactic acid production for rapid ATP production. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z If glycolysis is interrupted, these cells would eventually die. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z They then measured the rate of glycolysis in the quail muscle cells and showed that the process indeed runs faster when the gene is knocked out. Evolution Turns These Knobs to Make a Hummingbird Hyperquick and a Cavefish Sluggishly Slow 2023-02-24T05:00:00Z Used by nearly all organisms on earth today, glycolysis likely evolved as one of the first metabolic pathways. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z One advantage of glycolysis is that it occurs so quickly that thousands of ATP molecules are created in milliseconds. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Figure 24.9 Carbohydrate Metabolism Carbohydrate metabolism involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The various methods of fermentation are used by different organisms to ensure an adequate supply of NAD+ for the sixth step in glycolysis. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Because all cells use glycolysis and modify histones, however, researchers are also looking for ways to target these processes specifically in monocytes and their precursors. Immune Cells That Remember Inflammation Could Offer Treatment Targets for Atherosclerosis 2021-12-01T05:00:00Z It is important to note that glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z It occurs when the pyruvic acid that is formed from glycolysis is broken down in a series of reactions. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z This helps the cell to regulate glycolysis and gluconeogenesis independently of each other. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms carry out some form of glycolysis. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z But some ATP is generated in the cytoplasm through a process called glycolysis — this pathway also produces lactate, along with the molecule pyruvate. How lactate links cannabis to social behaviour 2020-07-07T04:00:00Z Like all metabolic pathways, glycolysis occurs in steps or stages. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z At the beginning of the Krebs cycle, the three-carbon compound known as pyruvic acid created from glycolysis passes through the two membrane walls of the mitochondrion. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Because glucose levels are very low during starvation, glycolysis will shut off in cells that can use alternative fuels. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Other molecules that would otherwise be used to harvest energy in glycolysis or the citric acid cycle may be removed to form nucleic acids, amino acids, lipids, or other compounds. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z In turn, ROS promote a metabolic process called glycolysis, in which the molecules pyruvate and lactate are generated from glucose in the cell cytoplasm. How lactate links cannabis to social behaviour 2020-07-07T04:00:00Z Moreover, the five-carbon sugars that form nucleic acids are made from intermediates in glycolysis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to synthesize ATP from ADP. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The three mechanisms for ATP regeneration are creatine phosphate, anaerobic glycolysis, and aerobic metabolism. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Both studies used cultured mammalian cells that mainly rely for their energy production on a metabolic pathway called glycolysis, which occurs in the cytosol, rather than depending on energy production from mitochondria. Mitochondrial distress call moves to the cytosol to trigger a response to stress 2020-03-03T05:00:00Z But when PFK levels were increased in these cells, glycolysis was not restored to normal, arguing against the idea that mechanical cues regulate glycolysis by modulating PFK gene transcription. Tension in tumour cells keeps metabolism high 2020-02-11T05:00:00Z Certain nonessential amino acids can be made from intermediates of both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z When oxygen is not present, glycolysis is maintained by a pathway that makes it possible to continue to produce ATP without oxygen. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Anaerobic glycolysis produces small amounts of ATP in the absence of oxygen for a short period. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Lactate is an abundant metabolite produced during glycolysis — a central metabolic process in which glucose consumed by cells is broken down to generate energy. Histone lactylation links metabolism and gene regulation 2019-10-22T04:00:00Z This glycolysis also produced fats needed by the tumor cells to grow, the researchers found. The corn syrup in a soda a day can give mice bigger colon tumors 2019-03-21T04:00:00Z Most organisms will use some form of fermentation to accomplish the regeneration of NAD+ to ensure the continuation of glycolysis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This allows glycolysis to keep going and to produce a steady supply of ATP. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Is aerobic respiration more or less efficient than glycolysis? Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Lactate is produced through glycolysis in various cell types, including cancer cells and immune cells. Histone lactylation links metabolism and gene regulation 2019-10-22T04:00:00Z The subset expresses higher levels of many genes involved in sugar and carbohydrate metabolism and glycolysis — the process by which energy is produced from glucose. Fat cells with a sweet tooth 2018-12-18T05:00:00Z It is thought that glycolysis developed at this time and could take advantage of the simple sugars being produced, but these reactions were unable to fully extract the energy stored in the carbohydrates. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z As with alcoholic fermentation, the NAD+ allows glycolysis to continue. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Insulin also reduces blood glucose levels by stimulating glycolysis, the metabolism of glucose for generation of ATP. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The cumulative data indicate that lysine lactylation is highly sensitive to lactate production through glycolysis. Histone lactylation links metabolism and gene regulation 2019-10-22T04:00:00Z These modifications block the assembly of the active form of the enzyme, thereby inhibiting glycolysis. Metabolism reprogrammed by the nitric oxide signalling molecule 2018-11-27T05:00:00Z The development of glycolysis probably predated the evolution of photosynthesis, as it was well suited to extract energy from materials spontaneously accumulating in the “primeval soup.” Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z During the first stage, called glycolysis, glucose is broken down and small amounts of ATP are produced. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z There are three mechanisms by which ATP can be regenerated: creatine phosphate metabolism, anaerobic glycolysis, and fermentation and aerobic respiration. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Rod-derived cone viability factor promotes cone survival by stimulating aerobic glycolysis. Restoring vision 2018-05-15T04:00:00Z The authors therefore conclude that nitric oxide inhibits pyruvate kinase and glycolysis, causing glucose levels to increase. Metabolism reprogrammed by the nitric oxide signalling molecule 2018-11-27T05:00:00Z The second half of glycolysis extracts ATP and high-energy electrons from hydrogen atoms and attaches them to NAD+. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z If oxygen is not present, another anaerobic pathway, known as fermentation, makes it possible for the cell to keep glycolysis running, generating ATP to power cellular activity. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Thus, the switch to glycolysis results in a slower rate of ATP availability to the muscle. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Effector T cells, by contrast, turn up glycolysis and are heavy glucose users—a difference reflected in their mitochondria, the organelles that serve as cellular power plants, Pearce and her colleagues reported 2 years ago. To treat some diseases, researchers are putting immune cells on a diet 2018-03-29T04:00:00Z Regulation of glycolysis by Pdk functions as a metabolic checkpoint for cell cycle quiescence in hematopoietic stem cells. From haematopoietic stem cells to complex differentiation landscapes 2018-01-23T05:00:00Z Nearly all living organisms carry out glycolysis as part of their metabolism. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The first set of reactions in cellular respiration is known as glycolysis, which literally means “sugar breaking.” Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z This conversion allows the recycling of the enzyme NAD+ from NADH, which is needed for glycolysis to continue. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Like other activated T cells, the T cells implicated in rheumatoid arthritis rely on glycolysis. To treat some diseases, researchers are putting immune cells on a diet 2018-03-29T04:00:00Z Thus, glycolysis and the TCA cycle are uncoupled at the level of lactate, which is a primary circulating TCA substrate in most tissues and tumours. Glucose feeds the TCA cycle via circulating lactate 2017-10-17T04:00:00Z Organisms, from the small, circular colonies of bacteria pictured here to the human holding the petri dish, perform glycolysis using the same ten enzymes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A second advantage is that glycolysis does not require the use of oxygen. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z As the ATP produced by creatine phosphate is depleted, muscles turn to glycolysis as an ATP source. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Normal body cells typically rely on oxidative phosphorylation for most of their energy needs, but Warburg discovered that cancer cells ramped up glycolysis. To treat some diseases, researchers are putting immune cells on a diet 2018-03-29T04:00:00Z Humans and other mammals break down the sugar glucose to generate energy in a multistep process called glycolysis. Naked mole rats can survive 18 minutes without oxygen. Here’s how they do it 2017-04-20T04:00:00Z Mature mammalian red blood cells are not capable of aerobic respiration—the process in which organisms convert energy in the presence of oxygen—and glycolysis is their sole source of ATP. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The combined process of this pathway and glycolysis is called fermentation. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The sugar used in glycolysis can be provided by blood glucose or by metabolizing glycogen that is stored in the muscle. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z He also noticed that some healthy cells depended on glycolysis: immune cells. To treat some diseases, researchers are putting immune cells on a diet 2018-03-29T04:00:00Z That process requires oxygen; without it, byproducts such as lactate build up that inhibit the first steps of glycolysis, and energy production ceases. Naked mole rats can survive 18 minutes without oxygen. Here’s how they do it 2017-04-20T04:00:00Z If glycolysis is interrupted, these cells lose their ability to maintain their sodium-potassium pumps, and eventually, they die. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Sometimes, glycolysis and fermentation are together referred to as anaerobic respiration. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z They have a large diameter and possess high amounts of glycogen, which is used in glycolysis to generate ATP quickly to produce high levels of tension. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z These biological and biochemical characteristics are in contrast to those of cancer cells, which are proliferative and relatively undifferentiated, and prefer glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation as their primary mode of ATP generation. LACTB is a tumour suppressor that modulates lipid metabolism and cell state : Nature : Nature Research 2017-03-21T04:00:00Z It is believed to “starve” tumor cells to death by inhibiting glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose molecules to provide cells with energy. Candidate cancer drug suspected after death of three patients at an alternative medicine clinic 2016-08-12T04:00:00Z The last step in glycolysis will not occur if pyruvate kinase, the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of pyruvate, is not available in sufficient quantities. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The NAD+ allows glycolysis to continue without oxygen. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Why do muscle cells use creatine phosphate instead of glycolysis to supply ATP for the first few seconds of muscle contraction? Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Moreover, some of the earliest single-celled life-forms on Earth most likely nourished themselves by anaerobic fermentation, or glycolysis. Alcohol: An Astonishing Molecule 2015-03-27T04:00:00Z To test the idea, the researchers looked at two pathways involved in glucose metabolism: glycolysis and oxidation that occurs in a cell’s energy-generating mitochondria. Drugs for Metabolism Could Reverse Lupus 2015-02-26T05:00:00Z In this situation, the entire glycolysis pathway will proceed, but only two ATP molecules will be made in the second half. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In the next stage, the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid that was produced during glycolysis is broken down, and energy carriers are produced. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Because erythrocytes do not contain mitochondria, glycolysis is the sole method by which these cells produce ATP. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The specific enzymes and substrates of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are now assessed, rather than solely their net yields, as was the case in the past. 4 Tips to Prepare for the MCAT's New Natural Sciences Questions 2014-12-02T05:00:00Z To test the idea, the researchers looked at two pathways involved in glucose metabolism: glycolysis and oxidation that occurs in a cell’s energy-generating mitochondria. Drugs for Metabolism Could Reverse Lupus 2015-02-26T05:00:00Z Various methods of fermentation are used by assorted organisms to ensure an adequate supply of NAD+ for the sixth step in glycolysis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Even though glycolysis is anaerobic, it is considered part of cellular respiration because its products are key reactants for the aerobic stages. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z This section will focus first on glycolysis, a process where the monosaccharide glucose is oxidized, releasing the energy stored in its bonds to produce ATP. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Those clues led them to discover that training to become better defenders involves activating an energy-producing process called glycolysis. Metabolic shift may train immune cells 2014-09-25T04:00:00Z Intense sprints must instead be fueled by anaerobic glycolysis, which rapidly breaks down stored glucose from your muscles and liver – glycogen – into usable energy. How to Fuel Better by Overcoming Muscle Burn 2014-08-12T04:00:00Z Most organisms will use some form of fermentation to accomplish the regeneration of NAD+, ensuring the continuation of glycolysis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The failure to cope with glucose is caused by imbalanced reactions in glycolysis, the essential pathway in energy metabolism in most organisms. [Research Article] Lost in Transition: Start-Up of Glycolysis Yields Subpopulations of Nongrowing Cells 2014-02-27T19:26:22.918Z Figure 24.4 Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration oxidizes glucose molecules through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z His 54-minute discourse on glycolysis is on video, available for free, as part of a course called “Introduction to Biology--The Secret of Life” on the Web site edX. EdX turns 1: Now what? 2013-05-02T16:31:58Z The most abundant of these ‘core’ pathways include the ribosome and translational machinery, nucleotide charging and ATP synthesis, and glycolysis, and reflect the basics of host-associated microbial life. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome 2012-06-13T17:20:54.030Z Cholesterol synthesis starts with acetyl groups, and the components of triglycerides come from glycerol-3-phosphate from glycolysis and acetyl groups produced in the mitochondria from pyruvate. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Two distinct types of cell were observed that differed in the state of glycolysis, the central pathway in energy metabolism for these cells. [Research Article] Lost in Transition: Start-Up of Glycolysis Yields Subpopulations of Nongrowing Cells 2014-02-27T19:26:22.918Z The following discussions of glycolysis include the enzymes responsible for the reactions. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The number of times you looked over the glycolysis pathway and still forgot an enzyme. Step One: A Medical School Pivot Point 2012-04-22T02:45:00.870Z RCCs, like many other cancers, are dependent on aerobic glycolysis for ATP production, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. [Research Articles] Targeting GLUT1 and the Warburg Effect in Renal Cell Carcinoma by Chemical Synthetic Lethality 2011-08-03T18:58:18.090Z What impact, if any, do high levels of ADP have on glycolysis? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Cells with unbalanced glycolysis coexisted with vital cells. [Research Article] Lost in Transition: Start-Up of Glycolysis Yields Subpopulations of Nongrowing Cells 2014-02-27T19:26:22.918Z This conversion step requires one ATP and essentially traps the glucose in the cell, preventing it from passing back through the plasma membrane, thus allowing glycolysis to proceed. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Taken together, these results indicate that human iPSs like hESCs and in contrast to somatic cells, rely more on glycolysis than on oxidative phosphorylation for energy production. [Editors' Choice] A Curious Case of Cellular Metabolism 2011-07-06T20:25:30.993Z What Dr. Warburg noticed was that tumors tended to use glycolysis even when oxygen was present. Fuel Lines of Tumors Are New Target 2010-11-30T08:45:00Z The high levels decrease the activity of enzymes involved with glycolysis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z We found that cells with such an unbalanced glycolysis coexist with vital cells with normal glycolytic function. [Research Article] Lost in Transition: Start-Up of Glycolysis Yields Subpopulations of Nongrowing Cells 2014-02-27T19:26:22.918Z Under anaerobic conditions, the pyruvate can be converted into lactate to keep glycolysis working. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The citric acid produces pyruvate, which converts to glucose to enter glycolysis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This is puzzling because glycolysis is far less efficient at creating ATP. Fuel Lines of Tumors Are New Target 2010-11-30T08:45:00Z They have no effect on the activity of any enzymes involved with glycolysis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z We show that this failure is caused by imbalanced reactions in glycolysis, the essential pathway in energy metabolism in most organisms. [Research Article] Lost in Transition: Start-Up of Glycolysis Yields Subpopulations of Nongrowing Cells 2014-02-27T19:26:22.918Z For each molecule of glucose that is processed in glycolysis, a net of 36 ATPs can be created by aerobic respiration. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The ATP produced is utilized in large amount in the process of glycolysis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Not all tumor cells use glycolysis, and some normal cells do. Fuel Lines of Tumors Are New Target 2010-11-30T08:45:00Z The high levels slow down all pathways involved with glycolysis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Specific regulatory mechanisms are required to initiate the glycolytic pathway; in yeast, trehalose cycling pushes glycolysis transiently into the right direction, after which cycling stops. [Research Article] Lost in Transition: Start-Up of Glycolysis Yields Subpopulations of Nongrowing Cells 2014-02-27T19:26:22.918Z Under anaerobic conditions, ATP production is limited to those generated by glycolysis. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis are also reduction-oxidation reactions that produce the same products. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The effect of that inhibition is to move metabolism away from lactic acid-producing glycolysis and toward more normal oxidation of glucose in the mitochondria, the energy factories of the cell. Fuel Lines of Tumors Are New Target 2010-11-30T08:45:00Z To be present in so many different organisms, glycolysis was probably present in a common ancestor rather than evolving many separate times. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The coexistence of two modes of glycolysis—an imbalanced state and the normal functional state—arises from the fundamental design of glycolysis. [Research Article] Lost in Transition: Start-Up of Glycolysis Yields Subpopulations of Nongrowing Cells 2014-02-27T19:26:22.918Z While a total of four ATPs are produced by glycolysis, two are needed to begin glycolysis, so there is a net yield of two ATP molecules. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In the insect host, the parasite utilizes glycolysis as well as substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Glycerol can be broken down into glucose and feed into glycolysis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Blocking glycolysis in RBCs causes imbalance in the membrane potential, leading to cell death. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The imbalance arises largely from the fundamental design of glycolysis, making this state of glycolysis a generic risk. [Research Article] Lost in Transition: Start-Up of Glycolysis Yields Subpopulations of Nongrowing Cells 2014-02-27T19:26:22.918Z This process, called gluconeogenesis, is almost the reverse of glycolysis and serves to create glucose molecules for glucose-dependent organs, such as the brain, when glucose levels fall below normal. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z They increase the activity of enzymes involved with glycolysis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The control of which enzyme exerts the greatest control of glycolysis? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Blocking glycolysis in RBCs interrupts the process of mitosis leading to nondisjunction. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Which of the following best describes how the citric acid cycle relates to glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and chemiosmosis? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Figure 24.19 Energy from Amino Acids Amino acids can be broken down into precursors for glycolysis or the Krebs cycle. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Explain the advantage that the higher energy efficiency per kg of the Krebs cycle provides to you compared to a metabolism based on glycolysis alone. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z D. Predict the advantages of a biological system that uses both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Blocked glycolysis inhibits the process of recognition, causing invasion of the RBCs by a pathogen. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z However, treatment with a combination of glucose and 2-deoxyglucose, which is an inhibitor of glycolysis, does not reverse the effects of DNP. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Explain, in terms of the products of glycolysis, why this reversal of the effects of DNP was unexpected. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z One example is during the very first steps of cellular respiration, when a molecule of the sugar glucose is broken down in the process of glycolysis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Fructose is a necessary intermediate for glycolysis to move forward. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Cholesterol and triglycerides can be converted to glycerol-3-phosphate that continues through glycolysis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The first part of the glycolysis pathway traps the glucose molecule in the cell and uses energy to modify it so that the six-carbon sugar molecule can be split evenly into the two three-carbon molecules. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The second part of glycolysis extracts energy from the molecules and stores it in the form of ATP and NADH, the reduced form of NAD+. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z If NAD+ is not available, the second half of glycolysis slows down or stops. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Because of this, it is thought that glycolysis must have evolved in the very earliest forms of life. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Sphingolipids and triglycerides form glucagon that can be fed into glycolysis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The glucose molecule that originally entered cellular respiration in glycolysis has been completely oxidized. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In eukaryotic cells, the pyruvate molecules produced at the end of glycolysis are transported into mitochondria. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Unlike glycolysis, the citric acid cycle is a closed loop: The last part of the pathway regenerates the compound used in the first step. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Nearly all organisms on earth carry out some form of glycolysis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z How does citrate from the citric acid cycle affect glycolysis? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z How does this fact support or not support the assertion that glycolysis is one of the oldest metabolic pathways? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Why do all cells need an energy source and what would happen if glycolysis were blocked in a red blood cell? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Justify the claim that these data provide evidence that supports glycolysis as a conserved core property. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z |
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