| 单词 | anion |
| 例句 | Suffice to say, Lowenfels is a man who knows his anions. Why gardens need fertilizer — or not 2015-02-10T05:00:00Z It is a world full of shifting ions, the negatively charged particles known as cations and the positive anions, and molecular transformations, and yes, it is all as dense as a jungle thicket. Why gardens need fertilizer — or not 2015-02-10T05:00:00Z However, they face a hurdle due to the larger anions, causing expansion and contraction of the graphite anode material during charge and discharge, which can lead to decreased battery durability. Making electric vehicles last 2023-11-02T04:00:00Z Salts are compounds with positively charged cations and negatively charged anions, with some of the most abundant ones being calcium, magnesium, potassium and sulfate ions. Humans are disrupting natural 'salt cycle' on a global scale, new study shows 2023-10-31T04:00:00Z "Our research in anion and cation binding can apply to not only cystic fibrosis, but a host of other channel diseases caused by defective ion channels." Synthetic molecules can 'ferry' mucus-clearing ions blocked by cystic fibrosis 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z His plan is to explore anion batteries that provide the necessary components without using limited minerals like the ones lithium batteries use and that could potentially increase how much energy a battery can hold. Oregon university plans to develop new rechargeable battery 2022-11-12T05:00:00Z The carbonate anion, provides a second example of resonance: Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Dual-ion batteries utilize both lithium cations and counter anions simultaneously, offering a high energy density akin to traditional batteries. Making electric vehicles last 2023-11-02T04:00:00Z Anions are designated by their elemental name being altered to end in “-ide”: the anion of chlorine is called chloride, and the anion of sulfur is called sulfide, for example. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Gong's lab previously developed synthetic binders for positively charged ions called cations, but chloride is a negatively charged ion, or anion. Synthetic molecules can 'ferry' mucus-clearing ions blocked by cystic fibrosis 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z Negative ions are formed by gaining electrons and are called anions. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z The charges of anions formed by the nonmetals may also be readily determined because these ions form when nonmetal atoms gain enough electrons to fill their valence shells. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Since the one silicon cation has a +4 charge and the two oxygen anions each have a –2 charge, the charge is balanced. Physical Geology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z These are called anions because they are attracted to the anode in an electrical device. An Introduction to Geology 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z "Synthetic anion binding is much more challenging because anions can be all kinds of shapes -- spherical, octahedral, even tetrahedral," Gong says. Synthetic molecules can 'ferry' mucus-clearing ions blocked by cystic fibrosis 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z These nonspecific channels allow cations—particularly Na+, K+, and Ca2+—to cross the membrane, but exclude anions. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The smaller of the holes is found between three anions in one plane and one anion in an adjacent plane. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z We group minerals into classes on the basis of their predominant anion or anion group. Physical Geology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z In these approaches, a ‘sacrificial’ reducing agent reduces the excited catalyst molecule produced in the first step, forming a radical anion that is then excited by another photon. Strong chemical reducing agents produced by light 2020-03-31T04:00:00Z Gong's team's nontoxic macrocycles are characterized by a star-shaped, rigid backbone that can selectively lock anions into place with its binding cavities. Synthetic molecules can 'ferry' mucus-clearing ions blocked by cystic fibrosis 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z The cytosol contains a high concentration of anions, in the form of phosphate ions and negatively charged proteins. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The four anions surrounding this hole are arranged at the corners of a tetrahedron, so the hole is called a tetrahedral hole. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The halides are so named because the anions include the halogen elements chlorine, fluorine, bromine, etc. Physical Geology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The resulting excited radical anion is a strong reducing agent. Strong chemical reducing agents produced by light 2020-03-31T04:00:00Z Computational chemistry, conducted by Zurek and Miller, was used to illustrate the macrocycles and their anion binding on a molecular scale. Synthetic molecules can 'ferry' mucus-clearing ions blocked by cystic fibrosis 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z The negative charge is localized in the large anions. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z If the cations are too large to fit into the octahedral holes, the anions may adopt a more open structure, such as a simple cubic array. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z In mica structures, the silica tetrahedra are arranged in continuous sheets, where each tetrahedron shares three oxygen anions with adjacent tetrahedra. Physical Geology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z It drives cellular anion transport by regulating ion transport through other transport proteins, ultimately enabling the cellular import of Cl− and HCO3− across the basolateral membrane. Pore-forming small molecules offer a promising way to tackle cystic fibrosis 2019-03-12T04:00:00Z The fixed size of their binding cavity prevents them from binding with small or very large anions. Synthetic molecules can 'ferry' mucus-clearing ions blocked by cystic fibrosis 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z Hydrogen bonds link hydrogen atoms already participating in polar covalent bonds to anions or electronegative regions of other polar molecules. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z When an ionic compound is composed of cations and anions of similar size in a 1:1 ratio, it typically forms a simple cubic structure. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The carbonates include minerals in which the anion is the CO3–2 complex. Physical Geology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z In people with cystic fibrosis, these anions accumulate in airway cells. Pore-forming small molecules offer a promising way to tackle cystic fibrosis 2019-03-12T04:00:00Z This leads to conformational changes that cause the channel to open and chloride anions to flow through. An in-depth structural view of a GABAA brain receptor 2019-01-01T05:00:00Z A negatively charged ion is known as an anion. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z They can be described by unit cells with either cations at the corners or anions at the corners. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Kim et al. find that the central constriction contains three key amino-acid residues, two of which are involved in the process of anion transport, whereas the other is important for anion selectivity. Protein structures guide the design of a much-needed tool for neuroscience 2018-09-16T04:00:00Z The inquest also heard from Dr Stuart Black who had tested Mr Perepilichnyy's hair and urine for traces of heavy metal poisons, such as arsenic, or anion poisons, like cyanide. Russian businessman 'nervous' before death 2018-04-11T04:00:00Z Desai, a physicist at University College London, emphasized that you'd need several steps to get from carbon chain anions to actual living beings. This weird moon of Saturn has some essential ingredients for life 2017-08-08T04:00:00Z An anion that has accepted two electrons has a net charge of –2. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z For example, the pure metalloids form covalent crystals like the nonmetals, but like the metals, they generally do not form monatomic anions. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Unlike ion pumps, these ion channels open to allow a large, rapid cellular influx of chloride anions in response to a single photon. Protein structures guide the design of a much-needed tool for neuroscience 2018-09-16T04:00:00Z Using data beamed back to Earth, we identified the presence of negatively charged molecules called “carbon chain anions”. Life-Friendly Molecules on Saturn's Moon Titan Could Help Reveal Origins of Earth Life 2017-07-27T04:00:00Z This molecule, called a carbon chain anion, appears to be a catalyst for complicated chemical reactions, said lead author Ravi Desai. This weird moon of Saturn has some essential ingredients for life 2017-08-08T04:00:00Z Figure 2.15 Dissociation of Sodium Chloride in Water Notice that the crystals of sodium chloride dissociate not into molecules of NaCl, but into Na+ cations and Cl– anions, each completely surrounded by water molecules. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Borate anions range from the simple trigonal planar ion to complex species containing chains and rings of three- and four-coordinated boron atoms. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Regardless of their physical origin, both quadrupole moments and ESP maps provide reasonable qualitative guides to tuning the strength of anion–π interactions. Exploiting non-covalent π interactions for catalyst design : Nature : Nature Research 2017-03-28T04:00:00Z In the shell material, foraminiferal calcite, trace metals of similar size sometimes replace calcium; even trace anions can take the place of the carbonate ion. Harry Elderfield (1943-2016) : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-05-17T04:00:00Z The discovery of carbon chain anions high in Titan's atmosphere is as exciting to astrobiologists as any tasty dessert would be. This weird moon of Saturn has some essential ingredients for life 2017-08-08T04:00:00Z The opposite charges of cations and anions exert a moderately strong mutual attraction that keeps the atoms in close proximity forming an ionic bond. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z P, I, Cl, and O would form anions because they are nonmetals. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z However, this interaction is somewhat counterintuitive considering the expected electron repulsion between an anion and the π-electron cloud of an arene. Exploiting non-covalent π interactions for catalyst design : Nature : Nature Research 2017-03-28T04:00:00Z "Superoxide anion is a form of molecular oxygen that contains an extra electron," says Branchini. How Do Fireflies Glow? Mystery Solved After 60 Years 2015-07-24T04:00:00Z An empty stomach is a very acid stomach, and while the anions in all food help neutralize the pH somewhat as we are fed, the stomach remains, on balance, acidic even when fed. Debunking the Myth of Food Combining 2015-05-12T04:00:00Z When chlorine accepts the electron, it becomes the chloride anion, Cl–. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In a simple cubic array, only one cubic hole can be occupied be a cation for each anion in the array. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z In a solution, this movement of energy involves electrons, and ions that migrate to cation or anion electrodes. Waste CO2 Could Be Source of Extra Power 2013-08-16T14:15:00.857Z Non-chemists may know what anions and cations are, but they are unlikely to remember the finer points of the Fischer–Tropsch process. Communication: Two minutes to impress 2013-02-06T18:21:43.170Z The atoms separated from each other by the electric current were called ions by Faraday; those going to the anode being anions, and those going to the cathode being kathions. Hawkins Electrical Guide, Number One Questions, Answers, & Illustrations, A Progressive Course of Study for Engineers, Electricians, Students and Those Desiring to acquire a Working Knowledge of Electricity and its Applications 2011-12-24T03:07:54.823Z Its close association with Na+ in the extracellular environment makes it the dominant anion of this compartment, and its regulation closely mirrors that of Na+. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The compounds formed are crystalline, ionic hydrides that contain the hydride anion, H−, a strong reducing agent and a strong base, which reacts vigorously with water and other acids to form hydrogen gas. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z When a current is passed through an electrolyte, dissociation into ions takes place, the ions which are freed round the anode being called anions and those which are freed round the kathode being called kations. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 3 "Electrostatics" to "Engis" 2011-02-06T03:00:53.093Z On the theory that the phenomena are wholly due to unequal ionic velocities this result would mean that the cation like the anion moved against the conventional direction of the current. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 2 "Ehud" to "Electroscope" 2011-01-29T03:00:23.777Z According to this hypothesis, the electric current is carried by the ions, the positive charges by the cations, and the negative charges by the anions. The Mechanism of Life Thus, cations, or positively charged ions, and anions, or negatively charged ions, are balanced in fluids. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Other laboratory preparations involve the addition of aqueous hydrohalic acids to compounds that contain such basic anions, such as hydroxides, oxides, or carbonates. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The anions carry negative charges and are consequently attracted by the positive electricity of the anode. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 3 "Electrostatics" to "Engis" 2011-02-06T03:00:53.093Z When a base dissolves in water the hydroxyl groups form the anions, while the metallic element forms the cations. An Elementary Study of Chemistry Both contain iron, it is true, but neither possess the properties of the cation Fe+++, but rather those of the complex anion of which they form a part. The Mechanism of Life The difference might possibly depend upon the arrangement of ions, anions and cations upon two sides of the permeable membrane of a repair cell. Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting Downington, Pennsylvania, September 11 and 12, 1933 If only half the tetrahedral holes are occupied, the numbers of anions and cations are equal. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z But a certain number of molecules do not dissociate, and hence in an electrolytic solution there are neutral molecules, anions and kations. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 3 "Electrostatics" to "Engis" 2011-02-06T03:00:53.093Z Since all bases produce hydroxyl anions, while the cations of each are different, the properties which all bases have in common when in solution must be due to the hydroxyl ions. An Elementary Study of Chemistry Let u be the velocity of the anions, and v the velocity of the cations. The Mechanism of Life The anion of religion with politics has necessarily caused a double legislation in the States. Superstition In All Ages (1732) Common Sense An atom that gains one or more electrons will exhibit a negative charge and is called an anion. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z In such a circle as that delineated, therefore, all the known anions may be grouped within, and all the cations without. Experimental Researches in Electricity, Volume 1 It will be noticed that in neutralization the anion of the acid and the cation of the base are not changed. An Elementary Study of Chemistry A similar experiment has been made with a series of cations combined with various anions. The Mechanism of Life The terms Anion and Cation, which he applied to the constituents of the decomposed electrolyte, and the term Ion, which included both anions and cations, are still less frequently employed. Faraday as a Discoverer The iodine atoms are added as anions, and each has a 1− charge and a mass number of 127. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Thus hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine, iodine, lead, tin are ions; the three former are anions, the two metals are cations, and 1, 8, 3, 125, 104, 58, are their electro-chemical equivalents nearly. Experimental Researches in Electricity, Volume 1 DEFINITION: A salt is a substance formed by the union of the anion of an acid with the cation of a base. An Elementary Study of Chemistry Similarly the anions are repelled by the cathode and attracted by the anode. The Mechanism of Life The second EA is the energy associated with adding an electron to an anion to form a –2 ion, and so on. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Determine the numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons in one of these iodine anions. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Thus the chloride of lead is an electrolyte, and when electrolyzed evolves the two ions, chlorine and lead, the former being an anion, and the latter a cation. Experimental Researches in Electricity, Volume 1 One of these is always composed of oxygen and hydrogen and is the anion. An Elementary Study of Chemistry He compares an electrolytic cell to a ballroom, in which are gyrating a number of dancing couples, representing the neutral molecules, and a number of isolated ladies and gentlemen representing the anions and cations respectively. The Mechanism of Life Likewise, they can be used to show the formation of anions from atoms, as shown here for chlorine and sulfur: Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Note that the average masses of neutral sodium and chlorine atoms were used in this computation, rather than the masses for sodium cations and chlorine anions. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z For anions, add one electron for each negative charge. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The Na+ cation is inert and will not affect the pH of the solution, while the anion is amphiprotic. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The anion of methyl orange, In−, is yellow, and the nonionized form, HIn, is red. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Predict the shape of the anion thus formed. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z One merely needs to identify all the ions present in the solution and then consider if possible cation/anion pairing could result in an insoluble compound. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The salt ionizes in solution, but the anion slightly reacts with water to form the weak acid. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The charge of the metal ion is determined from the formula of the compound and the charge of the anion. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z When all other parameters are kept constant, doubling the charge of both the cation and anion quadruples the lattice energy. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z We now have one mole of Cs cations and one mole of F anions. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Write the complete electron configurations of these cations and anions. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z For ionic compounds, lattice energies are associated with many interactions, as cations and anions pack together in an extended lattice. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The anions in simple ionic structures commonly adopt one of these structures, and the cations occupy the spaces remaining between the anions. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Sodium chloride, NaCl, is comprised of Na+ cations and Cl− anions, and so oxidation numbers for sodium and chlorine are, +1 and −1, respectively. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z A salt is an ionic compound consisting of cations and anions. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Because the amount of calcium ion added does not result in exceeding the solubility products for other calcium salts, the anions of those salts remain behind in the wastewater. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Silicates are salts containing anions composed of silicon and oxygen. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Atoms of group 17 gain one electron and form anions with a 1− charge; atoms of group 16 gain two electrons and form ions with a 2− charge, and so on. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Predict which forms an anion, which forms a cation, and the charges of each ion. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Thus, a nitrogen atom will form an anion with three more electrons than protons and a charge of 3−. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The metals form cations, the nonmetals form anions, and the resulting compounds are solids under normal conditions. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z In every ionic compound, the total number of positive charges of the cations equals the total number of negative charges of the anions. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z For ionic compounds, it’s convenient to assign oxidation numbers for the cation and anion separately. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z For example, potassium nitrate, KNO3, contains the K+ cation and the polyatomic anion. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Other distortions are found in impure crystals, as, for example, when the cations, anions, or molecules of the impurity are too large to fit into the regular positions without distorting the structure. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z With the exception of nitrogen and carbon, which are poor oxidizing agents, a more electronegative nonmetal oxidizes a less electronegative nonmetal or the anion of the nonmetal: Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z In simple ionic structures, we usually find the anions, which are normally larger than the cations, arranged in a closest-packed array. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z You can use the periodic table to predict whether an atom will form an anion or a cation, and you can often predict the charge of the resulting ion. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z This results in an anion with 35 protons, 36 electrons, and a 1− charge. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Predict which forms an anion, which forms a cation, and the charges of each ion. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The stronger a nonmetal is as an oxidizing agent, the more difficult it is to oxidize the anion formed by the nonmetal. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Carbon will form an anion with a charge of 4−: C4−, a carbide ion. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The charges of cations and anions dictate their ratios in ionic compounds, so specifying the names of the ions provides sufficient information to determine chemical formulas. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Positively charged ions are called cations, and negatively charged ions are called anions. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z As all substances must be electrically neutral, the total number of positive charges on the cations of an ionic compound must equal the total number of negative charges on its anions. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z A salt is an ionic compound composed of cations and anions, other than hydroxide or oxide ions. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Compounds with a ratio of less than 2:1 may also crystallize in a closest-packed array of anions with cations in the tetrahedral holes, if the ionic sizes fit. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Thus, compounds with cations in octahedral holes in a closest-packed array of anions can have a maximum cation:anion ratio of 1:1. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z In a simple cubic array of anions, there is one cubic hole that can be occupied by a cation for each anion in the array. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z When an ionic compound is composed of a 1:1 ratio of cations and anions that differ significantly in size, it typically crystallizes with an FCC unit cell, like that shown in Figure 10.60. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Sodium chloride is an ionic compound composed of sodium cations, Na+, and chloride anions, Cl−, combined in a 1:1 ratio. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Still larger cations can occupy cubic holes in a simple cubic array of anions. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The Na+ cation is inert and will not affect the pH of the solution; while the anion is amphiprotic. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Acidic cations are typically the conjugate partners of weak bases, and basic anions are the conjugate partners of weak acids. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Removal of the passivation layer allows the base to dissolve the silicon, forming hydrogen gas and silicate anions. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z For consecutive elements proceeding down any group, anions have larger principal quantum numbers and, thus, larger radii. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z |
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