| 单词 | ganglion |
| 例句 | He is more like a ganglion on legs. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z You might begin at the local beach, which functions as a sort of ganglion. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z “The reflex-arc response taking place in the upper ganglia of the spinal column requires several microseconds more in the humanoid robot than in a human nervous system.” Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? 1968-01-02T00:00:00Z There are still traces of that previous style in pictures such as “Brain, Neurons #9,” in which strings of green leaves spiral around red ganglia. In the galleries: Looking back on a century of Iberian and Latin American works 2018-01-18T05:00:00Z And he orders a CT of the basal ganglia to look for Fahr’s. House Watch: The Fall Finale Edition 2011-11-29T14:15:22Z Kelpiens evolved an ability to sense impending death; in such moments, Saru’s neck bristles with “threat ganglia,” yet his anxiety management makes him an ideal, if conflicted, crew member. Perspective | TV needs a really great space saga. ‘Star Trek: Discovery’ comes close, but the longing remains. 2018-02-07T05:00:00Z “At the end of the ganglia of wires that run from this console quivers the power of America from thermonuclear striking force to missiles in the deep,” the voice-over proceeds. Critic?s Notebook: How We Picked Our Presidents, 1960s Style 2011-07-05T00:23:31Z Psychological studies have shown onset can often be traced to trauma; neurobiologists point to dysfunction in a processing loop that includes the basal ganglia; animal studies show compulsive behaviors are not limited to humans. 'The Man Who Couldn't Stop' a rich, reasonable look at OCD 2015-01-15T05:00:00Z As the season of CGI spectacles gets underway in earnest, one blockbuster after another will set upon the task of wooing, wowing and otherwise jangling the ganglia of millions of moviegoers. ‘First Reformed’ will shock you. Thank God for that. 2018-05-24T04:00:00Z The researchers focused on the genetics behind a sensory cluster known as the nodose ganglia, which are part of the vagus nerves that carry signals between the brain and visceral organs, including the heart. What happens when we pass out? Researchers ID new brain and heart connections 2023-11-01T04:00:00Z First, they saw that the brain structure that strongly depends on dopamine, the basal ganglia, is indeed damaged and shows much less activity in people with Parkinson's than in healthy volunteers. Compensation by healthy brain parts alleviates Parkinson symptoms 2023-09-28T04:00:00Z Retinal ganglion cells are the gatekeepers for the visual input that reaches the brain. Vision in the brain: Hardwired for action 2023-09-28T04:00:00Z Q: In his book “Migraine,” Dr. Oliver Sacks says that when migraines develop, they nearly always increase nerve activity first in the sphenopalatine ganglion, a cluster of nerves located at the top of the throat. Avon Skin So Soft kept bugs from biting 2023-08-02T04:00:00Z Like Crump, he also suggested stabbing or breaking down the middle to simultaneously destroy their brain and thoracic ganglion. Crabs are intelligent, sensitive animals — and some scientists wish we didn't boil them alive 2023-07-03T04:00:00Z Annelids show well-developed nervous systems with a nerve ring of fused ganglia present around the pharynx. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The basal ganglia lie deep in the brain, below the cerebral cortex. Compensation by healthy brain parts alleviates Parkinson symptoms 2023-09-28T04:00:00Z During development, the retinal ganglion cells also generate their own neuronal activity. Vision in the brain: Hardwired for action 2023-09-28T04:00:00Z Doctors sometimes use anesthetic medications to block the sphenopalatine ganglion as a treatment for migraine. Avon Skin So Soft kept bugs from biting 2023-08-02T04:00:00Z The nerve cords fuse in a ring around the pharynx, to form a head ganglion or “brain” of the worm, as well as at the posterior end to form the tail ganglion. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The nerve cord is ventral in position and bears enlarged nodes or ganglia in each segment. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z In addition, THC alters the function of the cerebellum and basal ganglia, which regulate balance, coordination and reaction time. Opinion | We should not be celebrating marijuana use 2023-04-25T04:00:00Z In addition, the axons of retinal ganglion cells secrete molecular factors that are received by cells in the central brain and induce developmental changes. Vision in the brain: Hardwired for action 2023-09-28T04:00:00Z Findings such as these suggest that in people with RBD, movement is generated through a motor circuit that bypasses the basal ganglia. Acting Out Dreams Predicts Parkinson’s and Other Brain Diseases 2023-01-24T05:00:00Z Annelids have a well-developed nervous system with two ventral nerve cords and a nerve ring of fused ganglia present around the pharynx. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The nervous system consists of cerebral ganglia in the head that connect to a ventral nerve cord. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Damage to the basal ganglia, as in Parkinson’s disease, leads to motor impairments like a shuffling gait when walking. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z These mutants have a genetic defect that prevents retinal ganglion cells from forming. Vision in the brain: Hardwired for action 2023-09-28T04:00:00Z Autonomic structures are found in the nerves also, but include the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z It includes the cerebral cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, brainstem, and retinas. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z A ring of four nerve masses called “ganglia” composes the brain in these animals. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Amacrine cells can distribute information from one bipolar cell to many ganglion cells. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Past research has also linked stuttering to the basal ganglia, brain structures involved in the coordination of movement. Unraveling the biology of a mysterious condition: stuttering 2022-02-19T05:00:00Z The cells of the dorsal root ganglion are unipolar cells, classifying them by shape. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The cerebral cortex, limbic system, and basal ganglia make up the two cerebral hemispheres. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The nervous system is rudimentary with only buccal or “cheek” ganglia present at the anterior end. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Visual signals travel from the eye over the axons of retinal ganglion cells, which make up the optic nerves. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In addition to different organs, we also performed this same type of analysis on individual brain compartments, including the prefrontal cortex, striatum, thalamus, cerebellum, trigeminal ganglion and the olfactory bulbs. COVID Smell Loss and Long COVID Linked to Inflammation 2022-02-07T05:00:00Z The roots of cranial nerves are within the cranium, whereas the ganglia are outside the skull. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Interconnected brain areas called the basal ganglia play important roles in movement control and posture. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The cerebral ganglia are located above the mouth. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z These ganglia can control movements and behaviors without input from the brain. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z If an app successfully helps us change our habits, it's likely because it mirrors behavioural principles for how we can best train the basal ganglia in the striatum in our brain. Is there a better way to make new resolutions stick? 2022-01-03T05:00:00Z The neurons of cranial nerve ganglia are also unipolar in shape with associated satellite cells. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z It contains a brain, ventral nerve cord, and ganglia. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Paired longitudinal nerve cords emerge from the brain ganglia and extend to the posterior end. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z It includes the cerebral cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebellum. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Then, around 2016 he homed in on the relationship between the prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia, and the way dopamine in produced, or not produced, there. The medical mystery of those who "think" themselves to death 2022-01-01T05:00:00Z The other major category of ganglia are those of the autonomic nervous system, which is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Cognitive processes, he argued, take place in the limbic lobe of the brain, whereas behavioral memory is centered in the basal ganglia. Mortimer Mishkin, neuroscientist who unlocked mysteries of the brain, dies at 94 2021-10-06T04:00:00Z The nervous system has 2 cerebral ganglia at the eyes in the head, and 2 ventral nerve cords with transverse connections along the length of the body to the tail. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z For example, when a wasp sting led to bilateral basal ganglia damage in a 25-year-old businessman, he began to spend all his days in bed and showed no interest in anything or anybody. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In that case, a person can lose hope of escape and, "the prefrontal cortex deliberately inhibits the production of dopamine in the basal ganglia to well below its functional level," says Leach. The medical mystery of those who "think" themselves to death 2022-01-01T05:00:00Z The sympathetic chain ganglia constitute a row of ganglia along the vertebral column that receive central input from the lateral horn of the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z As the name implies, the circuit connects structures deep in the brain—the basal ganglia, which includes the striatum, and the thalamus—with areas in the cortex closer to the brain’s surface. Stuttering Stems from Problems in Brain Wiring, Not Personalities 2021-08-09T04:00:00Z Lateral nerve cords run down either side of the animal from the central ganglia. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The sensory neuron cell bodies are grouped in structures called dorsal root ganglia and are shown in Figure 26.29. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z They are using gene therapy to turn ganglion cells into new photoreceptor cells, even though they don’t normally capture light. Scientists Partially Restored a Blind Man’s Sight With New Gene Therapy 2021-05-24T04:00:00Z The neurons of these autonomic ganglia are multipolar in shape, with dendrites radiating out around the cell body where synapses from the spinal cord neurons are made. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The researchers waited a few months for the ganglion cells in the patient’s eye to begin to produce the new protein. Blind man regains some vision, with help from light-sensing algal protein 2021-05-24T04:00:00Z A dorsal nerve runs along the top of the animal and joins ring-like head ganglia at the front end. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The somas of sensory neurons are located in dorsal root ganglia. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Their plan was to inject gene-bearing viruses into one eye of each blind volunteer, then wait several months for the ganglion cells to grow optogenetic proteins. Scientists Partially Restored a Blind Man’s Sight With New Gene Therapy 2021-05-24T04:00:00Z Another group of autonomic ganglia are the terminal ganglia that receive input from cranial nerves or sacral spinal nerves and are responsible for regulating the parasympathetic aspect of homeostatic mechanisms. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Bionaut is also collaborating with outside researchers who are trying to develop a pharmacological treatment for Huntington’s disease, which affects a set of neurons buried deep in the brain called the basal ganglia. This L.A. start-up is building tiny injectable robots to attack tumors 2021-03-04T05:00:00Z Structures analogous to a brain or derived from fusion of ganglia are not present in these animals. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z In the absence of light, the bipolar neurons that connect rods and cones to ganglion cells are continuously and actively inhibited by the rods and cones. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z It takes a neurosurgical approach to paralyzing its host, first stinging the cockroach directly in a part of the central nervous system called the first thoracic ganglion. The Epic, Absurdly Complex Battle between a Zombie Maker and Its Victim 2021-02-16T05:00:00Z These two sets of ganglia, sympathetic and parasympathetic, often project to the same organs—one input from the chain ganglia and one input from a terminal ganglion—to regulate the overall function of an organ. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The team focused specifically on neurons at the back of the eye called retinal ganglion cells. Researchers restore lost sight in mice, offering clues to reversing aging 2020-12-02T05:00:00Z When the vessels dilate in the trigeminal ganglion, Russo says, they could push on pain receptors on adjacent nerves. A new generation of headache drugs 2020-10-13T04:00:00Z According to an explanation called opponent process theory, as you gazed fixedly at the green, black, and yellow flag, your retinal ganglion cells that respond positively to green, black, and yellow increased their firing dramatically. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Everyone who studies the jewel wasp knows it stings the roach twice—once in the first thoracic ganglion to paralyze the front legs and once in the brain to zombify the roach. The Epic, Absurdly Complex Battle between a Zombie Maker and Its Victim 2021-02-16T05:00:00Z Terminal ganglia below the head and neck are often incorporated into the wall of the target organ as a plexus. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The injection prevented some damaged retinal ganglion cells from dying and even prompted some to grow new axons reaching back to the brain, the team reports today in Nature. Researchers restore lost sight in mice, offering clues to reversing aging 2020-12-02T05:00:00Z The team also tackled retinal diseases caused by death of retinal ganglion cells, or RGCs, which leads to permanent blindness. New research uses CRISPR gene editing to grow new neurons in diseased brains 2020-09-08T04:00:00Z Once the ganglion cells return to their baseline activity state, the false perception of color will disappear. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This structure is situated directly over the second thoracic ganglion, another part of the cockroach's central nervous system. The Epic, Absurdly Complex Battle between a Zombie Maker and Its Victim 2021-02-16T05:00:00Z Sensory fibers are axons of sensory ganglia that carry sensory information into the brain and target sensory nuclei. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z How does that process help retinal ganglion cells? Researchers restore lost sight in mice, offering clues to reversing aging 2020-12-02T05:00:00Z With repetition of a task, brain activity moves into areas of the putamen and the basal ganglia, deep in what Wood calls “the rudimentary machinery of our minds.” Can Brain Science Help Us Break Bad Habits? 2019-10-21T04:00:00Z Some ganglion cell axons carry information on form, movement, depth, and brightness, while other axons carry information on color and fine detail. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Recall that the wasp's first sting goes into the first thoracic ganglion, paralyzing the front legs during the initial attack. The Epic, Absurdly Complex Battle between a Zombie Maker and Its Victim 2021-02-16T05:00:00Z The medial nuclei serve as a relay for information from the limbic system and basal ganglia to the cerebral cortex. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Sinclair and his colleagues injected tiny beads into the animals’ eyes that prevented normal drainage and increased pressure, which damaged retinal ganglion cells. Researchers restore lost sight in mice, offering clues to reversing aging 2020-12-02T05:00:00Z An invisible web stretching like ganglia all over Japan, over Asia, the world. How to build a clock that detects gravity 2019-08-04T04:00:00Z It aims to deliver an opsin to retinal ganglion cells, but there is a potential snag: retinal ganglion cells are naturally sensitive to light. Four technologies that could transform the treatment of blindness 2019-04-09T04:00:00Z After the wasp stung the cockroach, he was able to show that the first thoracic ganglion contained the radioactivity. The Epic, Absurdly Complex Battle between a Zombie Maker and Its Victim 2021-02-16T05:00:00Z The parasympathetic fibers of the facial nerve synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion, which projects to the submandibular gland and sublingual gland. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The Neanderthal variants may lower URB4 expression in the basal ganglia and also lead to less myelination of axons in the cerebellum, a structure at the back of the brain. Why modern humans have round heads 2018-12-13T05:00:00Z For example, a 2017 study found that the expression of Neanderthal genes tends to be suppressed in the basal ganglia and cerebellum3, suggesting that the human versions of the genes are important to brain function. How Neanderthal DNA might have shaped some human brains 2018-12-12T05:00:00Z These signals then filter through a complex network of other neurons, including bipolar cells, amacrine cells and horizontal cells, before reaching neurons known as retinal ganglion cells. Four technologies that could transform the treatment of blindness 2019-04-09T04:00:00Z I anesthetized a cockroach and cut a small window into its cuticle so that the ganglion was visible. The Epic, Absurdly Complex Battle between a Zombie Maker and Its Victim 2021-02-16T05:00:00Z The parasympathetic fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve synapse in the otic ganglion, which projects to the parotid gland. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The cephalopods' invertebrate brains are vastly different from our own; they lack regions such as the cortex, basal ganglia and nucleus accumbens that we normally associate with complex interpersonal behaviors. Rolling Under the Sea: Scientists Gave Octopuses Ecstasy to Study Social Behavior 2018-12-01T05:00:00Z That’s because the basal ganglia, structures responsible for processing nondeclarative memory, are relatively protected in the brain’s center, below the cerebral cortex. Why Don't We Forget How to Ride a Bike? 2018-11-15T05:00:00Z In retinal disorders in which photoreceptors remain in good shape, the main cause of blindness is degeneration of retinal ganglion cells. Four technologies that could transform the treatment of blindness 2019-04-09T04:00:00Z Sure enough, the sting was directed into the ganglion. The Epic, Absurdly Complex Battle between a Zombie Maker and Its Victim 2021-02-16T05:00:00Z With the exception of the unipolar sensory ganglion cells, and the two specific bipolar cells mentioned above, all other neurons are multipolar. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Half a century before brain scans started to implicate specific regions in the condition, she postulated that the cerebellum, basal ganglia and frontal lobes might be involved. How History Forgot the Woman Who Defined Autism 2018-11-10T05:00:00Z The basal ganglia of the brain, which receive projections from the entire cerebral cortex and project back to it, solve this problem with a temporal difference algorithm and reinforcement learning. Why data is the new oil: What we mean when we talk about “deep learning” 2018-11-04T04:00:00Z The electrodes then stimulate retinal ganglion cells at the front of the retina. Four technologies that could transform the treatment of blindness 2019-04-09T04:00:00Z It is pretty clear that the wasp's venom during these later stings contains a component that activates the motor neurons in the second thoracic ganglion, thus causing the leg to extend. The Epic, Absurdly Complex Battle between a Zombie Maker and Its Victim 2021-02-16T05:00:00Z Satellite cells are found in sensory and autonomic ganglia, where they surround the cell bodies of neurons. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Moyamoya is a rare and very serious progressive disorder caused by blocked arteries in an area of the brain called the basal ganglia. Sisters diagnosed with rare disease weeks apart recovering from brain surgeries 2018-09-28T04:00:00Z AlphaGo used the same learning algorithm that the basal ganglia evolved to evaluate sequences of actions to maximize future rewards. Why data is the new oil: What we mean when we talk about “deep learning” 2018-11-04T04:00:00Z The SEF is likely to be involved in the anticipation of reward and helping control dopamine activity in a reward area called the basal ganglia. "Gambling Brain" Studies Make Clear Why It's Hard to Stop Rolling the Dice 2018-09-21T04:00:00Z Surgeons often place the electrodes within the basal ganglia, brain structures that govern subconscious movements, among other functions. Can brain-stimulating implants treat some severe cases of autism? 2018-09-14T04:00:00Z The relationship of these two types of glial cells to ganglia and nerves in the PNS is seen in Figure 12.12. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z One kind of ganglion cell specializes in motion detection—a vital function if you’re a mouse being hunted by an owl, or a person darting to avoid oncoming traffic. How humans—and other mammals—might have gotten their night vision 2018-09-13T04:00:00Z In the retina, five types of neuron — photoreceptors, bipolar cells, retinal ganglion cells, horizontal cells and amacrine cells — are wired together to form one of nature’s most complex circuit boards. Reconstructing the retina 2018-09-04T04:00:00Z Concentrated in a region of the brain known as the basal ganglia, it affects a person’s ability to wave their arms, run across a stage or otherwise move their body. Arvid Carlsson, Nobel laureate who uncovered a treatment for Parkinson’s, dies at 95 2018-07-02T04:00:00Z To split the difference, some teams have considered targeting the motor-motivation nexus in the basal ganglia, the ventral striatum or the globus pallidus, involved in motor regulation. Can brain-stimulating implants treat some severe cases of autism? 2018-09-14T04:00:00Z The oculomotor, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves contain fibers that contact autonomic ganglia. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z “If you’re going to stimulate ganglion cells, you need to get them to send the right signals to the brain.” How humans—and other mammals—might have gotten their night vision 2018-09-13T04:00:00Z Bipolar cell Responsible for transmitting signals from photoreceptors to a retinal ganglion cell. Reconstructing the retina 2018-09-04T04:00:00Z Many genes for intelligence were expressed in the “medium spiny neurons” which are part of the basal ganglia, clusters of neurons deep in the brain involved in learning, cognition, and emotion. Hundreds of new genes may underlie intelligence—but also autism and depression 2018-06-25T04:00:00Z The disorder stems from a problem within the basal ganglia, a series of structures in the brain that are responsible for selecting and inhibiting our movements. Treating Tourette Syndrome without Drugs 2018-06-05T04:00:00Z The dorsal root ganglion for each nerve is an enlargement of the spinal nerve. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Dacey, D. M. The mosaic of midget ganglion cells in the human retina. Restoring vision 2018-05-15T04:00:00Z Retinal ganglion cell Relays signals from bipolar and amacrine cells to the brain through long projections called axons that form the optic nerve. Reconstructing the retina 2018-09-04T04:00:00Z Nav1.7 channels are found nearly exclusively in peripheral nociceptive neurons in the dorsal root ganglia; these nerve centres in the spinal column are the first ‘relay station’ in transmitting pain-related information to the brain. The long search for the pain gene 2018-04-17T04:00:00Z When neurons fire, signaling us to move, the basal ganglia serves as a filter, allowing some of these signals to pass through and become movements. Treating Tourette Syndrome without Drugs 2018-06-05T04:00:00Z Those are axons of sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia that enter the spinal cord through the dorsal nerve root. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Survival and integration of developing and progenitor-derived retinal ganglion cells following transplantation. Restoring vision 2018-05-15T04:00:00Z Amacrine cell Reaches across several bipolar cells to regulate signals directed at retinal ganglion cells. Reconstructing the retina 2018-09-04T04:00:00Z They then triggered these cells to grow into Nav1.7-expressing neurons in the dorsal root ganglia, to study how each individual’s unique mutation affected the cells’ properties. The long search for the pain gene 2018-04-17T04:00:00Z Some research suggests the basal ganglia may be slightly smaller in people with tics, and one of the major neurotransmitters in the basal ganglia, dopamine, is believed to be overactive in those with TS. Treating Tourette Syndrome without Drugs 2018-06-05T04:00:00Z Sound is transduced into neural signals within the cochlear region of the inner ear, which contains the sensory neurons of the spiral ganglia. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The human brain has a cluster of neurons called the basal ganglia. ‘Dance has saved my life’: Pacific Northwest Ballet dancer opens up about living — and performing — with OCD 2018-04-12T04:00:00Z He proposed an operation to remove a ganglion cyst, a benign growth on her left ankle, which he thought might be impinging on a joint. One day, a serious athlete couldn’t walk straight. Doctors were stumped. 2018-02-16T05:00:00Z Ha ha ha, those flailing external threat ganglia are so weird, though, amiright? Saru is Star Trek: Discovery’s unsung hero 2018-02-15T05:00:00Z Compared with other primates, both humans and great apes had elevated levels of two neurochemicals, serotonin and neuropeptide Y, in the basal ganglia. Dopamine may have given humans our social edge over other apes 2018-01-22T05:00:00Z These ganglia are located within the spiral-shaped cochlea of the inner ear. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The basal ganglia are supposed to filter out all the extraneous noise so we can focus on the task at hand. ‘Dance has saved my life’: Pacific Northwest Ballet dancer opens up about living — and performing — with OCD 2018-04-12T04:00:00Z I HAD ONE GOLF-RELATED injury my whole career, a ganglion cyst in my left wrist. We Finally Got Mickey Wright! - Golf Digest 2017-09-21T04:00:00Z A set of deep brain structures called the basal ganglia are also critical for movement, as evidenced by their degeneration in conditions such as Parkinson’s. "Movement Maps" Found Deep Inside Brain 2017-08-30T04:00:00Z His brain’s basal ganglia, extended amygdala and prefrontal cortex – three regions closely tied to the functions of learning, stress, decision making and self-control – were thrown out of whack. Can this man successfully treat opioid addiction with marijuana? 2017-03-09T05:00:00Z The sensory fibers connect to the spinal cord through the dorsal root, which is attached to the dorsal root ganglion. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z “In every picosecond of time,” Zinner said, “the basal ganglia have to decide what is relevant, what not to block out so you can survive.” ‘Dance has saved my life’: Pacific Northwest Ballet dancer opens up about living — and performing — with OCD 2018-04-12T04:00:00Z Because the ganglion cells are neurons, they need to grow in a certain orientation. Technology: The promise of printing : Nature : Nature Research 2016-12-06T05:00:00Z For example, consider the Semantic Scholar search results for studies of the basal ganglia in songbirds. A computer program just ranked the most influential brain scientists of the modern era 2016-11-11T05:00:00Z According to this model, the parkinsonian motor cortex is forced to march in lockstep with β rhythms that emanate from the basal ganglia, rather than fire independently to enable normal physical movement. Electrotherapy: Shock value : Nature : Nature Research 2016-10-25T04:00:00Z Figure 12.2 Central and Peripheral Nervous System The structures of the PNS are referred to as ganglia and nerves, which can be seen as distinct structures. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z They inject a numbing medicine directly into the celiac ganglion. Think Like a Doctor: A Terrible Stomachache Solved! 2016-10-07T04:00:00Z Once that spot is found, the doctors will insert a wire containing four electrodes that will essentially deactivate the part of my basal ganglia that has been causing the dystonia. ‘My heart breaks 80 million ways.’ A father passes a disorder to his son. 2016-09-30T04:00:00Z And brain scans of 260 kids further linked gaming both to alterations in the brain's so-called basal ganglia white matter and to improved communication between the kind of brain circuits central to learning. How Much Video Gaming Is Too Much for Kids? 2016-09-27T04:00:00Z But researchers have since shown that the electrical stimulation excites rather than inhibits neurons in the basal ganglia, sending neuroscientists back to the drawing board. Electrotherapy: Shock value : Nature : Nature Research 2016-10-25T04:00:00Z Secondly, the cell bodies of unipolar neurons are always found in ganglia. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Such habits operate from the basal ganglia, the unconscious part of your mind, which means they are mostly invisible to you even as they form most of what you do all day. 5 Ways to Change Your Habits to Become More Successful 2016-09-21T04:00:00Z Changes to these very same brain structures—the basal ganglia in particular—are observed in people with coprolalia, the uncontrollable use of taboo language often observed in Tourette Syndrome. What Profanity Teaches Us About Ourselves 2016-09-13T04:00:00Z This happens because retinal ganglion cells in the sheet of tissue called the retina at the back of the eye detect contrasts. Here’s why you can’t see all twelve black dots in this optical illusion 2016-09-12T04:00:00Z Most current pattern-model theories go back to the idea that DBS breaks up the unhealthy rhythms in the motor circuitry by introducing irregular patterns of neuronal activity in the basal ganglia. Electrotherapy: Shock value : Nature : Nature Research 2016-10-25T04:00:00Z The axon projects from the dendrite endings, past the cell body in a ganglion, and into the central nervous system. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z RetroSense’s treatment seeks to compensate for this loss by conferring light sensitivity to retinal ganglion cells, which normally help to pass visual signals from photoreceptors to the brain. Light-controlled genes and neurons poised for clinical trials 2016-05-18T04:00:00Z The cells in question are known as melanopsin retinal ganglion cells. Alzheimer’s may mess with the eyes, disrupting sleep patterns 2015-12-08T05:00:00Z To compensate, he must invoke the deliberate and goal-directed part of his brain—the cortex—to override the basal ganglia. Finding Hope in Parkinson's Research: A Q&A with Jon Palfreman 2015-09-22T04:00:00Z Brown's team is focusing on excessive β-band activity in the basal ganglia, and has shown that the adaptive approach delivers symptom relief that is equivalent to conventional DBS, while reducing the side effects7. Electrotherapy: Shock value : Nature : Nature Research 2016-10-25T04:00:00Z In describing the anatomy of the PNS, it is necessary to describe the common structures, the nerves and the ganglia, as they are found in various parts of the body. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Samples of the following areas were taken and analysed: frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, posterior frontal cortex including motor strip, basal ganglia, thalamus, hippocampus, brain stem including midbrain, and cerebellar hemisphere and vermis. Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-[bgr] pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-09-08T04:00:00Z Salvinorin-A, in contrast, reduces dopamine levels in parts of the basal ganglia. Traditional Medicine from Southern Mexico Offers Help with Addiction 2015-08-11T04:00:00Z In Parkinson’s the signals passing through the basal ganglia are garbled and disrupt communication between the brain and the muscles. Finding Hope in Parkinson's Research: A Q&A with Jon Palfreman 2015-09-22T04:00:00Z Whatever the mechanism, the general belief is that the β-band-busting activity of DBS comes from stimulating the cells within the subthalamic nucleus of the basal ganglia. Electrotherapy: Shock value : Nature : Nature Research 2016-10-25T04:00:00Z These ganglia are the cell bodies of neurons with axons that are sensory endings in the periphery, such as in the skin, and that extend into the CNS through the dorsal nerve root. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z “These automatic tasks,” Hodges replies, “depend on procedural memory, a function overseen by parts of the brain other than the temporal lobe, such as the basal ganglia and cerebellum.” Memory loss: what makes people forget who they are? 2015-07-29T04:00:00Z All these signals come up into the brain where they are collected in the insular cortex, which is right next to, and connected with, the basal ganglia and is also densely packed with kappa receptors. Traditional Medicine from Southern Mexico Offers Help with Addiction 2015-08-11T04:00:00Z Special-purpose hardware This elegant finding links intuition with the caudate nucleus, which is part of the basal ganglia—a set of interlinked brain areas responsible for learning, executing habits and automatic behaviors. Intuition May Reveal Where Expertise Resides in the Brain 2015-05-22T04:00:00Z Most research into the neurophysiology of the disease has focused on the brain's 'motor circuit', which consists of the basal ganglia, the thalamus and part of the cortex that governs movement. Electrotherapy: Shock value : Nature : Nature Research 2016-10-25T04:00:00Z The ganglion is an enlargement of the nerve root. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z To treat Parkinson’s disease, neurosurgeons insert electrodes into a region called the basal ganglia, near the base of the brain. Clues to How an Electric Treatment for Parkinson’s Works 2015-04-16T04:00:00Z The job of these ganglia is to co-ordinate movement and thinking. A Faustian bargain 2015-03-05T05:00:00Z The basal ganglia receive massive input from the cortex, the outer, rindlike surface of the brain. Intuition May Reveal Where Expertise Resides in the Brain 2015-05-22T04:00:00Z As Parkinson's progresses, neurons in the basal ganglia that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine die, derailing the function of the motor circuit. Electrotherapy: Shock value : Nature : Nature Research 2016-10-25T04:00:00Z Another type of sensory ganglion is a cranial nerve ganglion. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The disease kills a small patch of neurons in the basal ganglia that normally produce a neurotransmitter called dopamine. Clues to How an Electric Treatment for Parkinson’s Works 2015-04-16T04:00:00Z When the production of dopamine is interrupted, as it is with Parkinson’s, the signals passing through the basal ganglia are garbled, and it ends up giving poor advice. The Bright Side of Parkinson’s 2015-02-21T05:00:00Z Ultimately these structures project back to the cortex, creating a series of cortical–basal ganglia loops. Intuition May Reveal Where Expertise Resides in the Brain 2015-05-22T04:00:00Z “Individual cells in the motor cortex and the basal ganglia that normally tend to fire independently now fire together,” Starr explains. Electrotherapy: Shock value : Nature : Nature Research 2016-10-25T04:00:00Z This is analogous to the dorsal root ganglion, except that it is associated with a cranial nerve instead of a spinal nerve. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Parkinson's arises from degeneration of cells in the midbrain that feed dopamine to the basal ganglia, an area involved in the initiation and smoothness of movements. Music Can Heal the Brain 2015-02-12T05:00:00Z To compensate, he must invoke the deliberate and goal-directed part of his brain — the cortex — to override the basal ganglia. The Bright Side of Parkinson’s 2015-02-21T05:00:00Z It appears that the site of fast, automatic, unconscious cognitive operations—from where a solution materializes all of a sudden—lies in the basal ganglia, linked to but apart from the cortex. Intuition May Reveal Where Expertise Resides in the Brain 2015-05-22T04:00:00Z In particular, Parkinson's researchers have identified high levels of β-band oscillation — brainwave activity occurring at around 15–30 hertz — within the basal ganglia. Electrotherapy: Shock value : Nature : Nature Research 2016-10-25T04:00:00Z For example, the trigeminal ganglion is superficial to the temporal bone whereas its associated nerve is attached to the mid-pons region of the brain stem. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Nerve fibers from cells in the trigeminal ganglion branch in the pit membrane, which is stretched like a drumhead over an air‑filled apace. How We Sense the Heat of Chili Peppers and the Cool of Menthol [Excerpt] 2015-02-04T05:00:00Z In Parkinson’s, the circuitry in a tiny region of the brain called the basal ganglia becomes dysfunctional. The Bright Side of Parkinson’s 2015-02-21T05:00:00Z They suggest that the cockroach must rely on unknown neural processing in the deep ganglia, an area in the base of the brain involved in coordinating movements, to process such complex visual information. Video: How roaches see in pitch-black 2014-12-03T05:00:00Z Normally, dopamine-producing neurons in the basal ganglia prevent such synchronized rhythms from becoming established; in this 'pattern model', the loss of these neurons removes this safeguard. Electrotherapy: Shock value : Nature : Nature Research 2016-10-25T04:00:00Z Superior to the chain ganglia are three paravertebral ganglia in the cervical region. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Fruit bats have only the long form in their trigeminal ganglia, while vampire bats have both, in roughly equal measure. How We Sense the Heat of Chili Peppers and the Cool of Menthol [Excerpt] 2015-02-04T05:00:00Z Babies rely on the basal ganglia to learn how to deploy their muscles to reach, grab, babble and crawl, and later to accomplish many complex tasks without thinking. The Bright Side of Parkinson’s 2015-02-21T05:00:00Z She said calcification in the brain’s basal ganglia, areas of the brain associated with voluntary movements and mental processes, is common with the condition and creates risks of seizures, Parkinson’s disease and dementia. Artist’s work combats condition affecting brain 2014-11-01T04:00:00Z This would favour a model in which Parkinson's is driven by the motor cortex rather than by the basal ganglia. Electrotherapy: Shock value : Nature : Nature Research 2016-10-25T04:00:00Z Three other autonomic ganglia that are related to the sympathetic chain are the prevertebral ganglia, which are located outside of the chain but have similar functions. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z However, they surprisingly did discover that the wasabi receptor, TRPA1, was elevated four‑hundred‑fold in the snake’s trigeminal ganglion. How We Sense the Heat of Chili Peppers and the Cool of Menthol [Excerpt] 2015-02-04T05:00:00Z For example, when a tennis player practices a stroke over and over again, the basal ganglia circuitry both rewards and “learns” the correct sequence of activities to produce, say, a good backhand drive automatically. The Bright Side of Parkinson’s 2015-02-21T05:00:00Z The following year, cluster headaches and stroke-like symptoms prompted a CT scan, which first revealed his brain calcifications in the basal ganglia. Artist’s work combats condition affecting brain 2014-11-01T04:00:00Z Efforts to alleviate Parkinson's symptoms in humans with direct electrical stimulation of the motor cortex, rather than the basal ganglia, have proven disappointing. Electrotherapy: Shock value : Nature : Nature Research 2016-10-25T04:00:00Z The vagus nerve primarily targets autonomic ganglia in the thoracic and upper abdominal cavities. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z When dorsal root ganglia—clusters of neurons that innervate non‑ face areas—were examined, they showed only trace amounts of the supersensitive short form of TRPV1. How We Sense the Heat of Chili Peppers and the Cool of Menthol [Excerpt] 2015-02-04T05:00:00Z Driving is one of those activities that we outsource, in large part, to the basal ganglia. The Bright Side of Parkinson’s 2015-02-21T05:00:00Z Beginning in the 1960s, Dr. DeLong inserted tiny electrodes into monkeys’ basal ganglia to see how specific neurons in that brain region affected their movements. Lasker Winner Calls for More Genetic Testing in Cancers 2014-09-08T04:00:00Z “It just bothers me all the time,” Henderson said about the ganglion cyst on her middle finger. Access to specialty care out of reach for many 2014-08-02T04:00:00Z The dorsal column system begins with the axon of a dorsal root ganglion neuron entering the dorsal root and joining the dorsal column white matter in the spinal cord. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The genes went to work in the auditory pathways of the mouse brains, creating light-sensitive patches on the membranes of their spiral ganglion neurons and other neurons. Light Could Restore Lost Hearing 2014-07-17T04:00:00Z The animal’s frontal appendages are connected to nerve bundles, or ganglia, in front of optic nerves. Ancient fossils sport modern brains 2014-07-15T04:00:00Z Then he found that another chemical, ibotenate, rapidly reduced those symptoms by inactivating a part of the basal ganglia called the subthalamic nucleus. Lasker Winner Calls for More Genetic Testing in Cancers 2014-09-08T04:00:00Z "On impact I've jarred it and an old ganglion cyst has shown itself. "No tendon damage. Poulter given all-clear for British Open 2014-07-15T04:00:00Z These two systems are similar in that they both begin with dorsal root ganglion cells, as with most general sensory information. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Charles Duhigg, author of The Power of Habit, explains that habit behaviors are traced to a part of the brain called the basal ganglia – a portion of the brain associated with emotions, patterns, and memories. 5 Proven Methods For Gaining Self Discipline 2014-06-18T04:00:00Z Both the ganglia and the optic nerves lead to a segmented brain. Ancient fossils sport modern brains 2014-07-15T04:00:00Z Reviewers found the firm may not have removed dorsal root ganglia tissue from cattle aged 30 months and older, in violation of federal regulations. Missouri firm recalls over 4,000 pounds of beef over mad cow concerns 2014-06-12T04:00:00Z Patients are required to stay still in the scanner while doctors examine the strength of the brain networks linked to the basal ganglia, the deep brain region associated with Parkinson's disease. MRI Technique May Help Detect Parkinson's Earlier 2014-06-12T04:00:00Z One type of preganglionic sympathetic fiber does not terminate in a ganglion. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The new technique, called “resting state fMRI,” allows researchers to scan neural connections in the basal ganglia part of the brain, where Parkinson’s patients tend to suffer marked declines in connectivity. MRI Scans Can Detect Early Onset of Parkinson's, Study Finds 2014-06-11T04:00:00Z The dish contained 11 live neural cells from mice, harvested from dorsal-root ganglia, which relay sensory input to the brain. Can the Nervous System Be Hacked? 2014-05-23T04:00:00Z Current spread inherent to broad monopolar stimulation of the spiral ganglion neuron somata obviates the intrinsic tonotopic mapping of the cochlear nerve. [Research Articles] Close-Field Electroporation Gene Delivery Using the Cochlear Implant Electrode Array Enhances the Bionic Ear 2014-04-29T14:57:47.542Z There is some evidence that as Parkinson's destroys neurons in the basal ganglia, the activity of groups of cells in the STN and across this sensorimotor network becomes abnormally synchronized, locking at certain frequencies. Eavesdropping Deep within the Brain 2014-03-20T20:30:00Z These axons are still referred to as preganglionic fibers, but the target is not a ganglion. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z There is some evidence that as Parkinson's destroys neurons in the basal ganglia, the activity of groups of cells in the STN and across this sensorimotor network becomes abnormally synchronized, locking at certain frequencies. Neuroscience: Tuning the brain 2014-03-19T18:20:43.331Z Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, were focused on a type of nerve cell in the eye - retinal ganglion cells. Drug lets blind eyes 'see light' 2014-02-20T01:53:31Z The resulting expression stimulated regeneration of spiral ganglion neurites, which had atrophied 2 weeks after ototoxic treatment, in a bilateral sensorineural deafness model. [Research Articles] Close-Field Electroporation Gene Delivery Using the Cochlear Implant Electrode Array Enhances the Bionic Ear 2014-04-29T14:57:47.542Z But Martin, Lorber and their team were able to produce two types of adult rat retinal cells – ganglion and glial – that survived and thrived. Scientists Make More Eye Cells - With An Inkjet Printer 2013-12-18T17:23:00Z These cells are neurosecretory cells that develop from the neural crest along with the sympathetic ganglia, reinforcing the idea that the gland is, functionally, a sympathetic ganglion. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z At the moment the results are preliminary and show that an inkjet printer can be used to print two types of cells from the retina of adult rats―ganglion cells and glial cells. Scientists 'print' new eye cells 2013-12-18T00:54:26Z This included the inner nuclear layer and the retinal ganglion cell layer. Eyes cells help diagnose Alzheimer's 2013-11-13T16:00:22Z It also knows which visible lobes and ganglia of the brain do what. Neuromorphic computing: The machine of a new soul 2013-08-01T15:03:34Z The ganglion cells transmit information from the eye to different parts of the brain and the glial cells support and protect neurons. Scientists Make More Eye Cells - With An Inkjet Printer 2013-12-18T17:23:00Z At the level of the spinal cord at which the preganglionic sympathetic fiber exits the spinal cord, a branch will synapse on a neuron in the adjacent chain ganglion. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Conversely, even one night of sleep deprivation reduces the number of dopamine receptors in the striatum, a region of the basal ganglia that is severely affected by the disease. Neurodegeneration: Amyloid awakenings 2013-05-22T17:21:59.370Z The strength of the wiring between the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia varied by about 15 percent. Your child's brain on math: Don't bother? 2013-04-29T21:02:17Z But how the neurons are organised in these lobes and ganglia remains obscure. Neuromorphic computing: The machine of a new soul 2013-08-01T15:03:34Z The surrounding frontal cortex and underlying white matter, the insula, basal ganglia, parts of the anterior temporal gyrus: all of these seemed to be somehow involved in speech production. The man who couldn t speak and how he revolutionized psychology 2013-02-08T20:15:05.317Z These ganglia are often referred to as intramural ganglia when they are found within the walls of the target organ. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z To appreciate the beauty and specificity of Nirenberg's approach, it is important to realize that there is not just a single homogeneous group of retinal ganglion cells leaving the eye. Cracking the Retinal Code 2013-01-29T13:15:00.183Z The basal ganglia, tucked under the brain's outer surface, "is involved in habit formation and procedural memory," such as how to add numbers. Your child's brain on math: Don't bother? 2013-04-29T21:02:17Z It occurs in the thoracic ganglia, smaller groupings of neurons outside the brain itself. Dragonflies keeping their eyes on the prize 2013-01-21T14:45:05.930Z She then stings the roach again, this time delivering venom directly into a part of the roach’s brain called the sub-esophageal ganglia. Parasitic Wasps Master Microbiology In Addition To Neurochemistry 2013-01-07T21:15:05.437Z The postganglionic fiber projects from the terminal ganglia a short distance to the target effector, or to the specific target tissue within the organ. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z An encoder takes an image captured by a digital camera and converts it into a train of spikes appropriate to a particular group of ganglion neurons, for instance, “on” cells. Cracking the Retinal Code 2013-01-29T13:15:00.183Z In fact, in the early developmental stages of the chick embryo the dead cells in the sensory and sympathetic ganglia often outnumber the live ones. The Nerve-Growth Factor: A New Tool for Manipulating Neurons 2013-01-03T11:15:00.190Z Huntington's is a fatal, hereditary illness that causes a cascade of cell death in the brain's basal ganglia region. Sheep Help Scientists Fight Huntington s Disease 2012-12-16T15:15:00.180Z Eve Marder of Brandeis University and others have shown that the neurons in the stomatogastric ganglion do not always use the same unchanging set of connections to communicate with one another. The Connectome Debate: Is Mapping the Mind of a Worm Worth It? 2012-10-02T17:15:05.237Z Comparing the relative lengths of axons in the parasympathetic system, the preganglionic fibers are long and the postganglionic fibers are short because the ganglia are close to—and sometimes within—the target effectors. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z It does this conversion from images into the retinal code by training and comparing its response with those actually recorded from “on” retinal ganglion cells. Cracking the Retinal Code 2013-01-29T13:15:00.183Z An unexpected effect of the treatment was that nerve fibers sprouted from the sympathetic ganglia and invaded the brain and spinal cord. The Nerve-Growth Factor: A New Tool for Manipulating Neurons 2013-01-03T11:15:00.190Z Multiple types of cells formed, including precursor inner-ear hair cells, but they were also able to identify and isolate the cells beginning to differentiate into the desired spiral ganglion neurons. Stem Cells Turn Hearing Back On 2012-09-12T19:18:00Z The aim of researchers at the University of Sheffield was to replace those baton-dropping nerve cells, called spiral ganglion neurons, with new ones. Deaf 'hear again' with stem cells 2012-09-12T17:00:19Z In the upper medulla, the salivatory nuclei contain neurons with axons that project through the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves to ganglia that control salivary glands. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z For example: Basal ganglia are found in the brains of the earliest jawed fish, which means MacLean’s “reptile complex” originated long before the first tetrapods wriggled onto land. Revenge of the Lizard Brain 2012-09-07T14:45:03.807Z At first these findings seemed to suggest that the size of a sensory ganglion depends on the size and rate of growth of its field of innervation. The Nerve-Growth Factor: A New Tool for Manipulating Neurons 2013-01-03T11:15:00.190Z Not all ganglia are found in the retina, thus ‘retinal’ is justified. Writers should not fear jargon 2012-07-25T17:20:04.003Z A chemical soup was added to the stem cells that converted them into cells similar to the spiral ganglion neurons. Deaf 'hear again' with stem cells 2012-09-12T17:00:19Z The nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord as the central organs, and the ganglia and nerves as organs in the periphery. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Take, for instance, the basal ganglia – that bundle of neural structures near the base of the forebrain. Revenge of the Lizard Brain 2012-09-07T14:45:03.807Z NGF does not increase the number of neurons in the sympathetic ganglia by enhancing their multiplication. The Nerve-Growth Factor: A New Tool for Manipulating Neurons 2013-01-03T11:15:00.190Z A ‘ganglion’, loosely defined, is a mass of tissue, often found in the eye, so ‘cell’ refers to a specific part of that tissue. Writers should not fear jargon 2012-07-25T17:20:04.003Z Dr. Graybiel is an expert in the basal ganglia, structures in the forebrain that control movement and have been implicated in diseases like Parkinson’s and addiction. Seven Scientists Win Kavli Prizes 2012-05-31T12:16:18Z In the PNS, a cluster of neuron cell bodies is referred to as a ganglion. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In 1840, Adolphe Hannover discovered what today we call the ganglion cells of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. Know Your Neurons: How to Classify Different Types of Neurons in the Brain's Forest 2012-05-16T15:45:00.207Z Moreover, the catecholaminesecreting neurons in the brain are strikingly similar to the sympathetic neurons in the peripheral ganglia in both their morphological and biochemical properties. The Nerve-Growth Factor: A New Tool for Manipulating Neurons 2013-01-03T11:15:00.190Z And not all retinal ganglia are ‘intrinsically photosensitive’, so that stays, too. Writers should not fear jargon 2012-07-25T17:20:04.003Z The disease—one of the leading causes of blindness— is the result of damage to ganglion cells in the retina. Patent Watch 2012-04-21T14:45:00.223Z In the central nervous system, there is a group of nuclei that are connected together and were once called the basal ganglia before “ganglion” became accepted as a description for a peripheral structure. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z They were placed in a dark chamber for several minutes, and then dumped mercilessly into dens of slavering males with only one thing on their cerebral ganglia. The Making of a Mutant: A Fruit Fly Love Story 2012-04-15T01:15:00.220Z This increase in size of the sympathetic ganglia was considerably greater than that exhibited by the sensory ganglia. The Nerve-Growth Factor: A New Tool for Manipulating Neurons 2013-01-03T11:15:00.190Z In the nervous system the concentration of the trunk ganglia into a single nerve-centre situated in the thorax is remarkable. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 3 "Helmont, Jean" to "Hernosand" 2012-04-14T02:00:23.707Z Cut the heart into pieces, and each piece containing a ganglion will beat as before; the other pieces will be still. The Catholic World; Volume I, Issues 1-6 A Monthly Eclectic Magazine 2012-04-05T02:00:40.207Z A localized collection of neuron cell bodies is referred to as a nucleus in the CNS and as a ganglion in the PNS. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The brain innervates the eyes and feelers, and must be regarded as a “syncerebrum” representing the ganglia of the three foremost limb-bearing somites united with the primitive cephalic lobes. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 4 "Hero" to "Hindu Chronology" 2012-04-04T02:00:56.447Z The sensory neurons and some of the sympathetic neurons are situated in chains of ganglia flanking the length of the spinal cord. The Nerve-Growth Factor: A New Tool for Manipulating Neurons 2013-01-03T11:15:00.190Z A group of Annelida remarkable for having no external segments or distinct ventral nerve ganglions. Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 2012-03-24T02:00:23.513Z The anterior or cephalic ganglion in insects and other invertebrates. Webster's Unabridged Dictionary (2nd 100 Pages) 2012-03-24T02:00:19.387Z Whereas nuclei and ganglia are specifically in the central or peripheral divisions, axons can cross the boundary between the two. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The ganglia become greatly changed in position during the later life, and it is usually said that there are only ten pairs of abdominal ganglia even in the embryo. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 4 "Hero" to "Hindu Chronology" 2012-04-04T02:00:56.447Z Control ganglia cultured for the same length of time in the absence of the sarcoma-180 cells displayed only a sparse and irregular outgrowth of nerve fibers. The Nerve-Growth Factor: A New Tool for Manipulating Neurons 2013-01-03T11:15:00.190Z Different states of the two pupils under the same light show disorder, either ophthalmic or cerebral in site, or may indicate pressure on the cervical sympathetic ganglia, as from aortic aneurism. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z Name the surgical procedure that destroys part of the basal ganglia and helps Parkinson's patients. Test yourself against the brains at the Brain Bee 2012-03-05T18:28:20Z In the PNS, ganglia are basically gray matter and nerves are white matter. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z These three divisions subsequently form the supra-oesophageal ganglion or brain proper. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 4 "Hero" to "Hindu Chronology" 2012-04-04T02:00:56.447Z Apparently the NGF injected into the brain diffused through the motor and sensory roots of the spinal cord and reached the sympathetic chain ganglia flanking the cord, where it induced the outgrowth of nerve fibers. The Nerve-Growth Factor: A New Tool for Manipulating Neurons 2013-01-03T11:15:00.190Z Nausea and vomiting are very constant among the initial symptoms of the disease, and, as already pointed out, are due to irritation of the cerebro-spinal ganglia. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z Its chief ganglion is a far-reaching switchboard on which little lights twinkle on and off and at which at a single relay sit nine competent operators in addition to a corps of inspectors and supervisors. The Romance of a Great Store 2012-02-20T03:00:21.577Z Sensory ganglia contain unipolar sensory neurons and are found on the dorsal root of all spinal nerves as well as associated with many of the cranial nerves. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The ganglia of the nervous system offer some important evidence as to the morphology of the head, and are alluded to below. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 4 "Hero" to "Hindu Chronology" 2012-04-04T02:00:56.447Z In embryos sacrificed after five days the sensory ganglia innervating the tumor were 33 percent larger than those innervating the normal limb bud on the opposite side of the embryo. The Nerve-Growth Factor: A New Tool for Manipulating Neurons 2013-01-03T11:15:00.190Z The liver and kidneys are enlarged, congested, softened, and friable, and the ganglia of the sympathetic are enlarged, congested, and softened. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z Passiflora incarnata was a specific in this case; no doubt the center and probably the local ganglia were irritated from some cause, and, whatever it was, the medicament removed both. New, Old, and Forgotten Remedies: Papers by Many Writers 2012-02-05T03:00:10Z Autonomic ganglia are in the sympathetic chain, the associated paravertebral or prevertebral ganglia, or in terminal ganglia near or within the organs controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Nerve fibres have been traced—from the pineal organ into the posterior commissure and possibly into the right habenular ganglion. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 8 "Cube" to "Daguerre, Louis" 2012-01-31T03:00:17.257Z Since NGF is released in minute amounts from peripheral tissues receiving innervation from sympathetic ganglia, it now seems clear that a diffusion gradient of NGF directs the fibers toward their corresponding target tissues. The Nerve-Growth Factor: A New Tool for Manipulating Neurons 2013-01-03T11:15:00.190Z It would appear that in wet beriberi the heart is first weakened by paresis of the cardiac ganglia, with consequent incomplete emptying of its cavities. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z In the higher forms, as already mentioned, the antennal ganglia have become shifted forwards and coalesced with the brain. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 7 "Crocoite" to "Cuba" 2012-01-22T03:00:24.397Z Why are ganglia and nerves not surrounded by protective structures like the meninges of the CNS? Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z It cuts across the narrowest part of that great ganglion of waters which break up the land behind Plymouth Sound. Cornwall 2012-01-20T03:00:16.790Z Rather it seemed the tumor was releasing some chemical factor that was in turn inducing the remarkable growth of the sympathetic ganglia and the exuberant branching of their nerve fibers. The Nerve-Growth Factor: A New Tool for Manipulating Neurons 2013-01-03T11:15:00.190Z Dejerine, in five autopsies, records an atrophy of the anterior roots secondary to a myelitic degeneration of the ganglia of the anterior horns. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z Instead, he writes, "an ancient brain system called the basal ganglia, brain circuits that consciousness cannot access," pull the strings. Science's "most beautiful theories" 2012-01-15T05:14:46Z The neural signals generated in the vestibular ganglion are transmitted through the vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain stem and cerebellum. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Not so much in the subconscious brain ganglia as in the sympathetic nerve-centres, the process was taking place—the reverse process of what had taken place during my period of jealousy. Atlantic Classics, Second Series 2011-12-09T03:00:20.203Z In the mice treated with the NGF antibodies the sympathetic ganglia were reduced to such diminutive size that they were barely visible in the dissecting microscope! The Nerve-Growth Factor: A New Tool for Manipulating Neurons 2013-01-03T11:15:00.190Z In such cases the neighboring ganglia are, as a rule, enlarged and often painful. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z I discovered that the nerve ganglia of these roots grow out from large cells which lie in the grey matter of the dorsal column, a condition no longer true of other vertebrates. A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis 2011-12-06T03:00:21.763Z First, axons from the trigeminal ganglion enter the brain stem at the level of the pons. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z It has its seat in the back parts of the brain, in the spinal cord and the greater nervous ganglia, such as the solar plexus. The Book of Life 2011-11-25T03:00:13.343Z Scattered through our bodies, you know, are little brains, the ganglia, that control different parts of the body. The Adventures of a Grain of Dust 2011-11-22T03:00:12.257Z Probably the heart's ganglia are the first to submit to the influence of the poison and exhibit symptoms of flagging function. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z But I soon discovered that such nerve cells are found outside the grey matter all the way to the so-called spinal ganglion of the dorsal root. A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis 2011-12-06T03:00:21.763Z Some branches will extend up or down to a different level of the chain ganglia. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Their whole constitution and central ganglion consists of one adhesive organism. Diana Tempest, Volume II (of 3) 2011-11-12T03:00:31.283Z It does not seem necessary to suppose that when Pompilius stung its prey in the ganglion it intended or knew that their prey would keep long alive. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z The ganglia of the sympathetic system appear to undergo a form of granular degeneration. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z From this I concluded that the cells of this group of ganglia had traveled from the spinal cord to the roots of the nerves. A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis 2011-12-06T03:00:21.763Z Other branches will pass through the chain ganglia and project through one of the splanchnic nerves to a collateral ganglion. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z It is especially from the condition in Nucula as described by Pelseneer '91, that the conception of the most anterior ganglion being composed of four ganglia, has its chief support. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919 2011-10-07T02:00:22.027Z Immediately after their commencement they communicate with the corresponding ganglia of the sympathetic. Neuralgia and the Diseases that Resemble it 2011-10-03T02:00:31.460Z And brain receptors that respond to caffeine are concentrated in the basal ganglia, an area that is important for both depression and Parkinson's disease. Coffee linked with lower depression risk in women 2011-09-27T15:39:05Z Since the dawn of history this immense human ganglion has been the centre from which civilization has radiated throughout the Far East. The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy 2011-09-13T02:00:33.070Z The targets of these fibers are terminal ganglia, which are located near—or even within—the target effector. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Drew '01, who has also studied Nucula, believes that the lobes of the ganglion in Nucula are superficial and that the four connectives coming from the ganglion may be interpreted in another way. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919 2011-10-07T02:00:22.027Z Such special irregularities in the development of ganglia upon the visceral loop, and on one or more of the main nerves connected with it, are very frequent. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 5 "Gassendi, Pierre" to "Geocentric" 2011-09-02T02:00:20.450Z Ah, you terminus and ganglion of the inland roads, we hope in you for a pleasant inn and happy company. Sea and Sardinia 2011-08-28T02:00:30.857Z The superior ganglion gives off nerves to the antennæ and eyes, the lower one to the mandibles, &c. Marvels of Pond-life A Year's Microscopic Recreations 2011-08-01T02:00:12.067Z The preganglionic parasympathetic fibers within cranial nerve III terminate in the ciliary ganglion, which is located in the posterior orbit. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The central portion might represent the cerebral ganglia and the lateral, the pleural if we take that interpretation. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919 2011-10-07T02:00:22.027Z A, Abdominal ganglion at the extremity of the twisted visceral “loop.” sp, Supra-intestinal visceral ganglion on the course of the right visceral cord. sb, Sub-intestinal ganglion on the course of the left visceral cord. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 5 "Gassendi, Pierre" to "Geocentric" 2011-09-02T02:00:20.450Z The cardiac ganglia derived from the sympathetic preside over the movements of the organ, and in response to the stimulus of the intra-ventricular blood-pressure cause rhythmical contraction of the cavities. Psychotherapy 2011-06-19T02:00:20.053Z In others, at any rate in the embryonic condition, the nervous system is composed of a double chain of ganglia, united by longitudinal commissures, and the gullet passed between two of these commissures. Marvels of Pond-life A Year's Microscopic Recreations 2011-08-01T02:00:12.067Z The postganglionic fibers from the ganglia activated by the vagus nerve are often incorporated into the structure of the organ, such as the mesenteric plexus of the digestive tract organs and the intramural ganglia. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The pedal ganglion is made of right and left parts quite completely fused except at the margins. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919 2011-10-07T02:00:22.027Z A cerebral ganglion rests on the oesophagus and supplies the cephalic cilia and hairs; it is continued some way back as two dorsal nerve trunks. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 5 "Gassendi, Pierre" to "Geocentric" 2011-09-02T02:00:20.450Z The inquirers into the nature of the atom, the structure of the cerebral ganglia, or the chemical composition of the nebulae in the Milky Way are free from medieval taboos. The Coming of Coal 2011-06-17T02:00:17.207Z And as every twig is a tree in miniature, accordingly–for all this is not a correspondence of wit, but of nature–the nervous ganglia are fourth cerebral chambers in small. Hesperus or Forty-Five Dog-Post-Days Vol. II A Biography 2011-05-14T02:00:08.440Z Visceral reflexes involve a projection from the central neuron to a ganglion, followed by a second projection from the ganglion to the target effector. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The visceral ganglia are quite widely separated and a little larger than the pedal mass. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919 2011-10-07T02:00:22.027Z On account of the shortness of the visceral loop and the proximity of the right visceral ganglion to the oesophageal nerve-ring, the nerve to the osphradium and olfactory ganglion is very long. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 5 "Gassendi, Pierre" to "Geocentric" 2011-09-02T02:00:20.450Z Meanwhile his and January's joint visits, with their stage entanglements, grew to quite other ones, even a ganglion of friendship between January and himself,–and at the same time gave this friendship increased notoriety. Hesperus or Forty-Five Dog-Post-Days Vol. I. A Biography 2011-05-11T02:00:19.453Z Still a casual glance at the Ascidian tadpole shows that deficient as is the development of the ganglia afterward forming the medulla, the face is still more deficient. Degeneracy Its Causes, Signs and Results 2011-05-02T02:00:17.657Z The baroreceptor apparatus is part of the ending of a unipolar neuron that has a cell body in a sensory ganglion. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The ganglia of Malletia are in general plan similar to those of Nucula, the greatest differences being in the cerebral mass. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919 2011-10-07T02:00:22.027Z The nervous system of Helix is not favourable as an example on account of the fusion of the ganglia to form an almost uniform ring of nervous matter around the oesophagus. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 5 "Gassendi, Pierre" to "Geocentric" 2011-09-02T02:00:20.450Z The inner layer is the retina itself, and contains several types of light-sensitive neuron, ganglion cells that conduct light information to the brain, and supporting glial cells. Stem Cells Make 'Retina in a Dish' 2011-04-06T21:15:00.253Z The medulla oblongata with its reticular ganglion seems to be the great rhythmic centre. Degeneracy Its Causes, Signs and Results 2011-05-02T02:00:17.657Z Projections from the medial and inferior divisions of the cervical ganglia do enter the spinal cord at the middle to lower cervical levels, which is where the somatosensory fibers enter. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In most sections it is very compact and a little more complicated in structure than the ganglion of Nucula. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919 2011-10-07T02:00:22.027Z On the whole the ganglia are strongly individualized in the Pectinibranchia, nerve-cell tissue being concentrated in the ganglia and absent from the cords. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 5 "Gassendi, Pierre" to "Geocentric" 2011-09-02T02:00:20.450Z The clear location of the great nerve ganglion. Sense of Obligation 2011-02-09T03:00:52.337Z Irregular and defective development of the great ganglia and of the conducting tracts. Degeneracy Its Causes, Signs and Results 2011-05-02T02:00:17.657Z The thoracolumbar output, through the various sympathetic ganglia, reaches all of these organs. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z However there are two small ventral ganglionic branches or small ganglia attached to the ventral side of the cerebral mass. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919 2011-10-07T02:00:22.027Z Visceral commissure short, tendency to concentration of all ganglia in dorsal side of oesophagus. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 5 "Gassendi, Pierre" to "Geocentric" 2011-09-02T02:00:20.450Z For instance, in the case of the third nerve of Scyllium the differentiation appears to take place earliest near the ciliary ganglion, and to proceed from that point to the base of the mid-brain. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 3 "Electrostatics" to "Engis" 2011-02-06T03:00:53.093Z Scattered in the “reticular substance” of the medulla from the upper end of the fourth ventricle to the pyramidal decussation, they merit the collective designation of reticular ganglia. Degeneracy Its Causes, Signs and Results 2011-05-02T02:00:17.657Z A sensory neuron can project to the CNS or to an autonomic ganglion. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z These two branches on each side seem to run together before the pedal ganglia are reached. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919 2011-10-07T02:00:22.027Z That office is truly a ganglion from which piercing nerve-fibers curve into the last crevices of human lives. The Invisible Censor 2011-01-29T03:00:20.267Z In other Arthropods the cerebral ganglia arise in a similar way, but the invaginations disappear in the adult. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 3 "Electrostatics" to "Engis" 2011-02-06T03:00:53.093Z The great ganglia were of relatively large dimension, and the white mass of the hemisphere, aside from the internal capsule and the other detachments mediating the connection of the cortex with lower centres, relatively reduced. Degeneracy Its Causes, Signs and Results 2011-05-02T02:00:17.657Z A tumor in the thoracic cavity may interrupt the output of the thoracic ganglia that project to the head and face. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z On the ventral lateral sides of the ganglia are paired light areas of fibers which may be traced into the fibers of the ganglionic cords. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919 2011-10-07T02:00:22.027Z My son, Mr. F. Darwin, dissected for me the cerebral ganglia of the Formica rufa. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, Vol. I 2011-01-17T03:00:49.523Z In Nemertines the cerebral ganglia contain a cavity which communicates with the exterior by a narrow canal. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 3 "Electrostatics" to "Engis" 2011-02-06T03:00:53.093Z The total transverse section of the crus and the fibre masses from the thalamus and basilar ganglia, does not comprise more than one-third of the entire mass. Degeneracy Its Causes, Signs and Results 2011-05-02T02:00:17.657Z There is no parasympathetic influence on blood pressure, so nicotine activation of autonomic ganglia will preferentially increase blood pressure. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The visceral ganglia are larger and widely separated. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919 2011-10-07T02:00:22.027Z With the icy draughts of air, he seemed to hear faintly his name falling upon bare ganglia. She Buildeth Her House 2011-01-04T03:01:05.167Z These bundles are generally marked by the possession of nuclei, especially in their cortical parts, which become no doubt the nuclei of the nerve sheath, and, in the neighbourhood of the ganglia, of nerve cells. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 3 "Electrostatics" to "Engis" 2011-02-06T03:00:53.093Z Countless molecular alterations have been wrought in the structure of sundry nerves and muscles, especially in the gray matter of sundry ganglia, or nerve-centres. Through Nature to God 2010-12-24T03:00:36.410Z The spinothalamic tract also begins with neurons in a dorsal root ganglion. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This last species has more separate pleural ganglia, if the ganglionic cords can be so regarded. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919 2011-10-07T02:00:22.027Z What pirates board the unhelmed mind of the drunken to writhe and lust and despoil the alien decks—wingless, crawling abdomens, which, even in the shades, are but the ganglia of appetite!... She Buildeth Her House 2011-01-04T03:01:05.167Z “These cells and molecules, awash in various neurochemical cocktails in my basal ganglia, are presumably the basis for my love and attachment to my husband,” she writes. An Odyssey Through the Brain, Illuminated by a Rainbow 2010-12-01T16:26:00Z Every ganglion concerned in the needful adjustments of eyes and fingers and wrists, or in the perception of musical sounds, has undergone a change more or less profound. Through Nature to God 2010-12-24T03:00:36.410Z Balance is coordinated through the vestibular system, the nerves of which are composed of axons from the vestibular ganglion that carries information from the utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The lateral ganglia of the cerebral mass are most clearly separated in Malletia. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919 2011-10-07T02:00:22.027Z There was a chill behind and above her eyes; it swept backward and seemed to converge in the coarser ganglia at the base of her brain. She Buildeth Her House 2011-01-04T03:01:05.167Z By imaging the ganglia of leeches being studied in Dr. Kristan’s laboratory, the researchers have been able to identify “decision” cells, responsible for summing up a variety of inputs and making an action, like crawling. Books on Science: A Deluge of Data Shapes a New Era in Computing 2009-12-16T18:28:00Z The hippocampus and basal ganglia are no more strongly connected than other parts of the forebrain and basal ganglia. Can Exercise Make Kids Smarter? 2010-09-15T13:13:00Z Some axons project from the vestibular ganglion directly to the cerebellum, with no intervening synapse in the vestibular nuclei. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In Nucula the lateral ganglia are larger in proportion and the distribution of the gray and white matter is more irregular. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919 2011-10-07T02:00:22.027Z Animals like nudibranchs produce unique defensive chemicals that are being studied as anticancer drugs, and nudibranch ganglia are studied as model systems for understanding brain function. The Beauty of Diversity, and Sea Slugs 2010-05-18T21:28:00Z The posterior root is distinguished by possessing a ganglion of gray matter, and by a somewhat larger size. A Treatise on Physiology and Hygiene For Educational Institutions and General Readers The two studies did not directly overlap, but the researchers, in their separate reports, noted that the hippocampus and basal ganglia regions interact in the human brain, structurally and functionally. Can Exercise Make Kids Smarter? 2010-09-15T13:13:00Z The two major tracts in the spinal cord, originating from sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia, are the dorsal column system and the spinothalamic tract. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The probable position of the connectives is shown and the proportionate distances between ganglia are given. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919 2011-10-07T02:00:22.027Z Behind this steep ascending ridge, which is shown on the frontispiece, and upon it, a series of clouds had ranged themselves, stretching lightly along the ridge at some places, and at others collecting into ganglia. The Glaciers of the Alps Being a narrative of excursions and ascents, etc. It consists of a double chain of ganglia, situated on each side of the spinal column, and extending through the cavities of the trunk, and along the neck into the head. A Treatise on Physiology and Hygiene For Educational Institutions and General Readers D, Deuterocerebrum, consisting of ganglion cells belonging to the second or mandibular somite. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 6 "Armour Plates" to "Arundel, Earls of" A central neuron in the lateral horn of any of these spinal regions projects to ganglia adjacent to the vertebral column through the ventral spinal roots. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The upper ganglion is the cerebro-pleural with large nerves leading off from the ganglion which is itself lobed into four chief lobes. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919 2011-10-07T02:00:22.027Z A single ganglion represents the nervous system, placed between the two apertures. The New Gresham Encyclopedia. Vol. 1 Part 2 Amiel to Atrauli What can you state of the functions of the cranial ganglia? A Treatise on Physiology and Hygiene For Educational Institutions and General Readers The form and disposition of the ganglion cells are also peculiar and closely similar in the two. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 3 "Apollodorus" to "Aral" The majority of ganglia of the sympathetic system belong to a network of sympathetic chain ganglia that runs alongside the vertebral column. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In section the pedal ganglion at one place seems to be made up of four parts which may correspond to four connectives from the cerebro-pleural although only one pair of connectives was clearly determined. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919 2011-10-07T02:00:22.027Z And then while we—that is, Jenkins and I—were trying to urge him on, out came the note-book again and he scribbled rapidly, muttering audibly: "Labial osculation—extraordinary stimulation—sensatory ganglia—mucous membrane—" "Police!" The Haunted Pajamas A double chain of nervous ganglia, connected together by numerous small nerves, situated chiefly in front of and on each side of the spinal column. A Treatise on Physiology and Hygiene For Educational Institutions and General Readers The head ganglia in these Invertebrates may, it is true, be analogous in function in certain ways to the brain of vertebrates. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" The ganglia appear as a series of clusters of neurons linked by axonal bridges. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The visceral ganglion is connected with the pedal below. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919 2011-10-07T02:00:22.027Z This latter includes in its course numerous ganglion cells, and forms, according to F. Blochmann, the immensely long drawn out supra-oesophageal ganglion. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 3 "Borgia, Lucrezia" to "Bradford, John" These ganglia are made up for the most part of small collections of gray nerve-cells, and are the nerve-centres of this system. A Treatise on Physiology and Hygiene For Educational Institutions and General Readers We can, therefore, speak of the head ganglia of Arthropods as a brain, and in doing so must remember that we define by physiological evidence rather than by morphological. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" There are typically 23 ganglia in the chain on either side of the spinal column. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z On the right side one of the lateral ganglia is shown. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919 2011-10-07T02:00:22.027Z In the middle line the sub-oespphageal nerve mass is small; the ganglion is in fact drawn out into two halves placed on either side of the body. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 3 "Borgia, Lucrezia" to "Bradford, John" From these, numerous small nerves are derived, which connect the ganglia together, send out branches to the cranial and spinal nerves, and form networks in the vicinity of the stomach and other large organs. A Treatise on Physiology and Hygiene For Educational Institutions and General Readers Some experiments, not plentiful, indicate that destruction of these head ganglia induces deterioration of behaviour such as follows loss of psychical functions in cases of destruction of the fore-brain in vertebrates. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" With respect to the “wiring” involved, the synapse with the ganglionic neuron occurs at chain ganglia superior or inferior to the location of the central neuron. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The cellular portion of the ganglion is black. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919 2011-10-07T02:00:22.027Z The eyes are indicated as black dots behind the cerebral ganglia. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 7 "Cerargyrite" to "Charing Cross" These chords unite below the oesophagus to form the compound suboesophageal ganglion, whence the nerves for the four pairs of jaws arise. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 6 "Celtes, Konrad" to "Ceramics" She was tingling from head to foot with almost as many emotions as there are ganglia in the nervous system. Leerie Not all axons from the central neurons terminate in the chain ganglia. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z On the ventral side to the left and right are the beginnings of the lateral lobes or ganglionic cords which may represent the pleural ganglia. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919 2011-10-07T02:00:22.027Z The cerebral ganglion also gives off a nerve on each side to a pair of small-ganglia, united by a median commissure, which have sunk into and control the muscles of the head. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 7 "Cerargyrite" to "Charing Cross" Cerebral, pleural and pedal ganglia are present, but the connectives are shortened and the ganglia concentrated and fused in the cephalic region. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 6 "Celtes, Konrad" to "Ceramics" The heart in vaso-motor paresis and paralysis is weakened in the first instance by the direct action of the poison on the medulla oblongata and the intracardiac ganglia. On Snake-Poison: its Action and its Antidote Additional branches from the ventral nerve root continue through the chain and on to one of the collateral ganglia as the greater splanchnic nerve or lesser splanchnic nerve. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In this species the cerebral ganglia are not separated into right and left halves as in Nucula. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919 2011-10-07T02:00:22.027Z As in other animals there is a minute but extensive nervous plexus, which permeates the whole body and takes its origin from the chief ganglia. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 7 "Cerargyrite" to "Charing Cross" Nervous System.—Nautilus, like the other Cephalopoda, exhibits a great concentration of the typical Molluscan ganglia, as shown in fig. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 6 "Celtes, Konrad" to "Ceramics" Among the symptoms denoting paresis of motor-centres of cranial nerves, together with sympathetic ganglia, the first and most noteworthy is the early dilatation of the pupil. On Snake-Poison: its Action and its Antidote Collateral ganglia, also called prevertebral ganglia, are situated anterior to the vertebral column and receive inputs from splanchnic nerves as well as central sympathetic neurons. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Originally: the pedal ganglion at once place seems to be made up Page 76: Changed all instances of "X" to "�" to indicate magnification. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919 2011-10-07T02:00:22.027Z The ganglia are crowded at the posterior end of the body as in leeches, and there is much tendency to the obliteration of the coelom as in that group. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 7 "Cerargyrite" to "Charing Cross" The large nerve which runs to this organ originates from the point of juncture of the pedal with the optic ganglion. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 6 "Celtes, Konrad" to "Ceramics" More remarkable and strange is the action of the Indian viper-poison on the minute ganglia in the vaso-motor nerve ends, which control the capillary circulation, and by their paralysis bring about extensive hæmorrhage through diapedesis. On Snake-Poison: its Action and its Antidote An axon from the central neuron that projects to a sympathetic ganglion is referred to as a preganglionic fiber or neuron, and represents the output from the CNS to the ganglion. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Those masses of ganglions below and coming from all sides as they go over the pass of the ridge are association bundles. The Brain The nervous system consists of a cerebral ganglion in the head, a conspicuous ventral ganglion in the trunk, and of lateral commissures uniting these ganglia on each side. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 7 "Cerargyrite" to "Charing Cross" At the sides of the optic ganglia a pair of ectodermic invaginations are formed, which in the adult become the white bodies of the eyes, surrounding the optic ganglion. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 6 "Celtes, Konrad" to "Ceramics" Some stimulus or other, from light or sound or something else, is, according to this theory, conducted to the nervous centre, the ganglion, the spinal cord, the cerebellum or the cerebrum. Naturalism And Religion Because the sympathetic ganglia are adjacent to the vertebral column, preganglionic sympathetic fibers are relatively short, and they are myelinated. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This ganglion to be established in the innermost fortress of America as an auxiliary augmenting and controlling the work of a general staff. The Brain The cerebral ganglia constitute an archicerebrum for the most part, there being no evidence that, as in the Arthropoda, a movement forward of post-oral ganglia has taken place. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 7 "Cerargyrite" to "Charing Cross" The ganglia take on a band-like form, and are but little differentiated from their commissures and connectives—an archaic condition reminding us of Chiton. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 6 "Celtes, Konrad" to "Ceramics" As the infra-œsophageal ganglion sends nerves to the trophi and to the first pair of cirri, it must correspond to the segments, from the fourth to the ninth inclusive, of the archetype crustacean. A Monograph on the Sub-class Cirripedia With Figures of all the Species. A postganglionic fiber—the axon from a ganglionic neuron that projects to the target effector—represents the output of a ganglion that directly influences the organ. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z They are holding My fate in that atrophied ganglion of theirs which couldn't cerebrate the functions of any single of My cells?' The Brain The nervous system is embedded in the epidermis, and the pairs of ganglia are separated as in Serpula, &c.; each pair has a longish commissure between its two ganglia. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 7 "Cerargyrite" to "Charing Cross" A labial commissure arises by a double root from the cerebral ganglia and gives off a stomatogastric commissure, which passes under the pharynx immediately behind the radula and bears a buccal ganglion on either side. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 6 "Celtes, Konrad" to "Ceramics" Nervous System and Organs of Sense.—In most of the genera, there are six main ganglia, namely, the supra-œsophageal, and five thoracic ganglia; but in Pollicipes mitella there are only four thoracic ganglia. A Monograph on the Sub-class Cirripedia With Figures of all the Species. Compared with the preganglionic fibers, postganglionic sympathetic fibers are long because of the relatively greater distance from the ganglion to the target effector. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In front of the buccal mass is a median cerebral ganglion. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 2 "Chicago, University of" to "Chiton" In the latter, the segmentally arranged ganglia are more sharply marked off from the connectives than in other Chaetopods, where nerve cells exist along the whole ventral chain, though more numerous in segmentally disposed swellings. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 7 "Cerargyrite" to "Charing Cross" The ganglia are more distinctly swollen than in Nautilus. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 6 "Celtes, Konrad" to "Ceramics" Professor Leidy does not mention the ophthalmic ganglia; hence I infer that in Balanus, which is a more highly organised Cirripede, they are fused into the supra-œsophageal ganglion. A Monograph on the Sub-class Cirripedia With Figures of all the Species. The problem with that usage is that the cell body is in the ganglion, and only the fiber is postganglionic. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z From this pass off two pairs of cords, the pleural and pedal, in Proneomenia separate from their origin, in Neomenia united at first and diverging at a pleural ganglion. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 2 "Chicago, University of" to "Chiton" The most reliable test appears to be the nerve ganglia, which are more distinct from the intervening connectives than in other Annelids. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 7 "Cerargyrite" to "Charing Cross" From each stellate ganglion nerves radiate to supply the powerful muscles of the mantle-skirt. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 6 "Celtes, Konrad" to "Ceramics" Through that line shall flow to his nerve ganglia deep sea knowledge galore. Old Plymouth Trails Photoreceptors are activated, and the signal is transferred to the retinal ganglion cells that send an action potential along the optic nerve into the diencephalon. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The pedal cords anteriorly form a pair of pedal ganglia united by a thick commissure. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 2 "Chicago, University of" to "Chiton" Consciousness, and ganglia, and suchlike, are after all but theories. The Works of Robert Louis Stevenson - Swanston Edition Vol. 23 (of 25) Re, External layer of the retina. p, Pigment between these. o, Optic nerve. go, Optic ganglion. k and k′, Capsular cartilage. ik, Cartilage of the iris. w, White body. ae, Argentine integument. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 6 "Celtes, Konrad" to "Ceramics" That scene is the chief ganglion of the tale; and the discharge of energy from Rawdon’s fist is the reward and consolation of the reader. The Works of Robert Louis Stevenson, Volume 9 If light levels are low, the sympathetic system sends a signal out through the upper thoracic spinal cord to the superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic chain. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Nervous System.—There are no well-marked specialized ganglia in the central nervous system, nerve-cells being distributed uniformly along the cords. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 2 "Chicago, University of" to "Chiton" It has a ganglion, like the spinal nerves upon its posterior root. A Treatise on Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene (Revised Edition) The statocysts are situated ventrally between the pedal and visceral ganglia, and are entirely enclosed in the cranial cartilage. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 6 "Celtes, Konrad" to "Ceramics" The brain, spinal cord, and the ganglia are the central organs of the nervous system. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle This fiber synapses in the ciliary ganglion in the posterior orbit. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The letter bears two ganglion swellings, the buccal ganglia. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 2 "Chicago, University of" to "Chiton" These ganglia are composed of a mixture of cineritious and medullary matter, and are supposed to be productive of peculiar nervous power. A Treatise on Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene (Revised Edition) The nerve arises from the cerebral ganglion on each side and passes through the pedal ganglion. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 6 "Celtes, Konrad" to "Ceramics" The sympathetic division consists of nerves and ganglia. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle Figure 15.9 Autonomic Control of Pupillary Size Activation of the pupillary reflex comes from the amount of light activating the retinal ganglion cells, as sent along the optic nerve. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The supra-rectal commissure may be present and bear an ovoid ganglion; or may be wanting. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 2 "Chicago, University of" to "Chiton" I, N, Q, The inferior, middle, and superior cervical ganglia. A Treatise on Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene (Revised Edition) The nerves from the visceral portion of the pleuro-visceral ganglion have the same course as in Nautilus, but no osphradial papilla is present. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 6 "Celtes, Konrad" to "Ceramics" The sympathetic, also called the ganglionic, division of the nervous system consists of two chains of ganglia, reaching from the head to the tail, situated beneath the spinal column, one on either side. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle Neurons in the salivary nuclei of the medulla project through these two nerves as preganglionic fibers, and synapse in ganglia located in the head. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Nervous System.—There are two closely connected cerebral ganglia, from which arise the usual two pairs of nerve cords. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 2 "Chicago, University of" to "Chiton" The other letters and figures represent nerves that connect important organs and nerves with the sympathetic ganglia. A Treatise on Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene (Revised Edition) Upon the stomach it forms a single large and readily detected gastric ganglion. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 6 "Celtes, Konrad" to "Ceramics" The presence of the ganglia or enlargements on the cords give them their chainlike appearance. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle Sensory nerve fibers arise from the vagus nerve, and from the second to fifth thoracic ganglia. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z A small stomatogastric commissure bearing two small ganglia arises from the cerebral ganglia and surrounds the oesophagus. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 2 "Chicago, University of" to "Chiton" It is generally admitted that the nerves that pass from the ganglia are larger than those that entered them; as if they imparted to the nerve some additional power. A Treatise on Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene (Revised Edition) Chicago—San Francisco—these and other great cities sometimes forget that they are mere ganglia on the financial and commercial nervous system. Astounding Stories of Super-Science January 1931 The cerebrospinal division consists of the brain and spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle The pupillary light reflex involves sensory input through the optic nerve and motor response through the oculomotor nerve to the ciliary ganglion, which projects to the circular fibers of the iris. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Of course," muttered the shaken aviator, "I'd forgotten a reptile's ganglions will keep on beating for hours, like that shark we killed off Paumotu. Astounding Stories, February, 1931 A ganglion is found upon each of the posterior roots in the openings between the bones of the spinal column through which the nerve passes. A Treatise on Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene (Revised Edition) Of the fourteen pairs belonging to the head and thorax, the three pairs in advance of the mouth consolidate into one mass to form the brain, or cephalic ganglion. Essays: Scientific, Political, & Speculative, Vol. I "My mental ganglia are cleared," Bobby said disconsolately, as they went down the steps. The Dominant Strain He has lost command from the supreme cerebral centre; the lower nerve ganglia seem to have become insubordinate and to act on their own initiative. Is civilization a disease? The idea which is the ganglion of Clarke’s plot was always seen clearly, but never obsessed his mind as did a cognate theme that of the impetuous reformer Charles Reade. Australian Writers After the formation of the ganglion, the two roots unite, and constitute a spinal nerve, which passes through the opening between the vertebræ on the sides of the spinal column. A Treatise on Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene (Revised Edition) Of these six double ganglia thus formed, the anterior four coalesce into one mass; the remaining two coalesce into another mass; and then these two masses coalesce into one. Essays: Scientific, Political, & Speculative, Vol. I They are most common in the pons, basal ganglia, and cerebellum, but occur also in the cerebral cortex and sometimes in the centrum ovale. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. As for the medullary cord of the abdomen, it consists, as in the larva, of eight ganglia. The Glow-Worm and Other Beetles It is a merely muscular substance, and ceases all action when separated from its controlling ganglia. Buchanan's Journal of Man, October 1887 Volume 1, Number 9 With the exception of the neck, there is a ganglion for each intervertebral space. A Treatise on Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene (Revised Edition) In the early stages of the Astacus fluviatilis, or common cray-fish, there is a pair of separate ganglia to each ring. Essays: Scientific, Political, & Speculative, Vol. I The middle cervical ganglion of the sympathetic lies opposite the level of the cricoid. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. Thus the whole industrial polyphony is linked up by enharmonic modulations, and thrombosis—or, at any rate, conglucination—of the central ganglia of commerce is reduced to negligible dimensions. Punch or the London Charivari, October 10, 1920 The vitality of the heart lies in its ganglia—in other words, in the nervous system, in which alone is life, and of which the brain is the commanding centre. Buchanan's Journal of Man, October 1887 Volume 1, Number 9 A beautiful representation of the sympathetic ganglia and their connection with other nerves. A Treatise on Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene (Revised Edition) The eight segments which coalesce to make the head of a centipede, jointly protect the cephalic ganglion, and afford a solid fulcrum for the jaws, &c. Essays: Scientific, Political, & Speculative, Vol. I Oxygen is also assimilated, entering into the composition of the tissue along with the food elements under the action of special organic ferments brought into play by nervous impulses received from the central ganglia. Alcohol: A Dangerous and Unnecessary Medicine, How and Why What Medical Writers Say What if there were enough ganglia to enable them to dream of their past higher life, in the long intervals of patient waiting! The Log of the Sun A Chronicle of Nature's Year Even where an extirpated ganglion was never regenerated in the parent, the offspring always regained the part in an apparently perfect condition. Are the Effects of Use and Disuse Inherited? An Examination of the View Held by Spencer and Darwin |
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