| 单词 | Galileo |
| 例句 | In 1636, towards the end of his life, Galileo entered into negotiations with the Dutch. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z He then checked Galileo’s measurements and decided they were wrong. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z In the seventeenth century Galileo and Newton knew nothing of this language. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo was the first to show that this could never happen. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z One of the most impressive features of Galileo’s entire career is that within 24 hours he had built a telescope better than anything else known at the time. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Nevertheless, it has been claimed that the innovations of Galileo, Hooke and Huygens made possible the geared machinery of the Industrial Revolution. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z I had no desire to share the fate of Galileo, with whom I feel a strong sense of identity, partly because of the coincidence of having been born exactly 300 years after his death! A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The idea that out of almost nothing you could re-create the entire universe was plainly ridiculous, yet that was what Galileo was now doing. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z But there is even more to this story, since Galileo had received a letter from a former pupil, Benedetto Castelli, pointing out that if the Copernican model were correct Venus must show phases! The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z It so happens that Harriot had already seen exactly what Galileo had seen. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo had never mentioned atomism in print, although some who knew him claimed that, in private, he made clear his commitment to it; Gilbert had discussed atomism only to reject it. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z But while Galileo’s public reputation increased, his private life began to pose problems. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z At this point, Galileo had a sense that something was wrong. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z In Italy, Galileo had announced other worlds, and Giordano Bruno had speculated on other lifeforms. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Galileo’s social and intellectual life also flourished in Padua, revolving around his new friends, such as Pinelli. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z ‘In disputes about natural phenomena,’ wrote Galileo, ‘one must not begin with the authority of scriptural passages, but with sensory experience and necessary demonstrations.’ The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Second, the quotation above gives a true flavour of Galileo’s style and personality. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z With permission from the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Galileo took up his new post in October 1592, when he was 28 years old. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Over the heads of the three philosophers hangs the curtain which rises at the beginning of a theatrical performance—a device that was used by Galileo’s engraver, Stefano della Bella, for the frontispieces of plays. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z As far as Galileo was concerned, though, it is clear that what he saw was real, in the everyday sense of the word. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z This was a reasonable view, since they were the only tools needed for Copernican astronomy and for Galileo’s two new sciences, the science of projectiles and the science of load-bearing structures. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo’s two daughters went to live with his mother in Florence, but his son stayed with Marina for the time being, until he would be old enough to rejoin his father. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z In the records at Vallombrosa Abbey, Galileo Galilei became officially listed as a defrocked priest. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa on 15 February 1564—the same year that William Shakespeare was born and in the same month that Michelangelo died. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z So Galileo wanted to see if Venus had phases. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z This principle of ever-more-exact measurement derives from Tycho Brahe; in tightening up the relationship between evidence and theory in physics, Galileo was extrapolating from the practices of the astronomers. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z He was succeeded by Gregory XV, an elderly stopgap who himself died in 1623, when things seemed at last to be going better for Galileo. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Boyle was desperate to show that polished marble plates would cease to cohere in a vacuum because Galileo had said as much. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z It is time to look more closely at the work of Descartes and other scientists who built on the foundations laid by Galileo. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Galileo campaigned for the post by visiting the court at Venice itself, where he was helped by the Tuscan Ambassador. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z But the visit also revived a desire in Galileo to return to Tuscany for the latter part of his life, preferably with a court appointment that would free him from any lecturing duties. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Such activities established a new confidence in the power of mathematics to come to grips with nature, and this chapter follows this process through to Galileo. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo’s world and their world had different limits, although they understood each other perfectly. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z It is clear then that Galileo had turned his telescope into an instrument that was good for only one purpose—looking at the heavens. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo’s measurements indicated that each body increased its speed at the same rate, no matter what its weight. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Galileo’s measurements were used by Newton as the basis of his laws of motion. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z At the beginning of August, while Galileo was still in Venice, he heard that a Dutchman had arrived in Padua with one of the new instruments. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z The new science often presented itself as a system of axioms and demonstrations, in Galileo’s Two New Sciences for example, or Newton’s Principia, but it was always grounded in facts and, less surely, in analogies. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo proceeded to confirm his new theory with a very simple experiment. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z There is a standard phrase that is used over and over again in the literature: ‘Galileo turned his telescope to the heavens.’ The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z The story of Galileo’s discoveries is, it seems, straightforward. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z If it hadn’t been for Bruno, Copernicanism might never have received such adverse attention from the authorities, Galileo might not have been persecuted and scientific progress in Italy might have proceeded more smoothly. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z When Galileo announced his discovery Venus was moving towards the sun: conjunction occurred on 1 March. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Columbus was not ‘responsible’ for the existence of America, nor Galileo for the moons of Jupiter, nor Hailey for the return of Hailey’s comet, although certainly the credit for these discoveries belongs to them. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z This must have been music to the soul of Galileo when he read Gilbert’s words. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Alongside all this, Galileo had a full private life. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z The official syllabus was still largely based on Aristotle, and Galileo dutifully, but without enthusiasm, taught the party line in his lectures. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z In Florence, however, Galileo’s disciple Torricelli heard in 1643 of Berti’s experiments and realized that he could simplify matters by using a denser liquid. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z There were cries, like those voiced about Anaxagoras and Bruno and Galileo, that he be condemned for impiety. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Whatever the exact cause, Galileo suffered from repeated bouts of an arthritic ailment for the rest of his life, which sometimes confined him to bed for several weeks at a time. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z It is a key feature of his work that Galileo always carried out experiments to test hypotheses, modifying or abandoning those hypotheses if the outcomes of the experiments did not match their predictions. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z He was the Galilei Galileo of music, challenging the status quo. The Story of Music 2012-12-25T00:00:00Z In the midst of other grave personal problems, Kepler rushed to Wurttemberg to find his seventy-four-year-old mother chained in a Protestant secular dungeon and threatened, like Galileo in a Catholic dungeon, with torture. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z As we eat, I find myself observing my grandfather and mother, like I’m a scientist, an Ellie version of Galileo. The Fourteenth Goldfish 2014-08-26T00:00:00Z “All over the world there are Einsteins and Galileos. They’re figuring things out.” The Dead and the Gone 2008-05-04T00:00:00Z When he looked at the planet Jupiter, Galileo found that it was accompanied by several small satellites or moons that orbited around it. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z What about Galileo, standing before his inquisitors, saying ‘The earth does move!’ The Autobiography of Malcolm X 1965-01-01T00:00:00Z Hydraulic engineering was a major concern for the first engineers, such as Leonardo, and consequently an immediate one for Galileo and his disciples. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Their field of view was tiny—Galileo could see only part of the moon at a time. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z The new science of fortification was taught by mathematicians, Galileo among them. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z It was a curious phenomenon, and Galileo passed the problem on to his assistant, Torricelli, who started doing experiments, trying to figure out the reason for the pumps’ curious limitation. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z This kind of argument was essentially a distraction from Galileo’s medical studies, although in any case he did not pursue these with any enthusiasm. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z A few copies were sent immediately to Rome—the first person there to receive a copy was Cardinal Francesco Barberini, the nephew of the Pope, who wrote to Galileo saying how much he enjoyed it. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Distraught at the possibility that he might lose the race, Galileo frantically set about building one of his own, knowing nothing more than that the instrument involved two lenses in a tube. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z The move brought about big changes in Galileo’s personal life. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Neither Archimedes nor Galileo could explain this basic fact, but an Aristotelian, they were happy to report, could. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Harriot, looking at the moon, saw the irregular terminator, the highlights and shadows, the mountain ranges and valleys that Galileo had described—and he also convinced himself that he saw Galileo’s imaginary crater. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Cremonini went on to publish a lengthy book on the heavens in which no mention was made of Galileo’s discoveries, for the simple reason that they were irrelevant to the task of reconstructing Aristotle’s thinking. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Although Copernicus, Galileo and Newton were well aware that their ideas were momentous, and we can legitimately describe their work as revolutionary, they never explicitly said to themselves, ‘I am making a revolution.’ The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z But Galileo was not simply a second Archimedes; he was also an experimental scientist. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Since Galileo, of course, all sorts of new languages have been invented with which to do science, including algebra, calculus and probability theory. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Either way, Galileo’s and Baliani’s claims struck at the very heart of Aristotelian physics. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Two scientists discovered the law governing the acceleration of falling bodies at around the same time—Harriot and Galileo. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Pascal went on to clarify and systematize Galileo’s new understanding. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z It is the same idea we associate with the name of Copernicus, whom Galileo described as the “restorer and confirmer,” not the inventor, of the heliocentric hypothesis.' Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z But Galileo’s story will have to wait, while we catch up with the other great development in science in the Renaissance, the study of the human body. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Galileo had been an experimental scientist for some time, a decade or so—in fact, since he had read William Gilbert’s On the Magnet. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Robert Hooke was born on the stroke of noon on 18 July 1635, seven years before Galileo Galilei died. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Once again, in the Dialogue, Galileo raised the debate about sunspots, and once again he could not resist a few digs at Scheiner, which infuriated the old Jesuit and his colleagues. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z As a first step in this process, in March 1611 Galileo set off on a visit to Rome, as the official scientific ambassador of the Tuscan state. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z It is easy to assume that the discoveries reported in The Starry Messenger are the most important that Galileo made with the telescope. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Of course, not everyone found these strategies helpful: Galileo complained that he found Kepler unreadable. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z In that year, Galileo started observing the night sky with a telescope, which had just been invented. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z This back and forth movement between theory and evidence, hypothesis and experiment has come to seem so familiar that it is hard for us to grasp that Galileo was doing something fundamentally new. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z The two are basically the same thing, so as soon as Galileo had a telescope he could use it to study flies, for example. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo, too, pondered infinity and these infinitely small slices of area. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z Much later, Pascal drew upon Galileo’s work when studying pressures in liquids in order to understand how the air supports a column of mercury in a barometer. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Harriot independently discovered what we now call Galileo’s law of fall, and also what we now call Snell’s law of refraction, but he never published. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo had to cast two horoscopes, work out which seemed better to fit the life of Ferdinand so far, thus decide his date of birth and so predict his future. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Bellarmine met Galileo at the door and murmured to him that whatever happened next, he must go along with it and raise no objections. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z I am arguing here from dates of publication: Galileo had already developed a sophisticated theory of falling bodies, backed up by exquisite experiments; but he had not published, and would not until 1638. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z In other words, it was wrong for Galileo to believe the Copernican theory and he must not argue in its favour, even from the perspective of, as it were, Devil’s advocate. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z After Galileo applied the telescope to astronomy and news of his discoveries spread, Kepler developed his ideas about optics to explain how the telescope works. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Like Gilbert, Galileo practised what he preached, and it was the peripatetic approach that was blown apart by his work in Italy late in the sixteenth century and early in the seventeenth century. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z While Galileo was contemplating major changes in his personal life, and also gathering together the material from his years of experimental work for a planned book, the political situation in Italy changed dramatically. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Galileo was exploring the phenomenon we call surface tension. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Second, in an appendix to the sunspot book, Galileo made his only clear and unambiguous published statement of support for Copernican ideas, using the example of the moons of Jupiter to support his case. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z In discovering the moons of Jupiter, Galileo had discovered new worlds, just as the navigators had done. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo, who knew only too well who the other people in the room were, listened carefully to the Pope’s warning and clearly did not object. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Galileo had laid the foundations of science and pointed the way for others; but there was plenty for others to do in building on those foundations. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z But although the boost to Galileo’s income provided by the invention was short-lived, it came just at the right time. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Day by day, Galileo watched this change carefully. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Strictly speaking, Galileo knew Harriot existed, as he had read William Gilbert’s On the Magnet, in which Harriot is mentioned in passing, and described as ‘most scholarly’. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Most mathematicians—Galileo, Pascal, Descartes, Newton—were familiar with the word’s use in technical astronomy, and tended to avoid it in other contexts. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo’s discovery of the moons of Jupiter had been confirmed within a few months. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Early editions of Archimedes come with illustrations which show objects floating in a vast ocean of water, an ocean which stretches right around the globe, and Galileo drew such sketches in his own text. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z By 1624, eleven years after he had made public his discovery that Venus had a full set of phases, Galileo could take it for granted that no competent person would defend the Ptolemaic system. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z In the early 1620s, as the Thirty Years War temporarily shifted in favour of the Catholic side, the political situation in Italy changed in ways that would affect Galileo dramatically. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Hobbes, as we have seen, knew both Bacon and Galileo. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Without intending to, Galileo had devised an elementary hydraulic press. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Soon after he arrived in Florence, Galileo discovered the phases of Venus, changes in its appearance similar to the phases of the Moon, and these changes could only be explained if Venus orbits the Sun. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z The story is almost certainly untrue, but Galileo did do something equivalent: he rolled balls of different weights down a smooth slope. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z So, too, with the discovery of the moons of Jupiter: Galileo had ‘a Eureka moment’. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z This cannot be true in any absolute sense; Galileo’s telescope transformed the world of astronomers before they had any new words for what they could now see—before they even had the word ‘telescope’. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo’s presence in Rome brought things to a head in a way that he had not anticipated. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Strictly speaking, Brahe and Kepler weren’t quite the last mystics—but they certainly were, in astronomy at least, transitional figures between the mysticism of the Ancients and the science of Galileo and his successors. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z The weights hit the ground at very nearly the same time but not exactly at the same moment, which the peripatetics seized on as evidence that Galileo was wrong. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z For Galileo’s rejection of the view that success in science can be based on rhetorical prowess, see below, p. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo’s physics was intended to be practical but turned out to be of little practical use in its most obvious field of application. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z In truth, when Galileo did eventually arrive in Rome on 13 February 1633, he was treated well, compared with most of the guests of the Inquisition. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z In October 1611 Galileo, who had now moved to Florence, began to observe Venus through his telescope. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z There were other aspects of the dispute that we shall not go into here, since they have less direct bearing on Galileo’s life. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Exactly what happened next, as far as Galileo was concerned, has been a matter of dispute among historians, because there is some ambiguity in the surviving records. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z The whole of the Scientific Revolution is encapsulated in Galileo’s little treatise on floating bodies. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z The late Tom Mayer wanted to write a book entitled Galileo was Guilty. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z It may not be a coincidence that Greene, like many scientists since Galileo, is a lucid expositor of difficult ideas, because the ideal of classic prose is congenial to the worldview of the scientist. The Sense of Style 2014-09-04T00:00:00Z Indeed, it seems clear that what he was doing was comparing Galileo’s illustration with what he could see through his telescope, for both Galileo’s illustration and Harriot’s feature a large circular boss. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z This and his unpublished comments in support of Copernicanism began to draw criticism of Galileo. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z But it is unlikely that Galileo believed what he was saying. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z In Galileo’s view the intellectual tools provided by geometry were the only tools required by a scientist. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z In spite of these warnings, Galileo became the official guest of the Ambassador at his residence in Rome on 11 December 1615. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z On the day the public experiment was to be carried out Galileo’s rival failed to show up. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z It was fascinating to think about all the things you could learn there: Galileo’s acceleration experiment, the dissection of rabbits, and making materials change state in a test tube. Red Scarf Girl: A Memoir of the Cultural Revolution 1998-01-01T00:00:00Z Well then, before tomorrow I have to finish reading the first volume of a biography of Galileo Galilei, since it has to be returned to the library. The Diary of a Young Girl 1997-02-03T00:00:00Z Not quite isolated; among Galileo’s visitors in his last years were Thomas Hobbes and John Milton. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Perspective painting, ballistics and fortification, cartography and navigation prepared the ground for Galileo, Descartes and Newton. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z On the scientific side, Galileo had scarcely got settled in Bellosguardo when he became embroiled in a new controversy. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Galileo took this at face value, which turned out to be a big mistake. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Galileo’s law of fall describes in mathematical terms what happens when bodies fall under ideal conditions; but it does not explain anything. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Riccardi and his colleagues would make the changes and have them sent on to Galileo to insert in the book. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Galileo’s first venture into astronomy was to insist that parallax measurements proved that the nova of 1604 was in the heavens, and this was still an argument of fundamental importance to him in 1632. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z At first, Galileo assumed that Jupiter must be moving aberrantly and the stars must be fixed. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z All this was particularly taxing for Galileo since he loved spending money himself, enjoying fine wines and good food, and entertaining his friends generously whenever he was in funds. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z In 1611 John Donne, referring to Galileo’s discoveries with his telescope made the previous year, declared that ‘new philosophy calls all in doubt’. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Aristotelian science was not like this: Aristotelian philosophers had no sense that their knowledge was incomplete in important respects, and they thus had a different measure of success from a Galileo or a Pascal. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z It seems Galileo has decided to present himself in the role of Copernicus. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Copernicus presents his ideas hypothetically; Galileo says he has confirmed them with his telescope; and Kepler whispers in his ear, saying, ‘If only you could confirm it by flying there!’ The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Nor was Galileo, when he invented the hydraulic press, working on some new, practical problem that only a competent engineer could tackle. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo contributed to physics and astronomy, while teaching fortification and optics. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Mace was probably aware of Galileo's research, which included the design - not made in his lifetime - of a pendulum clock that pre-dates Huygens by fourteen years. The Story of Music 2012-12-25T00:00:00Z But it is an elementary truth that the full significance of his actions was hidden from Galileo. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z But Galileo was familiar with Plutarch, who had claimed that the moon had a landscape of mountains and valleys. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z First, Galileo lived in a culture where even the most authoritative beliefs could be questioned—this was the legacy of Columbus. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z And yet Galileo realized, not only that ice was lighter than water, but also—it must have been an extraordinary shock—that bodies often float without displacing their own weight in water. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z At the time Galileo was born, the family had good connections and a respected place in society, but finding the money to maintain that position would always be a problem. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Galileo published these results in 1612, and they provoked a brief flurry of debate, but they were unnoticed outside northern Italy. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z For a Galileo, or a Pascal, or a Newton what mattered was being able to make successful predictions where such predictions had previously been impossible. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo appealed to sensory experience, but sensory experience established, or so they claimed, that boats float higher in the water when far from shore, and lower as they approach port. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z All three—Hobbes, Digby and Charleton—had a great deal of reading in common, reading which surely included Montaigne, Galileo and Bacon. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo makes only three references to the laws of nature, on each occasion when he is arguing against the theological objections to Copernicanism; there are no laws of nature in his more properly scientific works. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z In Rome, sometime after 1638, a group of orthodox philosophers set out to prove that Galileo was wrong about the vacuum. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Nevertheless, as Galileo pointed out, it would have been easy to test their claim that ice floats because it is flat by breaking it up into small pieces and seeing if the pieces still floated. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Unfortunately, the representatives of the Inquisition, witnesses and all, were present in the same room, ready to step in if Galileo showed any trace of reluctance to go along with what Bellarmine had to say. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Galileo’s first telescope had a usable magnification of 8x; by the beginning of 1610 he had managed to produce one that had a magnification of 3 ox and he had begun to explore the heavens. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Twenty years later, in 1612, Galileo found himself in a dispute with Aristotelian philosophers. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z The nested Pythagorean solids also made no allowance for the existence of the Earth’s moon, and Galileo’s discovery of the four large moons of Jupiter was also discomfiting. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z But there was one imperfection in Galileo’s work. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z But these personal upheavals were minor compared with the hornets’ nest soon to be stirred by Galileo’s new scientific discoveries. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z As early as 1612-13, John Webster in The Duchess of Malfi refers to Galileo’s telescope as making visible ‘another spacious world i’ th’ moon’. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Demand collapsed, however, immediately after Galileo’s telescopic discoveries. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z When Galileo saw the moons of Jupiter he could not see that they were moons, but their patterns of movement indicated that they were in orbit around Jupiter. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Provoked, Galileo embarked on a series of experiments to study floating bodies. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z After Galileo the distinction was adopted by Descartes. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo accepted, even though the increase in salary would only take effect from the following year, and even though it would commit him to burdensome teaching duties. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z You may think that this is simply because Galileo’s law is incomplete: Newton’s theory of gravity provides an explanation both of Galileo’s law of fall and of Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Aristotle might have had difficulty in following Galileo’s argument that the size of the container matters when trying to understand floating bodies, but Archimedes would not. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z When Galileo pointed his telescope towards Jupiter on the night of 7 January 1610, he noticed what he took to be some fixed stars near the planet. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Take, for example, the evolution of Galileo’s thinking on the question of buoyancy. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo was still going over the measurements of parallax for the nova of 1572 in his Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems of 1632. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z The eye recovered, but Galileo never returned to the monastery and no more was said about becoming a monk. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z The Catholic Church had made a bad mistake with Galileo when it tried to lay down the law on a question of science, declaring that the sun went round the earth. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Cardinal Bellarmine himself looked through Galileo’s telescope and appointed what we would now call a scientific subcommittee of learned priests to examine Galileo’s claims for the instrument. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z The important thing about the science of Galileo and Newton, Pascal and Boyle is that it was, in part, successful, and that it laid the foundations for future successes. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Like Galileo, Kepler believed that the book of nature is written in the language of geometry. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z But for the individuals caught up in it—for Galileo, Hooke, Boyle and their colleagues—it represents a series of sudden, urgent transformations. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z One of the things Galileo also observed around this time, using a telescope, was dark features on the face of the Sun—sunspots. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z In 1604, Galileo’s stature increased still further when the supernova studied by Kepler appeared in the sky in October. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z The correspondence between theories and facts was so crucial that Galileo and Newton were prepared to bend the facts to fit the theories, even while insisting on the priority of experience over theory. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z De Magnete had a direct influence on Galileo, who was inspired by the book to carry out his own investigations of magnetism, and who described Gilbert as the founder of the experimental method of science. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Galileo and his correspondents happily discuss facts, but there are Italian usages from much earlier, from the 1570s. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Nobody, not even Galileo, was better prepared for this new world where nothings became somethings than Kepler. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Why did Galileo take it seriously as a scientific instrument? The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Now what he saw was exactly what Galileo had seen. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z It is at this point that most stories of Galileo’s contribution to science begin. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Even Newton, though, relied on his immediate predecessors, in particular Galileo Galilei and René Descartes, and in that sense his contributions followed naturally from what went before. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z The son, named Vincenzio after his grandfather, was later formally acknowledged as Galileo’s heir and took his name. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Others pointed out that Galileo’s theory presented its own problems. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z The key term in philosophy, even in Kepler’s and Galileo’s time, was ‘phenomena’. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z The initial four-year appointment eventually extended to a stay of eighteen years in Padua, which Galileo later recalled as being the happiest years of his life. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Yet despite the deep mystery of the infinite zeros, Galileo sensed their power. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z Galileo’s picture is an old oil painting, like something that should be hanging in the de Young Museum in San Francisco. The Fourteenth Goldfish 2014-08-26T00:00:00Z The results of these experiments had been published and may have been known to Galileo. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Galileo was pretty much the same person when he got the right results as he had been only a few days previously when he was still getting the wrong results. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z For Galileo’s use of the term, see below, p. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z There is the famous example of the philosopher Cremonini, who, despite being a close friend of Galileo, refused to look through his telescope. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z There is a key difference between Galileo and his opponents: both appealed to experience, but Galileo had engaged in a programme of experimentation. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z But he was entirely mistaken about Saturn, Mercury and Venus, and Jupiter has many more moons than Galileo discovered. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Another idea, developed in the mid-1590s, was a modest success, but didn’t make Galileo rich. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Galileo was racing against unknown, imaginary competitors from the moment he realized Jupiter had moons. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z It is said that Galileo demonstrated that Aristotle’s belief was false by dropping weights from the leaning tower of Pisa. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Galileo heard from a worker that these pumps had a problem: they could only lift water about 33 feet. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z In Galileo’s famous words, which provide the epigraph to this chapter, the book of the universe is written in geometrical figures. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z He married a young woman called Giulia in 1562, and Galileo was the eldest of seven children, three of whom seem to have died in infancy. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z In ordinary visible light, the faintly yellowish clouds of Venus can be made out, but they show, as Galileo first noted, virtually no features at all. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Galileo, Harriot and Beeckman had each independently discovered what we call the law of fall; but none had used the word ‘law’ in this context. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z You won’t find Copernicus, or Kepler, or Galileo praising moderation, impartiality, industry; but then Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo are primarily mathematicians. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo had a further motive for looking at Venus. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Discarded on the floor is the Ptolemaic system, which became indefensible when Galileo discovered the phases of Venus, and Ptolemy himself lies slumped in the background. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z They were somewhat irritated to discover within a few days that telescopes were becoming widely available and that Galileo had taken them for a ride. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z But did Galileo make his measurements in Florence, or earlier in his life in Venice? The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z The title of the draft book was On Motion, but the draft bears little resemblance to the book Galileo published under the same title some years later. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z It was at a banquet held in honour of Galileo by the ‘lynxes’ that the name ‘telescope’ was first suggested for his magnifying device. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z And at this point Wittgensteinian history of science places itself directly at odds with Galileo’s own account of what he is actually doing, and history of science is in a direct conflict with science. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Our present ideas about the motion of bodies date back to Galileo and Newton. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Several people had followed up Galileo’s lead by the 1660s and, as we have seen, Malpighi in particular had already made important discoveries, especially those concerning the circulation of the blood, with the new instrument. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Thomas Hobbes, writing in 1655, thought that there was no astronomy worth the name before Copernicus, no physics before Galileo, no physiology before William Harvey. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Unfortunately, on this occasion Galileo’s explanation of comets was also wrong, and there is no point in relating the details of the argument here. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Unfortunately, these two objectives were directly at odds with each other, and Galileo’s success at the second undermined his rather half-hearted efforts at the first. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z This led him on to mechanics, where he did important work on momentum and studied the nature of centrifugal force, demonstrating its similarity to gravity, and improved on Galileo’s treatment of the flight of projectiles. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z There were, as yet, no prizes or medals for scientific achievement; but in Galileo’s imagination such rewards already existed. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z But this took place against a background of change in Galileo’s personal life. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z On the Gregorian calendar, the one we use today, Newton was born on 4 January 1643, while on the Julian calendar Galileo died right at the end of 1641. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Galileo had not only made a remarkable discovery; using his telescope, he had seen something where, before, there was apparently nothing at all to see. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Because Galileo rushed into print, his claim to priority was undisputed. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Thus what Koyré took to be the key concept that made possible the new science, the concept of inertia, was, he held, constructed by Galileo thinking about everyday experience, by a mere thought experiment. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z He was well on the way to formulating, entirely independently, Galileo’s law of fall. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Another of the Galileo legends introduced by Viviani refers to Galileo’s time as professor of mathematics in Pisa, but is, once again, almost certainly not true. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Even before he discovered the law of fall, Galileo had been questioning the distinction between the two worlds. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo’s telescope made two ideas that had previously seemed abstract and theoretical suddenly seem plausible and perfectly realistic: there might indeed be other inhabited worlds, and space might indeed be infinite. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Even after this, he thought up an idea for an escapement for a pendulum clock, which he described to his son Vincenzio, who actually built such a clock after Galileo died. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Thus Galileo implies that the arguments presented in the book are not to be regarded as true, for Copernicanism had been condemned by the Church. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z It was Galileo who first wrapped everything up in one package. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Galileo now rushed to publish his discoveries, which transformed astronomy in the space of a few months—the time it took for others to acquire telescopes with which they could corroborate his findings. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z In Galileo’s circle, too, all that counted was discovery. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z The Venetian braccio was longer than the Florentine, which would have made Galileo’s measurements much more nearly accurate. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Being an astute politician, Galileo then presented the telescope to the Doge as a gift. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Ever since Galileo first peered at the moon through his telescope, nearly four hundred years ago, we had been gathering facts about its pock-marked surface. Flying to the Moon: An Astronaut's Story 1976-01-01T00:00:00Z In fact, Galileo had discovered moons circling Jupiter, not planets circling a distant star. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo never really fitted in at the University of Pisa and soon started looking for another post. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z They had neither refuted nor confirmed Galileo’s claim; they had simply produced an anomaly. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z His conclusion was that Galileo was guilty according to the law as then established. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z These had already been seen by other astronomers, but Galileo was not aware of that. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Where his predecessors had been doing mathematics or philosophy, Galileo was doing what we call science. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z The great Galileo dedicated much of his life to proving the movement of the Earth by claiming it was the only possible cause of the tides. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z I was a sophomore at Galileo High in San Francisco, and all my Caucasian friends agreed: I was about as Chinese as they were. The Joy Luck Club 1989-01-01T00:00:00Z It is just possible that Galileo stole the idea from Scheiner, or Scheiner from Galileo, but the other two were certainly independent, both of each other and of the first two. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Columbus, Brahe and Gilbert did not supply arguments that Galileo used; they supplied role-models that he was bold enough to follow. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo thus established a new equivalence between natural processes and artificial ones. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Then two astronomers—the German, Johannes Kepler, and the Italian, Galileo Galilei—started publicly to support the Copernican theory, despite the fact that the orbits it predicted did not quite match the ones observed. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z This is the famous story of how Galileo dropped different weights from the Leaning Tower to show that they would arrive at the ground below together. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z More than a hundred years later Galileo still needed, when writing in Latin, to use convoluted phrases such as ‘unknown to all astronomers before me’ to convey it. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z On 5 September he managed to get hold of a telescope Galileo had sent to the elector of Cologne, and finally he saw for himself. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo refuted that argument by pointing out that if ice is held down under water and then released, its broad, flat shape doesn’t stop it pushing upwards through the water. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z It is thus easy to think that one could write history from Galileo’s point of view. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo delivered the manuscript to Riccardi in Rome in May 1630, but in June he had to return home because an outbreak of plague spreading south into Italy threatened to reach Florence and disrupt communications. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Rather than go away and come back later, Galileo sat in on the lecture and became fascinated by the subject—his first encounter with mathematics proper, rather than mere arithmetic. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Galileo had close ties with Holland, and his first astronomical telescope was an improvement of a spyglass of Dutch design. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z By the time Two New Sciences was published, Galileo had gone blind. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Science is written in the language of mathematics, as Galileo realized. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z In fact, there is no such prominent object on the moon, and scholars have suggested that Galileo deliberately enlarged a crater to enable the viewer to, as it were, zoom in on a tell-tale feature. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z But Galileo saw a deeper truth in the inclined plane experiments. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z In insisting these were the only tools required Galileo was dismissing Aristotelian logic as an irrelevance. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Third, Galileo had the example of Gilbert, who had used the careful manipulation of experimental apparatus to establish new and unsuspected truths. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo also exhibited sunspots during his time in Rome, using the now standard device of projecting the image of the Sun through a telescope on to a white screen. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z How do we know that Galileo’s telescope was too good for naval and military use? The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z It takes proper form in the years after the publication of Galileo’s Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems in 1632. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z But Galileo described nature as inexorable and immutable, and it is very hard to understand how there can be exceptions of any sort to Descartes’ laws. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z This difference this time is that Harriot had now read Galileo’s Starry Messenger, which had been published in the spring. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo’s determination to embody mathematical theory in a corresponding apparatus is fundamental. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo, when in 1610 he announced to the world what he had seen through his telescope, was compared to his fellow Florentine Amerigo Vespucci, to Christopher Columbus and to Ferdinand Magellan. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z As a student in Padua, Harvey must have known about Galileo, who was teaching there at the time, but as far as we know the two never met. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z In the Renaissance, modern music was understood to be quite different from ancient music because it was polyphonic rather than monodic—Galileo’s father, Vincenzo, wrote a Dialogue on Ancient and Modern Music. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo began to observe Venus in June 1610, as soon as it distanced itself enough from the sun to be visible. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z In writing about his discoveries Galileo was not obliged to write in a way that others found puzzling or incomprehensible: it was what he said that caused consternation, not how he said it. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z It was Wilkins who supervised Sprat’s History, in which Galileo’s discoveries are reported at length. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z What Gilbert had aspired to do, Galileo had actually done: he had announced discoveries which were entirely at odds with the established philosophy. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z ‘Common sense’, if we mean the practices which we think embody it, did not exist before the publication of Galileo’s Discourse on Floating Bodies in 1612. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Partly in recognition of his advancing years, in 1617 Galileo moved to a fine villa—almost a palace—known as Bellosguardo, on a hill to the west of Florence. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Galileo had had the preface set in a different typeface from the rest of the book, clearly indicating that it did not represent his own views. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Were the discoveries of Galileo, Hooke and Huygens irrelevant? The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo’s discovery of the moons of Jupiter was not like checkmate, or winning a race: he did not plan for it or see it coming. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Confident that he was safe, for the time being at least, Galileo returned to Tuscany. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Galileo’s father, Vincenzio, who had been born in Florence in 1520, was an accomplished professional musician who was keenly interested in mathematics and musical theory. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z On 18 May, however, the Jesuit astronomers threw a party for Galileo. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z The generation after Galileo had to acknowledge its dependence on Evidence-Indices and so, willy-nilly, it had to adopt the virtues of the judiciary. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z But there is absolutely no evidence, other than Viviani’s account much later, to suggest that crowds gathered to watch Galileo’s early experiments. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z But as he revised his text Galileo went on to represent objects floating in containers, such as a tank standing on a table top. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo was right: the moons of Jupiter were a promising way of measuring longitude. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z One other noteworthy event occurred while Galileo was a medical student in Pisa, although the story has been considerably distorted and embellished down the centuries. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Ricci realized that Galileo had an aptitude for the subject and supported him when he asked Vincenzio if he could switch his studies from medicine to mathematics. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Nobody, though, escapes the Inquisition, and once a full show trial had begun, the only conceivable verdict was to find Galileo guilty of something and punish him as a warning to others. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Regiomontanus and Galileo saw themselves as disciples of Archimedes. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Many popular accounts note the coincidence that ‘the’ Isaac Newton was born in the same year, 1642, that Galileo died. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Galileo, for example, liked to keep as close to geometry as he could. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z By the end of the 1590s, the instrument was selling so well that for a short time Galileo had to employ a skilled workman to make them for him. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Had Galileo belonged to a functioning scientific community, to take just one example, he would have been firmly discouraged from placing his theory of the tides at the centre of his defence of Copernicanism. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z And he praises Cremonini, who had refused to look through Galileo’s telescope. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Perhaps, he said, if, as Galileo claimed, there were mountains on the moon, Bruno had been partly right—maybe the moon was inhabited, and life was not confined to the Earth. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z But by claiming that the Jesuits dealt in fairy tales while he dealt in facts, Galileo was storing up more trouble for himself in Rome. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Galileo had to be made to confess to something. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z On 26 February, Bellarmine received Galileo to convey the Pope’s decision. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Thus Galileo’s sector was a primitive theodolite, slide rule and protractor all in one. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Any brief account of the rest of Galileo’s life is inevitably dominated by his subsequent clash with the authorities in Rome. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Bellarmine told Galileo that he could talk about Copernicanism if he did so hypothetically—Copernicanism being, as far as Bellarmine was concerned, untrue. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Conveniently, just at this time the Grand Duchess of Tuscany, Christina, invited Galileo to instruct her teenage son Cosimo in the use of Galileo’s military compass and tutor him in mathematics generally. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Galileo demonstrated that the earth went round the sun, but the authority of the accepted wisdom was too great to dislodge. Words Like Loaded Pistols 2011-10-20T00:00:00Z Or take the challenge that preoccupied Galileo through a large part of his working life: that of establishing longitude at sea. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Another source of income for mathematicians in Galileo’s day was teaching the geometrical principles of perspective representation. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Like Glanvill, the members of the Royal Society were, naturally, interested in Galileo. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Unlike Galileo, though, he did not have to fear that this might upset the Inquisition. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z In 1609 Galileo, who had never seen a telescope, worked out how to make one. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z But it does show how ingenious Galileo was, and his skill at practical work. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Galileo was living in Padua but frequently visited Venice; equally, Donne, when in Venice, would surely have visited Padua, where there was a significant English and Scottish community. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z The mathematization of the sublunary world begins not with Galileo but with Alberti, not in the seventeenth century but in the fifteenth. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo had realized that moving objects have a natural tendency to keep on moving, unless they are affected by friction or some other outside force. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z If Galileo was not guilty, his accusers were—and his accusers were the highest authorities of the Catholic Church. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Galileo was the first to turn Archimedes’ account of how bodies float into a theory to be tested with an experimental apparatus; at which point the theory proved incomplete. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z The Doge and the Senate, delighted, offered to give Galileo tenure in his post at the University of Pisa for life, with his salary doubled to 1000 crowns a year. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Galileo remained close to the girls both geographically and emotionally, and often visited the convent; surviving letters between Galileo and Maria Celeste give a close insight into his later life. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z The post Galileo set out to obtain was the chair of mathematics at the University of Padua. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Galileo rushed back to Padua, only to find that he had missed the stranger, who was now in Venice intending to sell the instrument to the Doge. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Word had arrived that in Venice someone called Galileo, using some sort of new instrument, had discovered four planets circling a distant star. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z If thinking were enough to engender the new science it would have begun not with Galileo but with the fourteenth-century philosopher Nicholas Oresme. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo’s theory was practical; it just took a full century to pay off. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z It was Galileo’s secretary, Evangelista Torricelli, who proved that this wasn’t true—by creating the first vacuum. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z They would never say, ‘Galileo was right’ or, ‘Newton was right.’ The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z In 1616 the famous Galileo Galilei, another Copernican, was ordered by the church to cease his scientific investigations. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z Galileo, for example, despite performing exquisite experiments, never fully grasped the power of the experimental method, dismissing Gilbert’s work as not sufficiently philosophical. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Although the Dutch version used two concave lenses, giving an upside-down image, Galileo used one convex lens and one concave lens, giving an upright image. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Pascal’s new hydraulics is an extension of his vacuum experiments, but Galileo’s work on floating bodies is not path-specific in this way. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Gilbert and Galileo were developing a new type of science, based upon systematic experimentation. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z On top of this, the winter of 1607/8 was unusually severe, with heavy falls of snow in Padua, and during March and April 1608 Galileo was severely afflicted with his arthritic complaint. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Perhaps Donne met and talked with Galileo, or with Galileo’s English-speaking students; he certainly seems to have met Galileo’s close friend Paolo Sarpi. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Bach’s Lutheran Christianity, unlike the Papal Catholicism with which Galileo Galilei battled, was at ease with scientific investigation and the widening education of its laity - indeed, it positively encouraged it. The Story of Music 2012-12-25T00:00:00Z Until he was 11, Galileo was educated at home, largely by his father but with the help of an occasional tutor. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Similarly, in April, Cardinal Bellarmine asked the Jesuit astronomers whether Galileo’s discoveries had been confirmed. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Instruments of this general sort were common in the early seventeenth century, but Galileo’s were made especially for him and were perhaps the most sophisticated. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Having observed the moon, Galileo turned his telescope to Jupiter and discovered that Jupiter had moons. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z The teaching that these private pupils got in Galileo’s home was often very different from the official courses that Galileo was required to teach by the university. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Within a day or two he had left; Galileo was thus in Rome as the Jesuit astronomers turned their telescopes on Venus and watched it move towards a half-circle. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo died peacefully in his sleep on the night of 8/9 January 1642, a few weeks short of his seventy-eighth birthday. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z And yet Galileo was absolutely sure his argument was conclusive. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z On 5 March Galileo announced his intention to leave for Rome; on the nineteenth he was still impatiently waiting for a litter to carry him and complaining that he had a deadline to meet. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z The philosophers in the audience were scandalized by this claim; Galileo was naturally thrilled to have been vindicated and feted. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Galileo seems to have had absolutely no success in his efforts to convince the philosophers that he understood why bodies float better than they did. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z The death of Bellarmine left Galileo without a friendly witness to the crucial events of 1616, although he still had Bellarmine’s written statement. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z Galileo also wanted to construct an object which would fully immerse but not sink—an object with the same specific gravity as water. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z If Protestantism was what counted, Galileo would not have been a great scientist. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z The first person to look at Venus through the telescope was Galileo in 1609. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z But although Galileo was now highly regarded professionally and moved in influential circles, he was constantly worried about money. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z “How many of you have heard of Galileo?” Sir Fig Newton and the Science of Persistence 2022-03-22T00:00:00Z But his mathematical works were used as standard texts for more than a hundred years, even after the death of Galileo. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z So no one until Galileo bothered to see whether bodies of different weight did in fact fall at different speeds. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z It is easy to think that new knowledge comes from new types of apparatus—Galileo’s telescope, Boyle’s air pump, Newton’s prism—not from new intellectual tools. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Time travel, though – even when it's done brilliantly by Kim Stanley Robinson in Galileo's Dream, even when it's done humorously by Tim Powers in The Anubis Gates – sends me a bit mad. Even Stephen King is ill-equipped for time travel 2011-03-10T12:09:22Z Mr. Glass pre-emptively dismissed any notion that Disney was a more frivolous subject than others in his personal operatic pantheon: among them, Gandhi, Columbus and Galileo. ArtsBeat: Philip Glass, at Spoleto USA as Speaker and Spectator, Also Performs 2012-06-03T20:00:22Z Travelers staying in Paris for more than a few days or with oversize luggage should probably pass — or at least upgrade to the largest room, the Galileo unit. Check In: Hotel Review: Hotel O in Paris 2013-06-25T21:03:36Z Much like “Galileo” it encourages us to take the good, the bad and the ugly all in stride — in a pair of six-inch heels, of course. Summer Favorites of Theater Festival Composers 2012-07-11T22:38:51Z Get on your knees and pray to the Lord, Galileo. Style Invitational Week 1239: MASH 3 — combine two movie titles 2017-08-03T04:00:00Z Monteverdi’s musical revolution coincided with Galileo’s demonstration that the Earth revolves around the sun, dispelling the notion that the sun revolved around the Earth. Monteverdi Set Human Emotion to Music 2017-07-24T04:00:00Z He followed with his own towering performance in Brecht's The Life of Galileo, an obscure Polish play, and a new play, To Scotland With Rhubarb, by the poet George Bruce. Tom Fleming obituary 2010-04-20T18:08:00Z The Earth didn’t revolve around the sun only for Galileo. Viruses Don’t Care About Your View: Why ABC Shouldn’t Have Hired Jenny McCarthy 2013-07-15T19:35:07Z Galileo and Scaramouche are stock depictions of leather-and-fishnet types, with zero specificity about what's driving them on their quest to locate a magical instrument that promises to loosen Globalsoft's stranglehold on organic creativity. Review: 'We Will Rock You' totally misses Queen's mercurial nature 2014-07-17T04:00:00Z Galileo is obliged to recant his belief that the sun is at the centre of the universe and the Earth moves around it. Galileo reaches for the stars 2012-09-26T15:02:28Z Tipped off about his imminent arrest, Libri fled once more – to England, bringing with him around 30,000 books and manuscripts in 18 large trunks, including works by Galileo and Copernicus. Descartes letter found by web surfer heads home to France 2010-06-22T15:04:00Z Tom, an engineer, works for an EU project called Galileo, which is why he had to move from Southampton to Madrid. How we met: ‘I’m a staunch Brexit critic – but it did lead to us falling in love’ 2019-10-21T04:00:00Z They spend a year at the academy's McKim, Mead and White villa on Rome's Janiculum Hill, in whose gardens Galileo once stargazed. ArtsBeat: Chief of American Academy in Rome, Adele Chatfield-Taylor, Is to Step Down 2012-11-15T23:00:15Z And that spirit survives at its university, which attracted intellectuals from far and wide, including Galileo, Copernicus, and Dante. Escape the Venice crowds with these memorable day trips 2016-10-04T04:00:00Z We take the word of the CIA director that quantum computing “is a paradigm shift. It’s like Galileo and Newton.” Review | For the inside dope on how the CIA works, ‘The Quantum Spy’ can’t be beat 2017-11-12T05:00:00Z A wooden bust of Galileo tops the container in which the relics had long been kept. Galileo's fingers to be displayed in Florence science museum 2010-06-08T16:21:00Z Sobel's memorable prose relies on letters between Galileo and his oldest daughter, a nun, to shine new light on the iconic astronomer. Stuart Clark's top 10 approachable astronomy books 2010-08-18T09:22:00Z Reflecting on the current state of “the country of Dante, Michelangelo, Leonardo, Galileo and Columbus,” Brunetti notes that 2,000 men — most of them college graduates — recently applied for three open jobs as garbage collectors. Evils Lurking Beneath a City’s Centuries-Old Canals 2021-03-24T04:00:00Z Glass's interest in scientists is well known: he has put Einstein, Kepler, Galileo and Stephen Hawking into his operas. Of the spheres 2010-07-02T23:05:00Z Besides the players, we also meet Galileo and various Italian, French, Spanish and English monarchs, popes and cardinals, philosophers and artists, rogues and explorers. Review: In Álvaro Enrigue’s ‘Sudden Death,’ a Farcical Duel With Topspin 2016-02-14T05:00:00Z We were disappointed to receive your extraordinary complaint over our coverage of your attendance of the Galileo summit in Italy. With the greatest disrespect: how Her Majesty's Press offers its candid friendship 2019-10-03T04:00:00Z There’s also Bruno’s contemporary, Galileo Galilei, the astronomer who discovered the moons of Jupiter and argued for the heliocentric solar system. Cosmic terror: Why Neil deGrasse Tyson has religious fundamentalists so freaked 2014-03-27T11:50:00Z Marsili spends eight years wooing Galileo's daughter – dragging his feet because his family doesn't approve of science. Galileo reaches for the stars 2012-09-26T15:02:28Z The Vatican condemned Galileo for contradicting church teaching, which held at the time that the Earth, not the sun, was the centre of the universe. Galileo's fingers to be displayed in Florence science museum 2010-06-08T16:21:00Z One of the week's big openings was in Stratford-upon-Avon, a major revival of Brecht's Life of Galileo that Michael Billington called "a timeless debate about scientific morality rendered with … pellucid swiftness". Reader reviews: your take on Sarah Silverman, Bull, and A Life of Galileo 2013-02-15T17:25:10Z Earlier this year, of Brecht's A Life of Galileo opened to strong reviews at the RSC's Swan Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon. Hitler satire arrives in West End 2013-09-25T07:29:10Z And only then does Galileo use his telescope to observe the universe.” Neil deGrasse Tyson on How Space Scientists Have Long Been an ‘Accessory to War’ 2018-10-12T04:00:00Z Yet the lean frame doesn’t quite fit with his protégé’s scornful comment that, in agreeing to publicly abjure the very ideas he sought to champion, Galileo “saved his big gut.” Theater Review: F. Murray Abraham in ?Galileo? at Classic Stage Company 2012-02-24T03:00:00Z In May, the cast assembled in Tatel’s courtroom, where the Grand Inquisitor, in black cloak and tall hat, interrogated the hapless Galileo below the seal of the U.S. In ‘Galileo’s Torch,’ unlikely group of Washingtonians debate issue that resonates But her old boss is Roberto Donna, the controversial star chef of the former Galileo empire, and today will not be that day. Amy Brandwein doesn’t answer to ‘Roberto Donna’s girl’ 2015-06-15T04:00:00Z Three centuries of engineering have enhanced Galileo's simple spyglass, resulting in powerful telescopes that sit on mountaintops, orbit the Earth and circle other planets. 'Southland' leads Tuesday's TV offerings 2010-04-05T23:26:00Z These signify red-letter days on which important secular figures were born, among them Emily Dickinson, Galileo and Joseph Wright of Derby. Spencer Finch’s ‘Certain Slant of Light’ 2014-06-15T04:00:00Z Galileo Galilei was peering through a new telescope in 1610 when he noticed something strange: several bright objects flickering around the planet Jupiter that seemed to change positions nightly. A Watermark, and ‘Spidey Sense,’ Unmask a Forged Galileo Treasure 2022-08-17T04:00:00Z The library, for instance, has likenesses of Marcus Aurelius, Alexander the Great and Sappho, while such Renaissance men as Galileo and Leon Battista Alberti keep company on the terrace. Brunello Cucinelli Keeps Chickens, and Many Books, at His 17th-Century Italian Villa 2022-02-23T05:00:00Z They include works by Galileo Galilei and, according to the investigators, a 1518 edition of Thomas More's Utopia. Italy fears for 'vanishing' heritage after arrests over sacking of historic library 2013-01-30T17:20:39Z The most successful mash-up is Episode 7, “Galileo Hustle,” which combines Faye’s search for details about her past with a delicious new journey featuring a con woman who poses as Faye’s mother. The Good, the Bad and the Jazzy: What ‘Cowboy Bebop’ Gets Right and Wrong 2021-11-23T05:00:00Z Photo: Fabrizio Giovannozzi/AP Two of Galileo's fingers, removed from his corpse by admirers in the 18th century, have gone on display in a Florence museum now named after the astronomer. Galileo's fingers to be displayed in Florence science museum 2010-06-08T16:21:00Z Galileo's finger was removed when the corpse was exhumed and now sits on display at the Museum of the History of Science in Florence, perched inside a glass chalice. Ronald Reagan's blood joins Napoleon's penis in being sold to the highest bidder 2012-05-22T18:06:00Z The New York-based Czech expatriate is well known for his children's picture books, which have told the stories of seekers such as Columbus, Galileo, Darwin. 'The Conference of the Birds': reviving a 12th-century Persian epic 2011-11-16T22:53:03Z Independent of Catholic constraints, this haven for free thought ushered in intellectuals from all over the continent, including Copernicus, who studied here, and Galileo, who taught here. Academic adventures: Visiting Europe’s top university sights 2019-07-31T04:00:00Z Mr. Sharon knows that the Angelenos who attend his “Galileo,” originally scheduled for September but now due in May, are unlikely to need much political persuading, but he sees no trouble preaching to the choir. Opera’s Disrupter in Residence, Heading to Bayreuth 2017-07-20T04:00:00Z It's 1609, and a skint, grumpy Galileo teaches mathematics in Padua. Galileo reaches for the stars 2012-09-26T15:02:28Z Galileo's 1610 book The Starry Messenger contains his own drawings of the moon as it looked through his telescope. Higgs boson: the human urge to visualise the particle is irresistible 2012-07-06T13:00:02Z “It was pretty gut-wrenching when we first learned our Galileo was not actually a Galileo,” Donna L. Hayward, the interim dean of the university’s libraries, said in an interview. A Watermark, and ‘Spidey Sense,’ Unmask a Forged Galileo Treasure 2022-08-17T04:00:00Z But if idealism keeps resurfacing in Western thought, it may be because we find Descartes and Galileo’s original dismissal of the mind deeply unsatisfying. Do We Have Minds of Our Own? 2019-12-04T05:00:00Z For reasons unknown, Dreger’s publisher has chosen to package “Galileo’s Middle Finger” in a fashion that will mislead many into assuming it’s a history of scientific defiance from the 16th century to the present day. “Galileo’s Middle Finger”: When scholars and activists clash over controversial research, we all lose 2015-03-07T05:00:00Z The vertebra is kept at the University of Padua, where Galileo taught for many years. Galileo's fingers to be displayed in Florence science museum 2010-06-08T16:21:00Z The reason she could not marry was not because her father was Galileo, but because he wasn't married to her mother. Galileo reaches for the stars 2012-09-26T15:02:28Z Looking at the shiny, restored Star Trek Galileo shuttlecraft sitting in Houston in all its TV glory, she broke down. Restored Star Trek ship Galileo arrives in Houston 2013-07-31T18:57:43Z That this piteous figure is the 17th-century scientist Galileo Galilei makes his abjection even more unsettling to watch. Theater Review: F. Murray Abraham in ?Galileo? at Classic Stage Company 2012-02-24T03:00:00Z The revelation of the forgeries does not fundamentally change Galileo’s discovery, which is amply documented. A Watermark, and ‘Spidey Sense,’ Unmask a Forged Galileo Treasure 2022-08-17T04:00:00Z Thunderstruck, Galileo copies it and "invents" – more accurately, improves – the telescope. Galileo reaches for the stars 2012-09-26T15:02:28Z Would I lose resolve, as did Galileo when he was “shown the instruments” by his inquisitors? Passing gas is an art and science 2012-08-23T00:00:00Z Talk turned to the play’s contemporary relevance, to stem cells and SETI, and of who might be a modern Galileo. In ‘Galileo’s Torch,’ unlikely group of Washingtonians debate issue that resonates He was working at a time when reality was asserting itself in new ways, not long before Copernicus and Galileo astonished but also disillusioned us. A Wide-Roaming and Personal Meditation on Dürer and His Art 2021-05-05T04:00:00Z Galileo did have a daughter called Virginia, born to the aforementioned woman of easy habits. Galileo reaches for the stars 2012-09-26T15:02:28Z He started as a pasta maker for Roberto Donna at Galileo, where Valko would eventually become the wine steward overseeing some 1,500 vintages. Dal Grano review: The fresh new face of pasta in McLean 2016-04-14T04:00:00Z Among them are other portraits of notable men of history, including Galileo Galilei and Walt Disney. The Best of Philip Glass’s (Many) Operas After ‘Akhnaten’ 2019-11-19T05:00:00Z Wilding won fame in rare-book circles in 2012 for exposing a book, promoted as a rare ancient copy of a work by Galileo, as fraudulent. A rare map of America? Not so fast, experts say 2017-12-22T05:00:00Z In the 17th century, you were patrons of Galileo. Talking Across the Centuries to the Medici Family 2021-05-19T04:00:00Z Now her new video inspired by Galileo, “The Seduction of Galileo Galilei” is on view at the Whitney Museum of American Art. The Week Ahead: Oct. 30 ? Nov. 5 2011-10-27T18:15:00Z “The foundation of science is observation,” he said, lamenting that he had not “really done what Galileo was actually doing.” A Watermark, and ‘Spidey Sense,’ Unmask a Forged Galileo Treasure 2022-08-17T04:00:00Z Wilding’s search for the monogram turned up another Galileo document at the Morgan Library & Museum in New York, which had a slightly different watermark with the same monogram. A Watermark, and ‘Spidey Sense,’ Unmask a Forged Galileo Treasure 2022-08-17T04:00:00Z It reopened on Tuesday, calling itself the Galileo Museum. Galileo's fingers to be displayed in Florence science museum 2010-06-08T16:21:00Z Galileo goes to Rome, to the lair of the Inquisition. Galileo reaches for the stars 2012-09-26T15:02:28Z That said, Lee is very good on Stoppard’s sometimes painful experiences with the movies and fills us in about some tantalizing writing projects — like a screenplay about Galileo — that came to nothing. It’s Tom Stoppard’s World and We Don’t Live in It 2021-02-24T05:00:00Z He’s making actors out of public speakers, blending the inexperienced with the one true pro, Colin Davies, who plays Galileo and boasts “a very loud voice.” In ‘Galileo’s Torch,’ unlikely group of Washingtonians debate issue that resonates He discovered and explained the law of gravity, and provided the theoretical framework through which the observations of Galileo Galilei and the planetary laws of Johannes Kepler could be understood. Magician’s brain 2014-06-19T04:00:00Z The next stop was the Tracks of Galileo, a long, industrial-looking version of Hot Wheels Tracks that Ronan loved and got Dean excited about as well. Hands-On Math Lessons (No Homework Required) 2013-08-29T21:33:42Z But it also means we are the true heirs of Wright of Derby's Enlightenment and Galileo's Renaissance. Higgs boson: the human urge to visualise the particle is irresistible 2012-07-06T13:00:02Z Galileo's Daughter by Dava Sobel The most dramatic retelling of the Galileo story for a generation, and a rather tragic tale to boot. Stuart Clark's top 10 approachable astronomy books 2010-08-18T09:22:00Z Among them are works by Christopher Clavius, the famed German mathematician and friend of Galileo who was Ricci’s teacher at the Roman College. Missionary to the Forbidden City 2010-09-27T12:02:00Z Now they are combining forces to stage local author James Reston Jr.’s new play, “Galileo’s Torch.” In ‘Galileo’s Torch,’ unlikely group of Washingtonians debate issue that resonates Adapted from Bertolt Brecht's intelligent, gutsy play, this film is a smart take on Galileo's life – though 45 minutes cut out of the middle would have made it smarter still. Galileo reaches for the stars 2012-09-26T15:02:28Z In the midst of intense sectarian conflict Hypatia persists in trying, centuries before Kepler and Galileo, to understand the laws that govern the motions of the planets. | 'Agora': Rachel Weisz in a Tale of Ancient Egypt 2010-05-27T22:24:00Z Beginning with the sentencing portion of Galileo’s trial, it moves in reverse chronology, showing the scientist’s attempts to make his work palatable, through dialogues and metaphors that Mr. Glass outfits with flashes of humanist optimism. The Best of Philip Glass’s (Many) Operas After ‘Akhnaten’ 2019-11-19T05:00:00Z Instead, “Galileo’s Middle Finger” offers a trench-level account of several hot scientific controversies from the past 30 years, told with the page-turning verve of an exposé. “Galileo’s Middle Finger”: When scholars and activists clash over controversial research, we all lose 2015-03-07T05:00:00Z Golijov, the CSO's former composer in residence, took his title from a book by the astronomer Galileo that includes observations about the moon. Conlon serves Shostakovich suite to the max with CSO 2011-04-22T17:40:00Z In 2005, she was appointed Donna’s first female chef de cuisine at Galileo, prompting an item by Washington Post food critic Tom Sietsema that quoted Donna thus: “She’s the first woman to survive the grinder.” Amy Brandwein doesn’t answer to ‘Roberto Donna’s girl’ 2015-06-15T04:00:00Z For anyone tracking the cultural spread of specific thinkers, it is worth noting that "Freud" appears more times in the digitised books than instances of "Galileo," "Darwin," or "Einstein". Google creates a tool to probe 'genome' of English words for cultural trends 2010-12-16T19:00:29Z “Either he thought he was just invincible, or he was maybe just incredibly desperate,” Wilding, who is working on a biography of Galileo, said of Nicotra. Galileo Forgery’s Trail Leads to Web of Mistresses and Manuscripts 2022-09-09T04:00:00Z Even the case of Galileo, arrested and censored by the Inquisition for heresy after arguing that the Earth moves around the sun, is chalked up to intellectual infighting. Perspective | The new Bible museum tells a clear, powerful story. And it could change the museum business. 2017-11-15T05:00:00Z Another portrait of a 17th-century scientist, this piece is more diffuse than “Galileo,” perhaps better classed as an oratorio. The Best of Philip Glass’s (Many) Operas After ‘Akhnaten’ 2019-11-19T05:00:00Z A woman looks at two fingers of Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei at the newly reopened Galileo Museum of Science, in Florence. Galileo's fingers to be displayed in Florence science museum 2010-06-08T16:21:00Z The discovery of the Galileo leaves open the question of what happened to the many other forgeries Nicotra created, which he was quoted as saying could number as many as 600. Galileo Forgery’s Trail Leads to Web of Mistresses and Manuscripts 2022-09-09T04:00:00Z Otherwise, he says, we might miss something amazing, like the church officials in the 17th century who refused to look through Galileo’s telescope. Did an Alien Life-Form Do a Drive-By of Our Solar System in 2017? 2021-01-26T05:00:00Z He tells Galileo of an invention from Holland: a tube with two lenses that makes distant objects appear close. Galileo reaches for the stars 2012-09-26T15:02:28Z And with the Industry, an avant-garde opera company in Los Angeles, he workshopped an adaptation of Brecht’s “Life of Galileo.” One Composer, Four Players, ‘Seven Pillars’ 2021-12-02T05:00:00Z He caught the eye of the supremely cultured Cardinal Francesco Maria Del Monte – a lover of music and alchemy, and friend of Galileo – who made him a salaried retainer. Prince of darkness 2010-04-09T23:06:00Z As the first and only female chef de cuisine at now-closed Galileo, Brandwein was with Donna for the good and the bad. Amy Brandwein doesn’t answer to ‘Roberto Donna’s girl’ 2015-06-15T04:00:00Z Reminisce and the Galileo Lounge here have weekly gigs, and the first country music fair in Kenya, Boots and Hats Country Festival, took place in March. Country Music Finds a Home Far From Home, in Kenya 2015-07-01T04:00:00Z Galileo discovered it was the brachistochrone curve, which, despite being longer, delivers the ball first. Pasta Dreams and Flying Machines: Our Tuscan Adventure 2018-10-31T04:00:00Z There are more, but not many more – Brecht's Galileo, Dürrenmatt's The Physicists. Why does theatre plus science equal poor plays? 2010-07-26T11:20:00Z Brecht’s famous drama “Life of Galileo” buys into that rumor and goes even further, painting a harsh portrait of a sly self-promoter who turns cowardly when it counts most. | 'Starry Messenger': Science and Religion on a Collision Course at Galileo?s Trial 2011-02-08T22:14:19Z We cannot all read reams of military white papers to track the evolving thinking about space dominance or dig up Galileo’s first treatise from 1610. Neil deGrasse Tyson Explores the Symbiosis Between War and Astrophysics 2018-11-12T05:00:00Z He exudes the earthy pragmatism that is a mark of Galileo’s intelligence but also proves to be the flaw that will erode his integrity. Theater Review: F. Murray Abraham in ?Galileo? at Classic Stage Company 2012-02-24T03:00:00Z Readers learn about his adolescence, a pivotal journey to Italy during which Milton met Galileo, and his later years, along with Milton’s own influence on the author. 8 New Books Coming in December 2021-11-24T05:00:00Z The sixth stamp is of the Galileo shuttle craft, which first appeared in the original series in 1966. More Star Trek stamps? Make it so, says Canada Post 2017-04-28T04:00:00Z Among those who admired and drew from it were Galileo, Freud, Darwin and Einstein. Books of The Times: ?The Swerve: How the World Became Modern,? by Stephen Greenblatt 2011-09-27T21:00:22Z Galileo was the first truly empirical scientist who put every hypothesis to the test. Higgs boson: the human urge to visualise the particle is irresistible 2012-07-06T13:00:02Z Galileo’s moral disintegration under pressure from the all-powerful Roman Catholic Church, culminating in his humiliating public disavowal of the scientific advances he has dedicated his life to, remains the dominant theme. Theater Review: F. Murray Abraham in ?Galileo? at Classic Stage Company 2012-02-24T03:00:00Z One was a sketch by the owner of Galileo’s 1610 book that first describes the surface from the telescope he had built two months earlier. Literary treasures from Corpus Christi College at Oxford arrive in Washington 2017-02-22T05:00:00Z A perceptive, illuminating look at Galileo’s discoveries and the anti-science naysayers who tried to take him down. 50 notable works of nonfiction in 2020 2020-11-16T05:00:00Z Hawking had just published his memoir, “My Brief History,” in which he mentioned being born on Jan. 8, 1942, three centuries to the day after Galileo’s death. Actor Eddie Redmayne explodes into Oscar contention with ‘The Theory of Everything’ Climate change should furnish to art what Galileo delivered to theology: a definitive rupture of where we think we stand. Best Art Books of 2020 2020-11-26T05:00:00Z The phases of Venus, revealed by Galileo, were perhaps the most important, because they proved that a planet orbited the sun rather than the Earth. Understanding the universe 2015-10-22T04:00:00Z Italian scientific pioneers including Galileo belonged to the Academy of Lynxes, which associated the creature's eyesight with the pursuit of empirical truth. Titian discovery at National Gallery 2013-01-07T21:51:45Z Visitors can also view what the museum says are the only surviving instruments designed and built by Galileo, including two telescopes and a lens he used to discover Jupiter's moons. Galileo's fingers to be displayed in Florence science museum 2010-06-08T16:21:00Z "Who didn't have a telescope"-Great quip Life of Galileo, inspiring. Reader reviews: your take on Sarah Silverman, Bull, and A Life of Galileo 2013-02-15T17:25:10Z Sculptor Pietro Tacca, puzzled as to how two legs could support a statue as heavy as this one and made from a fairly weak metal, turned to scientist Galileo Galilei for help engineering it. You don’t have to give up restaurants, museums or shopping during Madrid’s Holy Week 2016-03-21T04:00:00Z Galileo’s metal frame and landing gear are salvageable, but the shell and trapezoidal sliding doors will have to be largely replaced. Antiques: Auction Lots, Including Frank Family Letters, to Be Shown 2012-12-27T22:11:36Z Standing near pictures of Archimedes, Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein, Mr. Kamen says he wonders who the next comparable great thinker will be. Review: ‘SlingShot’ Documentary Pitches Solution to Global Water Crisis 2015-07-09T04:00:00Z Galileo presented his first telescope in Venice; Williams will now present his own homage to the amateur astronomer, a temple to a nocturnal sub-species. Bedwyr Williams: why I'm taking a space observatory to Venice 2013-04-14T17:00:01Z Galileo was summoned before the Inquisition, put on trial and threatened with torture in a clash of science and religion that still resonates today. In ‘Galileo’s Torch,’ unlikely group of Washingtonians debate issue that resonates The best-selling author of "Longitude" and "Galileo's Daughter" discusses her new book, "A More Perfect Heaven," the story of how Copernicus launched astronomy as we know it. Lots of entertainment treats for Oct. 30-Nov. 5 2011-10-26T22:17:04Z “Katie thought what we all thought: The truth will save me. That’s what Galileo thought, too, and he died under house arrest. The same thing has happened to us.” Those People We Tried to Cancel? They’re All Hanging Out Together 2019-11-02T04:00:00Z “It happened 400 years ago with Galileo,” he said. Opera’s Disrupter in Residence, Heading to Bayreuth 2017-07-20T04:00:00Z According to legend, when the Roman Catholic Church forced Galileo to recant his astronomical proof that the earth revolves around the sun, he muttered, “But still, it turns.” Photographing Life as It’s Seen, Not Staged 2021-02-05T05:00:00Z As Brecht’s Galileo comments, “Unhappy the land that needs heroes.” A Scheherazade for Our Times 2022-01-14T05:00:00Z It’s a rich space filled with cosmographic spheres, a pantheon of cannon-size telescopes, sensuous maps of the heavens, and two of Galileo’s actual fingers. Pasta Dreams and Flying Machines: Our Tuscan Adventure 2018-10-31T04:00:00Z The outcome of this final dialectical exchange between educated man and superstitious boy suggests that the power of doubt, hailed by Galileo as the precursor of knowledge, can be a sword that cuts both ways. Theater Review: F. Murray Abraham in ?Galileo? at Classic Stage Company 2012-02-24T03:00:00Z What Goethe was talking about was, no doubt, the explosive effect of Galileo's telescope on the European world-picture. 'You may now turn over your papers' 2010-09-24T23:06:00Z Ms. Dreger is neither dead nor under house arrest, but she has become a resource for the canceled because of her 2015 book, “Galileo’s Middle Finger,” about when intellectuals are vilified. Those People We Tried to Cancel? They’re All Hanging Out Together 2019-11-02T04:00:00Z Mr. Abraham infuses his performance with a physical vigor signifying that Galileo lives as much in his flesh as in his capacious mind. Theater Review: F. Murray Abraham in ?Galileo? at Classic Stage Company 2012-02-24T03:00:00Z Some of us who were devoted radio listeners in the mid-’70s will surely sit up in our death beds and whisper “Galileo, Galileo, Figaro” with our final breaths. ‘Bohemian Rhapsody’ Review: Another One Bites the Dust 2018-10-30T04:00:00Z “The Galileo Project” is repeated on Friday and Saturday evenings and on Sunday afternoon at the Trinity-St. ArtsBeat: Star-Studded Early Music in Toronto 2011-03-04T20:30:25Z “The pope told Galileo that the Earth was flat, but he said, ‘Nuts to you, pope’!’ and we say the same thing every day.” Theater Review: ‘The Explorers Club’ Pokes Fun at a 19th-Century Sanctum 2013-06-21T02:00:01Z Ira Hauptman’s “Starry Messenger,” now at the Theater for the New City, sketches a more sympathetic Galileo, one who glories in his science and his status but who is also worried about his three children. | 'Starry Messenger': Science and Religion on a Collision Course at Galileo?s Trial 2011-02-08T22:14:19Z Galileo gave an empirical basis to the strange idea proposed by Copernicus – just as, four centuries later, the LHC experiments have given an empirical basis to the strange idea of Higgs and his fellow physicists. Higgs boson: the human urge to visualise the particle is irresistible 2012-07-06T13:00:02Z Arturo Ui, a murderous Chicago racketeer who evokes Adolf Hitler and echoes Richard III, stands alongside Mother Courage and Galileo as one of the juiciest roles in the dramatic canon. The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui – review 2012-07-12T11:13:26Z Digby indulged in horoscopes and alchemy, and discussed Galileo’s new ideas with Florentine academics. Forgotten hero 2016-05-26T04:00:00Z As a theater student, he saw the Bertolt Brecht play “Galileo” and it triggered an idea about a person who does a good deed, has a quick ascent and even quicker descent. Asghar Farhadi’s new film grapples with the idea of heroes 2022-01-30T05:00:00Z The model for the show’s Galileo shuttlecraft, about 24 feet long, was used for scenes of crews and visitors in transit; assorted villains destroyed it in episode after episode. Antiques: Auction Lots, Including Frank Family Letters, to Be Shown 2012-12-27T22:11:36Z This was, in any case, the bargain that was made in the seventeenth century, when Descartes and Galileo deemed consciousness a subjective phenomenon unfit for empirical study. Do We Have Minds of Our Own? 2019-12-04T05:00:00Z In a strong performance David Little plays Galileo as a conflicted hero, increasingly overwhelmed if never quite humbled. | 'Starry Messenger': Science and Religion on a Collision Course at Galileo?s Trial 2011-02-08T22:14:19Z Though Michigan’s document had been authenticated by Galileo scholars in the past, he felt responsible for not recognizing it earlier. A Watermark, and ‘Spidey Sense,’ Unmask a Forged Galileo Treasure 2022-08-17T04:00:00Z Brecht’s play concentrates on the conflict between Galileo and the Roman Catholic Church, which was determined that he recant his discoveries about the universe. The Week Ahead: Jan. 29 ? Feb. 4 2012-01-29T07:30:11Z Visits by NASA’s Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft in 1979 suggested the moon was active, and the Galileo mission in 1995 confirmed that Europa had a subsurface ocean, as some scientific models predicted. How NASA's Europa Clipper will survive its trip to Jupiter's hostile moon 2023-10-18T04:00:00Z |
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