| 单词 | free electron |
| 例句 | Their core is incredibly hot, and there are countless free electrons swimming in that dense, infernal soup. See JWST’s Spectacular New View of the Crab Nebula 2023-11-10T05:00:00Z In this way, the researchers simulate a complex state similar to the one produced in the solid state by a free electron. Physicists simulate interacting quasiparticles in ultracold quantum gas 2023-10-26T04:00:00Z Quasiparticle-based light sources could have a distinct advantage over existing forms, like free electron lasers, which are scarce and massive, making them impractical for most laboratories, hospitals, and businesses. Scientists propose super-bright light sources powered by quasiparticles 2023-10-19T04:00:00Z In a free electron laser, a linear accelerator, or linac, shoots a beam of high-energy electrons into a string of complex magnets called undulators. U.S. regains the lead in friendly x-ray laser “arms race” 2023-09-18T04:00:00Z As minerals sit in the ground, they are exposed to environmental radiation and accumulate free electrons. From an Ancient Soil Sample, Clues to an Ice Sheet’s Future 2023-07-21T04:00:00Z For example, metals are shiny because they contain lots of free electrons that can absorb light and then reemit most of it, making their surfaces gleam. Physicists Make Matter out of Light to Find Quantum Singularities 2023-06-18T04:00:00Z After the photon hits, photosystem II transfers the free electron to the first in a series of proteins inside the thylakoid membrane called the electron transport chain. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Experimental fusion reactors heat plasmas — free electrons and atomic nuclei — to temperatures exceeding 100 million degrees Celsius, hotter than the sun’s core. U.S. announces milestone on fusion energy, sparking hopes for clean power 2022-12-13T05:00:00Z In metals, the free charges are free electrons. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Such a detached proton won’t remain alone forever when attractive electrons are around; it will capture a free electron, becoming a neutral hydrogen once more. Astronomy 2016-10-13T00:00:00Z Figure 1 | High-harmonic generation. a, The potential energy of free electrons is zero, but that of electrons in a solid varies because these particles are attracted to nuclei located at the potential-energy minima. Atomic forces mapped out by lasers 2020-06-30T04:00:00Z The binding energy of an atom or ion — the energy required to break the atom into its free electrons and a nucleus — is different in an excited metastable state from that in the ground state. Mass spectrometry for future atomic clocks 2020-05-05T04:00:00Z As an FRB travels through the ionized intergalactic medium, its radio waves interact with free electrons and are slowed. Not all fast radio bursts are created equal 2020-01-05T05:00:00Z If we have an estimate of the density of free electrons in a conductor, we can calculate the drift velocity for a given current. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Neutral hydrogen atoms can acquire small amounts of energy through collisions with other hydrogen atoms or with free electrons. Astronomy 2016-10-13T00:00:00Z The kinetic energy of a free electron grows quadratically with its velocity or momentum, resulting in a curve known as a parabola. Atomic forces mapped out by lasers 2020-06-30T04:00:00Z Polarity asymmetry in lightning leaders is conspicuous, and is ultimately attributable to the marked polarity asymmetry in the charge carriers in ionized air4: free electrons are highly mobile, whereas heavier positive ions are not. A closer look at lightning reveals needle-like structures 2019-04-16T04:00:00Z In those systems, the zero-resistance state often borders a ‘Mott’ insulator — in which no current flows, despite the presence of free electrons, because mutual repulsion between the particles pins them in place. How ‘magic angle’ graphene is stirring up physics 2019-01-01T05:00:00Z So what do we mean by free electrons? College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z It therefore exerts a strong attraction on any free electron. Astronomy 2016-10-13T00:00:00Z The field is strong enough to induce a chain reaction: free electrons in the region collide heavily enough with air molecules to ionize them, producing more electrons that then ionize more molecules. Flying with ionic wind 2018-11-20T05:00:00Z As a result, the negative leader is fast and energetic, emits copious radio-frequency radiation and produces many free electrons. A closer look at lightning reveals needle-like structures 2019-04-16T04:00:00Z Like a metal, graphene is ordinarily conductive, with free electrons that interact only with the atomic lattice and not with one another. How ‘magic angle’ graphene is stirring up physics 2019-01-01T05:00:00Z These free electrons respond by accelerating when an electric field is applied. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z With no free electrons to scatter photons, the universe became transparent for the first time in cosmic history. Astronomy 2016-10-13T00:00:00Z When a piece of metal is large, the free electrons reflect the light that hits them, giving the material its shine. Plasmonic Materials 2018-09-21T04:00:00Z By contrast, the positive leader is slow and smoothly progressing, emits little radio-frequency radiation and generates few free electrons. A closer look at lightning reveals needle-like structures 2019-04-16T04:00:00Z As a result, metals — which contain many free electrons — are typically good heat conductors. The heat is on for Majorana fermions 2018-07-10T04:00:00Z In an insulator, the organization of the atoms and the structure do not allow for such free electrons. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Rattling around in the color centers of the diamonds in Englund's lab are free electrons, the spins of which can be measured by probing them with a strong magnetic field. What Are the Limits of Manipulating Nature? 2018-05-25T04:00:00Z He focused on the physics of the ionosphere, the layer of free electrons and ions that starts some 60 kilometres above Earth and is important for propagating radio waves. Ralph J. Cicerone (1943-2016) : Nature : Nature Research 2016-12-13T05:00:00Z Alternatively, a nuclear explosion 450km above the central United States would produce enough high-energy free electrons in the atmosphere below to fry the grid and unshielded electronics in all states except Alaska and Hawaii. The last big frontier 2016-08-04T04:00:00Z Survivors became free electrons, too often bonded to nothing, related to no one. One Woman's Holocaust Secrets Make for a Powerful Film 2016-04-29T04:00:00Z Electrical signals travel at speeds about 1012 times greater than the drift velocity of free electrons. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z “The main point is, no one would invest in a $20,000 charging station on their property if it’s just an open wound bleeding free electrons,” Barrett said. Electric car owners track down scarce charging stations 2016-02-26T05:00:00Z These atoms “bond” together using magnets that accurately portray the single bonds, double bonds and free electrons that make up the molecules of the universe. The Coolest Toys at Toy Fair 2016 2016-02-16T05:00:00Z This allowed light to travel freely for the first time, since it was no longer scattering off of free electrons. Astronomers Spot A Galaxy That's Extremely Far, Far Away 2015-05-06T04:00:00Z The shift from bound paper to free electrons doesn’t erase the need for eye-catching design. Novellas that go to infinity and beyond Repeat the above example on Example 20.3, but for a wire made of silver and given there is one free electron per silver atom. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Electrons are accelerated before entering an X-ray free electron laser. X-ray science: The big guns 2014-01-29T18:50:58.094Z When he says: “I like to be a free electron.” Oracle Weekly Roundup: Bond, Boats, & Black Holes 2013-07-12T12:04:00Z The apparent colour of gold nanoparticles is determined by oscillations of the nanoparticles' free electrons, which are excited by photons striking the metal's surface. Perspective: A glint of the future 2013-03-13T18:21:03.030Z Furthermore, recent promising developments of free electron lasers will allow structure determination from small and easier to obtain nanocrystals. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z These free electrons can move through the material much as air moves through loose sand. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Electrons move between the trap states and the conduction band, and only free electrons contribute to the steady-state diffusion process. Materials interface engineering for solution-processed photovoltaics 2012-08-15T17:22:03.163Z Her areas of study were astrophysics and free electron lasers. Sally Ride, First American Woman In Space, Dead At 61 2012-07-23T21:57:43Z Silver's optical response is almost the ideal response of free electrons. Perspective: A glint of the future 2013-03-13T18:21:03.030Z Hence an electrical oscillation, which is merely a very rapid alternating current taking place in a conductor, is on this hypothesis assumed to consist in a rapid movement to and fro of the free electrons. Hertzian Wave Wireless Telegraphy 2012-01-09T03:00:20.570Z Any substance that has free electrons and allows charge to move relatively freely through it is called a conductor. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z He said the free electrons on the leaf's surface then interact with , catalyzing its split into oxygen on the leaf's light side and hydrogen on the dark side. Novel Methods Store Sunshine as Fuel 2011-10-06T19:45:00.237Z A metallic conductor is supposed to contain many free electrons, which normally bear much the same relation to the material molecules as a saturated vapour bears to the liquid in equilibrium with it. The New Gresham Encyclopedia Volume 4, Part 2: Ebert to Estremadura 2011-04-14T02:00:56.200Z Then a metal is placed in an electric field, the free electrons move to one side of the material, giving it a negative charge and leaving the opposite side positive. Gravity, by George Gamow [Special Archive Article] 2011-03-04T13:45:00.433Z Conduction in a solid may be effected by the movement of free electrons intermingled with the chemical atoms, but any one electron may be continually passing from a condition of freedom to one of combination. Hertzian Wave Wireless Telegraphy 2012-01-09T03:00:20.570Z Figure 20.6 shows how free electrons move through an ordinary conductor. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z "But unlike the free electron, the free muon falls apart, with a mean lifetime of about 2.2 microseconds." Artificial Hydrogen Tests Quantum Theory 2011-01-28T01:45:01.977Z Charley danced and flicked around the cabin like a free electron with a careless disregard for traffic regulations and public safety. Master of the Moondog Right at a, of course, there are some free electrons and they hear the calls of both batteries. Letters of a Radio-Engineer to His Son According to Sir William Crookes, the first of these are free electrons, or matter in an ultra-gaseous state, as shown in the cathode stream. A History of Science, Volume 5(of 5) Aspects Of Recent Science This corresponds to a free electron with no kinetic energy, since rn gets very large for large n , and the electric potential energy thus becomes zero. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Thus from the work of Hertz and his successors we know that light, and more particularly what we call actinic light, is an effective means of setting free electrons from certain substances. The Birth-Time of the World and Other Scientific Essays But Dirac's theory also predicted negative energy states for free electrons. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z In the wire there will be lots of free electrons ready to go to the positive plate of the battery which pulls the harder. Letters of a Radio-Engineer to His Son Note that in Table 14.3, the best thermal conductors—silver, copper, gold, and aluminum—are also the best electrical conductors, again related to the density of free electrons in them. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z |
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