| 单词 | final cause |
| 例句 | “I’m saying it’s possible as an idea, even necessary as an idea, a final cause in the whole structure of causation.” The Things They Carried 1990-01-01T00:00:00Z The mercury has no natural tendency to stand up in a column, so there is no final cause at work here. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z There are no formal or final causes, and the material cause never varies. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z He might dissect, anatomise, and give names; but, not to speak of a final cause, causes in their secondary and tertiary grades were utterly unknown to him. Frankenstein 1818-01-01T00:00:00Z As far as Aristotle was concerned, as we saw in Chapter 3, causal explanations had four components: the formal cause, the final cause, the material cause and the efficient cause. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z In Pascal’s account of why the mercury does not descend in the Torricellian tube the formal and material causes are so attenuated as to be uninteresting, and the final cause has disappeared completely. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Thus a tadpole has the form of a juvenile frog, and its goal, its final cause, is to become an adult frog. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Boyd, an assistant chief deputy coroner, said it would take several more weeks to determine the final cause of death. Robin Williams was found dead at home by personal assistant, officials say 2014-08-12T04:00:00Z The leading pathologist said the final cause of death was "not clear" due to the numerous injuries that could have led to Alfie's death. Alfie Phillips murder trial: Toddler died with 70 injuries 2023-10-04T04:00:00Z British actor Julian Sands' final cause of death has been deemed undetermined. Julian Sands: Room with a View actor's final cause of death is undetermined 2023-07-25T04:00:00Z Scientists will determine the final cause of death based on pending lab results. Dead endangered whale washes up on Mississippi Gulf Coast 2023-01-08T05:00:00Z Each final cause leads to another, until we get to the first cause or prime mover. Introduction to Philosophy 2022-06-15T00:00:00Z The next day, Mr. Ketler’s body was taken to the city’s morgue, where the final cause of death was established. Investigators of War Crimes in Ukraine Face Formidable Challenges 2022-07-03T04:00:00Z "Coroner Russell's final cause of death was determined to be Asphyxiation by Hanging and the Manner was determined to be suicide," the release states. Former 'Bachelorette' contestant Clint Arlis' cause of death revealed as suicide 2022-03-12T05:00:00Z "The final cause and manner of death will be determined based on the outcome of the autopsy," the release added. Indiana man killed in fireworks accident: reports 2021-07-05T04:00:00Z A spokeswoman for Catalonia’s Justice Department said the death appeared to be suicide but the final cause would be determined by the autopsy. Lawyer saw no sign that software mogul McAfee would kill himself 2021-06-24T04:00:00Z The final cause reflected the purpose of the being, or the reason why the sculpture was made in the first place. Introduction to Philosophy 2022-06-15T00:00:00Z The final cause of death was determined to be blunt force trauma to the abdomen. Milwaukee man fatally punches son over cheesecake, pleads guilty 2021-05-07T04:00:00Z While police responded to a report of an overdose, a pending autopsy will determine the final cause of death. North Carolina man arrested over death of 16-year-old, charged with human trafficking 2020-12-31T05:00:00Z The coroner is waiting for a final review of police, autopsy and toxicological reports before ruling on a manner of death as well as a final cause of death. Man shot by police after allegedly threatening officers 2020-12-23T05:00:00Z No foul play is suspected, but the final cause of death has yet to be determined. Police: Body found by boy in creek was missing social worker 2020-10-23T04:00:00Z Aristotle’s universe is a closed system of final causes. Introduction to Philosophy 2022-06-15T00:00:00Z The final cause of death is pending autopsy and toxicology results from the Ramsey County Medical Examiner. Officials: Counterfeit oxycodone caused 3 overdoses, 1 fatal 2020-05-22T04:00:00Z Houston Fire Chief Samuel Pena said the ATF’s finding is preliminary, and that determining a final cause could take up to two months. ATF: Electrical spark likely caused deadly Houston blast 2020-01-31T05:00:00Z But one thing it certainly does not do is answer the knotty “final cause” question. Opinion | Readers critique The Post: Why no coverage of the nearby Andrew Yang rally? 2019-11-22T05:00:00Z The final cause of death is pending autopsy results. 2 inmates found dead in Alabama prisons 2019-11-22T05:00:00Z But a final cause of death won’t be decided until toxicology tests are completed. Mom, son who died in pond had been returning from therapy 2019-11-22T05:00:00Z It will be another year before the final cause is determined. Cargo plane didn’t report trouble before crash that killed 2 2019-09-20T04:00:00Z "The vendor will be required by the state of Tennessee to undergo an inspection for the defective device and the others that were used to determine the final cause." Fire erupts on field before game between Colts and Titans in Tennessee 2019-09-15T04:00:00Z Social science research is notoriously incapable of answering the “final cause” question, except to invoke meaningless “coincidence” or “chance.” Opinion | Readers critique The Post: Why no coverage of the nearby Andrew Yang rally? 2019-11-22T05:00:00Z Tis the crown & glory of organic science that it does thro’ final cause, link material to moral . . . you have ignored this link. Toward a Positive Evolutionary Psychology 2019-09-02T04:00:00Z “The final cause and manner of death will be determined at a later date.” Cameron Boyce’s cause of death is both known and, officially, still unknown 2019-07-11T04:00:00Z However, Dr. Richard Streck, chief clinical operations officer for the system, says it’s too early to determine the final cause of death. Hospital reports patient death amid Legionnaires outbreak 2019-06-03T04:00:00Z This article was updated with the final cause of Adachi’s death as reported by the medical examiner. When a reporter would not betray his source, police came to his home with guns and a sledgehammer 2019-05-12T04:00:00Z The final causes for both crashes have not been determined. ‘Safety was just a given’: Inside Boeing’s boardroom amid the 737 Max crisis 2019-05-06T04:00:00Z Investigators have not determined a final cause of the Lion Air crash. FAA doubles down on decision not to ground the Boeing 737 Max, as counterparts around the world have done 2019-03-12T04:00:00Z Police spokesman Sam Clemens says an autopsy will be done before a final cause of death is determined, but exposure is the preliminary finding. Man’s death in Sioux Falls attributed to cold exposure 2019-02-14T05:00:00Z Three babies have died, but the state hasn’t determined a final cause of death. Embattled University Hospital CEO resigning amid criticism 2018-12-06T05:00:00Z Graves says a final cause of death will be determined following an autopsy and investigation. Arkansas inmate found unresponsive, dies at prison infirmary 2018-09-12T04:00:00Z Kaplan’s final cause and manner of death will be determined once officials receive the toxicology results from his autopsy. Texas man found dead with child appears to have killed self 2017-12-13T05:00:00Z The Hennepin County Medical Examiner will determine the final cause of death. Man killed after shooting at officers in Crystal 2017-11-11T05:00:00Z A final cause for concern might be Catalonia's debt. Spain Catalan crisis: Six things you need to know 2017-10-10T04:00:00Z Officials say they can’t confirm a definitive increase in deaths until final cause reports are available. Apparent increase in Arizona opioid deaths this summer 2017-09-06T04:00:00Z The state medical examiner will conduct an investigation to determine a final cause of death. Police investigate Bridgeport murder-suicide 2017-07-06T04:00:00Z Capt. Mark Carignan said the final cause and manner of death will be determined by the Vermont Office of the Chief Medical Examiner. Police say heat exposure might have played a role in deaths 2017-06-13T04:00:00Z A final cause of the illiberal wave that shouldn't be ignored is the relative decline of American power. Is There a Global Rejection of Liberal Ideals? 2016-07-06T04:00:00Z Her death is suspected to be related to a drug overdose but a final cause of death has not been released by the coroner. Ecstasy overdose caused death of UCLA student who went to rave at county fairgrounds 2016-03-01T05:00:00Z They cautioned that the 2015 estimates could change as they receive additional information, including final causes of death from the medical examiner’s office. Attorney general announces task force in opioid abuse fight 2016-01-20T05:00:00Z A final cause of death will be determined by the Polk County Medical Examiner’s Office. McMinnville man killed in farming accident 2015-09-19T04:00:00Z A final cause of death is pending toxicology results. Autopsy: 3-year-old girl drowned in Mokena swimming pool 2015-07-07T04:00:00Z A final cause of death for each case is pending further toxicology results. Heroin suspected in recent deaths in Milwaukee County 2015-07-06T04:00:00Z The final causes and manners of the two men’s deaths will be determined following toxicological testing and a police investigation. Police: Motorcyclist, pedestrian killed in Plainfield crash 2015-04-29T04:00:00Z The creation of an institute for the Senate that could meet the standard of traditional presidential libraries was one of Kennedy's final causes. Dedicating Ted Kennedy institute, Obama recalls senator as bridge-builder 2015-03-30T04:00:00Z A final cause of death should be released later this year. Ailing male tiger, 14, dies at San Antonio Zoo 2014-11-07T05:00:00Z A final cause for concern is that the antitrust campaign confuses and conflates differing, and possibly conflicting, policy goals. Unequal before the law? 2014-08-21T04:00:00Z His office was still investigating the final causes of death and the identities of the other two women. Murder charges over Cleveland bodies 2013-07-22T16:20:29Z The bodies were "in states of advanced decomposition," the Cuyahoga County Medical Examiner's Office said in a statement, adding, "Because of this, identification and final cause of death may take several days." Ohio police end search for more victims in wrapped-bodies case 2013-07-22T04:02:16Z Nature is far from subjecting herself to final causes in the formation of her creatures.” Pioneers of Evolution from Thales to Huxley With an Intermediate Chapter on the Causes of Arrest of the Movement 2012-04-26T02:00:14.960Z Are they not the essential final causes of all religions? The Life of Mohammad The Prophet of Allah 2012-04-25T02:01:04.030Z The final cause of the missing money was a transfer of $175 million on Oct. DealBook: Some at MF Global Reportedly Knew of a Cash Shortfall 2012-03-28T03:11:19Z He is the literary progenitor of a long line of young men, artistic in taste, a trifle sceptical as to final causes, wealthy, worldly, widely cultured, and aristocratic. Unicorns 2012-03-14T02:00:26.677Z "The final cause of human society is the unfolding of the individual man, into every form of perfection, without let or hindrance, according to the inward nature of each." Transcendentalism in New England A History 2012-02-18T03:00:16.210Z He gives up the hope of ascertaining first or final causes, of comprehending the supernatural, or of conceiving of an infinite personality. The Works of Robert G. Ingersoll, Vol. 11 (of 12) Dresden Edition?Miscellany 2012-02-11T03:03:52.627Z The civilized man, having outgrown the ignorance, the arrogance, and the provincialism of savagery, abandons the vain search for final causes, for the nature and origin of things. The Works of Robert G. Ingersoll, Vol. 12 (of 12) Dresden Edition?Miscellany 2012-02-11T03:03:47.297Z The whole course of his reasoning proceeds on, and is pervaded by, the principle of final causes. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 8 "Cube" to "Daguerre, Louis" 2012-01-31T03:00:17.257Z There is one final cause that is close to liberals’ hearts and threatened by the projected rise in Medicare and Medicaid costs. Opinionator: What We Give Up for Health Care 2012-01-21T22:41:04Z The final cause of the senses and the appetites is denied, and, by implication, the argument from design founded on the belief in final causes. The Roman Poets of the Republic 2012-01-15T03:00:14.187Z The way we use “the cause” when talking about a social or political cause is more in line with what Aristotle called a final cause – “the purpose, end, aim, or goal of something.” New Rules for Radicals, #1 -- "The Cause": Positively Medieval 2012-01-05T02:29:11Z Teleology and the theory of final causes have been compromised because their specific character has been mistaken; they have sometimes been assimilated to, and sometimes substituted for, mechanical causes in the explanation of phenomena. Outlines of a Philosophy of Religion based on Psychology and History 2012-01-01T03:00:07.953Z D. D. H. looketh on this pamphlet as the final cause of the system of subscription at Oxford, and, now that the effect hath been accomplished doth heartily wish that custom may be discontinued. Tennyson and His Friends 2011-12-28T03:00:32.373Z Neither first causes, final causes, nor the essences of things, ought—according to it—to be the object of scientific research, for these, it considers, are not science, but metaphysics. The War Upon Religion Being an Account of the Rise and Progress of Anti-christianism in Europe 2011-12-24T03:07:55.507Z And this Primacy may be regarded from three different points of view; as it is in itself, and as it regards its efficient and its final cause. St. Peter, His Name and His Office As set forth in holy scripture 2011-11-28T03:00:25.013Z And, except perhaps among the most degraded, the more subtle notion of a final cause, though often developed in a crude form, is associated with the other. Know the Truth; A critique of the Hamiltonian Theory of Limitation 2011-10-29T02:00:13.723Z It is true that to determine this final cause of the world is also to determine its first cause. Outlines of a Philosophy of Religion based on Psychology and History 2012-01-01T03:00:07.953Z I never mistook pleasure for the final cause of poetry; nor leisure, for the hour of the poet. The Poetical Works of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Vol. I 2011-09-20T02:00:18.217Z If civilization were the final cause of the human species, could intelligence perish? The Works of Honor? de Balzac About Catherine de' Medici, Seraphita and Other Stories 2011-09-02T02:00:23.810Z That it might satisfy our human craving for final causes, the theory of preformation had to be accompanied by a corresponding explanation of the origin of the miniatures. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z A person, possesses the reason and law of his action, and the capacity to act, within himself, and is thus a final cause. Know the Truth; A critique of the Hamiltonian Theory of Limitation 2011-10-29T02:00:13.723Z A final cause, the most intangible but probably the most powerful, is culture. Illegal downloading and media investment: Spotting the pirates 2011-08-17T18:32:42Z He had, in the Baptist, a special forerunner, who gave out, on all occasions, that the final cause of his own preaching was to prepare the way for one greater than himself. Pastor Pastorum 2011-07-25T02:00:14.597Z His final cause was to end the two-party system, which he believed stifled real choice. Fred Newman, Writer and Political Figure, Dies at 76 2011-07-10T06:23:02Z It developed the self-assertion of which we have spoken, and, in the belief that it could stand alone, divorced itself from that support which was the final cause of its existence. Arts and Crafts Essays by Members of the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society 2011-05-30T02:00:17.247Z Every such being is therefore a miniature final cause. Know the Truth; A critique of the Hamiltonian Theory of Limitation 2011-10-29T02:00:13.723Z Immortality of the soul; argument from merit and demerit; argument from the simplicity of the soul; argument from final causes.—Religious sentiment.—Adoration.—Worship.—Moral beauty of Christianity. Lectures on the true, the beautiful and the good 2011-05-25T02:00:17.943Z With crushing ruin rage destroyed Thyestes; And as a final cause rage may be known Why mighty cities fell, quite overthrown, And why upon their walls a sneering army Its plowshare drags along. Memorial Day and Other Verse 2011-05-20T02:00:35.647Z The final cause of that hatted figure is not the advertising of a tailor; it is the effect upon the imagination. From the Easy Chair, series 3 2011-05-14T02:00:12.237Z The final cause of death was respiratory problems, Saturday's statement added. Sporting great Ballesteros dies at home aged 54 2011-05-07T10:14:57Z For his own conduct, man is the final cause. Know the Truth; A critique of the Hamiltonian Theory of Limitation 2011-10-29T02:00:13.723Z That is to say, your mind is directed by the universal and necessary principles of time, of space, of cause, and even of final cause. Lectures on the true, the beautiful and the good 2011-05-25T02:00:17.943Z The volition, therefore, with which we started, is at last traced up to a necessary and infinite wisdom as its first and final cause; for here the efficient cause and the motive are indeed one. A Review of Edwards's 2011-04-27T02:00:19.047Z Such a graphic statement of the problem is misleading, for it suggests that the alternatives are mutually exclusive, that we must vote either for final causes or for efficient causes. Ontology or the Theory of Being 2011-04-01T02:00:38.727Z Those who advocate final causes say, that nature grants them a longer life than men, in order to recompense them for the trouble they take in bringing children into the world and rearing them. A Philosophical Dictionary, Volume 10 (of 10) From "The Works of Voltaire - A Contemporary Version" 2011-03-31T02:00:21.443Z Be it a Fetish, or Brahm, or God, in the kernel final cause will be found. Know the Truth; A critique of the Hamiltonian Theory of Limitation 2011-10-29T02:00:13.723Z Without the principle of final causes, could physiology proceed a single step, render to itself an account of a single organ, or determine a single function? Lectures on the true, the beautiful and the good 2011-05-25T02:00:17.943Z Every volition, every event, must be traced up to a first and final cause, and this must be necessary and infinite wisdom. A Review of Edwards's 2011-04-27T02:00:19.047Z Efficient causes account for the course of nature; but they need to be determined by the influence of final causes. Ontology or the Theory of Being 2011-04-01T02:00:38.727Z This is that discarding of final causes on which all progress in science depends. Three Philosophical Poets Lucretius, Dante, and Goethe 2011-03-20T02:00:33.357Z And he adds: “This is probably the final cause for which the instinctive perception of human beauty was implanted by Providence in our nature.” Beauty Illustrated Chiefly by an Analysis and Classificatin of Beauty in Woman 2011-02-28T03:00:32.460Z Immortality of the soul; argument from merit and demerit; argument from the simplicity of the soul; argument from final causes.—Religious sentiment.—Adoration.—Worship.—Moral beauty of Christianity. Lectures on the true, the beautiful and the good 2011-05-25T02:00:17.943Z Or, to state the argument in another form, good seems generally to be the object or final cause of evil, whereas evil flows only incidentally from good. The Religion of Geology and Its Connected Sciences 2011-02-28T03:00:28.890Z The final cause, the end as intended, is extrinsic to the effect. Ontology or the Theory of Being 2011-04-01T02:00:38.727Z The fifth and final cause of the lesser magnitude of the crisis is the development of trusts. Readings in Money and Banking Selected and Adapted 2011-02-01T03:00:14.553Z For ever is it seen, that sincere souls in suffering, then most ponder upon final causes. Pierre; or The Ambiguities 2011-01-17T03:00:45.163Z Where Lyell sees a final cause, Darwin sees an efficient cause; and this distinction is fundamental. Charles Darwin 2010-12-24T03:00:33.847Z That, I take it, is the purpose, the end, the scope, and final cause of individual life on earth. Speeches, Addresses, and Occasional Sermons, Volume 3 (of 3) 2010-12-20T17:11:42.357Z The operation or act is the correlative of the power or faculty; and the formal object or term of the operation is the final cause of the latter, the end for which it is elicited. Ontology or the Theory of Being 2011-04-01T02:00:38.727Z This proverb has historic interest, as its use on one fateful occasion was the final cause of desolating civil war that long ravaged Tuscany. Proverb Lore Many sayings, wise or otherwise, on many subjects, gleaned from many sources M. de Blowitz, prodigious result as he is, is even more striking as initiator, as himself the creator of a special environment, as himself in his own way a “final cause.” McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 2, July, 1893 It is just the usual Darwinian substitution of an efficient for a final cause. Charles Darwin 2010-12-24T03:00:33.847Z As to the limited spread of the Gospel thus far, it is our business not to assign the final cause of the fact, but to admit and reason on the fact itself. The Essential Faith of the Universal Church Deduced from the Sacred Records Hence the reality of a fourth class of causes, final causes. Ontology or the Theory of Being 2011-04-01T02:00:38.727Z Heart failure was the final cause of his death. Pioneering in Cuba A Narrative of the Settlement of La Gloria, the First American Colony in Cuba, and the Early Experiences of the Pioneers The final cause is the end, purpose, or aim, towards which the movement is directed. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy The final cause of this contest among the males seems to be that the strongest and most active animal should propagate the species, which should thence become improved.' Charles Darwin 2010-12-24T03:00:33.847Z Of Pleasure, next, the final cause explore; Its mighty purpose, its important end. Young's Night Thoughts With Life, Critical Dissertation and Explanatory Notes The motives set forth by way of inducement to the latter are of course final causes of the latter's action. Ontology or the Theory of Being 2011-04-01T02:00:38.727Z In the department of "final causes," as they have been termed, Scripture and geology unite in affording large and interesting views. The Origin of the World According to Revelation and Science Its end, final cause, is thus the same as its formal cause. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy This of course means, neither that the cause suggested must be the final cause, nor that the result Dramatic action. shown forth need pretend to be the ultimate result. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 6 "Dodwell" to "Drama" Seeing the analogous facts in the six, differently-constructed species of the allied genus Scalpellum, I infer there must be some profounder and more mysterious final cause. A Monograph on the Sub-class Cirripedia With Figures of all the Species. At the same time it would be a mistake to infer from this that the influence of the final cause is not real. Ontology or the Theory of Being 2011-04-01T02:00:38.727Z The Bible maintains the true "final cause" of all nature to be, not its material and special adaptations or its value to man, but the pleasure or satisfaction of the Creator himself. The Origin of the World According to Revelation and Science Taking causation in this wide sense, Aristotle finds that there are four kinds of causes, the material, the efficient, the formal, and the final cause. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy Mr. Wilberforce should not have omitted to mention the main cause of these delays, which appears at the same time to constitute the final cause of a Bavarian’s existence—Beer. Railway Adventures and Anecdotes extending over more than fifty years To mention only one of them—the argument looks too like the exploded doctrine of final causes. English Critical Essays Nineteenth Century Mechanists are wont to dismiss the doctrine of final causes in the physical universe with offhand charges of this kind. Ontology or the Theory of Being 2011-04-01T02:00:38.727Z And, may not the successive breaking or wearing out of these links of final causes ultimately lead to the end of all organized being, or to what is commonly called, THE END OF OUR WORLD? A Morning's Walk from London to Kew Modern science does not in any way deny the reality of formal and final causes. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy There will now be no need of many words to show that Nature has set no end before herself, and that all final causes are nothing but human fictions. The Philosophy of Spinoza “There has been no playing at skittles for me in either poetry, or life,” she said; “I never mistook pleasure for the final cause of poetry; nor leisure, for the hour of the poet.” The Brownings Their Life and Art But in the domain of animal life and activity is there any evidence of the influence of final causes? Ontology or the Theory of Being 2011-04-01T02:00:38.727Z May not the extinction of one species render the existence of others more unfit, by diminishing the number of final causes? A Morning's Walk from London to Kew Science takes as its province mechanical causes, and leaves formal and final causes to the philosopher to explicate. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy A final cause, as it is called, is nothing, therefore, but human desire, in so far as this is considered as the principle or primary cause of anything. The Philosophy of Spinoza It is expressed in few of his writings, and presents no subject of interest to us; save that it seeks to invalidate the arguments for the being of a God, drawn from final causes. History of Free Thought in Reference to The Christian Religion The final cause has a positive influence of some sort on the production, happening, actualization of effects. Ontology or the Theory of Being 2011-04-01T02:00:38.727Z The Teleological Argument, or argument from design or final causes, is as follows: Design, or the adaptation of means to effect an end, implies the exercise of intelligence and free choice. Was Man Created? Now the final cause, or the end, is simply the realisation of the Idea of the thing in actuality. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy But the most serious complication of all is known as diabetic coma, which is very commonly the final cause of death. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 3 "Destructors" to "Diameter" Though he does not reject the argument from final causes, he seems to lay more stress on the metaphysical argument of the necessity of the divine existence. History of Free Thought in Reference to The Christian Religion It is not the end as attained that is a final cause; as attained it is an effect pure and simple. Ontology or the Theory of Being 2011-04-01T02:00:38.727Z The purposive law is the only final cause which reason allows. The Religious Sentiment Its Source and Aim: A Contribution to the Science and Philosophy of Religion That is to say, the final cause is the real efficient cause. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy Now these parallelisms are inexplicable by the theory of final causes. Essays: Scientific, Political, & Speculative, Vol. I God is no longer an inference from final causes, nor a principle of thought. History of Free Thought in Reference to The Christian Religion “Just as the efficient cause influences by acting,” says St. Thomas,504 “so the final cause influences by being yearned for and desired”. Ontology or the Theory of Being 2011-04-01T02:00:38.727Z He had the habit of appearing before Lucy and presenting some small deficiency as a final cause of ruin and defeat. Love and Lucy And the final cause of a thing in general is the thing itself, the completed being of the object. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy This is a lay287 disguise of the old theological theory of final causes which assumes the existence of a Providence occupied in guiding humanity in the direction of its interests. Introduction to the Study of History It will be perceived that in distinguishing miracle from wonder, we also take into account the final cause of the alleged interposition as a reason weighty enough to call forth divine interposition. History of Free Thought in Reference to The Christian Religion But the final cause is naturally prior to the formal cause, and consequently the teleological order is more fundamental than the esthetic. Ontology or the Theory of Being 2011-04-01T02:00:38.727Z It must stand as a part, and not as yet the last or highest expression of the final cause of Nature. Nature But whereas material and efficient causes have been clearly understood, his predecessors had only vaguely foreshadowed and dimly perceived the value of formal and final causes. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy The historian is not called upon to investigate the first cause or final causes any more than the chemist or the naturalist. Introduction to the Study of History If the final cause be considered to have been sufficient in these cases to warrant divine interposition, at least there was no interpreter to explain them, nor any revealed message to be taught. History of Free Thought in Reference to The Christian Religion In so far forth as there is natural order there is cogent evidence of the influence of final causes. Ontology or the Theory of Being 2011-04-01T02:00:38.727Z "What is the final cause of the Universe?" War Letters of a Public-School Boy This reduction takes place by showing that formal cause, efficient cause, and final cause, all melt into the single conception of form. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy He accepts the argument from final causes, which is, of course, the only argument open to a thorough empiricist, and holds that it is not invalidated, though it is, perhaps, modified by recent scientific inquiries. The Life of Sir James Fitzjames Stephen, Bart., K.C.S.I. A Judge of the High Court of Justice We are here naturally led to inquire what the final cause can be of the necessity in ordinary generation for the concourse of the two sexual elements. The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, Volume II (of 2) The former indicates the influence of final causes and expresses primarily the goodness of things. Ontology or the Theory of Being 2011-04-01T02:00:38.727Z Some say it means the final cause of logicians. Hebrew Literature In the first place, the formal cause and the final cause are the same. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy It was the error of this ingenious but very unsolid school, that it regarded the mere order of the universe as itself an end or final cause. The Testimony of the Rocks or, Geology in Its Bearings on the Two Theologies, Natural and Revealed I am aware that various philosophers, and especially Lucretius, have denied final causes. The Christian Foundation, Or, Scientific and Religious Journal, February, 1880 Espousing a mechanical, as opposed to a teleological, conception of the universe, they have denied or ignored all influence of purpose, and eschewed all study of final causes. Ontology or the Theory of Being 2011-04-01T02:00:38.727Z I am approaching the sudden catastrophe which was perhaps the final cause of Mitya's ruin. The Brothers Karamazov The end or final cause of the acorn is the oak. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy "There is absurdity," said Pope, "in man's conceiting himself the final cause of creation." The Testimony of the Rocks or, Geology in Its Bearings on the Two Theologies, Natural and Revealed It does not know the final cause of this most beautiful creation. Commentary on Genesis, Vol. II Luther on Sin and the Flood We shall see that as a matter of fact nothing happens without a final cause: that intelligent purpose pervades reality through and through. Ontology or the Theory of Being 2011-04-01T02:00:38.727Z We have final causes, instrumental causes, occasional causes, predisposing causes, efficient causes, and many others. A Theodicy, or, Vindication of the Divine Glory As final cause, He is the absolute end. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy It is also the efficient and final cause of the body. A History of Mediaeval Jewish Philosophy He sees, furthermore, that the final cause is vicious, because the true end and aim, obedience to God and love of neighbor, is not taken into consideration. Commentary on Genesis, Vol. II Luther on Sin and the Flood Man is conscious of this “finality,” or influence of final causes on his own deliberate actions. Ontology or the Theory of Being 2011-04-01T02:00:38.727Z Even when it is inflicted as a punishment for sin, this is not the only end, or final cause of its infliction. A Theodicy, or, Vindication of the Divine Glory And what it is for is the same as its end, or final cause. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy In spiritual things we may compare genus to matter, species to form, specific difference to efficient cause, the individual to the final cause. A History of Mediaeval Jewish Philosophy Besides the efficient cause, as above explained, the final cause, or convenience, of these organic actions are worthy our attention. Zoonomia, Vol. II Or, the Laws of Organic Life They tend towards apprehended goods; they act apprehensivé propter fines.503 Finally, even in the domains of unconscious agencies, of plant life and inorganic nature, we have evidence of the influence of final causes. Ontology or the Theory of Being 2011-04-01T02:00:38.727Z For this purpose we shall first show, that there is suffering in the world which is not a punishment for sin, and then declare the great ends, or final causes, of all natural evil. A Theodicy, or, Vindication of the Divine Glory But mechanical causes turn out in the end to be teleological, because the true efficient cause is the final cause. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy Hence Stewart accepts the theory of final causes as stated by Paley. The English Utilitarians, Volume I. The final cause of all potentiality is energy or actuality. Christianity and Greek Philosophy or, the relation between spontaneous and reflective thought in Greece and the positive teaching of Christ and His Apostles Now if similar effects demand similar causes how can we refuse to recognize even in these activities of physical nature the influence of final causes? Ontology or the Theory of Being 2011-04-01T02:00:38.727Z Mr. Blank's death was said to be from pneumonia; but that was only the final cause. McClure's Magazine, Vol. XXXI, No. 3, July 1908. The idea of the end, the final cause, is thus the real ultimate cause of the movement. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy Now he agrees, as I have said, with Paley's view of natural theology and entirely accepts therefore the theory of 'final causes.' The English Utilitarians, Volume I. The desire for the end gives the first impulse of motion; thus the final cause of any thing becomes identical with the good of that thing. Christianity and Greek Philosophy or, the relation between spontaneous and reflective thought in Greece and the positive teaching of Christ and His Apostles It is the end as intended that is a final cause; and as intended it does not yet actually exist: hence its influence cannot be by way of action. Ontology or the Theory of Being 2011-04-01T02:00:38.727Z The idea of final cause is also fruitful in sciences which have to do with human action. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 1 "Austria, Lower" to "Bacon" For the true efficient cause is the final cause. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy The acceptance of the doctrine of 'final causes' was the inevitable course for a philosopher who wishes to retain the old creeds and yet to appeal unequivocally to experience. The English Utilitarians, Volume I. Now an end or final cause implies an intelligence--implies a mind to perceive and desire it. Christianity and Greek Philosophy or, the relation between spontaneous and reflective thought in Greece and the positive teaching of Christ and His Apostles Perhaps it is the idea or cognition of the intended end that exerts the peculiar influence of final cause? Ontology or the Theory of Being 2011-04-01T02:00:38.727Z Physics inquires into the efficient and material causes of things; metaphysics, into the formal and final causes. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 1 "Austria, Lower" to "Bacon" Secondly, the efficient cause is the same as the final cause. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy In Stewart's discussion of ethical problems the same doctrine of 'final causes' assumes a special importance. The English Utilitarians, Volume I. So also the final cause--the end for the sake of which any thing exists--can hardly be separated from the perfection of that thing, that is, from its conception or form. Christianity and Greek Philosophy or, the relation between spontaneous and reflective thought in Greece and the positive teaching of Christ and His Apostles Order, then, we take it, necessarily implies the existence and influence of final causes. Ontology or the Theory of Being 2011-04-01T02:00:38.727Z Yet there is no opposition between the physical and final causes; in ultimate resort the mind is compelled to think the universe as the work of reason, to refer facts to God and Providence. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 1 "Austria, Lower" to "Bacon" As for final causes, Plato had indeed the vague idea that everything is for the sake of the Good, but he makes no use of this conception and does not develop it. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy But this theory overlooks the possibility of there being a final cause for the actual facts of humanity, and seems to be a substitution of propter hoc for post hoc. An Essay on the Scriptural Doctrine of Immortality B. Bacon, his assertion that the search after final causes had misled scientific inquirers, 222. Christianity and Greek Philosophy or, the relation between spontaneous and reflective thought in Greece and the positive teaching of Christ and His Apostles The influence of a final cause consists in nothing more than its being a good which is the term of appetite or desire. Ontology or the Theory of Being 2011-04-01T02:00:38.727Z The final cause of her existence seems to be the impetus she has given to a certain branch of trade manufacture—unless we add to this, the corruption of society. Modern Women and What is Said of Them A Reprint of A Series of Articles in the Saturday Review (1868) What is called the principle of self-preservation, and the final causes and substantial forms of the Aristotelian philosophy, are descriptions of the result of this operation. The Sense of Beauty Being the Outlines of Aesthetic Theory Thus there is a final cause for that law. An Essay on the Scriptural Doctrine of Immortality The "final cause" must therefore subsist in that which is prior and immovable and eternal; and Mind is "that substance which subsists absolutely, and according to energy." Christianity and Greek Philosophy or, the relation between spontaneous and reflective thought in Greece and the positive teaching of Christ and His Apostles Substance also is the final cause, the raison d'être, of the reality of the accidental mode of being. Ontology or the Theory of Being 2011-04-01T02:00:38.727Z The only difference between them is the difference in the arrangement and incidence of these atoms and in the molecular motion of which they are the first but not the final cause. The Crack of Doom Every one who thinks from reason in any degree enlightened, must see that the human race is the final cause of creation.' Myths and Marvels of Astronomy In reply, the advocate of final causes has been invited to assume the evolutionist hypothesis. Creative Evolution We may further ask, is not the idea of fitness--of the good and the befitting--the final cause, even according to Aristotle? Christianity and Greek Philosophy or, the relation between spontaneous and reflective thought in Greece and the positive teaching of Christ and His Apostles It is antisocial in a case expressly meant by its final cause for the triumph of sociality; 2. The Posthumous Works of Thomas De Quincey, Vol. 2 The separation of philosophy from theology is made emphatic in the rejection of final causes by both Bacon and Descartes. The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 11 The final cause of this excess is itself obvious. The English Utilitarians, Volume II (of 3) James Mill Neither efficient cause nor final cause can furnish the definition sought. Creative Evolution We can not read the arguments he employed without being convinced that he anticipated all the subsequent writers on Natural Theology in his treatment of the argument from special ends or final causes. Christianity and Greek Philosophy or, the relation between spontaneous and reflective thought in Greece and the positive teaching of Christ and His Apostles His theory is one of final causes; his deity is postulated as the cause of existence, and he cannot give up the questions as hopeless without admitting his position to be indefensible. Theism or Atheism The Great Alternative Very little appears to be known, at least scarcely any intimation is given in the work before us, of the proximate or final cause of these changes. Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, Volume 56, Number 347, September, 1844 The 'final causes' argument, however, rested upon common ground, and supplied a possible line of defence. The English Utilitarians, Volume II (of 3) James Mill Therefore, we perceive God as efficient cause or as final cause, according to the point of view. Creative Evolution It is also pertinent to inquire, what is the difference between the "formal cause" of Aristotle and the archetypal ideas of Plato? and is not Plato's τὸ ἀγαθόν the "final cause?" Christianity and Greek Philosophy or, the relation between spontaneous and reflective thought in Greece and the positive teaching of Christ and His Apostles Atheism has nothing to do with final causes, and therefore is not concerned with defending its illogicalities. Theism or Atheism The Great Alternative In the case of Aristotle the ideal of rationality was conceived to determine the course of the cosmical evolution as its immanent final cause. The Approach to Philosophy Thus Malta, the final cause of the Great War, now promised to limit that war. William Pitt and the Great War It is analogous to the distinction between fact and theory, or between thing and meaning, or between efficient cause and final cause. The Atonement and the Modern Mind Yet Aristotle is forever congratulating himself that he alone has properly treated the "formal" and the "final cause!" Christianity and Greek Philosophy or, the relation between spontaneous and reflective thought in Greece and the positive teaching of Christ and His Apostles There again Darwin fell into a mistake, because he confused an intermediate with a final cause. Science and Morals and Other Essays Man, so far as natural science by itself is able to teach us, is no longer the final cause of the universe, the Heaven-descended heir of all the ages. The Approach to Philosophy The physical philosopher has nothing whatever to do with final causes, and will get into inextricable confusion, if he introduces them into his investigations. The Idea of a University Defined and Illustrated: In Nine Discourses Delivered to the Catholics of Dublin Aristotle's philosophy of nature was teleological, and the imperfect character of his anatomical knowledge often gives him occasion to explain particular phenomena by final causes. Fathers of Biology No science has given more terrible shocks to the doctrine of final causes than astronomy. Christianity and Greek Philosophy or, the relation between spontaneous and reflective thought in Greece and the positive teaching of Christ and His Apostles We find the natural deep and practical piety of Socrates reinforcing itself with a very full and complete statement of a teleological argument, based upon final cause, or adaptation of means to ends. The Basis of Early Christian Theism "Nature has no particular goal in view," and "final causes are mere human figments." The Approach to Philosophy The inquiry into final causes for the moment passes over the existence of established laws; the inquiry into physical, passes over for the moment the existence of God. The Idea of a University Defined and Illustrated: In Nine Discourses Delivered to the Catholics of Dublin "I will tell that now, for it was the final cause of our leaving," I continued. Down The River Buck Bradford and His Tyrants And then, finally, "Philosophy, as the knowledge of effects in their causes, necessarily tends, not towards a plurality of ultimate or final causes, but towards one alone." Christianity and Greek Philosophy or, the relation between spontaneous and reflective thought in Greece and the positive teaching of Christ and His Apostles And then they depend on him as their final cause, for whose glory they are and are continued, for, “to him are all things.” The Works of the Rev. Hugh Binning The highest perfection, or God, is not itself coextensive with being, but the final cause of being—that on account of which the whole progression of events takes place. The Approach to Philosophy Buffon, as I have said, is explicit in his denial of final causes in the sense expressed above. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Really," say they, "that cannot be refused him; the law was for the purpose he assigns; its final cause was, as he tells us, to keep up artificially the price of our domestic corn-markets. Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, No. CCCXXXVI. October, 1843. Vol. LIV. The doctrine of final causes must, therefore, be abandoned. Christianity and Greek Philosophy or, the relation between spontaneous and reflective thought in Greece and the positive teaching of Christ and His Apostles Erasmus's mind after all did not truly live in the ideas which were here disputed, of sin and grace, of redemption and the glory of God as the final cause of all that is. Erasmus and the Age of Reformation How many absurd ideas, false suppositions, chimerical notions in those hymns which some rash defenders of final causes have dared to compose in honour of the Creator? Diderot and the Encyclopædists Volume II. This was the doctrine of final causes as then commonly held; in the face of rudimentary organs it was absurd. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin These six forms of being fooled by oneself all boil down in the end—in their final cause, I suspect to the last one, to automatism or lack of conscious control of the mind. The Ghost in the White House Some suggestions as to how a hundred million people (who are supposed in a vague, helpless way to haunt the white house) can mak That it will mainly concern itself with final causes. Christianity and Greek Philosophy or, the relation between spontaneous and reflective thought in Greece and the positive teaching of Christ and His Apostles For, according to the view of the latter, religiousness consists in nothing else but the perception and acknowledgment of this indiscernibleness of the final cause. The Theories of Darwin and Their Relation to Philosophy, Religion, and Morality He would not deny that the Universe means something; that the series of events tends towards an end, an end which is also a good; that it has a purpose and a final cause. Philosophy and Religion Six Lectures Delivered at Cambridge To these writers, then, the doctrine of final causes for rudimentary organs was a piece of mystification and an absurdity; no less fatal to any such doctrine were the processes of embryological development. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin This may be called the final cause of that part of the lower organic world which is edible. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 17, No. 101, March, 1866 The image seems to prepare the adaptation of the individual to his surroundings; it creates the foresight, the preparation of the means, and, in a word, everything which constitutes for us a final cause. The Mind and the Brain Being the Authorised Translation of L'Âme et le Corps The acknowledgment of the indiscernibleness of the final cause of all things alone is the quintessence of religion. The Theories of Darwin and Their Relation to Philosophy, Religion, and Morality There are no final causes, and the first moving elements are taken for granted to begin with. Critical Miscellanies, Vol. I Essay 3: Byron Nature then is far from subjecting herself to final causes in the composition of her creatures. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin It will in the next chapter be shown to be completely in harmony with conceptions, upon the acceptance of which "final causes" and "divine ideal archetypes" alike depend. On the Genesis of Species He adds: “The final cause of their colors is easily understood, as they serve some purpose of the animal, but the efficient cause would seem almost beyond conjecture.” Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work He protests against arguing from function and habits to structure, as an "abuse 078of final causes." Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology There must be a final cause, a purpose for each death of every son of man, or the fact would be altogether hideous—a scribble without a meaning—a skeleton without a soul. Out of the Deep Words for the Sorrowful The use, however, of the word "thence," as well as of the expression "final cause," is loose, as Dr. Darwin would no doubt readily have admitted. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Opponents of Aristotle maintained that by the accidental occurrence of combinations, organisms have been preserved and perpetuated such as final causes, did they exist, would have brought about, disadvantageous combinations or variations being speedily exterminated. On the Genesis of Species Buffon, however, shows the true scientific spirit in speaking of final causes. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work Other examples of correlation were not susceptible of this explanation in terms of final causes. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology It had a final cause, a meaning, a purpose; and that purpose is very good. Out of the Deep Words for the Sorrowful Let us survey the history of the progress of the human mind and of its errors; we shall there see final causes constantly pushed back to the boundaries of its knowledge. Modern Atheism under its forms of Pantheism, Materialism, Secularism, Development, and Natural Laws Consumption is the end, the final cause, of all the phenomena of political economy, and, consequently, in it is found their final solution. Sophisms of the Protectionists Our true regard for any friend; The purpose, final cause, or end. Chatterbox, 1905. Consequently, the efficient cause cannot in point of time come into existence after causing movement, as does the final cause. Summa Theologica, Part III (Tertia Pars) From the Complete American Edition He is the efficient and final cause of all, the beginning, middle, and end, eternal and infinite. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Part 3 "Brescia" to "Bulgaria" Yet to him systematic speculation about the final causes of the contrast actually observed, was by no means the main thing. History of Dogma, Volume 1 (of 7) This was the doctrine of final causes as then commonly held; in the face of rudimentary organs it was absurd. Selections from Previous Works and Remarks on Romanes' Mental Evolution in Animals The divine development is the unfolding of an intelligent plan, showing the adaptation of means to ends for the accomplishment of a purpose; the atheistic theory of evolution denies plan, purpose, adaptation and final cause. Fables of Infidelity and Facts of Faith Being an Examination of the Evidences of Infidelity Now the final cause precedes not in time, but in the intention of the agent. Summa Theologica, Part III (Tertia Pars) From the Complete American Edition Add to these the tendency of all the powers of the soul toward the Infinite, and the principle of final causes, and the proof of the immortality of the soul is complete. Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry Preexistence of time is without beginning, but the phenomena of time have beginnings and endings; for the existence of everything depends upon four causes—the efficient cause, the matter, the form and the final cause. Some Answered Questions To these writers, then, the doctrine of final causes for rudimentary organs was a piece of mystification and an absurdity; no less fatal to any such doctrine were the processes of embryological development. Selections from Previous Works and Remarks on Romanes' Mental Evolution in Animals It is utterly illogical to allege that evolution has banished final causes. Fables of Infidelity and Facts of Faith Being an Examination of the Evidences of Infidelity But sanctity from which a sacrament is denominated, is not there taken as an efficient cause, but rather as a formal or a final cause. Summa Theologica, Part III (Tertia Pars) From the Complete American Edition It is that Darwin rejects all teleology, or the doctrine of final causes. What is Darwinism? Thirdly, every consideration furnished by the doctrine of final causes as applied to existing creatures makes us ask, What use is there in calling forth souls merely that they may be taken back again? The Destiny of the Soul A Critical History of the Doctrine of a Future Life It's the final cause of parents to mind the children. Autobiography and Letters of Orville Dewey, D.D. Edited by his Daughter The final cause of a great many existences is Christmas Day. Christmas Its Origin, Celebration and Significance as Related in Prose and Verse But the ether is evidently a mere idle concept—in the phraseology which Bacon applied to the doctrine of final causes, it is a barren virgin. The Concept of Nature The Tarner Lectures Delivered in Trinity College, November 1919 The preceding pages contain only a small part of the evidence furnished by Mr. Darwin's own writings, that his doctrine involves the denial of all final causes. What is Darwinism? It is from the experience going on in man's breast, and not from the firmaments rolling above his head, that his importance and his final cause are to be inferred. The Destiny of the Soul A Critical History of the Doctrine of a Future Life The order and arrangement of nature, the curious adjustment of final causes, the plain use and intention of every part and organ; all these bespeak in the clearest language one intelligent cause or author. Hume (English Men of Letters Series) For capital vices denote those whence, under the aspect of final cause, other vices originate. Summa Theologica, Part II-II (Secunda Secundae) Translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province Every species of us walks secret from the others; every species of us the centre of his universe, its staple of measure, and its final cause. Lore of Proserpine What interest has he in substituting accidental causes for every final cause? What is Darwinism? But these things only paved the way to the final cause of distrust—the fashion of the man himself. The Mayor of Warwick A few philosophers affect to mock at the final causes rejected by Epicurus and Lucretius. Voltaire's Philosophical Dictionary Now the good which a man hopes to obtain, has the aspect of a final cause, while the help by which one hopes to obtain that good, has the character of an efficient cause. Summa Theologica, Part II-II (Secunda Secundae) Translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province Darwinism, on the contrary, and still more the theory of universal evolution, has completely banished the notion of final causes from modern scientific thought and from the interpretation of natural phenomena. Socialism and Modern Science (Darwin, Spencer, Marx) To ask him to give up his denial of final causes is like asking the Romanists to give up the Pope. What is Darwinism? We can say this, at least, without entangling and dazzling ourselves in speculations about final causes; without attempting to pry into the mystery of evil. Westminster Sermons with a Preface Cicero, who doubted everything, did not, however, doubt final causes. Voltaire's Philosophical Dictionary This is the search after the object, which philosophers call the final cause. The Heavenly Father Lectures on Modern Atheism Now the first of all causes is the final cause. Summa Theologica, Part I-II (Pars Prima Secundae) From the Complete American Edition The denial of final causes is the formative idea of Darwin's theory, and therefore no teleologist can be a Darwinian. What is Darwinism? It had a final cause, a meaning, a purpose: and p. 289that purpose is very good. Westminster Sermons with a Preface Epicurus had to avow that pleasure is divine; and that this pleasure is a final cause, by which are ceaselessly produced sentient beings who have not been able to give themselves sensation. Voltaire's Philosophical Dictionary What was really the final cause of the hostility to sensuousness displayed by dualistic mediaeval Christianity? The Evolution of Love Accordingly, neither "who," nor "why," nor "about what," are circumstances: since "who" refers to the efficient cause, "why" to the final cause, and "about what" to the material cause. Summa Theologica, Part I-II (Pars Prima Secundae) From the Complete American Edition In using the expression Natural Selection, Mr. Darwin intends to exclude design, or final causes. What is Darwinism? So we will assert our own old-fashioned notion boldly: and more; we will say, in spite of ridicule—That if such a God exists, final causes must exist also. Westminster Sermons with a Preface Some geometers who are not philosophers have rejected final causes, but real philosophers admit them; a catechist proclaims God to the children, and Newton demonstrates Him to the learned. Voltaire's Philosophical Dictionary Objection 1: It seems that goodness has not the aspect of a final cause, but rather of the other causes. Summa Theologica, Part I (Prima Pars) From the Complete American Edition Consequently just as good is desired for itself, so delight is desired for itself and not for anything else, if the preposition "for" denote the final cause. Summa Theologica, Part I-II (Pars Prima Secundae) From the Complete American Edition His testimony that Mr. Darwin's doctrine excludes all teleology, or final causes, is explicit. What is Darwinism? You have no business with final causes; because final causes are moral causes: and you are physical students only. Westminster Sermons with a Preface The truth of this statement has now been practically recognized by all scientific workers; and terms describing final causes have been banished from their vocabulary in astronomy, chemistry, geology, biology, and even in psychology. Thoughts on Religion Thus the saying, "we exist because God is good" has reference to the final cause. Summa Theologica, Part I (Prima Pars) From the Complete American Edition And in this way, operation is the efficient cause of pleasure, while pleasure perfects operation by way of final cause, as stated above. Summa Theologica, Part I-II (Pars Prima Secundae) From the Complete American Edition The sore place in his ear caused by the fall when he fainted that Sunday morning in Wandsworth Prison chapel formed into an abscess and was the final cause of his death. Oscar Wilde, His Life and Confessions Volume 2 The doctrine of evolution, by doing away with the theory of creation, does away with that of final causes,—Let us answer boldly,—Not in the least. Westminster Sermons with a Preface Assuming the fact, that the earth has been created in time, and consequently the dogma of final causes, we yield, of course, to this short syllogism. Memoir, Correspondence, And Miscellanies, From The Papers Of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 4 This, however, seems to be incorrectly said; for the words "in Him" seem to imply the relation of final cause, which is first among the causes. Summa Theologica, Part I (Prima Pars) From the Complete American Edition First, so that the expression "for the sake of" be taken to designate the final cause; and in this way, man delights in nothing for its own sake, except the last end. Summa Theologica, Part I-II (Pars Prima Secundae) From the Complete American Edition The doctrine of final causes which certain philosophers have so abundantly made use of in endeavouring to account for a great number of natural phenomena was in this particular case totally inapplicable. Biographies of Distinguished Scientific Men It is not that nature, or that providence, has any final cause at work in disseminating these British children over every zone and climate of the earth. Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine — Volume 54, No. 337, November, 1843 In other words, we have been brought face to face with what has been given the somewhat misleading name of final cause. An Introduction to Philosophy It is a final cause when we say, for instance, that the artisan works through love of gain. Summa Theologica, Part I (Prima Pars) From the Complete American Edition Consumption is the end, the final cause of all the phenomena of political economy, and, consequently, in it is found their final solution. What Is Free Trade? An Adaptation of Frederic Bastiat's "Sophismes Éconimiques" Designed for the American Reader The whole creation indeed groaneth and travaileth in pain, but for a final cause, which alone interprets or justifies it, and which eventually shall set it free. Preaching and Paganism The final cause of these colours is easily understood, as they serve some purposes of the animal, but the efficient cause would seem almost beyond conjecture. Zoonomia, Vol. I Or, the Laws of Organic Life But the final cause of the failure was Lord Roberts' error of judgment in putting Kitchener into virtual command of the Vendutie Drift force, thereby superseding senior officers of greater tactical ability. A Handbook of the Boer War With General Map of South Africa and 18 Sketch Maps and Plans Therefore goodness has the aspect of a final cause. Summa Theologica, Part I (Prima Pars) From the Complete American Edition Tell me also what is the final cause. The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, Volume 3 Books 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 As a matter of fact, nearly all poets and artists thus view nature in the light of final causes, though often instinctively and unconsciously so. Preaching and Paganism To these must be added the final cause, so called by many authors, which means the motive, for the accomplishment of which the preceding chain of causes was put into action. Zoonomia, Vol. I Or, the Laws of Organic Life The final cause of Discipline is the efficient use of arms on the field of battle. A Handbook of the Boer War With General Map of South Africa and 18 Sketch Maps and Plans If, therefore, God is the efficient cause and the final cause, it follows that before and after exist in Him; which is impossible. Summa Theologica, Part I (Prima Pars) From the Complete American Edition All the rest of the contention against final causes would have come just as fitly from the lips of a man with vision, as from Saunderson. Diderot and the Encyclopædists (Vol 1 of 2) The second head to which the passions are referred with relation to their final cause, is society. The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke, Vol. 01 (of 12) The final cause has been seen to be the purpose of Universal Nature. b. Readings in the History of Education Mediaeval Universities The publication of Hugo Grotius' famous pamphlet, Mare Liberum, in March, 1609, was probably the final cause which decided James to issue his Fisheries' proclamation. History of Holland Objection 1: It would seem that God is not the final cause of all things. Summa Theologica, Part I (Prima Pars) From the Complete American Edition The essence of this philosophy was to make man the final cause of the universe. Diderot and the Encyclopædists (Vol 1 of 2) He preferred the study of final causes to that of efficient causes. Ten Great Religions An Essay in Comparative Theology The final cause of the fall of Khartum is not fully known. The Development of the European Nations, 1870-1914 (5th ed.) Now, What is the final cause of this event?—Is it in order to destroy the system of this living world, that the operations of nature are thus disposed upon the surface of this earth? Theory of the Earth, Volume 2 (of 4) Thirdly, it is said in the sense of the final cause, as the end is said to effect by moving the efficient cause. Summa Theologica, Part I (Prima Pars) From the Complete American Edition It was rage that destroyed Thyestes with horrible perdition; and has been the final cause that lofty cities have been entirely demolished, and that an insolent army has driven the hostile plowshare over their walls. The Works of Horace Lastly, They differ in their final cause or ends. The Divine Right of Church Government by Sundry Ministers Of Christ Within The City Of London Another and perhaps a final cause was the unwillingness or inability of Marshal MacMahon to bring matters to the test of force. The Development of the European Nations, 1870-1914 (5th ed.) We live in a world where order every where prevails; and where final causes are as well known, at least, as those which are efficient. Theory of the Earth, Volume 2 (of 4) Therefore He is not the final cause of all things. Summa Theologica, Part I (Prima Pars) From the Complete American Edition Psychic nature is the sole and final cause of social life. Evolution Of The Japanese, Social And Psychic This, that physic inquires concerning the material and efficient causes, but metaphysic handles the formal and final causes. The World's Greatest Books — Volume 13 — Religion and Philosophy Had he included those words, he might have claimed to be the final cause of the War of 1870. The Development of the European Nations, 1870-1914 (5th ed.) The final cause is the efficient cause; the distant purpose is the ever-present energy; the last is always first. Browning as a Philosophical and Religious Teacher But this affords no presumption against the truth of the theory; rather indeed, if the doctrine of final causes be allowed any credit, may be held, as in some degree, circumstantial evidence in its favour. A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels — Volume 14 Personalized psychic nature is the sole and final cause of human social life. Evolution Of The Japanese, Social And Psychic A noble doubt suggests itself whether discipline be not the final cause of the universe, and whether Nature outwardly exists. The World's Greatest Books — Volume 13 — Religion and Philosophy With this species, the exact and final cause of its extinction is to this day unknown. Our Vanishing Wild Life Its Extermination and Preservation Whatever there is of greatness in the final cause of all human thought and action, God's glory and man's perfection, that is the measure of the greatness of history. Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine — Volume 53, No. 328, February, 1843 Navigation is not the final cause of astronomy, nor telegraphy of electro-dynamics, nor dye-works of chemistry. Library of the World's Best Literature, Ancient and Modern — Volume 3 Here, therefore, final causes are to be brought into view, as well as those which are efficient. Theory of the Earth, Volume 1 (of 4) Every essence, created or uncreated, hath its final cause and some positive end both of its essence and operation. The World's Greatest Books — Volume 13 — Religion and Philosophy There was no explanation, for there was no final cause, no purpose, end, or justification at all. The Meaning of Good—A Dialogue Here is the final cause of his fear. The world's great sermons, Volume 03 Massillon to Mason Some of the greatest thinkers of the past have looked for it in the final causes of man's existence. Human Nature in Politics Third Edition His passage through life is like that of a bird through the air, and his final cause appears merely to be that of sustaining the worms in his costly tomb. The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction Volume 12, No. 341, November 15, 1828 Their intervention in Angrian quarrels was the final cause of the downfall of Portuguese power on the West coast. The Pirates of Malabar, and an Englishwoman in India Two Hundred Years Ago Among final causes, it would be difficult not to assign the Central Park as the reason of his existence. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 07, No. 42, April, 1861 Thus it becomes clear how Leibnitz in the ratio sufficiens has final causes chiefly in mind. History of Modern Philosophy From Nicolas of Cusa to the Present Time He is content to state the fact of human misery without perplexing himself with the resulting problem as to the final cause of human existence. Samuel Johnson The Professor’s indignation found in itself a final cause that absolved him from the sin of turning to destruction as the agent of his ambition. The Secret Agent a Simple Tale However, I will add a few remarks in order to overthrow this doctrine of a final cause utterly. Ethics — Part 1 He might dissect, anatomize, and give names; but, not to speak of a final cause, causes in their secondary and tertiary grades were utterly unknown to him. Frankenstein The principle of sufficient reason holds for efficient as well as for final causes, and between the two realms there is, according to Leibnitz, the most complete correspondence. History of Modern Philosophy From Nicolas of Cusa to the Present Time And now, worshipper of final causes and the mere useful in nature, answer but one question, - Why this prodigal variety? Glaucus, or the Wonders of the Shore Card-tables were regularly placed, and Whist was played occasionally; but the aim, end, and final cause of the whole was the Hazard bank, at which the proprietor took his nightly stand, prepared for all comers. The Gaming Table: Its Votaries and Victims Volume II (of II) Considered, indeed, in relation to the latter, whose mied was matured, she was altogether a mistake, and calculated to shock his trust in final causes, including the adaptation of fine young women to purplefaced bachelors. Middlemarch It was the final cause which led to the retirement from the government of Mr. Chamberlain, "the able and enterprising exponent of the new Radicalism." The Grand Old Man In creation the three potencies stand related as the unlimited Can-be, the limiting Must-be, and the Ought-to-be, or operate as material, formal, and final causes, all held in undivided combination by the soul. History of Modern Philosophy From Nicolas of Cusa to the Present Time But this result has been attained at the expense of a complication of structure, which has baffled all human analysis and research into final causes. Glaucus, or the Wonders of the Shore In process of time people make kings, but the good of the people is the final cause of their existence. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 10, No. 58, August, 1862 The natural variety of constitution in the minds of men; with its final cause. Poetical Works of Akenside The absurdity of conceiting himself the final cause of the creation, or expecting that perfection in the moral world, which is not in the natural. The Rape of the Lock and Other Poems In the philosophy of nature Berkeley prefers the teleological to the mechanical view, since the latter is able to discover the laws of phenomena only, but not their efficient and final causes. History of Modern Philosophy From Nicolas of Cusa to the Present Time Those, who delight in the discovery and contemplation of final causes, have here ample subject to employ their wonder and admiration. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding V. The absurdity of conceiting himself the final cause of the creation, or expecting that perfection in the moral world, which is not in the natural, ver. The Poetical Works of Alexander Pope, Volume 1 All the natural passions partake of a pleasing sensation; with the final cause of this constitution illustrated by an allegorical vision, and exemplified in sorrow, pity, terror, and indignation. Poetical Works of Akenside They baptized far and near, and yet taught nowhere what was the formal, material, efficient, and final cause of baptism, nor made the least mention of delible and indelible characters. The Praise of Folly The inquiry into final causes is rejected as an anthropomorphosis of natural events, and deduction from efficient causes is alone accepted as scientific explanation. History of Modern Philosophy From Nicolas of Cusa to the Present Time Home, for instance, after much debate, decides upon a common "standard of taste," which he deduces from the necessity of social life and from what he calls "a final cause." Aesthetic as Science of Expression and General Linguistic "I have often said, and will often repeat," writes Goethe, "that the final cause and consummation of all natural and human activity is dramatic poetry." The Man Shakespeare The variety of constitution in the minds of men; with its final cause. Poetical Works of Akenside "Snuff," he would facetiously say, "was the final cause of the nose, though troublesome and expensive in its use." The Life of Samuel Taylor Coleridge 1838 Neither formal nor final causes exist, but only efficient causes. History of Modern Philosophy From Nicolas of Cusa to the Present Time The lawlessness of the weather, within certain limitations, though discouraging to the physical philosopher, has yet its bright side for the student of final causes. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 01, No. 03, January, 1858 Souls act according to the laws of final causes by appetitions, etc. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 02, No. 08, June 1858 The pleasure from Greatness; with its final cause. Poetical Works of Akenside This is perhaps the final cause of the 'rarity' of true love, and the efficient and immediate cause of its difficulty. The Life of Samuel Taylor Coleridge 1838 Man was the final cause of God's creation, and woman was there to minister to this nobler being. Milton Of the final cause of this irregularity of Sentiments. An Essay on the History of Civil Society, Eighth Edition Perhaps it is the final cause of the human nose. Specimens of the Table Talk of Samuel Taylor Coleridge Of Ridicule: its general nature and final cause. Poetical Works of Akenside No available or profitable craft navigate these waters, and animated gentlemen from the city who run up for "a mouthful of fresh air" cannot possibly detect the final cause of such a river. Literary and Social Essays Prospero, in his reason subjoined why he calls her the third of his life, seems to allude to some logical distinction of causes, making her the final cause. Notes to Shakespeare — Volume 01: Comedies In mammals and birds it is evident that violent emotion, and not the rough handling experienced, is the final cause of the swoon. The Naturalist in La Plata The sense of this duty was paramount among the "Free and Frisky," and without it their final cause would have vanished long ago, and therewith their formal one. Springhaven : a Tale of the Great War The pleasure from greatness, with its final cause. Poetical Works of Akenside To insist, therefore, that the new hypothesis of the derivative origin of the actual species is incompatible with final causes and design is to take a position which we must consider philosophically untenable. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 06, No. 36, October, 1860 Ut se apricaret was the final cause of peace in his opinion; in literal truth, that he might make an apricot of himself. Miscellaneous Essays He rejects free-will and the “superstition,” as he calls it, of final causes in nature. A History of Freedom of Thought The proximate or final causes of this difference have not been investigated. The Botanic Garden. Part II. Containing the Loves of the Plants. a Poem. With Philosophical Notes. Pleasure from novelty or wonderfulness, with its final cause. Poetical Works of Akenside But what multitudes of rain-drops fall back into the ocean, are as much without a final cause as the incipient varieties which come to nothing! The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 06, No. 36, October, 1860 Here is where she is imprudent, for by her very rashness she accustoms her imagination to contemplate suggestions which are the final cause of her seduction. Life, Letters, and Epicurean Philosophy of Ninon de L'Enclos The Celebrated Beauty of the Seventeenth Century So we will assert our own old-fashioned notion boldly; and more: we will say, in spite of ridicule, that if such a God exists, final causes must exist also. Scientific Essays and Lectures And with respect to intelligible ideas, these they placed among divine natures, together with the producing, paradigmatic, and final causes of things in a consequent order. Introduction to the Philosophy and Writings of Plato But the pleasure in both cases is explicable from the same final cause, the acquisition of knowledge and enlargement of our views of nature: on this account it is natural to treat of them together. Poetical Works of Akenside Points that are only subordinate and partial in a system of final causes may be considered by art independently of that relation with the rest, and may be converted into principal objects. Aesthetical Essays of Frederich Schiller I shall not pretend to disturb your understandings, which are none of the strongest, with a hotchpotch of unintelligible terms, such as Aristotle's four principles of generation, unformed matter, privation, efficient, and final causes. The Adventures of Sir Launcelot Greaves You are right as far as regards yourselves; you have no business with final causes, because final causes are moral causes, and you are physical students only. Scientific Essays and Lectures But as these divine causes act for their own sake, and on account of their own goodness, do they not exhibit the final cause? Introduction to the Philosophy and Writings of Plato It says, further, that all phenomena are due solely to mechanical or efficient causes, not to final causes. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 The theory of final causes has been hitherto employed to show the wisdom of the world; with our Pessimist philosopher it shows nothing but its irrationality and misery. Unconscious Memory There is no reason why we should not recognize both the efficient cause and the final cause, or end. A Handbook of Ethical Theory It is true that in the academic philosophies of our time these final causes still figure very prominently; in the new philosophy of nature we can entirely replace them by efficient causes. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 But of these things we shall speak more opportunely when we come to speculate upon the final cause of this motion of the heart. The Harvard Classics Volume 38 Scientific Papers (Physiology, Medicine, Surgery, Geology) The latter will admit, with Owen and every morphologist, that hopeless is the attempt to explain the similarity of pattern in members of the same class by utility or the doctrine of final causes. Darwiniana; Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism The final cause of boys is to catch something or other. Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley — Volume 2 When we realize that the expression "final cause" means simply that which is purposed, or accepted as an end, objections to it fall away. A Handbook of Ethical Theory So that though a likeness may occasionally produce that passion by suggesting a more advantageous idea of ourselves, it is there the view fixes at last, and the passion finds its ultimate and final cause. A Treatise of Human Nature Millions and millions of such instances present themselves through every part of the universe; and no language can convey a more intelligible irresistible meaning, than the curious adjustment of final causes. Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion He goes through the proof for final cause and design, as given in a summary though clear, plain, and convincing form, in the pages of Paley and the "Bridgewater Treatises." Darwiniana; Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism But if this excludes Fortune it also dispenses with Providence, design, and final causes; and one of the effects of the Considerations which Montesquieu cannot have overlooked was to discredit Bossuet's treatment of history. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth It lies in the confusion of the final cause or end, with the efficient cause. A Handbook of Ethical Theory The phenomenal world, in my opinion, is the foundation of a single spiritual principle which you can call what you like—strength, final cause, will, consciousness, God. The Malady of the Century The order and arrangement of nature, the curious adjustment of final causes, the plain use and intention of every part and organ; all these bespeak in the clearest language an intelligent cause or author. Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion This is but another step by which, according to Laplace, "the discoveries of science throw final causes further back." Darwiniana; Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism He eliminated final causes altogether, and Providence plays no part on his historical stage. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth —And have you ever met, on the other hand, a Stoic and an Epicurean who were agreed upon the beginning and the end, the principle and the final cause, of things? Marius the Epicurean — Volume 2 However, I will add a few remarks, in order to overthrow this doctrine of a final cause utterly. Ethics The final causes, then, of compassion are to prevent and to relieve misery. Human Nature and Other Sermons Wherefore, when, at the close, you quote Laplace, that "the discoveries of science throw final causes farther back," the most you can mean is, that they constrain us to look farther back for the impulse. Darwiniana; Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism The fact that God exists in inactive ease hardly affects the fatalistic complexion of this philosophy; but it is perhaps a mitigation that the world was made for man; humanity is its final cause. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth He does not mean the 'final cause;' he means the 'proximate cause. Hard Cash Plato gives this triple division of causes,—the material, the efficient, and the final cause; the principal cause he judges to be the efficient, which is the mind and intellect. Complete Works of Plutarch — Volume 3: Essays and Miscellanies We are therefore naturally led to inquire what the final cause can be of the necessity in ordinary generation for the concourse of the two sexual elements. The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication — Volume 2 And there seems no objection to the use of the phrase 'final cause' in this wider sense, if it is to be kept at all. Darwiniana; Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism I have stated this problem almost in Kant's words, and as he might have stated it if he had not introduced the conception of final causes. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth "He created the white man to make tools for the poor Indians"—a very pleasing example of a teleological hypothesis and of the doctrine of final causes as understood by the Winnebagoes. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1 Those who imagine a reply with final causes do not reflect that they take the effect for the cause. The Ancient Regime As she walked to and fro the raging of her spirit changed its objective: from restraint to its final causes; and chief amongst them the pride which had been so grievously hurt. The Man The floral world is full of such contrivances; and while they exist the doctrine of purpose or final cause is not likely to die out. Darwiniana; Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism He conceived the final cause of the world as Spirit's consciousness of its own freedom. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth V. The absurdity of conceiting himself the final cause of the Creation, or expecting that perfection in the moral world, which is not in the natural, v.131, etc. An Essay on Man The human heart is the final cause, as our scholars would say, of absolutely all other earthly things. Bunyan Characters (3rd Series) The general public appreciates a good dose of reasoning, or generalisation, with new and curious remarks on habits, final causes, etc. etc., far more than do the regular naturalists. Life and Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 2 No single and limited good can be assigned by us as the final cause of any contrivance in Nature. Darwiniana; Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism His use of the postulate of final causes without justifying it is a defect in his essay. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth Was it through final causes to keep the plants warm? Life and Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 1 Our own minds and our own hearts are the final cause, the ultimate drift, and the far-off end and aim of it all. Bunyan Characters (3rd Series) Again, to us there is a strongly-marked distinction between a first cause and a final cause. Philebus The real final cause . . . is the sum of all the uses to which it is ever to be put. Darwiniana; Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism Thus his theory of Progress depends on the hypothesis of final causes. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth He is never able to reconcile the first causes of the pre-Socratic philosophers with the final causes of Socrates himself. Timaeus They then cease to be hypotheses or pictures, and become essential parts of a higher truth which is at once their first principle and their final cause. The Republic And we should commonly identify a first cause with God, and the final cause with the world, which is His work. Philebus In the doctrine of the origination of species through natural selection, these adaptations appear as the outcome rather than as the motive, as final results rather than final causes. Darwiniana; Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism Hitherto a certain order and unity had been found in history by the Christian theory of providential design and final causes. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth We find the old theory of man's central position in the universe—the foundation of the doctrine of final causes and of the whole theological method of interpreting nature—finally overthrown by Copernicus. The Unseen World and Other Essays Why it is there, and over the final cause of things in general, I don't trouble myself; there must be one, but what is it to me? The Story of an African Farm, a novel But Plato, though not a Pantheist, and very far from confounding God with the world, tends to identify the first with the final cause. Philebus The real final cause . . . is the sum of all the uses to which it is ever to be put. Darwiniana; Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism But Kant goes on to apply to these data the debatable conception of final causes, and to infer a purpose in the development of humanity. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth These observations lead naturally to the question, May not acidity of itself be the actual final cause of death? Origin and Nature of Emotions No single and limited good can be assigned by us as the final cause of any contrivance in Nature. Darwiniana; Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism |
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