| 单词 | Fertile Crescent |
| 例句 | And thanks to this system, zero finally appeared in the East, in the Fertile Crescent of present-day Iraq. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z For instance, the Fertile Crescent, China, and Europe differed in their exposure to the perennial threat of barbarian invasions by horse-mounted pastoral nomads of Central Asia. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Thus, the crops and animals of the Fertile Crescent’s first farmers came to meet humanity’s basic economic needs: carbohydrate, protein, fat, clothing, traction, and transport. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z The histories of the Fertile Crescent and China also hold a salutary lesson for the modern world: circumstances change, and past primacy is no guarantee of future primacy. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z The initial development of food production in China was therefore independent of that at the same latitude in the Fertile Crescent, and gave rise to entirely different crops. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Several of the tools used in this process, such as the stone reaping knives and grindstones, were similar to the tools independently invented in the Fertile Crescent for processing seeds of other wild grasses. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z That change marked the beginning of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Peoples of the Fertile Crescent domesticated local plants much earlier. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Table 7.1 also shows that the Fertile Crescent’s early domestication of flax for fiber was paralleled elsewhere. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z In addition, the Fertile Crescent package penetrated Africa southward to Ethiopia at some still-uncertain date. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Over the last 12,000 years, agriculture arose at not more than nine places over the face of the earth: China, the Fertile Crescent, and a few other places. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z It began in the Middle East about eleven thousand years ago, in the western half of the Fertile Crescent, which arcs between southern Iraq and Israel, reaching into southern Turkey along the way. 1491 2005-10-10T00:00:00Z The quick spread of the Fertile Crescent package preempted any possible other attempts, within the Fertile Crescent or elsewhere, to domesticate the same wild ancestors. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z In effect, Europe received its crops, livestock, technology, and writing systems from the Fertile Crescent, which then gradually eliminated itself as a major center of power and innovation. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z The range of altitudes in the Fertile Crescent meant staggered harvest seasons: plants at higher elevations produced seeds somewhat later than plants at lower elevations. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z They were adopted for cultivation in those areas of their wild range outside the Fertile Crescent as soon as they arrived with the whole package of food production from the Fertile Crescent. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z The Nile Valley remained a cultural backwater for about 3,000 years after village food production began to flourish in the hills of the Fertile Crescent. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z But most food production in outlying areas depended initially on Fertile Crescent domesticates. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z A corresponding example within Eurasia involved the eastern limit of Fertile Crescent crops, which spread rapidly westward to the Atlantic Ocean and eastward to the Indus Valley without encountering a major barrier. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z As a consequence, most Fertile Crescent crops grow well in France and Japan but poorly at the equator. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Some of those related beans and barleys were indeed domesticated independently in the Americas or China, far from the early site of domestication in the Fertile Crescent. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z The archaeological evidence discussed below suggests that chiefdoms arose by around 5500 B.C. in the Fertile Crescent and by around 1000 B.C. in Mesoamerica and the Andes. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Furthermore, they are overwhelmingly concentrated in the Fertile Crescent or other parts of western Eurasia’s Mediterranean zone, which offered a huge selection to incipient farmers: about 32 of the world’s 56 prize wild grasses! Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z That date is within a thousand years of the beginning of the Neolithic Age and food production in the Fertile Crescent. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z A third advantage of the Fertile Crescent’s Mediterranean zone is that it provides a wide range of altitudes and topographies within a short distance. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Evidence for all of these techniques becomes abundant at sites of hunter-gatherers in the Fertile Crescent after 11,000 B.C. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Hence any attempt to understand the origins of the modern world must come to grips with the question why the Fertile Crescent’s domesticated plants and animals gave it such a potent head start. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Why, then, did the Fertile Crescent and China eventually lose their enormous leads of thousands of years to late-starting Europe? Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Only when European settlers arrived by sea in 1652, bringing with them their Fertile Crescent crop package, could agriculture thrive in South Africa’s Mediterranean zone. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Even if Fertile Crescent crops adapted to winter rain could somehow have crossed the Sahara, they would have been difficult to grow in the summer-rain Sahel zone. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Peru, Dobyns learned, was one of the world’s cultural wellsprings, a place as important to the human saga as the Fertile Crescent. 1491 2005-10-10T00:00:00Z Two of the founders had very small ranges in the wild, chickpea being confined to southeastern Turkey and emmer wheat to the Fertile Crescent itself. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z It turns out that it, and especially its Fertile Crescent portion, possessed at least five advantages over other Mediterranean zones. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z In the Fertile Crescent, village accountants began keeping records with clay tokens around 8000 b.c. 1491 2005-10-10T00:00:00Z Since Fertile Crescent cereals were so productive in the wild, few additional changes had to be made in them under cultivation. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Still, for all such proximate causes one must raise the question of ultimate cause: why did these proximate factors themselves arise in Europe, rather than in China or the Fertile Crescent? Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Taken together, these four factors help us understand why the transition to food production in the Fertile Crescent began around 8500 B.C., not around 18,500 or 28,500 B.C. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z However, Ethiopia also developed many indigenous crops, and we do not yet know whether it was these crops or the arriving Fertile Crescent crops that launched Ethiopian food production. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z A final advantage of early food production in the Fertile Crescent is that it may have faced less competition from the hunter-gatherer lifestyle than that in some other areas, including the western Mediterranean. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Instead, we have seen that the many distinctive features of the Fertile Crescent’s climate, environment, wild plants, and animals together provide a convincing explanation. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z For instance, the earliest known cultivated emmer wheat comes from the Fertile Crescent around 8500 B.C. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Since these two plants were among the first eight crops of the Fertile Crescent, they were presumably among the most readily domesticated of all wild plants. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Of these eight, only two, flax and barley, range in the wild at all widely outside the Fertile Crescent and Anatolia. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z In contrast, pottery wasn’t adopted in the Fertile Crescent until about a thousand years after the adoption of agriculture. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Finally, speakers of ancestral Afroasiatic languages may have been involved in domesticating the crops native to Ethiopia, and they certainly introduced Fertile Crescent crops to North Africa. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Their spread was soon followed by that of other innovations originating in or near the Fertile Crescent, including the wheel, writing, metalworking techniques, milking, fruit trees, and beer and wine production. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z By the time of Christ, cereals of Fertile Crescent origin were growing over the 8,000-mile expanse from the Atlantic coast of Ireland to the Pacific coast of Japan. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z The major factor behind these shifts becomes obvious as soon as one compares the modern Fertile Crescent with ancient descriptions of it. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z We can deduce many of the answers by examining the well-established sequence in which various crops developed in Southwest Asia’s Fertile Crescent. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z The early farmers of the Fertile Crescent and China were heirs to the technology that behaviorially modern Homo sapiens had been developing to exploit local resources in those areas for tens of thousands of years. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z An Eastern concept, born in the Fertile Crescent a few centuries before the birth of Christ, zero not only evoked images of a primal void, it also had dangerous mathematical properties. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z Large areas of the former Fertile Crescent are now desert, semidesert, steppe, or heavily eroded or salinized terrain unsuited for agriculture. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z First, many of the Fertile Crescent’s founder crops don’t even occur in the wild outside Southwest Asia. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z For example, in the Fertile Crescent food production and village life originated in hills and mountains, not in lowland river valleys. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Early food production was less competitive with hunting-gathering in the Americas than in the Fertile Crescent or China, partly owing to the Americas’ virtual lack of domesticable wild mammals. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Although the detailed sequence that I’ve just described applies to the Fertile Crescent, partly similar sequences also appeared elsewhere in the world. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z In other areas, though, that role of cereals was taken over or shared by roots and tubers, which were of negligible importance in the ancient Fertile Crescent and China. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z During the fifth and fourth millennia BC, cities with tens of thousands of inhabitants sprouted in the Fertile Crescent, and each of these held sway over many nearby villages. Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z Similarly, the spread southward of Fertile Crescent domestic animals through Africa was stopped or slowed by climate and disease, especially by trypanosome diseases carried by tsetse flies. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z However, the Mediterranean climate zone of the Fertile Crescent extends westward through much of southern Europe and northwestern Africa. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z One advantage of the Fertile Crescent is that it lies within a zone of so-called Mediterranean climate, a climate characterized by mild, wet winters and long, hot, dry summers. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z For the Fertile Crescent, the answer is clear. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Today, the expressions “Fertile Crescent” and “world leader in food production” are absurd. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Even a visitor to the Fertile Crescent in 9500 B.C. rather than in 8500 B.C. could have been misled into supposing the Fertile Crescent permanently unsuitable for food production. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z It was also the landmass with the two centers where food production began the earliest: the Fertile Crescent and China. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Because of this ease of domestication, big-seeded annuals were the first, or among the first, crops developed not only in the Fertile Crescent but also in China and the Sahel. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Writing arose independently only in the Fertile Crescent, Mexico, and probably China precisely because those were the first areas where food production emerged in their respective hemispheres. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Why was the spread of crops from the Fertile Crescent so rapid? Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Those were some of the advantages that the Fertile Crescent’s flora afforded the first farmers: it included an unusually high percentage of wild plants suitable for domestication. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Most of the Fertile Crescent founder crops reached Egypt very quickly and then spread as far south as the cool highlands of Ethiopia, beyond which they didn’t spread. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Those wild cereal harvests were precursors to the domestication of the earliest crops, the cereals wheat and barley, in the Fertile Crescent. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Was it because the same set of plants occurred in the wild in many areas, were found useful there just as in the Fertile Crescent, and were independently domesticated? Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z That evidence suggests that tribal organization began to emerge around 13,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent and later in some other areas. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Yet those other Mediterranean zones not only failed to rival the Fertile Crescent as early sites of food production; they never gave rise to indigenous agriculture at all. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z That is how the Fertile Crescent lost its huge early lead over Europe. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Fortunately, the Fertile Crescent is by far the most intensively studied and best understood part of the globe as regards the rise of agriculture. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Food production was the first of those major innovations to appear in the Fertile Crescent. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z The Balkans provided ideal growing conditions for most Mesopotamian crops and livestock, and received those domesticates as a package within 2,000 years of its assembly in the Fertile Crescent. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z After the rise of Fertile Crescent states in the fourth millennium B.C., the center of power initially remained in the Fertile Crescent, rotating between empires such as those of Babylon, the Hittites, Assyria, and Persia. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z The Fertile Crescent, where agriculture arose, enjoys that same Mediterranean pattern of winter rains. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z But the Japanese still hold the world record, with pottery thousands of years older than the oldest from the Fertile Crescent or Europe. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z It turns out that the eastern U.S. founder crops were four plants domesticated in the period 2500-1500 B.C., a full 6,000 years after wheat and barley domestication in the Fertile Crescent. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z The Fertile Crescent’s biological diversity over small distances contributed to a fourth advantage—its wealth in ancestors not only of valuable crops but also of domesticated big mammals. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z The earliest farming communities there in the seventh millennium B.C. utilized wheat, barley, and other crops that had been previously domesticated in the Fertile Crescent and that evidently spread to the Indus Valley through Iran. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Which ones did they actually cultivate, and how did the resulting local crop package compare with the Fertile Crescent’s founder package? Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z The ancestors of most of the founder crops have wild relatives, in the Fertile Crescent and elsewhere, that would also have been suitable for domestication. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z The necessary methods, implements, and facilities appeared rapidly in the Fertile Crescent after 11,000 B.C., having been invented for dealing with the newly available abundance of wild cereals. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z West Africa eventually did receive Fertile Crescent domestic animals across the Sahara, and later accepted Islamic influence, including Arabic writing. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z In ancient times, however, much of the Fertile Crescent and eastern Mediterranean region, including Greece, was covered with forest. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z It turns out that the earliest Fertile Crescent crops, such as the wheat and barley and peas domesticated around 10,000 years ago, arose from wild ancestors offering many advantages. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z One such hybrid among Fertile Crescent selfers, bread wheat, became the most valuable crop in the modern world. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Thanks to this availability of suitable wild mammals and plants, early peoples of the Fertile Crescent could quickly assemble a potent and balanced biological package for intensive food production. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Of the first eight significant crops to have been domesticated in the Fertile Crescent, all were selfers. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Evidently, most of the Fertile Crescent’s founder crops were never domesticated again elsewhere after their initial domestication in the Fertile Crescent. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z That’s part of the reason why Fertile Crescent domesticates spread west and east so rapidly: they were already well adapted to the climates of the regions to which they were spreading. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Those dates suggest domestication of emmer wheat in the Fertile Crescent, a conclusion supported by the fact that ancestral wild emmer wheat is confined to the area extending from Israel to western Iran and Turkey. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Food production was already arising in the Fertile Crescent only 1,500 years after the time when Clovis-derived hunter-gatherers were just reaching southern South America. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Thus, agriculture could arise in the Fertile Crescent from domestication of locally available wild plants, without having to wait for the arrival of crops derived from wild plants domesticated elsewhere. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Conversely, Eurasian crops that were first domesticated far from the Fertile Crescent but at the same latitudes were able to diffuse back to the Fertile Crescent. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z The sphinx and pyramids were built by people fed on crops originally native to the Fertile Crescent, not to Egypt. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Why did peoples outside the Fertile Crescent fail to domesticate them, and begin to grow them only when they had already been domesticated in the eastern Mediterranean and arrived thence as crops? Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z In contrast, four species of big mammals—the goat, sheep, pig, and cow—were domesticated very early in the Fertile Crescent, possibly earlier than any other animal except the dog anywhere else in the world. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z This explanation was suggested by the undoubted fact that the earliest known empires and writing systems arose in the Tigris and Euphrates Valleys of the Fertile Crescent and in the Nile Valley of Egypt. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z In all this discussion of the Fertile Crescent’s advantages for the early rise of food production, we have not had to invoke any supposed advantages of Fertile Crescent peoples themselves. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Because of the limited variety of wild starting material suitable for plant domestication, even Africa’s earliest agriculture may have begun several thousand years later than that of the Fertile Crescent. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z There is no evidence for large-scale cultivation of apples even in the Fertile Crescent and in Europe until classical Greek times, 8,000 years after the rise of Eurasian food production began. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Specifically, barley and emmer wheat, the two earliest important crops of the Fertile Crescent, rank respectively 3rd and 13th in seed size among those top 56. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Conversely, two of the eight founder crops could not have been domesticated anywhere in the world except in the Fertile Crescent, since they did not occur wild elsewhere. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Why did people of the Fertile Crescent wait until 8500 B.C., instead of becoming food producers around 18,500 or 28,500 B.C.? Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z One such place is the Fertile Crescent, where the mountains of western Iran and the Dead Sea, the lowest place on earth, bracket the Tigris and Euphrates river systems. 1491 2005-10-10T00:00:00Z That’s true, for example, of gazelles, which for thousands of years were the most frequently hunted game species in some parts of the Fertile Crescent. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z In both the Fertile Crescent and China, iron objects became common only after about 2,000 years of experience of bronze metallurgy. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z In each of those areas, food production was initiated by some of the same suite of domestic plants and animals that launched it in the Fertile Crescent. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Those Fertile Crescent crops spread into climatically similar adjacent areas of North Africa and laid the foundations for the rise of ancient Egyptian civilization. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Those homelands were the Fertile Crescent and China in Eurasia, and the Andes and Amazonia, Mesoamerica, and the eastern United States in the Americas. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z For instance, the stone sickles, underground storage pits, and other technology that hunter-gatherers of the Fertile Crescent had been evolving to utilize wild cereals were available to the first cereal farmers of the Fertile Crescent. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z For instance, climate changes at the end of the Pleistocene in the Fertile Crescent greatly expanded the area of habitats with wild cereals, of which huge crops could be harvested in a short time. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Food production would have faced even less competition from hunting-gathering in these areas than it did in the Fertile Crescent. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z That’s why settlements, and by inference tribes, began to proliferate in the Fertile Crescent at that time, when climate changes and improved technology combined to permit abundant harvests of wild cereals. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Once it had lost the head start that it had enjoyed thanks to its locally available concentration of domesticable wild plants and animals, the Fertile Crescent possessed no further compelling geographic advantages. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Since its homeland includes the Fertile Crescent, the cradle of Western civilization and animal domestication, ancient peoples must have experimented extensively with onagers. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Thus, Eurasia’s west-east axis allowed Fertile Crescent crops quickly to launch agriculture over the band of temperate latitudes from Ireland to the Indus Valley, and to enrich the agriculture that arose independently in eastern Asia. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z During those same centuries China led the world in technology, having launched itself on food production nearly as early as the Fertile Crescent did. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z This is really a history of the 21st century’s “War for the Fertile Crescent,” and it would have been better to call it that. Fighting Wars Past, Present and Future 2018-05-25T04:00:00Z Human-made climate change is driving a yearslong extreme drought in Iran, Iraq and Syria, an area that encompasses a region known as the Fertile Crescent and a cradle of civilization, scientists said on Wednesday. Climate Change to Blame for Severe Drought in the Fertile Crescent, Study Finds 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z Two-thousand years ago, forts were constructed by the Roman Empire across the northern Fertile Crescent, spanning from what is now western Syria to northwestern Iraq. Cold War spy satellite imagery reveals Ancient Roman forts 2023-10-27T04:00:00Z Civilization began in the Fertile Crescent about 10,000 years ago, when people first settled into villages and started growing food. Cats first finagled their way into human hearts and homes thousands of years ago – here’s how 2023-08-11T04:00:00Z High temperatures and scarce water are drying out swaths of Iraq that were once part of a verdant region known as the Fertile Crescent. It’s Official: Stores Can No Longer Sell Most Incandescent Lights 2023-08-01T04:00:00Z Every schoolchild learns the name: Mesopotamia – the Fertile Crescent, the cradle of civilization. A Climate Warning from the Cradle of Civilization 2023-07-29T04:00:00Z Iraq forms part of the "Fertile Crescent", land sweeping from the Mediterranean to the Persian Gulf which has been farmed for thousands of years. Drought imperils Iraq's water buffalo and a child's way of life 2023-07-20T04:00:00Z The bead suggests that trade networks had already spread from the Fertile Crescent to the farther fringes of Europe in the time the shrine was used. 4,000-year-old solar shrine uncovered in the Netherlands 2023-06-22T04:00:00Z Of the areas in which agriculture developed, the Fertile Crescent enjoyed significant advantages. Western Civilization: A Concise History 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z For this reason, the arable land there is suitable for growing grains like wheat and barley, originally domesticated in the Fertile Crescent and disseminated around the sea over thousands of years. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z The Scientific American paper recounts how, 10,000 years ago, humans transitioned from hunting to farming in what’s called the Fertile Crescent, a Middle Eastern region that spans from Iraq to Israel. If you’ve loved and lost a pet, you’ll get these tales of readers’ grief 2023-03-03T05:00:00Z And you see this pattern around the world, not just in the Fertile Crescent but also Mideast, which is now the modern Turkey area, where agriculture first got started. Meet the philosopher who believes human civilization wouldn't exist without alcohol 2023-01-17T05:00:00Z “What was once known as the Fertile Crescent started to die about 35 years ago,” he said. Middle East's Fertile Crescent dries up as rains fail 2022-11-14T05:00:00Z The food surplus that agriculture made possible in the Fertile Crescent eventually led to the emergence of the first large settlements. Western Civilization: A Concise History 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z This lifestyle began to change dramatically beginning around 7000 BCE when plant and animal domestication methods from the Fertile Crescent were first adopted in Africa. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z The Syrian seeds were from the Fertile Crescent, the region where settled farming is believed to have emerged, and Ukraine also has a central place in agriculture. Ukraine's giant seed bank at risk of being lost as war rages 2022-05-31T04:00:00Z The Fertile Crescent, from northern Egypt to the Persian Gulf, had the most easily domesticated grains and animals, and the absence of barriers to east-west travel in Eurasia facilitated the spread of agricultural techniques. Review | Why the wheels of human history seemed to turn faster for some 2022-04-29T04:00:00Z For much of its early history, Egypt was spared the constant warfare that plagued the Fertile Crescent. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z There were certainly many others in the Fertile Crescent, but due to their antiquity the remains of only a few – Jericho and Çatal Höyük most importantly – have survived to be studied by archaeologists. Western Civilization: A Concise History 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z For this reason, the area is often referred to as the Fertile Crescent. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z From the days of the Fertile Crescent, agriculture has pushed technology along. Opinion | Is the world ready for the farmerless tractor? 2022-01-07T05:00:00Z Oryza sativa had come to Mesopotamia, and from there it spread through the Fertile Crescent and what would become Persian and Arabian lands. The Thrilling Dare of Scorched Rice 2021-11-11T05:00:00Z Indo-Europeans first migrated from Central Europe and southern Russia to the mountains and plateaus east of the Fertile Crescent around 1000 B.C. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Mesopotamia, on the eastern end of the Fertile Crescent, was the cradle of Western Civilization. Western Civilization: A Concise History 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z Wheat cultivation spread from the Fertile Crescent across the Mediterranean region and into northern Europe. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z The area lies at the eastern end of the Fertile Crescent, the region considered the cradle of agriculture and several early civilizations. Oldest livestock genome reveals origin of today’s goats 2021-06-07T04:00:00Z Many researchers consider goats to be the first animals domesticated—11,000 years ago in the ancient Fertile Crescent. Ancient hanky panky gave modern goats their iron stomachs 2020-05-20T04:00:00Z The sea shaped Greek civilization just as rivers shaped the ancient civilizations of Egypt, the Fertile Crescent, India, and China. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z These were run by the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago, Illinois, under its inaugural director, Egyptologist James Henry Breasted, who coined the phrase ‘Fertile Crescent’. The archaeology of Armageddon 2020-02-25T05:00:00Z The area is part of what was historically known as the Fertile Crescent, where settled farming and early civilizations first began. AP FACT CHECK: Trump’s Syrian mission-accomplished moment 2019-10-19T04:00:00Z Over the millenniums, more than 20 different cultures have left their mark on Hasankeyf, which sits in the Fertile Crescent in a land once known as Mesopotamia, making it a living record of human evolution. A Turkish town, inhabited for some 12,000 years, will soon vanish as a dam project is completed 2019-10-03T04:00:00Z Wheat and other plants that feed much of the world today were likely first domesticated in the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East. Plant studies show where Africa's early farmers tamed some of the continent's key crops 2019-05-01T04:00:00Z Eventually, the Assyrians ruled lands that extended far beyond the Fertile Crescent into Anatolia and Egypt. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z After all, in the 4,000 years since humanity’s first empire formed in the Fertile Crescent, at least 200 empires have risen, collided with other imperial powers, and in time collapsed. What does it take to destroy a world order? 2019-03-03T05:00:00Z Farming began in what is known as the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East. New insight into history of dogs and humans 2018-10-16T04:00:00Z In response, scientists are seeking sources of natural resistance – and finding them in Syria, in the heart of the Fertile Crescent, the birthplace of domesticated agriculture. Syrian seeds could save US wheat from climate menace 2018-07-06T04:00:00Z Alcohol was distilled at least 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent, about the same time that agriculture took hold there. Did ancient Mesopotamians get high? Near Eastern rituals may have included opium, cannabis 2018-04-19T04:00:00Z Unlike the cities of the Indus Valley or Fertile Crescent, Anyang was built mainly of wood. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Locusts are mentioned in the Old Testament because they were and still are a common edible crop pest in the Fertile Crescent region of the Middle East. Where to find the world's tastiest insects 2018-01-15T05:00:00Z Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and, God knows, Iraq and Syria all have far more pressing issues to deal with, the most important of which is the Sunni/Shia split across the Persian Gulf and Fertile Crescent. Trump Team Begins Drafting Middle East Peace Plan 2017-11-11T05:00:00Z Department of Agriculture notes that wheat was first domesticated 10,000 years ago in a region known as the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East. What We Can Learn From This Ancient ‘Lunchbox’ 2017-07-27T04:00:00Z Geography may be the reason: House mice originated in the Fertile Crescent, and black rats in India. How the Brown Rat Conquered New York City (and Every Other One, Too) 2016-10-27T04:00:00Z By 2500 B.C., new cities were arising all over the Fertile Crescent, in what is now Syria, northern Iraq, and Turkey. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z In the 1990s, archaeologists largely concluded that farming in the Fertile Crescent began in Jordan and Israel, a region known as the southern Levant. How the First Farmers Changed History 2016-10-17T04:00:00Z That includes the Fertile Crescent, which spans parts of North Africa, the Middle East, the Caucasus and west Asia, and is thought of as the birthplace of modern agriculture. Syrian seed bank gets new home away from war 2016-10-04T04:00:00Z This reveals the scale of genetic change in the Fertile Crescent since the Neolithic. First farmers had diverse origins, DNA shows - BBC News 2016-07-15T04:00:00Z “The genetic and archaeological evidence suggest at least two separate pathways to agriculture, at distant ends of the Fertile Crescent, eventually merging into a unified package that then spreads outwards,” he says. The world's first farmers were surprisingly diverse 2016-07-14T04:00:00Z Like many peoples in the Fertile Crescent, the Sumerians believed that many different gods controlled the various forces in nature. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Dr. Zeder said that ancient DNA supports a scenario where farmers across the Fertile Crescent independently invented agriculture, perhaps repeatedly. How the First Farmers Changed History 2016-10-17T04:00:00Z But the founder of 961, a Lebanese microbrewery, thinks there is a fertile market in the Fertile Crescent. Of brewers and bureaucrats 2016-06-30T04:00:00Z But there are also references to the old South, to Africa and the Fertile Crescent in her clothes. The fashion industry declared Beyoncé an icon last night. Until recently, she didn’t deserve it. 2016-06-07T04:00:00Z Published in the New Yorker this week, Oktober follows an author narrator who finds Munich overwhelmed by Oktoberfest revellers, as well as by refugees pouring in from “what was once known as the Fertile Crescent”. Martin Amis reveals refugee short story was inspired by experience on European book tour 2015-12-02T05:00:00Z Over the years, new groups dominated the Fertile Crescent. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z He points to the increasingly precise dating of archaeological sites in the Fertile Crescent. How the First Farmers Changed History 2016-10-17T04:00:00Z This migration from the ancient Near East and Fertile Crescent, roughly corresponding to modern Iraq, Turkey, Iran and Syria, reshaped the African continent's genetic makeup. Ancient Ethiopian man's genome illuminates ancestry of Africans 2015-10-08T04:00:00Z The judges included Wilson Klein, a former Atlantic City High School teacher who’s a regular at the Margate market because he sells his crops from the organic Fertile Crescent Farm in Medford. Rutgers researchers reviving historic New Jersey tomato seed 2015-08-29T04:00:00Z Lest the garden of civilization–from the Fertile Crescent to the Nile River Valley–be overrun, we must eliminate this ominous phenomenon at its source. Iran Nuclear Deal Feeds The Roots Of Regional Terrorism 2015-07-14T04:00:00Z To the west of the Fertile Crescent in Africa, another river makes its way to the sea. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Dr. Reich hopes to learn more about the early farmers by obtaining samples more systematically from across the Fertile Crescent. How the First Farmers Changed History 2016-10-17T04:00:00Z The drought affected the area known as the Fertile Crescent, which also encompasses parts of Turkey and Iraq. Climate Change Helped Create Conditions for War in Syria, Study Suggests 2015-03-04T05:00:00Z When increased greenhouse gas emissions, particularly of carbon dioxide, are included in models, they more than double the likelihood of a severe, 3-year drought in the Fertile Crescent, they found. Did climate change drive the Syrian uprising? 2015-03-02T05:00:00Z To its critics, Iran alarmingly holds sway from the Mediterranean Sea to the Fertile Crescent and the Gulf of Aden. The long arm 2015-01-22T05:00:00Z The immense Persian Empire now extended over 2,500 miles, embracing Egypt and Anatolia in the west, part of India in the east, and the Fertile Crescent in the center. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Agriculture originated in a few small hubs around the world, but probably first in the Fertile Crescent, a region of the Near East including parts of modern-day Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Jordan. How the First Farmers Changed History 2016-10-17T04:00:00Z In the Neolithic transition, for example, agriculture took root in the Middle East's Fertile Crescent thousands of years before it spread to Europe. First atomic blast proposed as start of Anthropocene 2015-01-15T05:00:00Z But about 3,600 years a new kind of barley arrived in the region, after being domesticated in the Fertile Crescent that spread from the Persian Gulf to the Nile. Better Barley Let People Settle Tibetan Plateau 2014-11-21T05:00:00Z They were domesticated in the so-called Fertile Crescent of the ancient Near East thousands of years earlier and were introduced to this area about 4,000 years ago, the researchers said. Want to live on the 'roof of the world'? Grow barley 2014-11-20T05:00:00Z During those years, people of the Fertile Crescent had endured war, conquest, and famine. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Their research suggests that people were inventing farming at several sites in the Fertile Crescent at roughly the same time. How the First Farmers Changed History 2016-10-17T04:00:00Z Barley and wheat, from the Middle East’s Fertile Crescent, are hardier. Barley fuelled farmers' spread onto Tibetan plateau 2014-11-19T05:00:00Z It’s unclear how and when barley moved from the Fertile Crescent to East Asia. Barley helped ancient Tibetans climb to 3400 meters 2014-11-20T05:00:00Z Half of the priority species in temperate regions are located in the Fertile Crescent, an area that arcs around the Near East. Food crop wild relatives endangered 2014-09-08T04:00:00Z The region’s curved shape and the richness of its land led scholars to call it the Fertile Crescent. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Genes did not just flow across the Fertile Crescent — they also rippled outward. How the First Farmers Changed History 2016-10-17T04:00:00Z Yet, as the region’s sectarian wars threaten to sweep away borders, King Abdullah has survived as the leader of the Fertile Crescent’s last functional and fairly calm state. Shuddering 2014-06-26T04:00:00Z The powerful forces of plate tectonics and climate variability ultimately led to our hominid ancestors' development and their dispersal from Africa, to the Caucasus, the Fertile Crescent, and ultimately the rest of the world. How Climate Change and Plate Tectonics Shaped Human Evolution 2013-11-14T16:45:00.360Z Whether farming arose once or a hundred times, it happened first in the Fertile Crescent, a broad region stretching from the Mediterranean Sea to Iran. Farming was so Nice, It was Invented at Least Twice 2013-07-04T19:15:15Z With nature so much in their favor, Egyptians tended to approach life more confidently and optimistically than their neighbors in the Fertile Crescent. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z But he is pessimistic about filling in some of the most glaring gaps in the genetic map of the Fertile Crescent. How the First Farmers Changed History 2016-10-17T04:00:00Z Ironically, the rich arc of marshlands that stretches from the Egyptian Nile to the Biblical lands of Tigris and Euphrates known for centuries as the Fertile Crescent is now the biggest importer of food. Snooping On Potato Prices In Afghanistan To Predict Attacks 2013-06-14T12:35:00Z Along the East-West line, he wrote “febrile crescent,” a play on the traditional “Fertile Crescent” used to describe the stretch of the Middle East where civilization began. News Analysis: Sunni Leaders Gaining Clout in Mideast 2012-11-28T03:19:13Z The team concludes that the advent of farming at Chogha Golan, and in the eastern Fertile Crescent, was an independent event that paralleled developments much farther west. Farming was so Nice, It was Invented at Least Twice 2013-07-04T19:15:15Z The extinct aurochs of the Fertile Crescent eventually became Holstein cows. How Food Became Technology [Excerpt] 2012-10-28T20:16:13.460Z About 8,000 years ago, the barriers between peoples in the Fertile Crescent fell away, and genes began to flow across the entire region. How the First Farmers Changed History 2016-10-17T04:00:00Z “The Fertile Crescent” is being presented under its auspices, together with the partner organizations. | New Jersey: From the Middle East, a Rarely Heard Chorus 2012-08-31T22:17:12Z The first one ever, back on the prehistoric savannas of eastern Africa or maybe in an early agrarian society in the Fertile Crescent. How to Spot a Scoundrel 2012-08-23T11:45:00.167Z Agriculture, for instance, arose in the Fertile Crescent some 8,000 to 10,000 years ago Previous research often assumed that as the world’s population grew, the proportion of cleared land grew as well. Climate Meddling Dates Back 8,000 Years 2011-03-30T18:43:00Z The Persian Empire stretched from Egypt to India, but conducted business in Aramaic, a desert tongue of the Fertile Crescent. Why Learn Mandarin? China Won't Make You Speak It. 2011-01-18T05:00:00Z The new genetic results simply show that this farming technology spread through the Fertile Crescent, but that the populations sharing it did not interbreed. How the First Farmers Changed History 2016-10-17T04:00:00Z One of the goals of “The Fertile Crescent” is to erase that perception. | New Jersey: From the Middle East, a Rarely Heard Chorus 2012-08-31T22:17:12Z Now, after four consecutive years of drought, this heartland of the Fertile Crescent — including much of neighboring — appears to be turning barren, climate scientists say. Searching for Crumbs in Syria?s Breadbasket 2010-10-13T23:36:00Z It is a big country by Middle East standards, with 32 million people located in the heart of the historic Fertile Crescent watered by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The Next Frontier Could Be in Iraq 2010-05-14T19:04:00Z One hoard, 1,100 seal impressions on clay from the Fertile Crescent, has survived 25 centuries. Book Review - Stuff - Compulsive Hoarding and the Meaning of Things - By Randy O. Frost and Gail Steketee 2010-04-25T03:43:00Z The new research also shows that even after agriculture was established across the Fertile Crescent, people remained genetically isolated for thousands of years. How the First Farmers Changed History 2016-10-17T04:00:00Z The cities of the Fertile Crescent built in mud brick and used stone, copper, and bronze tools. The Time Traders Egypt and the Fertile Crescent were surrounded by deserts and high mountains. Civilization and Beyond Learning from History |
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