| 单词 | extracellular |
| 例句 | A gelatin-based ink acts as extracellular matrix—the structural mix of proteins and other biological molecules that surrounds cells in the body. “Disappearing ink” could give 3D printed organs a blood supply 2014-03-07T19:34:00Z These include controlled cell division, proper cell death, resource sharing, division of labor and protection of the extracellular environment. How microbes in food can impact your body’s defenses against cancer 2023-02-28T05:00:00Z They found that the cells in the fruit fly's tracheal system are connected to the extracellular matrix by the proteins Dumpy and Piopio. Defect in fruit fly respiratory system may provide insights into human aortic aneurysms 2023-10-25T04:00:00Z Glia cells are found within tissues and are not excitable but help with myelination, ionic regulation and extracellular fluid. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z For example, the tight junctions of the epithelial cells lining the urinary bladder prevent urine from leaking into the extracellular space. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Not only does the extracellular matrix hold the cells together to form a tissue, but it also allows the cells within the tissue to communicate with each other. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z These are known as “extracellular vesicles,” and they could be another way for the spike protein to get into the blood stream without breaking up. People with Long COVID May Still Have Spike Proteins in Their Blood 2022-07-21T04:00:00Z As the organs grow, the cells are closely connected to this extracellular matrix and "shimmy" along it to form the right shape and size of tubes. Defect in fruit fly respiratory system may provide insights into human aortic aneurysms 2023-10-25T04:00:00Z The cnidarians perform extracellular digestion in which the food is taken into the gastrovascular cavity, enzymes are secreted into the cavity, and the cells lining the cavity absorb nutrients. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Three terms—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—are used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z When protein receptors on the surface of the plasma membrane of an animal cell bind to a substance in the extracellular matrix, a chain of reactions begins that changes activities taking place within the cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This tissue is highly cellular, with little or no extracellular material present between cells. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The forces between the cells and the extracellular matrix shift during this time, for example due to strong cell growth. Defect in fruit fly respiratory system may provide insights into human aortic aneurysms 2023-10-25T04:00:00Z Digestion is extracellular, with digested materials taken in to the cells of the gut lining by phagocytosis. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z In a hypotonic solution, such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside the cell, and water enters the cell. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z When accessible nutrients from the degradation of the vesicular contents have been extracted, the newly formed endosome merges with the plasma membrane and releases its contents into the extracellular fluid. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z When two adjacent epithelial cells form a tight junction, there is no extracellular space between them and the movement of substances through the extracellular space between the cells is blocked. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z These tiny, extracellular organelles exert precise microfluidic control over life-sustaining liquids in the body. Cilia Are Minuscule Wonders, and Scientists Are Finally Figuring Out How to Mimic Them 2022-07-11T04:00:00Z This connective tissue constitutes the extracellular surroundings of cells and is made up of organic and inorganic materials. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z It also means that the extracellular fluid has a higher concentration of water than does the cell. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Pinocytosis is a mode of endocytosis used for absorption of extracellular water. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Bone’s rigid extracellular matrix contains mostly collagen fibers embedded in a mineralized ground substance containing hydroxyapatite, a form of calcium phosphate. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Most of it is a spongy material called extracellular matrix, a mixture of water and fibrous proteins pumped out by cells called chondrocytes. Your Body May Be Able to Repair Its Arthritic Joints with Help from Drugs or Surgery 2022-06-18T04:00:00Z The scale will also break down body composition into whole-body fat and water percentages, visceral fat, muscle and bone mass, and extracellular and intracellular water. Withings’ new scale has a retractable handle that measures EKGs and segmented body composition 2022-01-03T05:00:00Z In an isotonic solution, the extracellular fluid has the same osmolarity as the cell. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z This protein spans the membrane with intracellular and extracellular domains. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The endomysium contains the extracellular fluid and nutrients to support the muscle fiber. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Now, researchers have developed a trio of closely related techniques to mark damaging extracellular proteins so they are brought inside and similarly eliminated. Protein-destroying compounds take aim at disease molecules outside cells 2021-08-31T04:00:00Z The researchers' process also spurred growth of an extracellular matrix closely resembling that of human bone tissue. New Technique Grows Realistic Bone in a Dish 2021-06-04T04:00:00Z If the concentration of solutes of the cell matches that of the extracellular fluid, there will be no net movement of water into or out of the cell. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z For example, most normal animal cells have receptors that interact with the extracellular matrix, a network of glycoproteins that provides structural support for cells in an organism. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Insulin triggers the rapid movement of a pool of glucose transporter vesicles to the cell membrane, where they fuse and expose the glucose transporters to the extracellular fluid. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Importantly, Bertozzi says, about 40% of proteins in the body work outside cells—on their surface, in the bloodstream, or in the extracellular matrix. Protein-destroying compounds take aim at disease molecules outside cells 2021-08-31T04:00:00Z An immune reaction to extracellular DNA is part of an ancient immune defense triggered by severe infection or injury, Greinacher notes, and free DNA itself can signal the body to increase blood coagulation. Hard choices emerge as link between AstraZeneca vaccine and rare clotting disorder becomes clearer 2021-04-11T04:00:00Z Animal cells communicate through their extracellular matrices and are connected to each other by tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The binding of cellular receptors to the extracellular matrix initiates a signaling cascade within the cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A glycoprotein is a protein that has carbohydrate molecules attached, which extend into the extracellular matrix. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z These molecules bind an extracellular target protein and a cell-surface receptor that pulls the protein into a cell and delivers it to the lysosome, a trash compactor responsible for degrading extracellular proteins. Protein-destroying compounds take aim at disease molecules outside cells 2021-08-31T04:00:00Z These mutant stem cells lie above a layer of extracellular matrix material called the basement membrane. b, The tumours in embryos with a SmoM2 mutation resembled a benign, non-invasive cancer called basal cell carcinoma. How cancer invasion takes shape 2020-09-01T04:00:00Z Living cells need certain substances in concentrations greater than they exist in the extracellular space. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z However, if the cell moves away from the extracellular matrix, the signaling ceases, and the cell undergoes apoptosis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z As healing progresses, fibroblasts from the surrounding connective tissues replace the collagen and extracellular material lost by the injury. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Bertozzi’s group also targets extracellular proteins with protein fragments called peptides. Protein-destroying compounds take aim at disease molecules outside cells 2021-08-31T04:00:00Z This is a thin layer of specialized extracellular matrix material that separates the epidermal cells from the rest of the skin, such as the adjacent compartment below called the dermis. How cancer invasion takes shape 2020-09-01T04:00:00Z Cnidarians possess a well-formed digestive system and carry out extracellular digestion. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Contact of the receptor with the extracellular matrix helps maintain concentration gradients across membrane, resulting in the flow of ions. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The chemical nature and physical layout of the extracellular matrix and proteins vary enormously among tissues, reflecting the variety of functions that connective tissue fulfills in the body. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The researchers then showed, in both cells and mice, that such chimeras could selectively degrade antibodies or cytokines, extracellular proteins known to trigger unwanted inflammation. Protein-destroying compounds take aim at disease molecules outside cells 2021-08-31T04:00:00Z Fibroblasts form part of the connective tissue and help to maintain the extracellular matrix material that surrounds cells. An antiviral response beyond immune cells 2020-06-30T04:00:00Z In all vertebrate organisms this is a closed-loop system, in which the blood is largely separated from the body’s other extracellular fluid compartment, the interstitial fluid, which is the fluid bathing the cells. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The extracellular matrix provides nutrients for the cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Because of the privileged blood supply inherent in the BBB, the extracellular space in nervous tissue does not easily exchange components with the blood. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Ciulli says extracellular protein degradation is ideally suited to treating autoimmune diseases and amyloid diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, where rogue proteins clump together outside cells. Protein-destroying compounds take aim at disease molecules outside cells 2021-08-31T04:00:00Z Researchers at the Paracelsus Medical University in Salzburg, Austria, prepare extracellular vesicles.Credit: Inside the stem-cell pharmaceutical factory 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z Cnidarians perform extracellular digestion, with digestion completed by intracellular digestive processes. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z One can determine the pedigree of a disease, produce recombinants and detect the presence of extracellular genes using FISH. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Both of the cells make use of the cell membrane to regulate ion movement between the extracellular fluid and cytosol. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z So, it seemed obvious to scientists that, by eavesdropping on these extracellular communiqués carried in blood, saliva, urine and other fluids, they should be able to intercept dispatches indicative of health and disease. Could tracking RNA in body fluids reveal disease? 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z “I think extracellular vesicles will be great therapeutic agents for many diseases,” he says. Inside the stem-cell pharmaceutical factory 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z Food is taken into the gastrovascular cavity, enzymes are secreted into the cavity, and the cells lining the cavity absorb the nutrient products of the extracellular digestive process. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z ATP synthesis in prokaryotes is accomplished by a protein that connects the extracellular space to the cytoplasm. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Hydrophilic amino acids are exposed to the fluid environments of the extracellular fluid and cytosol. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z When Tosar cooled the rotor sufficiently, the results from the analysis showed a tiny peak indicating the presence of large RNA molecules in the extracellular space, where they were not expected to be. The biologist on the hunt for extracellular ribosomes 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z The term ‘exosome’ refers to a highly specific subset of extracellular vesicles, which are produced by a particular cellular pathway and exhibit diameters spanning roughly 30–150 nanometres. Inside the stem-cell pharmaceutical factory 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z Digestion is extracellular, with enzymes secreted into the space by cells lining the tract, and digested materials taken into the same cells by phagocytosis. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Explain why homeostasis for gram-positive bacteria requires control of extracellular pH. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A ligand-gated channel opens because a signaling molecule, a ligand, binds to the extracellular region of the channel. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z But what if these crucial protein factories were also floating around in the extracellular space? The biologist on the hunt for extracellular ribosomes 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z The results suggest that extracellular RNA from mast cells spurs the inflammation that degrades vascular health. Research round-up: extracellular RNA 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z Figure 3.16 The extracellular matrix consists of a network of substances secreted by cells. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Its selectively permeable nature keeps ions, proteins, and other molecules within the cell and prevents them from diffusing into the extracellular environment, while other molecules may move through the membrane. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Figure 12.18 Ligand-Gated Channels When the ligand, in this case the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, binds to a specific location on the extracellular surface of the channel protein, the pore opens to allow select ions through. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z It suggested that ribosomal RNA exists in the extracellular space outside of vesicles, albeit fleetingly before the body’s natural enzymes get to work. The biologist on the hunt for extracellular ribosomes 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z They took a blood sample from each participant, extracted the fluid plasma portion and then sequenced the extracellular RNA found in the plasma. Research round-up: extracellular RNA 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z Some cells require larger amounts of specific substances than do other cells; they must have a way of obtaining these materials from the extracellular fluids. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Astrocytes provide nutrients to neurons, maintain their extracellular environment, and provide structural support. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The concentration of ions in extracellular and intracellular fluids is largely balanced, with a net neutral charge. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Cayota heard about Lötvall’s findings on extracellular genetic material and decided to encourage members of his lab, including Tosar, who was embarking on his graduate studies, to hunt for signs of this, too. The biologist on the hunt for extracellular ribosomes 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z They took blood samples from each participant several times over the course of the month and sequenced genetic information, including extracellular RNA, from each sample. Research round-up: extracellular RNA 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z Connective tissue is comprised of cells separated by extracellular material made of organic and inorganic materials, such as the protein and mineral deposits of bone. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z As more cations are expelled from the cell than taken in, the inside of the cell remains negatively charged relative to the extracellular fluid. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In epithelial tissue, cells are closely packed with little or no extracellular matrix except for the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from underlying tissue. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z And last year, researchers found indirect evidence of ribosomes in the extracellular space. The biologist on the hunt for extracellular ribosomes 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z RNA, once thought to exist only in cells, is now known to travel to tissues all over the body through the blood, under the protection of tiny lipid sacs known as extracellular vesicles. Extracellular RNA 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z TC cells are particularly important in protecting against viral infections; this is because viruses replicate within cells where they are shielded from extracellular contact with circulating antibodies. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The extracellular space has a high concentration of sodium ions. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The extracellular matrix contains fluid, proteins, polysaccharide derivatives, and, in the case of bone, mineral crystals. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z They discovered strands of extracellular messenger RNA, or ex-mRNA, that were longer than expected. The biologist on the hunt for extracellular ribosomes 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z Various ways to track these extracellular snippets in body fluids are under development. Extracellular RNA 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z Impressively, the authors identified the specific extracellular portion of CCDC25 that binds to NET DNA. Neutrophil ‘safety net’ causes cancer cells to metastasize and proliferate 2020-06-10T04:00:00Z Explain the effect of a large dose of extracellular K+ on the transmission of the action potential in the sarcolemma. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The matrix is the most abundant feature for loose tissue although adipose tissue does not have much extracellular matrix. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Tosar’s search for extracellular ribosomes outside of vesicles built on this work. The biologist on the hunt for extracellular ribosomes 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z In the lungs, this breaks down collagen and elastin in the extracellular matrix — the scaffold that supports the grape-like structures known as alveoli. Research round-up: COPD 2020-05-12T04:00:00Z Left unchecked, the cells will secrete molecules that promote inflammation and bring about degradation of extracellular matrices — behaviour that is referred to as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, or SASP. Zombie cells hold clues to COPD progression 2020-05-12T04:00:00Z Osteoblasts synthesize and secrete the organic part and inorganic part of the extracellular matrix of bone tissue, and collagen fibers. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z These signals are sent by the endocrine organs, which secrete chemicals—the hormone—into the extracellular fluid. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z His peers say that Tosar is forming a case for researchers to pay more attention to the potential significance of genetic machinery in the extracellular space. The biologist on the hunt for extracellular ribosomes 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z These extracellular vesicles are found in greater quantities in people with COPD, and might provide a route to new therapies. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020-05-12T04:00:00Z Advances in techniques over the past few years — and greater scientific consensus in creating standards for research into extracellular vesicles — are pushing the field forward. The therapeutic potential of exosomes 2020-05-12T04:00:00Z Mammalian systems have evolved to regulate not only the overall osmotic pressure across membranes, but also specific concentrations of important electrolytes in the three major fluid compartments: blood plasma, extracellular fluid, and intracellular fluid. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The accumulation of both Cl– and Na+ ions in the extracellular space creates solute-rich mucus, which has a low concentration of water molecules. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z For that reason, he thinks that the main source of ribosomes floating independently in the extracellular space would be from cell death. The biologist on the hunt for extracellular ribosomes 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z For example, the enzyme neutrophil elastase, which neutrophils release to kill invading bacteria, also erodes the extracellular matrix, the mesh of proteins and sugars that cradles cells and provides structural support for tissue. New drugs aim to disarm the immune system’s ‘atomic bomb’ cells 2020-03-05T05:00:00Z These exosomes also bore a marker called Mac-1 that helped them to bind to the extracellular matrix, where elastase then digests matrix fibres. The therapeutic potential of exosomes 2020-05-12T04:00:00Z The innate immune system must respond accordingly: by identifying the extracellular pathogen and/ or by identifying host cells that have already been infected. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z As a result, through osmosis, water moves from cells and extracellular matrix into the mucus, “thinning” it out. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z “Let’s just say that in the extracellular space, the ribonucleases are winning,” he says. The biologist on the hunt for extracellular ribosomes 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z As these cells drain and shrink, their membranes pull away against the points of adhesion to the nearby extracellular matrix, creating mechanical stress. Unexpected Clues Emerge About Why Diets Fail 2020-01-13T05:00:00Z But the CCN1 fragments not encapsulated in vesicles caused a spike in the production of two proteins that digest the extracellular matrix, causing cells and tissues to die. The therapeutic potential of exosomes 2020-05-12T04:00:00Z These cells are important for extracellular infections, such as those caused by certain bacteria, helminths, and protozoa. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Unlike epithelial tissue, which is composed of cells closely packed with little or no extracellular space in between, connective tissue cells are dispersed in a matrix. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z To ensure that exRNA — including extracellular ribosomes — sticks around long enough to be useful, Witwer predicts that technicians taking blood from patients will immediately mix the samples with inhibitors to block the enzymes. The biologist on the hunt for extracellular ribosomes 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z At the same time, they theorize caloric restriction may deprive adipose tissue of the energy it would need to relieve this stress through remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Unexpected Clues Emerge About Why Diets Fail 2020-01-13T05:00:00Z They found that a cellular plug in the fascia, consisting of extracellular matrix, macrophages, blood vessels and nerves, moved upwards into the damaged skin to form a scar. Ready-made cellular plugs heal skin wounds 2019-11-26T05:00:00Z CTLs are particularly important in protecting against viral infections; this is because viruses replicate within cells where they are shielded from extracellular contact with circulating antibodies. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The matrix usually includes a large amount of extracellular material produced by the connective tissue cells that are embedded within it. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z He and Izpisua Belmonte say that culturing the cells in an extracellular matrix that better mimics the womb might help them to survive longer. Primate embryos grown in the lab for longer than ever before 2019-10-30T04:00:00Z In a subgroup analysis of the crash diet participants, 15 genes related to the extracellular matrix were identified, and 8 more associated with stress response. Unexpected Clues Emerge About Why Diets Fail 2020-01-13T05:00:00Z The fascia contains EPFs, extracellular matrix, blood vessels, nerves and immune cells called macrophages. Ready-made cellular plugs heal skin wounds 2019-11-26T05:00:00Z In mammals, the egg is protected by a layer of extracellular matrix consisting mainly of glycoproteins called the zona pellucida. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Figure 4.13 Adipose Tissue This is a loose connective tissue that consists of fat cells with little extracellular matrix. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The extracellular matrix also provides essential cues for growth, cell orientation and differentiation. Growing Meat in a Lab That Doesn’t Look Like Mush 2019-10-27T04:00:00Z The extracellular cap might be important for pore opening because, as Wang et al. show3, mutations that eliminate most of it render the channel insensitive to membrane deformation. A mechanism for touch 2019-08-20T04:00:00Z Given that fibroblasts regulate the extracellular matrix, the authors used microscopy to visualize physical features of fibres of the protein collagen, which is a component of the extracellular matrix. Ready-made cellular plugs heal skin wounds 2019-11-26T05:00:00Z There are peripheral proteins on the exterior of the membrane that bind elements of the extracellular matrix. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Calcium ions are supplied by the SR in the fibers and by sequestration from the extracellular fluid through membrane indentations called calveoli. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The purple web seen in the GIF is part of a mouse’s extracellular matrix, the scaffold that holds together organs’ cells. A Flash on Jupiter, the Death of Mitochondria and the World under Your Skin: The Week’s Best Science GIFs 2019-08-16T04:00:00Z Many details are therefore not incorporated into models, including the brain’s extracellular interactions, and molecular-scale processes such as receptor binding. The four biggest challenges in brain simulation 2019-07-23T04:00:00Z They help to maintain the structural integrity of connective tissues by secreting the protein collagen and other components of the material that comprises the extracellular matrix, which provides support for neighbouring cells1. Two types of fibroblast drive arthritis 2019-05-28T04:00:00Z Each separate substance in a medium, such as the extracellular fluid, has its own concentration gradient, independent of the concentration gradients of other materials. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The influx of extracellular Ca++ ions, which diffuse into the sarcoplasm to reach the calmodulin, accounts for most of the Ca++ that triggers contraction of a smooth muscle cell. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Using a microdialysis technique to assess extracellular concentrations of dopamine in the brain revealed a pattern of dopamine elevation in distinct areas that correlated with reward availability during the task. Closing in on what motivates motivation 2019-05-21T04:00:00Z A thin layer of extracellular proteins, called the basement membrane, connects these two compartments. Elimination of unfit cells in young and ageing skin 2019-04-02T04:00:00Z Finally, the researchers also incorporated an “extracellular matrix” into their model, the three-dimensional network of connective tissue, enzymes and other proteins that support animal cells, including tumors. New Strategies Take On the Worst Cancer--Glioblastoma 2019-03-27T04:00:00Z Although receptor-mediated endocytosis is designed to bring specific substances that are normally found in the extracellular fluid into the cell, other substances may gain entry into the cell at the same site. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The neurotransmitter, referred to as the first messenger, binds to the receptor protein on the extracellular surface of the cell, and the intracellular side of the protein initiates activity of the G protein. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Spatial transcriptomics lacks single-cell detail, but it captures information that would be difficult to obtain at the protein level, particularly for proteins that are scarce or secreted into the extracellular space. Cellular censuses to guide cancer care 2019-03-25T04:00:00Z Cells are surrounded by the extracellular matrix, a cocktail of proteins, signalling molecules and chemicals that impart strength and shape to tissues such as bone or the brain. Daily briefing: Low pay and long hours plague postdocs across Europe 2019-02-24T05:00:00Z The extracellular matrix is a mixture of materials secreted by cells that provides structural and signalling support.Credit: Matrix mimics shape cell studies 2019-02-25T05:00:00Z Exocytosis is the opposite of the processes discussed above in that its purpose is to expel material from the cell into the extracellular fluid. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The phosphate heads are thus attracted to the water molecules of both the extracellular and intracellular environments. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z These contractile cells secrete various proteins into their surroundings, contributing to the extracellular matrix. Tipping the balance 2018-12-18T05:00:00Z But how the extracellular matrix might control integrin expression is an open question. Location matters for insulin-producing cells 2018-11-27T05:00:00Z They also secrete extracellular vesicles — and Chan showed it is these vesicles whose contents fuse with sperm cells, instilling memories of dad’s prior stress. How Dad’s stresses get passed along to offspring 2018-11-28T05:00:00Z Other examples of cells releasing molecules via exocytosis include the secretion of proteins of the extracellular matrix and secretion of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft by synaptic vesicles. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The transport of Cl– and the maintenance of an electronegative environment outside of the cell attract positive ions such as Na+ to the extracellular space. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Key enzymes Enzymes that degrade collagen in the extracellular matrix are found in rat models of liver fibrosis3, which suggests that the body is able to remove scar tissue. Tipping the balance 2018-12-18T05:00:00Z The authors’ analysis of interactions between the extracellular matrix and cells through static ‘snapshots’ of the process offers a valuable starting point. Location matters for insulin-producing cells 2018-11-27T05:00:00Z That showed extracellular vesicles act as the conduit for transmitting paternal stress signals to the offspring, Chan says. How Dad's Stresses Get Passed Along to Offspring 2018-11-08T05:00:00Z This type of receptor spans the plasma membrane and performs signal transduction, in which an extracellular signal is converted into an intracellular signal. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The cell membrane provides a barrier around the cell, separating its internal components from the extracellular environment. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z During fibrosis of the liver, a collagen-rich extracellular matrix — a network of material that fills the space between cells — replaces healthy tissue, leading to the formation of scar tissue. Tipping the balance 2018-12-18T05:00:00Z It would also be fascinating to discover which cells deposit the extracellular material that surrounds the developing pancreas. Location matters for insulin-producing cells 2018-11-27T05:00:00Z They also secrete extracellular vesicles—and Chan showed it is these vesicles whose contents fuse with sperm cells, instilling memories of dad’s prior stress. How Dad's Stresses Get Passed Along to Offspring 2018-11-08T05:00:00Z When a ligand binds to the extracellular domain, a signal is transferred through the membrane, activating the enzyme. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Figure 4.17 Blood: A Fluid Connective Tissue Blood is a fluid connective tissue containing erythrocytes and various types of leukocytes that circulate in a liquid extracellular matrix. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Although the structure of GtACR1 captures the protein in its closed state, the channel is almost entirely open — remarkably, it is blocked by only one central constriction and at an extracellular constriction site in EV2. Protein structures guide the design of a much-needed tool for neuroscience 2018-09-16T04:00:00Z "Bioink" is a gel that can be extruded through a printing nozzle and mimics the suspension lying between cells, called the extracellular matrix. 'A new bladder made from my own cells gave me a normal life' 2018-09-10T04:00:00Z The extracellular region of the receptor forms a wide chamber. Key receptor involved in neuronal signalling visualized 2018-07-01T04:00:00Z First, signaling molecules bind to the extracellular domain of two nearby tyrosine kinase receptors. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Several synthetic drugs, including dopamine and isoproterenol, have been developed that mimic the effects of epinephrine and NE by stimulating the influx of calcium ions from the extracellular fluid. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z For example, in GtACR1, they find that residues along the central constriction, in the retinal-binding pocket and at an extracellular region of the protein greatly affect the kinetics of pore closing. Protein structures guide the design of a much-needed tool for neuroscience 2018-09-16T04:00:00Z When these transmembrane proteins detect extracellular agonist molecules, they transmit signals to the cell interior through G proteins inside the cells. Activation mechanisms for a universal signalling protein 2018-05-01T04:00:00Z Viewed from the extracellular side of the channel, the bend angle is about 100°, giving the channel the appearance of a clockwise spiral. Force-activated ion channels in close-up 2018-02-11T05:00:00Z Binding of a signaling molecule to the extracellular domain causes the receptor to dimerize. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The phosphate groups are also attracted to the extracellular fluid. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Deleting extracellular loops in the distal THUs or mutating single residues in the beam impairs the mechanical activation of Piezo1. Structure and mechanogating mechanism of the Piezo1 channel 2018-01-21T05:00:00Z The researchers found that many of the extracellular vesicles released by neurons contain a gene called Arc, which helps neurons to build connections with one another. Cells Hack Virus-like Protein to Communicate 2018-01-16T05:00:00Z On the extracellular side, there is a large cap on top of the central pore. Force-activated ion channels in close-up 2018-02-11T05:00:00Z Instead, most water-soluble ligands bind to the extracellular domain of cell- surface receptors. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Because the lipid tails are hydrophobic, they meet in the inner region of the membrane, excluding watery intracellular and extracellular fluid from this space. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In response to extracellular matrix signalling, these cells undergo epithelialization and create an apical surface in contact with a cavity1,2, a fundamental event for all subsequent development. Pluripotent state transitions coordinate morphogenesis in mouse and human embryos 2017-11-28T05:00:00Z The capsid was then wrapped in a piece of the cell membrane and released as an extracellular vesicle. Cells Hack Virus-like Protein to Communicate 2018-01-16T05:00:00Z Lu, P., Weaver, V. M. & Werb, Z. The extracellular matrix: a dynamic niche in cancer progression. Force loading explains spatial sensing of ligands by cells 2017-12-05T05:00:00Z Conformational changes of the extracellular domain upon ligand binding can propagate through the membrane region of the receptor and lead to activation of the intracellular domain or its associated proteins. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Phagocytosis and pinocytosis take in large portions of extracellular material, and they are typically not highly selective in the substances they bring in. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This expands extracellular fluid volume which further exacerbates high blood pressure and vascular inflammation. Clearing Up the Confusion About Salt 2017-11-20T05:00:00Z Neurons that absorbed extracellular vesicles from other neurons would start using the Arc mRNA to produce the protein once they were stimulated to fire. Cells Hack Virus-like Protein to Communicate 2018-01-16T05:00:00Z The transport process involves reversible steps and an irreversible step that follows release of ADP and extracellular release of Ca2+. Dynamics of P-type ATPase transport revealed by single-molecule FRET 2017-11-07T05:00:00Z Contact of receptors with the extracellular matrix maintains equilibrium of the cell and provides optimal pH for the growth of the cells. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The membrane of the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane, and the contents are released into the extracellular space. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Interferon gamma decreases hepatic stellate cell activation and extracellular matrix deposition in rat liver fibrosis. Inflammation-induced IgA+ cells dismantle anti-liver cancer immunity 2017-11-07T05:00:00Z “This does seem to be something new,” says Kenneth Witwer, a molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, who studies how HIV interacts with extracellular vesicles. Cells Hack Virus-like Protein to Communicate 2018-01-16T05:00:00Z This paper was the first to provide evidence that an extracellular hormone-like molecule promoted bacterial group behaviour. Progress in and promise of bacterial quorum sensing research 2017-11-14T05:00:00Z The extracellular matrix connects the cell to the external environment and ensures correct positioning of the cell to prevent metastasis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Sodium and chloride ions are electrolytes in the blood and extracellular tissues, and iron ions are critical to the formation of hemoglobin. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z They zeroed in on three proteins found in the extracellular matrix that surrounds developing cells in fetal brain tissue. Lab-grown 'minibrains' are revealing what makes humans special 2017-11-09T05:00:00Z “This almost raises more questions than it answers,” says Yvonne Couch, a biologist who studies extracellular vesicles at the University of Oxford in the UK. Cells Hack Virus-like Protein to Communicate 2018-01-16T05:00:00Z They secrete different cytokines, express different extracellular proteins and use different tactics to avoid death. To stay young, kill zombie cells 2017-10-23T04:00:00Z On the extracellular side of the membrane, one or more sites are present that bind to signaling ligands such as insulin or growth factors. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Its close association with Na+ in the extracellular environment makes it the dominant anion of this compartment, and its regulation closely mirrors that of Na+. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z EroS is an enzyme that cuts up a compound found in S. rosetta’s extracellular matrix, a collection of structural molecules surrounding the cell. Bacterial 'aphrodisiac' sends single-celled organism into mating frenzy 2017-09-05T04:00:00Z This removed all the cellular tissue from them, leaving a ghostly heart-shaped skeleton of extracellular matrix and connective fibre, which was used as a scaffold onto which cardiac or blood-vessel cells were seeded. Robot hearts: medicine’s new frontier 2017-05-23T04:00:00Z By contrast, opening of the extracellular side must require the hydrolysis of two ATP molecules; as a result, its conformation is heterogeneous. Energy transduction and alternating access of the mammalian ABC transporter P-glycoprotein : Nature : Nature Research 2017-03-12T05:00:00Z Bacteria and fungi produce several extracellular chemicals, including antibiotics that affect other organisms in the environment. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In the case of carbon dioxide, as the concentration of CO2 in the blood increases, it readily diffuses across the blood-brain barrier, where it collects in the extracellular fluid. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In the prokaryotic world, the ability to form both extracellular and intracellular membrane structures and/or compartments is by no means exceptional. Asgard archaea illuminate the origin of eukaryotic cellular complexity : Nature : Nature Research 2017-01-10T05:00:00Z Amyloid, generally manifest as extracellular plaques, is often but not always apparent in prion diseases. Mammalian prions and their wider relevance in neurodegenerative diseases : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z Thus, ATP hydrolysis drives Pgp to a transition state that is homogenous on the intracellular side but heterogeneous on the extracellular side. Energy transduction and alternating access of the mammalian ABC transporter P-glycoprotein : Nature : Nature Research 2017-03-12T05:00:00Z Blood clotting provides an example of the role of the extracellular matrix in cell communication. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The digestive enzymes released by this reaction digest the extracellular matrix of the corona radiata. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z We also relate these defects in intracellular trafficking to new data suggesting that extracellular mechanisms, including inflammation and the spread of disease-related proteins between cells, play important parts in the development of PD. Defects in trafficking bridge Parkinson's disease pathology and genetics : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z Amyloid, generally manifest as extracellular plaques, is often but not always apparent in prion diseases. Mammalian prions and their wider relevance in neurodegenerative diseases : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z The effects of amyloid-β on synapse activity vary with its extracellular concentration: low levels of amyloid-β promote excitatory activity and higher levels depress it. The road to restoring neural circuits for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z For example, the tight junctions of the epithelial cells lining your urinary bladder prevent urine from leaking out into the extracellular space. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Endocrine communication involves chemical signaling via the release of hormones into the extracellular fluid. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Such extracellular release of α-synuclein could serve as a backup disposal mechanism to complement intracellular lysosomes. Defects in trafficking bridge Parkinson's disease pathology and genetics : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z Many of the extracellular regulatory factors are either differentially regulated or became singletons. Genome evolution in the allotetraploid frog Xenopus laevis : Nature : Nature Research 2016-10-18T04:00:00Z As with intracellular degradation and clearance, maintenance of the extracellular environment also requires the removal of debris to protect connectivity and signalling capacities. The road to restoring neural circuits for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z These proteins act both as receivers of extracellular inputs and as activators of intracellular processes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Like all connective tissues, it is made up of cellular elements and an extracellular matrix. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This extracellular fluid makes up 20 percent of body weight. Claims that 'deep ocean water' rehydrates athletes twice as fast don’t hold up 2016-07-28T04:00:00Z Many of the extracellular regulatory factors are either differentially regulated or became singletons. Genome evolution in the allotetraploid frog Xenopus laevis : Nature : Nature Research 2016-10-18T04:00:00Z Endocytosis is a process by which cells transport molecules into the cytosol and is crucial for regulating intracellular and extracellular environments to influence cellular and circuit homeostasis. The road to restoring neural circuits for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors, and they activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The extracellular matrix, called plasma, makes blood unique among connective tissues because it is fluid. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z By contrast, B. bifidum deploys glycoside hydrolases to the cell wall for extracellular cleavage of HMOs before importing selected products of degradation. A microbial perspective of human developmental biology : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-07-05T04:00:00Z The silicone bears a template consisting of an extracellular protein, fibronectin, which guides the growth of the cells into a radiating pattern similar to the muscles in the real ray. Robotic stingray powered by light-activated muscle cells 2016-07-07T04:00:00Z In one revealing experiment, they planted human melanoma cells on a gel that mimics the extracellular matrix, the fibrous material that surrounds cells. Tumors have found a bloody new way to grow and spread 2016-06-16T04:00:00Z Some cells require larger amounts of specific substances than do other cells; they must have a way of obtaining these materials from extracellular fluids. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Blood is composed of formed elements—erythrocytes, leukocytes, and cell fragments called platelets—and a fluid extracellular matrix called plasma. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z These peptides make up what is called the "zona pellucida" — a sort of extracellular eggshell that surrounds the egg in a transparent layer. Decoy eggs used to provide birth control for mice 2016-04-27T04:00:00Z Such ‘extracellular recording’ detects outgoing signals but misses the electrical activity inside the cells that determines whether they will fire. Robots record brain activity inside neurons 2016-03-31T04:00:00Z This naturally occurring substance is a key component of the extracellular matrix. Cosmetics: Molecular beauty : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-10-06T04:00:00Z It will remain facing the extracellular space, with potassium ions bound. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Hormones are released from the endocrine cell into the extracellular environment, but then travel in the bloodstream to target tissues. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z But the mechanics of the scaffolding that surrounds breast cells—the extracellular matrix—may also matter. Stiff breast tissue in obese women may raise cancer risk 2015-08-19T04:00:00Z When he was supported by secure funding from the centre, he had planned a five-year project to map proteins in the extracellular matrix of hair follicles. Collateral damage: How one misconduct case brought a biology institute to its knees 2015-04-28T04:00:00Z Advances in biomaterials now enable scientists to begin mimicking this organization by taking advantage of how cells naturally arrange themselves within nests of protein fibres known as the extracellular matrix. Artificial organs: Honey, I shrunk the lungs : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-03-24T04:00:00Z This literally means “cell drinking” and was named at a time when the assumption was that the cell was purposefully taking in extracellular fluid. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Except for thyroid hormones, which are lipid-soluble, all amino acid–derived hormones bind to cell membrane receptors that are located, at least in part, on the extracellular surface of the cell membrane. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z A. Sections of a protein that would interact with ions or that are found on the extracellular surface, and thus exposed to the aqueous environment, are more likely to be hydrophilic in nature. Tackle Chemistry on the MCAT With a Sample Question 2015-03-17T04:00:00Z Many of the body’s cells are enmeshed in an extracellular matrix—a complex web of biomolecules that provides structure for tissues, facilitates intercellular communication, and traps nutrients. Designed Molecules Trap Cancer Cells in Deadly Cages 2015-01-22T05:00:00Z Wolchock says living cells produce proteins and gels called extracellular matrix that support cell survival and tissue strength. UA biomedical researcher awarded national grant 2014-06-24T04:00:00Z In reality, this is a process that takes in molecules, including water, which the cell needs from the extracellular fluid. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Furthermore, this class of antibody is the one that crosses the placenta to protect the developing fetus from disease exits the blood to the interstitial fluid to fight extracellular pathogens. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The extracellular region would most likely be hydrophilic so as to facilitate interactions with its aqueous surroundings. Tackle Chemistry on the MCAT With a Sample Question 2015-03-17T04:00:00Z “Undaria do help improve the condition of extracellular matrix, collagen and elastin and hold moisture in the skin to keep it plump and hydrated,” says Peredo. New beauty products tap the bounty of the sea 2014-06-24T04:00:00Z In severe injuries the extracellular matrix doesn’t function properly and can’t initiate the healing process. UA biomedical researcher awarded national grant 2014-06-24T04:00:00Z Living cells need certain substances that exist inside the cell in concentrations greater than they exist in the extracellular space. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z On the extracellular side, there is a tip-link that extends to the side of the adjacent taller neighbor. [Review] Sound Strategies for Hearing Restoration 2014-05-08T18:26:15.183Z Then they implant an “extracellular matrix” derived from pigs. Experiment grows new muscle in men’s injured legs 2014-05-01T06:31:43Z The role of biological signaling networks is to reliably transmit specific information about the extracellular environment to multiple intracellular downstream effectors, allowing the cell to adjust its physiological state to changing conditions. [Perspective] Counting the Ways to Decode Dynamic Signals 2014-03-20T18:25:41.066Z Thus, the repair of certain wounds is ensured by ESCRT-mediated extracellular shedding of wounded portions. [Research Article] ESCRT Machinery Is Required for Plasma Membrane Repair 2014-02-27T19:26:19.391Z Pinocytosis is a mode of endocytosis used for excretion of extracellular water. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z We propose that DORN1 is essential for perception of extracellular ATP and likely plays a variety of roles in plant stress resistance. [Report] Identification of a Plant Receptor for Extracellular ATP 2014-01-16T18:56:54.349Z Many heterotrophic bacteria are known to release extracellular vesicles, facilitating interactions between cells and their environment from a distance. [Report] Bacterial Vesicles in Marine Ecosystems 2014-01-09T18:56:46.622Z By contrast, most of the successful vaccines in use today are based on humoral immunity, which mainly involves the production and secretion of antibodies into the extracellular fluid. Vaccines: An age-old problem 2013-10-09T17:20:58.140Z Ensheath synapses, regulate neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission.Respond to injury by secreting extracellular matrix proteins.Implicated in neurogenesis, cell migration, and many neurological and psychiatric disorders. Neuroscience: Map the other brain 2013-09-05T20:20:29.767Z The ATP binding site of the Na+ / K+ pump is located on the extracellular domain of the pump. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The receptor identified carries an intracellular kinase domain and an extracellular lectin domain. [Report] Identification of a Plant Receptor for Extracellular ATP 2014-01-16T18:56:54.349Z Pigs are promising: they bear all the crucial components of the extracellular matrix, but are unlikely to carry human diseases. Tissue engineering: How to build a heart 2013-07-03T17:20:24.187Z And yet once researchers started looking deeper into the stuff between cells, known as the extracellular matrix, they began to realize just how dynamic the whole arrangement is. Doctors Repair Soldiers' Wounds with Biological Scaffolding Material (preview) 2013-04-04T11:45:00.493Z Other TM helices and extracellular and intracellular regions interacting with TM3 are shown as green circles. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z They provide nutrients and other substances to neurons, regulate the concentrations of ions and chemicals in the extracellular fluid, and provide structural support for synapses. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Rather, as detailed below, the physiological features of olfactory sensilla suggest another mechanism of lateral information flow: ephaptic transmission, which refers to non-synaptic communication between adjacent neurons through an extracellular electrical field. Non-synaptic inhibition between grouped neurons in an olfactory circuit 2012-12-11T21:22:02.810Z “Much of the information and complexity of tissues and life is embedded in the way cells talk to each other and the extracellular environment.” Modelling: Computing cancer 2012-11-23T15:21:07.273Z But when Reid coated the rest of the petri dish in extracellular slime before introducing the slime molds, only eight of 24 found the food. How Brainless Slime Molds Redefine Intelligence 2012-11-07T16:45:02.660Z GPCRs function by detecting a wide spectrum of extracellular signals, including photons, ions, small organic molecules and entire proteins. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z This was received skeptically and largely rejected until 1984 when a modified form of ATP that was known to block the intracellular function of ATP was shown to effect extracellular signal transmission. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z GPCRs are membrane bound proteins that span the cell membrane in the form of seven transmembrane helices which are connected by three loops, three on the intracellular side and three on the extracellular side. G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) win 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012-10-10T13:45:00.463Z Another difference was in the web of proteins that holds cells in place - the extracellular matrix. 'Scar free healing' clue in mice 2012-09-26T17:05:30Z This extracellular slime, Reid reasoned, is a kind of externalized spatial memory that reminds to explore somewhere new. How Brainless Slime Molds Redefine Intelligence 2012-11-07T16:45:02.660Z In this context, it has been reported that many of the autoantibodies that behave like agonists recognize the extracellular region of the receptor in diverse human diseases such as in Graves’ disease. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z The water concentration of the body is monitored by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus, which detect the concentration of electrolytes in the extracellular fluid. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z But the sergeant was recruited for a new medical technique using a substance called extracellular matrix, the natural scaffolding that underlies all tissues and organs in both animals and humans. At War Blog: For Maimed Veterans, Animal Tissue Offers Hope of Repair 2012-09-17T20:42:03Z These mice appear to deposit extracellular matrix into their wounds at a slower rate than mice, pigs or humans. 'Scar free healing' clue in mice 2012-09-26T17:05:30Z The material, called extracellular matrix, is the natural scaffolding that underlies all tissues and organs, in people as well as animals. Body Builders: Human Muscle Regenerated With Animal Help 2012-09-17T01:30:36Z One possibility is that these antibodies stabilize distinct states of the extracellular loop, thereby allosterically modulating receptor activity, leading to activation of downstream signalling pathways in the absence of the ligand. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z Another hormone responsible for maintaining electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is aldosterone, a steroid hormone that is produced by the adrenal cortex. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z These were the heart and lungs’ natural scaffolds, or extracellular matrix — intricate three-dimensional webs of fibrous proteins and other compounds that keep the various kinds of cells in their proper positions and help them communicate. Body Builders: Scientists Make Progress in Tailor-Made Organs 2012-09-16T01:03:13Z He is testing implants of "extracellular matrix" - connective tissue that holds cells together - to boost muscle mass. AP IMPACT: Surprising methods heal wounded troops 2012-09-09T19:31:04Z Dr. Badylak is a pioneer in the use of extracellular matrix, having discovered many of its properties more than two decades ago while performing biomedical engineering research at Purdue University. Body Builders: Human Muscle Regenerated With Animal Help 2012-09-17T01:30:36Z However, these interactions seem to result in a set of common structural rearrangements in the extracellular part of the TM bundle near the agonist-binding site. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z A humoral stimulus refers to the control of hormone release in response to changes in extracellular fluids such as blood or the ion concentration in the blood. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Because it lacks a lymphatic circulation, the brain must clear extracellular proteins by an alternative mechanism. [Research Articles] A Paravascular Pathway Facilitates CSF Flow Through the Brain Parenchyma and the Clearance of Interstitial Solutes, Including Amyloid {beta} 2012-08-15T19:25:04.533Z Inactivating or inhibiting CD73 attenuates the extracellular formation of adenosine, exacerbating the severity of various inflammatory diseases. [Perspectives] The Outsiders: Emerging Roles of Ectonucleotidases in Inflammation 2012-08-08T18:55:02.027Z “Eventually we figured out that it was not the whole intestine but just the extracellular matrix that was responsible.” Body Builders: Human Muscle Regenerated With Animal Help 2012-09-17T01:30:36Z Ligands interact with these extracellular domains to induce receptor activation, but it is not clear whether the TM bundle contributes to a shared orthosteric-binding site. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z Aldosterone, a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex of the kidneys, enhances Na+ reabsorption from the extracellular fluids and subsequent water reabsorption by diffusion. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Synergy between intracellular and extracellular sensing mechanisms of the innate immune system improves adaptive immune responses to cancer vaccines and clearance of tumors. [Focus] Improving Immunotherapy: Revisiting the Immunologist's Little Secret 2012-02-08T20:55:06.247Z Myeloma cells are able to survive, differentiate and proliferate because they receive structural support from stromal cells in the bone marrow, along with soluble materials and extracellular protein. Orthopaedics: Structural support 2011-12-14T18:21:16.733Z The part he was most interested in was the extracellular matrix, a web of supportive proteins including collagen and fibronectin. Microenvironment: Neighbourhood watch 2011-12-14T18:21:10.780Z Receptor activation involves binding of ligands to the extracellular part of the TM region and the extracellular region, thereby resulting in small conformational changes in the TM core. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z Osteoblasts secrete the extracellular matrix and deposit calcium, which hardens the matrix. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Using in vitro and ex vivo models of vessel wall stiffness and aging, we show that stiffening of extracellular matrix within the intima promotes endothelial cell permeability—a hallmark of atherogenesis. [Research Articles] Age-Related Intimal Stiffening Enhances Endothelial Permeability and Leukocyte Transmigration 2011-12-07T19:55:09.007Z Further growth is restricted, practically, to the extracellular regions, and the epimerite often comes to appear ultimately as a small appendage at the anterior end of the protomerite. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 5 "Greek Law" to "Ground-Squirrel" 2011-12-05T03:00:51.527Z Understanding extracellular binding and transport of small ligands is therefore likely to be important in further dissecting spider mite–plant interactions. The genome of Tetranychus urticae reveals herbivorous pest adaptations 2011-11-23T18:21:26.577Z A unique feature of the extracellular region is the presence of disulphide bridges that contribute to receptor stability. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z Tonicity describes how the extracellular concentration of solutes can change the volume of a cell by affecting osmosis, often correlating with the osmolarity of the solution, i.e., the total solute concentration of the solution. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z However, isolated lung fibroblasts from bleomycin-treated β-arrestin–null mice failed to invade extracellular matrix and displayed altered expression of genes involved in matrix production and degradation. [Research Articles] {beta}-Arrestin Deficiency Protects Against Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice and Prevents Fibroblast Invasion of Extracellular Matrix 2011-03-16T19:55:11.913Z What’s pivotal is how the cells expire: The neutrophils’ components are extruded from the cell and form neutrophil extracellular traps, or NETs, weblike structures that comprise unwound strings of DNA, proteins and other cell components. Digging Into the Roots of Lupus 2011-03-10T20:21:00Z The enzymes of moulds, and other parasitic plants, are usually extracellular in type, being secreted for the purpose of making the material of the host plant available to the parasite. The Chemistry of Plant Life Other TM helices and extracellular and intracellular regions interacting with TM3 are shown as green circles. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water leaves the cell because the cell has a higher water potential than the extracellular solution. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z All parts containing glycogen on the contrary, whether the glycogen be in the white blood corpuscles, or extracellular, are characterised by a beautiful mahogany brown colour. Histology of the Blood Normal and Pathological Such toxins being set free in the culture medium are often known as extracellular. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 2 "Baconthorpe" to "Bankruptcy" In plants, according to Schleiden, cells are never formed in the intercellular substance—the cytoblastem is within the cells; but extracellular cell formation seems to be the general rule in animals. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Sequence analysis shows that there is a large diversity in the lengths and sequence compositions of the N terminus and the extracellular loops. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z These carbohydrate complexes help the cell bind substances that the cell needs in the extracellular fluid. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Chemical anatomy physiology and pathology of extracellular fluid; a lecture syllabus. U.S. Copyright Renewals, 1974 January - June A later research by Brieger along with Fraenkel pointed to the extracellular toxins of diphtheria, tetanus and other diseases being of proteid nature, and various other observers have arrived at a like conclusion. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 2 "Baconthorpe" to "Bankruptcy" Density is signaled by the extracellular concentration of small amino acid derivatives. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Furthermore, in AR, agonist binding induces a 2 Å shift of TM3 along its axis and towards the extracellular side. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z This allows the material that is needed by the cell to be removed from the extracellular fluid. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Figure 4.27 The extracellular matrix consists of a network of proteins and carbohydrates. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Cells have protein receptors on the extracellular surfaces of their plasma membranes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In a hypotonic situation, the extracellular fluid has lower osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell, and water enters the cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z It also means that the extracellular fluid has a higher concentration of water in the solution than does the cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z It will remain facing the extracellular space, with sodium ions bound. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z If the osmolarity of the cell matches that of the extracellular fluid, there will be no net movement of water into or out of the cell, although water will still move in and out. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Pinocytosis imports substances that the cell needs from the extracellular fluid. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Conversly, if the plant is not watered, the extracellular fluid will become hypertonic, causing water to leave the cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z It then binds extracellular K+, which, through another conformational change, causes the phosphate to detach from the pump. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The effects of extracellular signals can also be amplified by enzymatic cascades. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z |
| 随便看 |
|
英语例句辞典收录了117811条英语例句在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用单词及词组的例句翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。