| 单词 | excitatory |
| 例句 | But if the drinking is habitual, the brain begins to compensate for these calming effects by producing an increase in excitatory neurotransmitters. What drives writers to drink? 2013-07-27T23:05:00Z When you get to the third or fourth drink, another brain-slackening effect kicks in: you start blocking glutamate, the main excitatory transmitter in the brain. ‘Hangxiety’: why alcohol gives you a hangover and anxiety 2019-01-27T05:00:00Z As adenosine accumulates throughout the day, it slows down excitatory networks such as the arousal-causing reticular activating system. Can a Bad Night’s Sleep Trigger a Migraine? 2023-10-25T04:00:00Z What is needed for a neural network in machine learning are artificial neurons which are activated by external excitatory signals, and which have connections to other neurons. Adaptive optical neural network connects thousands of artificial neurons 2023-10-23T04:00:00Z The ⍺7 receptor is usually an excitatory receptor, meaning that it generates more activity in the nervous system. Alternative pain control circuits in the brain produce relief similar to opioids without the downsides 2023-09-20T04:00:00Z Motor neurons and somatic neurons are all excitatory neurons. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z At excitatory synapses, this opening allows positive ions to enter the neuron and results in depolarization of the membrane—a decrease in the difference in voltage between the inside and outside of the neuron. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z At point A, several different excitatory postsynaptic potentials add up to a large depolarization. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Last year, Zhang’s team identified two types of specialized excitatory neurons in the area postrema that induce nausea behavior in mice. Scientists pinpoint new brain target for antinausea drugs 2022-06-29T04:00:00Z The brain doesn’t make the right number of synapses, or neurons are connecting to excitatory cells when they should be connecting to inhibitory cells. Mapping the Brain to Understand the Mind 2022-04-28T04:00:00Z Each synapses can receive both excitatory and inhibitory signals and the outcome is determined by the adding up of summation. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z When the hairs bend, they release an excitatory neurotransmitter at a synapse with a sensory neuron, which then conducts action potentials to the central nervous system. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z At point B, a mix of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials result in a different end result for the membrane potential. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Zhang and her colleagues showed the excitatory neurons in the area postrema are responsible for these behaviors by stimulating the cells. Scientists pinpoint new brain target for antinausea drugs 2022-06-29T04:00:00Z Neurons then split into excitatory types, which increase the chances of other cells firing, and inhibitory types, which put brakes on the activity of other cells. An Inventory of All the Brain Cells That Let You Run, Jump and Roll 2021-10-06T04:00:00Z The predominant signaling molecules in these primitive nervous systems are chemical peptides, which perform both excitatory and inhibitory functions. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z In 2011, Deisseroth's team used optogenetics to increase the activity of excitatory cells in the prefrontal cortex of mice, which appeared to cause them to be less social with other mice. Lessons learned from the wayward brain 2021-07-27T04:00:00Z Glutamate is considered an excitatory amino acid, but only because Glu receptors in the adult cause depolarization of the postsynaptic cell. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The findings suggest GIP activates the newly identified inhibitory neurons, which in turn block the excitatory neurons in the area postrema and suppress the feeling of nausea, the team concludes this month in Cell Reports. Scientists pinpoint new brain target for antinausea drugs 2022-06-29T04:00:00Z There was an imbalance between two types of neurons: excitatory and inhibitory. How COVID-19 can damage the brain 2021-06-23T04:00:00Z It depletes inhibitory cells that ordinarily help offset excitatory cells in the brain’s electrical system. Brain Surgery for a ‘Sweet Boy’: Saving Cronutt the Sea Lion 2020-10-08T04:00:00Z In 2017, Deisseroth's team reversed social impairment in mice carrying genetic mutations associated with autism through opposite methods in the prefrontal cortex — making inhibitory cells fire more, or lowering the activity in excitatory cells. Lessons learned from the wayward brain 2021-07-27T04:00:00Z Figure 13.10 Connections of Basal Nuclei Input to the basal nuclei is from the cerebral cortex, which is an excitatory connection releasing glutamate as a neurotransmitter. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The authors modulated the activity of the OPN5 neurons by engineering them to express synthetic excitatory or inhibitory ion-channel proteins, which, respectively, activate or inhibit neurons in response to an injected chemical. Light-activated neurons deep in the brain control body heat 2020-09-01T04:00:00Z In the model, these excitatory neurons activate inhibitory neurons in an adjacent brain region, the medial preoptic area. Flipping the switch on the body’s thermoregulatory system 2020-06-10T04:00:00Z Glutamate is often called the “major excitatory neurotransmitter” within the brain. Glutamate Built the Brain—Can It Treat It Too? 2020-01-13T05:00:00Z The compulsive mice displayed a higher proportion of inhibitory, or brakelike, signals than excitatory ones, compared with the other mice. Brain Circuit Involved in Compulsive Drinking Identified in Mice 2019-11-21T05:00:00Z Because the neuromuscular junction is strictly excitatory, the biceps will contract when the motor nerve is active. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Some of the region’s so-called excitatory neurons, which are involved in learning and memory, appeared to be key. Chemicals released by bacteria may help gut control the brain, mouse study suggests 2019-10-23T04:00:00Z The groups find that a population of mostly excitatory neurons in the MnPO causes profound hypothermia. Flipping the switch on the body’s thermoregulatory system 2020-06-10T04:00:00Z As an example, Lein points to pyramidal cells—the main “excitatory” neurons that release a signaling molecule to spur neurons to fire—that project from the cortex to the spinal cord. Scientists Start Building a Parts List for the Brain 2019-08-21T04:00:00Z “What are the neurochemical players, what is the nature of these inhibitory and excitatory signals?” Brain Circuit Involved in Compulsive Drinking Identified in Mice 2019-11-21T05:00:00Z Both of these nonregulated drugs have an excitatory effect on membranes of neurons in general and have a stimulatory effect on the cardiac centers specifically, causing an increase in HR. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Their job is to manage the timing and flow of brain signals and keep excitatory neurons under control. Role of Seizures in Alzheimer's Disease is Gaining Overdue Attention 2019-07-22T04:00:00Z These studies also found that the hypothermia-causing preoptic neurons release the excitatory molecule glutamate as their main neurotransmitter, rather than GABA. Flipping the switch on the body’s thermoregulatory system 2020-06-10T04:00:00Z That set expressed the gene for an excitatory signaling molecule, glutamate. Sweet, fatty foods could remodel the brain to drive overeating 2019-06-27T04:00:00Z That finding fits with the theory that an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory signals in the brain might underlie autism. Gut bacteria may contribute to autism symptoms, mouse study finds 2019-05-30T04:00:00Z The intestinal phase of gastric secretion has both excitatory and inhibitory elements. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Glutamate is the main neurotransmitter molecule in the brain responsible for communicating excitatory signals between brain cells. How an activation signal is transmitted through an excitatory receptor 2019-01-22T05:00:00Z The activity of the central nervous system is regulated by excitatory and inhibitory molecules called neurotransmitters, which mediate communication between neurons. An in-depth structural view of a GABAA brain receptor 2019-01-01T05:00:00Z Current anti-seizure drugs either dampen excitatory mechanisms or boost inhibitory ones. Gene therapy targets epilepsy 2018-12-11T05:00:00Z They created mice that lack a particular type of excitatory spinal cord neuron marked by its expression of a gene called TAC1. Newly discovered pain pathway may help explain why animal tests fail to reveal the best painkillers 2018-12-10T05:00:00Z The researchers think the differences in the hippocampus stem from changes in levels of glutamate, the brain’s main excitatory neurochemical involved in learning and memory. How marijuana harms a developing baby’s brain 2018-11-18T05:00:00Z Götz's team, meanwhile, documented that newly reprogrammed neurons around the site of a stab wound resemble pyramidal neurons, which send excitatory signals. Reprogrammed cells could tackle brain damage 2018-11-14T05:00:00Z The other class, excitatory neurons, uses the chemical glutamate and they serve as the brain's main cells for generating neural activity. New Atlas Used to ID Brain Parts for Plans and Actions 2018-11-01T04:00:00Z But in mammals, glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter that is responsible for driving excess activity during seizures, and none of its receptors is inhibitory. Gene therapy targets epilepsy 2018-12-11T05:00:00Z The authors identified more than 100 different cell types, including 61 types of inhibitory neuron and 56 types of excitatory neuron. Single-cell sequencing paints diverse pictures of the brain 2018-10-30T04:00:00Z For example, in the hippocampus, they nestle closer to excitatory neural synapses and respond more robustly to the neurotransmitter glutamate than do those in the striatum. Tapping into the brain’s star power 2018-10-30T04:00:00Z This would help to understand how groups of neurons integrate electrical signals — both excitatory and inhibitory — to support activities that are crucial for brain development and function, she says. A new way to capture the brain’s electrical symphony 2018-09-18T04:00:00Z In contrast, 51 of the 56 excitatory subtypes identified were unique to the region they were found in. New Atlas Used to ID Brain Parts for Plans and Actions 2018-11-01T04:00:00Z To do this, they used various genetically engineered mice, which enabled them to modulate KCC2 expression in the three main types of neuron in the spinal cord — inhibitory, excitatory and motor neurons. Reducing neuronal inhibition restores locomotion in paralysed mice 2018-09-16T04:00:00Z They found that most cell types were present in both cortical areas — with the exception of excitatory neurons. Single-cell sequencing paints diverse pictures of the brain 2018-10-30T04:00:00Z The current toolbox for inhibitory optogenetics is nowhere near as rich as that for excitatory experiments, but its expansion is following a similar timeline. Protein structures guide the design of a much-needed tool for neuroscience 2018-09-16T04:00:00Z Atomoxetine, approved by the FDA in 2002 to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, increases messaging in the brain by the excitatory neurotransmitter norepinephrine, whose levels normally fall off markedly during sleep. Drug combo shows promise for treating sleep apnea 2018-09-15T04:00:00Z For instance, what caused the change in balance between the inhibitory and excitatory branches of the courtship pathway? Neural circuit evolved to process pheromone differently in two species of fruit fly 2018-07-10T04:00:00Z The daytime biological activity of humans is based on a delicate equilibrium between excitatory and inhibitory signalling in the brain. Key receptor involved in neuronal signalling visualized 2018-07-01T04:00:00Z But Tasic et al. found that nearly every subtype of excitatory neuron was specific to either the visual or the anterior lateral motor cortex. Single-cell sequencing paints diverse pictures of the brain 2018-10-30T04:00:00Z By using both inhibitory and excitatory manipulations, and combining these with the latest in genetic tools, imaging technology, behavioural assays and computational modelling, our understanding of how our powerful brains function will deepen considerably. Protein structures guide the design of a much-needed tool for neuroscience 2018-09-16T04:00:00Z When excitatory neurons are firing to your left leg muscles, for example, inhibitory ones are firing to your right. These Skates Are Made for Walking 2018-02-08T05:00:00Z Furthermore, in the absence of astrocytic NL2, the formation and function of cortical excitatory synapses are diminished, whereas inhibitory synaptic function is enhanced. Astrocytic neuroligins control astrocyte morphogenesis and synaptogenesis 2017-11-07T05:00:00Z The researchers repeated the experiment — this time using an opsin to turn off excitatory neurons in the prefrontal cortex — and the mice were similarly sociable. Scientists Use Light to Turn Off Autism Symptoms in Mice 2017-08-03T04:00:00Z A study published last year4 also found area-specific excitatory neurons in the developing human cortex, even before the cortical circuits begin to process sensory information. Single-cell sequencing paints diverse pictures of the brain 2018-10-30T04:00:00Z To stain inhibitory or excitatory neurons, we followed standard immunostaining procedures. Neural ensemble dynamics underlying a long-term associative memory : Nature : Nature Research 2017-03-21T04:00:00Z There, the cells differentiate into interneurons, an important subcategory of neurons that are called “inhibitory” because they tamp down firing by “excitatory” neurons. How heart disease stunts the brains of newborns 2017-01-25T05:00:00Z Gao, R. & Penzes, P. Common mechanisms of excitatory and inhibitory imbalance in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. Astrocytic neuroligins control astrocyte morphogenesis and synaptogenesis 2017-11-07T05:00:00Z In 2011, the researchers reported that activating excitatory neurons in the prefrontal cortex, a region involved in social behavior, causes typical mice to lose interest in interacting with other mice. Scientists Use Light to Turn Off Autism Symptoms in Mice 2017-08-03T04:00:00Z Despite the loss of synapses, excitatory neurons become hyperexcitable, compromising the fidelity of synaptic network connections for long-range communication. The road to restoring neural circuits for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z We propose that the LRIPs increase the specificity of hippocampal-based long-term memory by assessing the salience of mnemonic information relayed by CA3 to the immediate sensory context conveyed by direct excitatory EC inputs. Gating of hippocampal activity, plasticity, and memory by entorhinal cortex long-range inhibition | Science 2016-01-07T05:00:00Z Botox may work by paralyzing, in a way, some of the excitatory signals sent to the heart following the trauma of surgery. Botox After Bypass Surgery Evens Out Heart Rhythms 2015-10-20T04:00:00Z Froemke's study1, published in April, showed that oxytocin temporarily suppresses inhibitory neurons — those that dampen neural activity — which allows excitatory cells to respond more strongly and reliably. Neuroscience: The hard science of oxytocin 2015-06-23T04:00:00Z MSG is metabolized to glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, says Dr. Arthur. The Best and Worst Foods to Eat When You're Sick 2015-02-21T05:00:00Z The effects of amyloid-β on synapse activity vary with its extracellular concentration: low levels of amyloid-β promote excitatory activity and higher levels depress it. The road to restoring neural circuits for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z To do this, we observed neurons in this area, some of which encourage activity in their fellow brain cells, so-called excitatory neurons, and others that tamp down activity, known as inhibitory neurons. Scientists Unveil the Secrets of Visual Attention 2014-12-22T05:00:00Z He said one question is, "Can you actually turn up just the GABA? Or would you affect excitatory activity, too?" Brain Chemical May Help Control Tourette 'Tics' 2014-09-25T04:00:00Z At the core of epilepsy is the delicate interplay between two types of brain cell: excitatory neurons and inhibitory interneurons. Neurobiology: Unrestrained excitement : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-07-08T04:00:00Z The authors found that pericytes relax their grip on capillaries in response to glutamate molecules, the key excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain. Vascular biology: Brain vessels squeezed to death 2014-04-04T18:23:16.270Z Despite the loss of synapses, excitatory neurons become hyperexcitable, compromising the fidelity of synaptic network connections for long-range communication. The road to restoring neural circuits for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z For example, a possible protein network arising from the schizophrenia genetic data is involved in the postsynaptic specialization of excitatory neurons. Perspective: Revealing molecular secrets 2014-04-02T17:21:26.216Z Researchers think Tourette arises from an imbalance in "excitatory" and "inhibitory" activities in certain brain circuits; that results in jumbled, "noisy" messages being sent to movement-related areas of the brain. Brain Chemical May Help Control Tourette 'Tics' 2014-09-25T04:00:00Z However, the inhibited excitatory neurons subsequently undergo a 'rebound' response — and react with a synchronized burst of activity. Neurobiology: Unrestrained excitement : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-07-08T04:00:00Z This circuit provides feed-forward inhibition in combination with excitatory inputs from layer 3 cells of the medial entorhinal cortex, projecting to CA1 pyramidal cells to determine the strength and time window of temporal associative inputs. [Report] Grid-Layout and Theta-Modulation of Layer 2 Pyramidal Neurons in Medial Entorhinal Cortex 2014-02-20T19:26:05.078Z During CFC, sensory features of the aversive event reach hippocampal output neurons through excitatory cortical afferents and require active inhibitory filtering to ensure that the hippocampus exclusively encodes the conditioned stimulus. [Research Article] Dendritic Inhibition in the Hippocampus Supports Fear Learning 2014-02-20T19:25:46.586Z In mammals, a class of neurons in the brain normally switches from excitatory to inhibitory functions at birth. [Report] Oxytocin-Mediated GABA Inhibition During Delivery Attenuates Autism Pathogenesis in Rodent Offspring 2014-02-06T19:26:49.851Z Evidence for neuronal dysfunction and the frequent development of epilepsy strongly support increased excitatory and decreased inhibitory neuronal activity in ASD. [Perspective] Could Autism Be Treated Prenatally? 2014-02-06T19:26:03.061Z Once the restrictions on excitatory signalling are lost, other disruptions may follow. Neurobiology: Unrestrained excitement : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-07-08T04:00:00Z This is the stage where many of the "excitatory" hormones are produced and regenerated. Positive Energy: the Most Valuable Currency You Have 2013-10-31T15:05:00Z Not only are there more excitatory neurons and more excitatory synapses, but the inhibitory neurons are more likely to become activated, presumably to dampen the excitatory neurons, in response to stress.” Well: How Exercise Can Calm Anxiety 2013-07-03T04:01:17Z But while the current drugs hit dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, ketamine interacts with glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Fighting Depression with Special K 2013-05-27T14:45:02.813Z We think that early maturation of these excitatory synapses disrupts the timing of later developmental milestones. Pacing mutation 'damages brain' 2012-11-08T18:09:35Z It receives incoming data from the entorhinal cortex, which relays perceptual information to a class of excitatory neurons — granule cells — in a part of the hippocampus called the dentate gyrus. Neurobiology: Unrestrained excitement : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-07-08T04:00:00Z To understand how neural circuits work, one also needs to know whether the relevant neurons are excitatory—increasing the likelihood that linked cells fire—or inhibitory, muffling their partners instead. The Connectome Debate: Is Mapping the Mind of a Worm Worth It? 2012-10-02T17:15:05.237Z In this case, the authors hypothesized that the interneurons in the hippocampus, which provide excitatory input to the place cells, might be determining the increase power. When you run fast, your brain runs faster 2012-07-16T14:15:06.100Z The connectome did not even specify whether the synapses were excitatory or inhibitory. Another Perspective on Massive Brain Simulations 2012-06-11T16:15:00.407Z Inhibition takes place when a nerve impulse acts as a brake on the next cell, preventing it from becoming activated by excitatory messages that may be arriving along other channels at the same time. 50 Years Ago: Nerve Cells Talking 2011-09-14T11:45:05.593Z There is this massive unopposed excitatory chemical release which affects all areas of the body.” Well: Amy Winehouse and the Perils of Alcohol Withdrawal 2011-08-03T19:23:07Z Studies of certain psychomimetic substances in humans and animals suggest that disruption of excitatory signaling through glutamate receptors may be involved. [Editors' Choice] Excited to Madness 2011-01-19T22:55:26.410Z So basically, higher excitatory drive means that there is a higher likelihood of moref neurons firing together, in synchrony, at a specific frequency. When you run fast, your brain runs faster 2012-07-16T14:15:06.100Z This third law is the law of stimulus, the necessity of the intervention of an external excitatory force capable of setting in motion the current of energy required for a transformation. The Mechanism of Life The impulse that travels along an inhibitory axon cannot be distinguished electrically from an impulse traveling in an excitatory axon. 50 Years Ago: Nerve Cells Talking 2011-09-14T11:45:05.593Z Their special function seems still somewhat obscure, and Boudier suggests that they may be excitatory organs for the dehiscence of the asci. Fungi: Their Nature and Uses Disturbances in excitatory and inhibitory pathways may be especially important in the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for higher cognitive capacities such as language, planning, and abstract thought. [Editors' Choice] Excited to Madness 2011-01-19T22:55:26.410Z This suggests that the increased excitatory input from the interneurons as the rat runs faster might be driving the increased power in the gamma oscillations. When you run fast, your brain runs faster 2012-07-16T14:15:06.100Z This intervention of an excitatory, stimulating, or liberating energy is universal. The Mechanism of Life The xanthin group is almost without any excitatory action, and its metabolic end products are constant. All About Coffee The pyramidal tract conveys impulses that inhibit muscle tonus, while the rubro-spinal tract is the path by which excitatory impulses travel. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. But, do disturbances in excitatory signaling directly disrupt inhibitory processes in the prefrontal cortex? [Editors' Choice] Excited to Madness 2011-01-19T22:55:26.410Z The impress made by the action of stimulus, though it remains latent and invisible, can be revived by the impact of a fresh excitatory impulse. Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose His Life and Speeches When a plant is stimulated at any point, a molecular disturbance—the excitatory wave—is propagated outwards from the point of its initiation. Response in the Living and Non-Living But the excitatory effect produced in the nerve by stimulus can also be detected by an electrical method. Response in the Living and Non-Living When the excitatory impulses are also lost, as in a total transverse lesion of the cord, the paralysed muscles are flaccid and the deep reflexes disappear. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. That it is thrown into an excitatory state, and that it conducts the excitatory disturbance, is shown however by the contraction produced in an attached piece of muscle, which serves as an indicator. Response in the Living and Non-Living He found that all sorts of stimulus produce an excitatory change in them. Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose His Life and Speeches The excitatory state evoked by stimulus manifests itself in nerve fibres by E.M. changes, and as far as our present knowledge goes by these only. Response in the Living and Non-Living We have thus experimentally verified the assumption that in the same tissue an uninjured portion will be thrown into a greater excitatory state than an injured, by the action of the same stimulus. Response in the Living and Non-Living The excitatory state then disappears, and the muscle is seen to relax into its normal form. Response in the Living and Non-Living A living substance may thus be put into an excitatory state by either mechanical, chemical, thermal, electrical, or light stimulus. Response in the Living and Non-Living They dogmatically asserted as physiologists that the excitatory response of ordinary plants to mechanical stimulus was an impossibility. Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose His Life and Speeches |
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