| 单词 | erythrocyte |
| 例句 | In mammals, the lack of organelles in erythrocytes leaves more room for the hemoglobin molecules, and the lack of mitochondria also prevents use of the oxygen for metabolic respiration. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Increased levels of circulating erythrocytes provide an increased amount of hemoglobin that helps supply an individual with more oxygen, preventing the symptoms of AMS. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Although tests for RA were negative, her erythrocyte sedimentation rate and other inflammatory markers were elevated. This woman’s desperate persistence helped spark her lucky break 2022-05-14T04:00:00Z The test measures the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, or how fast red blood cells fall in a test tube. Early Inflammation May Portend Early Death 2019-09-18T04:00:00Z Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 domain cassettes 8 and 13 are associated with severe malaria in children. Immune evasion of Plasmodium falciparum by RIFIN via inhibitory receptors 2017-11-28T05:00:00Z Lymph is a watery fluid that bathes tissues and organs with protective white blood cells and does not contain erythrocytes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Figure 24.6 Aerobic versus Anaerobic Respiration The process of anaerobic respiration converts glucose into two lactate molecules in the absence of oxygen or within erythrocytes that lack mitochondria. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z All isolated cells were depleted of erythrocytes by hypotonic lysis. Effective combinatorial immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer : Nature : Nature Research 2017-03-19T04:00:00Z Most doctors suspecting PMR order several blood tests, almost always two that look for inflammation: the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, known as the ESR test, and another for CRP, or C-reactive protein. I’d never heard of this condition until the terrible joint pain set in 2017-01-13T05:00:00Z Researchers attribute the results to micronutrients in gold kiwifruit that significantly enhanced the concentration of immunity-boosting erythrocytes in red blood cells. 7 Foods That Can Relieve Your Cold Symptoms 2016-02-09T05:00:00Z Your summary has revealed some similarities and differences among vertebrate erythrocyte and circulatory system structures. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z If erythrocytes are lost due to severe or prolonged bleeding, or under produced due to disease or severe malnutrition, the kidneys come to the rescue by producing more EPO. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Hemoglobin is best known as red blood cells' superstar protein—carrying oxygen and other gases on the erythrocytes as they zip throughout the bodies of nearly all vertebrates. Sugar Beets Make Hemoglobin 2015-02-01T05:00:00Z “Nucleotypic effects without nuclei: genome size and erythrocyte size in mammals.” Life in the Third Realm 2010-05-19T01:00:00Z Miescher, particularly, has described the want of oxygen as a specific stimulus to the production of erythrocytes. Histology of the Blood Normal and Pathological In the production of mammalian red blood cells, erythrocytes that have not yet matured and are still synthesizing heme proteins are surrounded by a macrophage. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The bone marrow begins to take over the process of erythrocyte production—a task that the liver performed during the embryonic period. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Allow the erythrocyte and hæmolysin to remain in contact for fifteen minutes at room temperature. The Elements of Bacteriological Technique A Laboratory Guide for Medical, Dental, and Technical Students. Second Edition Rewritten and Enlarged. Nonhemolytic doses injected intravenously in cats have no effect on respiration or blood pressure; hemolytic doses produce a sudden drop in pressure owing to liberation of potassium from the erythrocytes. Northern Nut Growers Association Incorporated 39th Annual Report at Norris, Tenn. September 13-15 1948 The erythrocytes are the more resistant, the weaker the concentration which leaves them still uninjured. Histology of the Blood Normal and Pathological The cell found in greatest abundance in blood is the erythrocyte. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Recall that bilirubin, a product of erythrocyte breakdown, is processed by the liver and secreted in bile. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The method may be shown diagramatically as under using the symbols already indicated Note.—It is sometimes more convenient to sensitise the erythrocytes just before they are needed. The Elements of Bacteriological Technique A Laboratory Guide for Medical, Dental, and Technical Students. Second Edition Rewritten and Enlarged. Much of the bicarbonate in the plasma re-enters the erythrocytes in exchange for chloride ions. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Every drop of blood contains, side by side, the most various stages of life of fully formed erythrocytes. Histology of the Blood Normal and Pathological Mammalian erythrocytes lose their nuclei and mitochondria when they are released from the bone marrow where they are made. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z They are 10–12 µm in diameter, significantly larger than erythrocytes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the erythrocytes and into the plasma, where it can further diffuse across the respiratory membrane into the alveoli to be exhaled during pulmonary ventilation. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Oxygen is primarily transported through the blood by erythrocytes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The appearance of the erythrocytes which shew polychromatophilia in the highest degree. Histology of the Blood Normal and Pathological The principal job of an erythrocyte is to carry and deliver oxygen to the tissues. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Figure 4.17 Blood: A Fluid Connective Tissue Blood is a fluid connective tissue containing erythrocytes and various types of leukocytes that circulate in a liquid extracellular matrix. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Acute myelogenous leukemia impairs the production of erythrocytes and other mature formed elements of the myeloid stem cell lineage. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Excessive erythrocyte destruction would deposit excessive bilirubin in the blood. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z For some time past two views, almost diametrically opposed, have been in existence with regard to the nature of the change of the nucleated to the non-nucleated erythrocytes. Histology of the Blood Normal and Pathological Pose three scientific questions that arise from your summaries of what you know about erythrocytes and capillary size. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Although one type of leukocyte called memory cells can survive for years, most erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets normally live only a few hours to a few weeks. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Similarly, when anti-B antibodies contact B antigens on AB erythrocytes, they will cause agglutination. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z One such test, called a hematocrit, measures the percentage of RBCs, clinically known as erythrocytes, in a blood sample. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The authors who support this view and also describe it as the only kind of erythrocyte formation are chiefly Kölliker and E. Neumann. Histology of the Blood Normal and Pathological Because the heaviest elements in blood are the erythrocytes, these settle at the very bottom of the hematocrit tube. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Interstitial fibroblasts within the kidney secrete EPO, thereby increasing erythrocyte production and restoring oxygen levels. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Located above the erythrocytes is a pale, thin layer composed of the remaining formed elements of blood. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In normal blood, about 45 percent of a sample is erythrocytes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z M. B. Schmidt without making use of the principal distinction made by Ehrlich, also concludes from his researches on sections of the bone-marrow of animals in extra-uterine life, that both kinds of erythrocyte formation occur. Histology of the Blood Normal and Pathological Figure 18.2 Composition of Blood The cellular elements of blood include a vast number of erythrocytes and comparatively fewer leukocytes and platelets. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In response to the hypoxemia, the kidneys secrete EPO to step up the production of erythrocytes until homeostasis is achieved once again. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z It floats at the top of the tube separated from the heaviest elements, the erythrocytes, by a buffy coat of leukocytes and platelets. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Hematocrit is the percentage of the total sample that is comprised of erythrocytes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z These are large cells about twice to three times the size of the erythrocytes. Histology of the Blood Normal and Pathological Thus, both are critical for the synthesis of new cells, including erythrocytes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z People with type O blood lack antigens A and B on their erythrocytes, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies circulate in their blood plasma. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Blood groups are determined by the presence or absence of specific marker molecules on the plasma membranes of erythrocytes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Following an infusion of incompatible blood, erythrocytes with foreign antigens appear in the bloodstream and trigger an immune response. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Besides the larger myelocytes, much smaller forms, approximating to the size of the erythrocytes are also found. Histology of the Blood Normal and Pathological Because the arms of the Y-shaped antibodies attach randomly to more than one nonself erythrocyte surface, they form clumps of erythrocytes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z RhoGAM antibodies destroy any fetal Rh+ erythrocytes that may cross the placental barrier. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The clumps of erythrocytes block small blood vessels throughout the body, depriving tissues of oxygen and nutrients. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z As the erythrocyte clumps are degraded, in a process called hemolysis, their hemoglobin is released into the bloodstream. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z These antibodies, referred to as anti-B antibodies, will cause agglutination and hemolysis if they ever encounter erythrocytes with B antigens. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z It facilitates the proliferation and differentiation of the erythrocyte lineage. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Recall that type O erythrocytes do not display A or B antigens. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Would you expect a patient with a form of cancer called acute myelogenous leukemia to experience impaired production of erythrocytes, or impaired production of lymphocytes? Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In fact, erythrocytes are estimated to make up about 25 percent of the total cells in the body. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Although leukocytes typically leave the blood vessels to perform their defensive functions, movement of erythrocytes from the blood vessels is abnormal. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z During the first day or two that it is in the circulation, an immature erythrocyte, known as a reticulocyte, will still typically contain remnants of organelles. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In transfusion reactions, antibodies attach to antigens on the surfaces of erythrocytes and cause agglutination and hemolysis. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Capillary beds are extremely narrow, slowing the passage of the erythrocytes and providing an extended opportunity for gas exchange to occur. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z However, the space within capillaries can be so minute that, despite their own small size, erythrocytes may have to fold in on themselves if they are to make their way through. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In wider vessels, erythrocytes may stack up much like a roll of coins, forming a rouleaux, from the French word for “roll.” Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Maternal anti-Rh antibodies may cross the placenta and enter the fetal bloodstream, causing agglutination and hemolysis of fetal erythrocytes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z ABO blood group antigens are designated A and B. People with type A blood have A antigens on their erythrocytes, whereas those with type B blood have B antigens. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The most abundant formed elements in blood, erythrocytes are red, biconcave disks packed with an oxygen-carrying compound called hemoglobin. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The kidneys also increase the production of EPO, stimulating the formation of erythrocytes that not only deliver oxygen to the tissues but also increase overall blood volume. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Secondly, at high altitudes, a greater amount of BPG is produced by erythrocytes, which enhances the dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z By removing fluids, blood plasma levels drop but not the total number of erythrocytes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The blood plasma contains preformed antibodies against the antigens not present on a person’s erythrocytes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In this way, the overall concentration of erythrocytes in the blood increases, which helps tissues obtain the oxygen they need. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z They are also larger than erythrocytes and are the only formed elements that are complete cells, possessing a nucleus and organelles. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z And although there is just one type of erythrocyte, there are many types of leukocytes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Most of these types have a much shorter lifespan than that of erythrocytes, some as short as a few hours or even a few minutes in the case of acute infection. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This is made up of uterine lining cells, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and other debris. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Macrophages are monocytes that have left the circulation and phagocytize debris, foreign pathogens, worn-out erythrocytes, and many other dead, worn out, or damaged cells. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The diameter of a capillary lumen ranges from 5–10 micrometers; the smallest are just barely wide enough for an erythrocyte to squeeze through. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Thus, anti-A or anti-B antibodies that might be circulating in the patient’s blood plasma will not encounter any erythrocyte surface antigens on the donated blood and therefore will not be provoked into a response. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This patient can theoretically receive any type of blood, because the patient’s own blood—having both A and B antigens on the erythrocyte surface—does not produce anti-A or anti-B antibodies. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The majority of oxygen molecules are carried from the lungs to the body’s tissues by a specialized transport system, which relies on the erythrocyte—the red blood cell. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Blood is composed of formed elements—erythrocytes, leukocytes, and cell fragments called platelets—and a fluid extracellular matrix called plasma. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Through the process of hemopoiesis, the formed elements of blood are continually produced, replacing the relatively short- lived erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Worn-out erythrocytes are phagocytized by macrophages and their hemoglobin is broken down. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z A patient has thalassemia, a genetic disorder characterized by abnormal synthesis of globin proteins and excessive destruction of erythrocytes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Because erythrocytes do not contain mitochondria, glycolysis is the sole method by which these cells produce ATP. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This blood supply contains deoxygenated blood and travels to the lungs where erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, pick up oxygen to be transported to tissues throughout the body. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Hemoglobin saturation of 100 percent means that every heme unit in all of the erythrocytes of the body is bound to oxygen. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The largest amount of transported carbon dioxide is as bicarbonate, formed in erythrocytes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z As bicarbonate builds up in erythrocytes, it is moved across the membrane into the plasma in exchange for chloride ions by a mechanism called the chloride shift. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Most bicarbonate is produced in erythrocytes after carbon dioxide diffuses into the capillaries, and subsequently into red blood cells. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z At the pulmonary capillaries, bicarbonate re-enters erythrocytes in exchange for chloride ions, and the reaction with carbonic anhydrase is reversed, recreating carbon dioxide and water. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Carbon dioxide then diffuses out of the erythrocyte and across the respiratory membrane into the air. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z For example, exercise results in increased ventilation, and chronic exposure to a high altitude results in a greater number of circulating erythrocytes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z People are blood type A if they have an allele for an enzyme that facilitates the production of surface antigen A on their erythrocytes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This phenomenon is referred to as the chloride shift and occurs because by exchanging one negative ion for another negative ion, neither the electrical charge of the erythrocytes nor that of the blood is altered. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Bicarbonate is created by a chemical reaction that occurs mostly in erythrocytes, joining carbon dioxide and water by carbonic anhydrase, producing carbonic acid, which breaks down into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z As a result, individuals exposed to a high altitude for long periods of time have a greater number of circulating erythrocytes than do individuals at lower altitudes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Oxygen from the lungs is brought to the heart, and every other organ, attached to the hemoglobin molecules within the erythrocytes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Since the vast majority of formed elements are erythrocytes, any condition affecting erythropoiesis, such as polycythemia or anemia, can alter viscosity. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z |
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