| 单词 | effector |
| 例句 | The building of organs and structures, Lewis concluded, is encoded by master-regulatory “effector” genes that work like autonomous units or subroutines. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Future research will focus on understanding whether cord formation enables new functionality to known effectors of MTB pathogenesis, many of which are located on the MTB cell wall. How cord-like aggregates of bacteria lead to tuberculosis infections 2023-10-20T04:00:00Z Rather, the metabolic process switches on gene expression programs that lock the immune cells into a terminal effector state -- one in which they retain functional capability but their lifespans and proliferative capacity are curtailed. Disrupting a core metabolic process in T cells may improve their therapeutic efficacy 2023-09-20T04:00:00Z The hypothalamus is the control center for both normal body temperature homeostasis and febrile response.The skeletal muscle, sweat glands, and blood vessels are are all effectors. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z A receptor detects change, sends a signal to the control center, which in turn sends a signal to the effector, which in this case is the gland. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The central neuron projects from the spinal cord or brain stem to synapse on the ganglionic neuron that projects to the effector. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z “You want to confront a patient’s immune system with a wanted poster of the enemy and train the immune system’s effectors to recognize the enemy and teach the immune system that this is dangerous.” After COVID-19 Successes, Researchers Push to Develop mRNA Vaccines for Other Diseases 2021-12-29T05:00:00Z He and his colleagues will also explore whether cancer cells adapt to hijack the metabolism and epigenetic regulation of T cells to push them into a less persistent, terminal effector state. Disrupting a core metabolic process in T cells may improve their therapeutic efficacy 2023-09-20T04:00:00Z The hypothalamus will stimulate sweat glands and dilating blood vessels as effectors to cool off the body. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Plasma cells and CTLs are collectively called effector cells: they represent differentiated versions of their naïve counterparts, and they are involved in bringing about the immune defense of killing pathogens and infected host cells. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The complex set of structures that compose the output of the sympathetic system make it possible for these disparate effectors to come together in a coordinated, systemic change. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Memory cells live a long time and protect you even after those effector cells are gone. Everything you want to know about COVID-19 booster shots 2021-06-24T04:00:00Z “In real life, there’s also T cells and memory B cells and non-neutralizing antibodies and all these other effectors that are going to be induced by the vaccine,” Iwasaki said. As Virus Grows Stealthier, Vaccine Makers Reconsider Battle Plans 2021-01-25T05:00:00Z The parathyroid hormone and calcitonin is the effector. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z As B and T cells mature into effector cells, a subset of the naïve populations differentiates into B and T memory cells with the same antigen specificities, as illustrated in Figure 33.16. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The postganglionic fiber projects from the terminal ganglia a short distance to the target effector, or to the specific target tissue within the organ. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z These highly diverse systems are composed of cGAS-like enzymes and downstream proteins called effectors that either kill bacteria or inhibit bacterial growth on infection by a phage, thereby stopping the phage from spreading. Bacteria sting viral invaders 2020-09-27T04:00:00Z These adaptations relied on changes in the long-range interactions between oxygen-binding sites buried in the protein’s subunits, and between these regions and binding sites for a multitude of small effector molecules on the protein’s surface3. Extinct proteins resurrected to reconstruct the evolution of vertebrate haemoglobin 2020-05-19T04:00:00Z The skeletal, urinary, and digestive systems all act as effectors to achieve this goal through negative feedback. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z A memory cell is an antigen-specific B or T lymphocyte that does not differentiate into effector cells during the primary immune response, but that can immediately become effector cells upon re-exposure to the same pathogen. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Comparing the relative lengths of axons in the parasympathetic system, the preganglionic fibers are long and the postganglionic fibers are short because the ganglia are close to—and sometimes within—the target effectors. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The now-deployed system, called Howler, uses KuRFS in conjunction with each of these potential effectors, including a Coyote Block 1 interceptor. Army flying explosive gets new warhead and radar to destroy drones 2020-05-12T04:00:00Z It will be interesting to probe the evolutionary origins of the regulation of haemoglobin oxygen binding by other effectors, such as carbon dioxide or physiologically relevant organic phosphates including ATP and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate. Extinct proteins resurrected to reconstruct the evolution of vertebrate haemoglobin 2020-05-19T04:00:00Z Option c is correct: the parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are the effectors; they alter the function of the kidneys and bones to maintain calcium homeostasis. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z If re-exposure occurs, memory cells differentiate into effector cells without input from the innate immune system. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This fiber then makes a synapse on the ganglionic neuron that projects to the target effector. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In cells or in bodies we talk about homeostasis, a regulation of systems through a process of sensors, control, and effector feedback. Self-Terminating Biospheres 2020-04-04T04:00:00Z Our findings should correct this perspective because they provide a concrete neural substrate for cortical areas involved in movement, cognition and affect to influence a major sympathetic effector, the adrenal medulla. Calling an Illness "Psychosomatic" Doesn't Mean It's Imaginary 2020-01-22T05:00:00Z The effector responds to the commands of the control center by either opposing or enhancing the stimulus. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors, and they activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The receptor complex includes the transmembrane receptor protein, a G protein, and an effector protein. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The dispute involves the state Certificate of Need Commission’s unanimous vote for standards governing immune effector cell therapy. Legislature blocks regulations of new cancer treatment 2019-10-31T04:00:00Z The transferred proteins are known as effectors, and they fulfil diverse roles in modulating cellular processes to promote bacterial infection. Reconfiguration of a bacterial transport system generates a reverse gear 2019-04-28T04:00:00Z Muscles, sweat glands, and blood vessels are effectors; they do not serve as a control center. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z These regulators, allosteric effectors, may increase or decrease enzyme activity, depending on the prevailing conditions. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z An effector protein is an enzyme that catalyzes the generation of a new molecule, which acts as the intracellular mediator of the signal that binds to the receptor. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Their data revealed how newly emerging tumours move quickly to quell a person’s immunity by recruiting immune-suppressing regulatory T cells and impeding the migration of ‘effector’ cells such as tumour-slaying natural killer cells. Cellular censuses to guide cancer care 2019-03-25T04:00:00Z These are termed effector proteins, and some are deregulated metabolic enzymes that manipulate key metabolic pathways in plants. Plants fight fungi using kiwellin proteins 2019-01-15T05:00:00Z Efferent neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to the effector cells and are sometimes called motor neurons. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z A receptor detects change and sends a signal to the effector directly ,which in this case is the gland. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z If the value deviates too much from the set point, then the control center activates an effector. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The main culprits thought to be responsible for GvHD are effector T cells — the attack soldiers of the immune system. Solving lymphoma’s stem-cell problem 2018-11-13T05:00:00Z To determine what features of kiwellins might allow them to form strong and specific interactions with effector proteins, Han and colleagues used X-ray crystallography to generate structural models of ZmKWL1. Plants fight fungi using kiwellin proteins 2019-01-15T05:00:00Z An intracellular effector domain is cleaved from Notch following ligand binding, and moves to the nucleus to regulate gene expression. Self-organizing multicellular structures designed using synthetic biology 2018-07-01T04:00:00Z Receptors sense environmental factors and relay the information to effector systems—often through intermediate chemical messengers—to bring about plant responses. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z An effector is the component in a feedback system that causes a change to reverse the situation and return the value to the normal range. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z For each object the robot encounters, the researchers specify which effector it should try first. How robots are grasping the art of gripping 2018-05-08T04:00:00Z Acaba completed one spacewalk on the mission, to lubricate an end effector and install new cameras on the station’s arm and truss. Afraid of heights in space: NASA astronaut details flight 2018-05-02T04:00:00Z In synNotch, the natural core of the Notch protein is used, but the ligand that is sensed and the effector domain that responds are customizable. Self-organizing multicellular structures designed using synthetic biology 2018-07-01T04:00:00Z The transcription factor Runx3 guards cytotoxic CD8+ effector T cells against deviation towards follicular helper T cell lineage. Runx3 programs CD8+ T cell residency in non-lymphoid tissues and tumours 2017-12-05T05:00:00Z Second messengers, after they are produced by the effector protein, cause metabolic changes within the cell. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The camera looks down from the effector into the boxes below. How robots are grasping the art of gripping 2018-05-08T04:00:00Z Ionic immune suppression within the tumour microenvironment limits T cell effector function. Salt-responsive gut commensal modulates TH17 axis and disease 2017-11-14T05:00:00Z In addition, the two effector domains also promoted the production of different levels of the protein E-cadherin. Self-organizing multicellular structures designed using synthetic biology 2018-07-01T04:00:00Z Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells. Reversing SKI–SMAD4-mediated suppression is essential for TH17 cell differentiation 2017-10-24T04:00:00Z The targets of these fibers are terminal ganglia, which are located near—or even within—the target effector. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z High doses of IL-2 stimulate the ‘effector’ T cells that attack invaders, and in 1992, US regulators approved the treatment for some people with cancer, to prompt immune responses against the tumours. Drug companies flock to supercharged T-cells in fight against autoimmune disease 2017-08-01T04:00:00Z After 3 weeks of expansion, activated T-cell cultures were mixed with autologous lymphoma cells at an effector to target ratio of 10:1. Antigen presentation profiling reveals recognition of lymphoma immunoglobulin neoantigens : Nature : Nature Research 2017-03-21T04:00:00Z Therapeutic efforts that target α-synuclein might be broadly effective if the protein is an essential downstream effector of PD-associated neuron loss, regardless of the initial insult. Defects in trafficking bridge Parkinson's disease pathology and genetics : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z A separate unbiased screen for genetic modifiers of PR toxicity in yeast also identified numerous genes that encode components of the nuclear pore complex and effectors of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking134. Decoding ALS: from genes to mechanism : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z Axons from these ganglionic neurons then project the short distance to those target effectors. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Such loops consist of only three steps: first, the recognition of microbes by PRRs; second, the transcriptional response of the host; and third, the secretion of effector molecules. The microbiome and innate immunity : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-07-05T04:00:00Z These groups were independently trying to ascertain how proteins called TAL effectors recognize DNA. Research: Biology's big hit : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-12-01T05:00:00Z This knowledge arose from an improved understanding and phenotypic characterization of T-cell differentiation pathways, and the identification of the cells that are responsible for the sustained generation of effector activity in vivo59. Gene therapy returns to centre stage : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-10-13T04:00:00Z The frequently mutated apoptosis gene CASP8 displayed clustered missense and other inactivating mutations in the first death effector, intron and caspase peptidase domains. Comprehensive genomic characterization of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-01-27T05:00:00Z Some sources will refer to the connection between a postganglionic fiber and a target effector as neuroeffector junctions; neurotransmitters, as defined above, would be called neuromodulators. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Relative enrichment values were calculated such that 0 indicates a cell-type regulatory network that is equally geared towards regulating TF genes and effector genes. Conservation of trans-acting circuitry during mammalian regulatory evolution : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-11-18T05:00:00Z TAL effectors are secreted by pathogenic plant bacteria of the genus Xanthomonas, in which their job is to activate plant genes that promote bacterial infection. Research: Biology's big hit : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-12-01T05:00:00Z The role of biological signaling networks is to reliably transmit specific information about the extracellular environment to multiple intracellular downstream effectors, allowing the cell to adjust its physiological state to changing conditions. [Perspective] Counting the Ways to Decode Dynamic Signals 2014-03-20T18:25:41.066Z Therapeutic effect was associated with marked distant tumor infiltration with activated CD8 and CD4 effector but not regulatory T cells, and was dependent on CD8 cells, natural killer cells, and type I interferon. [Research Articles] Localized Oncolytic Virotherapy Overcomes Systemic Tumor Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Blockade Immunotherapy 2014-03-05T19:25:33.877Z Figure 15.5 Autonomic Varicosities The connection between autonomic fibers and target effectors is not the same as the typical synapse, such as the neuromuscular junction. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Relative enrichment values were calculated such that 0 indicates a cell-type regulatory network that is equally geared towards regulating TF genes and effector genes. Conservation of trans-acting circuitry during mammalian regulatory evolution : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-11-18T05:00:00Z The two groups found that a special section within a TAL effector's structure directs the protein to a particular sequence of DNA, each nucleotide of which is specified by a pair of amino acids7, 8. Research: Biology's big hit : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-12-01T05:00:00Z Pathogen effectors that are secreted during infection play a key role in disease biology, but effector-induced adaptation to new hosts is an understudied topic. [Perspective] Pathogen Specialization 2014-01-30T19:25:46.063Z Inflammatory monocyte-derived effector cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of numerous inflammatory diseases. [Research Articles] Therapeutic Inflammatory Monocyte Modulation Using Immune-Modifying Microparticles 2014-01-15T19:25:14.253Z Instead of a synaptic end bulb, a neurotransmitter is released from swellings along the length of a fiber that makes an extended network of connections in the target effector. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The listed inducer cytokines activate key transcriptional regulators that define the multiple CD4 lineages specialized for producing various effector molecules; genes not found in cartilaginous fishes are struck through. Elephant shark genome provides unique insights into gnathostome evolution 2014-01-08T18:21:42.027Z Hh signaling plays a role in T cell development, but whether Hh signaling plays a role in the function of mature effector T cells is unclear. [Report] Hedgehog Signaling Controls T Cell Killing at the Immunological Synapse 2013-12-05T18:57:29.425Z Furthermore, the actual performance of these effector organs as well as their desired performance will be read by suitable gauges and taken back into the machine as part of the information on which it works. M.I.T. Scholar’s 1949 Essay on Machine Age Is Found 2013-05-20T22:38:47Z In addition, ex vivo treatment of human skin averted the disease-related shift from quiescent to effector T cell phenotype. [Research Articles] Mutant HSP70 Reverses Autoimmune Depigmentation in Vitiligo 2013-02-27T19:25:08.233Z The main difference between the somatic and autonomic systems is in what target tissues are effectors. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The listed inducer cytokines activate key transcriptional regulators that define the multiple CD4 lineages specialized for producing various effector molecules; genes not found in cartilaginous fishes are struck through. Elephant shark genome provides unique insights into gnathostome evolution 2014-01-08T18:21:42.027Z This raises many key questions that are yet to be addressed: what is the molecular basis of the coupling of GPCRs with different intracellular effectors? Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z Accordingly, microbial antigens that are identified as products of a pathogen are likely to be remembered as such through their imprinting of an effector T-cell response. Reciprocal interactions of the intestinal microbiota and immune system 2012-09-13T11:20:55.227Z To investigate in vivo effector function and self-renewal capability, we allowed melanoma-specific T to undergo in vitro expansion and differentiation into lytic effector clones and then adoptively transferred them back into their hosts. [Research Articles] The Stoichiometric Production of IL-2 and IFN-{gamma} mRNA Defines Memory T Cells That Can Self-Renew After Adoptive Transfer in Humans 2012-08-29T19:25:13.800Z Visceral reflexes involve a projection from the central neuron to a ganglion, followed by a second projection from the ganglion to the target effector. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Together, these data indicate that human T17 cells may be a long-lived proliferating effector memory T cell population with unique genetic and functional characteristics. [Research Articles] Human TH17 Cells Are Long-Lived Effector Memory Cells 2011-10-12T19:25:05.093Z This ultimately leads to larger structural rearrangements in the cytoplasmic side of the transmembrane–intracellular interface, facilitating the binding of intracellular effectors to the intracellular region. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z Finally, at steady state, antigen presentation by intestinal dendritic cells favours the development of regulatory CD4 T cells, which suppress the development of pro-inflammatory innate and effector T-cell responses to avert excessive inflammation. Reciprocal interactions of the intestinal microbiota and immune system 2012-09-13T11:20:55.227Z Moreover, a portion of these cells persisted as memory CAR+ T cells and retained anti-CD19 effector functionality, indicating the potential of this major histocompatibility complex–independent approach for the effective treatment of B cell malignancies. [Research Articles] T Cells with Chimeric Antigen Receptors Have Potent Antitumor Effects and Can Establish Memory in Patients with Advanced Leukemia 2011-08-10T20:25:07.373Z If a sensory neuron projects directly to the ganglionic neuron and causes it to activate the effector target, then the CNS is not involved. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This high rate of pseudogenization parallels the rapid evolution of effector genes observed in the potato late blight pathogen, Phytophthora infestans. Genome sequence and analysis of the tuber crop potato 2011-07-13T17:21:42.673Z An important step towards answering these questions is to obtain more high-resolution structures of GPCRs in the fully activated state in complex with different ligands and diverse intracellular effector proteins. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z Owing to their defined antigenic specificity and durable memory, effector CD4 T cells are a liability when inappropriately directed against self-antigens or, in the case of the microbiota, the 'extended' self. Reciprocal interactions of the intestinal microbiota and immune system 2012-09-13T11:20:55.227Z The genes are thought to code for effector proteins that recognize the invading fungus and trigger plant defences. Agriculture: The wheat stalker 2011-06-29T17:20:50.097Z During a primary adaptive immune response, both memory T cells and effector T cells are generated. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Ex vivo expanded polyclonal T that are introduced into transplant recipients alter the balance of T effector cells to T; however, experimental data suggest that alloantigen-specific T would be more effective at preventing graft rejection. [Research Articles] Human Regulatory T Cells with Alloantigen Specificity Are More Potent Inhibitors of Alloimmune Skin Graft Damage than Polyclonal Regulatory T Cells 2011-05-18T19:25:18.717Z This will require a detailed characterization of which GPCRs and intracellular effectors are present in different cell types and, importantly, their abundance and the kinetic parameters of their interaction. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z With the CMV vector, monkeys developed high levels of so-called effector memory T cells, which do not go through an expansion phase and remain ready to do battle at all times. Unusual AIDS Vaccine Shows Promising Results in Monkeys 2011-05-11T18:01:00Z Activated Ras controls multiple downstream effectors, but the specific pathways that mediate the leukemogenic effects of hyperactive Ras are unknown. [Research Articles] A MEK Inhibitor Abrogates Myeloproliferative Disease in Kras Mutant Mice 2011-03-30T18:55:17.813Z This rapid, secondary adaptive response generates large numbers of effector T cells so fast that the pathogen is often overwhelmed before it can cause any symptoms of disease. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Since those organs are therefore the mechanisms in which the ultimate effect of the nervous reaction takes place, they are often termed from this point of view effector organs. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" The reed portion of the instrument acting alone can only express emotional feeling; the resonator, the effector of articulate speech, is the instrument of intelligence, will, and feeling. The Brain and the Voice in Speech and Song Picker suspects that the monkeys that received CMV vaccines but failed to control the challenge virus did not generate high enough levels of effector memory cells in their tissues. Unusual AIDS Vaccine Shows Promising Results in Monkeys 2011-05-11T18:01:00Z And they comprise the most powerful of the external effectors of education, for better, for worse. The Glands Regulating Personality At each target effector, dual innervation determines activity. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z A change ensuing in effector organs is often the only sign an observer has that a nervous reaction has occurred, unless the nervous system under observation be the observer’s own. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" A postganglionic fiber—the axon from a ganglionic neuron that projects to the target effector—represents the output of a ganglion that directly influences the organ. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z He’s looking for ways to augment the effector memory response and would like to combine the CMV vaccine with one that elicits antibodies against SIV and, ultimately, HIV. Unusual AIDS Vaccine Shows Promising Results in Monkeys 2011-05-11T18:01:00Z Compared with the preganglionic fibers, postganglionic sympathetic fibers are long because of the relatively greater distance from the ganglion to the target effector. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This neuron then projects to a target effector—in this case, the trachea—via gray rami communicantes, which are unmyelinated axons. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The unbridged gulf between sensation and the changes produced in effector organs necessitates a separate handling of the functions of the nervous system according as their office under consideration is sensation or material effect. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" At the level of the target effector, the signal of which system is sending the message is strictly chemical. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Picker’s team vaccinated monkeys with a variety of vectors bearing SIV genes, but none of them triggered effector memory cells. Unusual AIDS Vaccine Shows Promising Results in Monkeys 2011-05-11T18:01:00Z At most of the other targets of the autonomic system, the effector response is based on which neurotransmitter is released and what receptor is present. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In some cases, the target effectors are located superior or inferior to the spinal segment at which the preganglionic fiber emerges. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z A target effector, such as the heart, receives input from the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z If too great a quantity of the chemical were excreted, sensors would activate a control center, which would in turn activate an effector. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Cells having these receptors can then bind to antibody-coated pathogens, greatly increasing the specificity of the effector cells. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z |
| 随便看 |
|
英语例句辞典收录了117811条英语例句在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用单词及词组的例句翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。