| 单词 | diffraction |
| 例句 | But he acknowledged that manifestations such as diffraction, interference, and scattering were inescapably wavelike. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z One of his last slides, presented with little enthusiasm, was an early X-ray diffraction picture of DNA. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The general conclusion was unmistakable: in principle, DNA could be crystallized into a form amenable to X-ray diffraction. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Many properties of light, including diffraction, are naturally explained by the wave theory, and in subsequent years Huygens’ view carried the day. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z The next scientific step was to compare seriously the experimental X-ray data with the diffraction pattern predicted by our model. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Then, however, my main concern was her description of the crystalline X-ray diffraction pattern. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Maurice, a beginner in X-ray diffraction work, wanted some professional help and hoped that Rosy, a trained crystallographer, could speed up his research. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Watson knew “nothing about the X-ray diffraction technique,” but he had an unfailing intuition about the importance of certain biological problems. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The first real clue to the nature of Venus came from work with a prism made of glass or a flat surface, called a diffraction grating, covered with fine, regularly spaced, ruled lines. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z So I began worrying about where I could learn how to solve X-ray diffraction pictures. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z For almost forty years Bragg, a Nobel Prize winner and one of the founders of crystallography, had been watching X-ray diffraction methods solve structures of ever-increasing difficulty.* Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Several days after the fiasco with Bragg, the crystallographer V. Vand sent Max a letter containing a theory for the diffraction of X rays by helical molecules. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Perhaps Franklin would consider studying the diffraction patterns of these fibers and deduce a structure? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z About six weeks before I first arrived there, he had shown X-ray diffraction pictures of DNA which revealed a marked absence of reflections on the meridian. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Wilkins found an X-ray diffraction machine in the chemistry department and housed it—“in solitary splendor”—in a lead-lined room under the embankment wing, just below the level of the neighboring river Thames. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z There was no way to test our dreams, however, unless Rosy did an about-face from her determination to rely completely on classical X-ray diffraction techniques. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z The visit would give him the opportunity to tell Dorothy about his success with Bill Cochran in working out the helical diffraction theory. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z To decipher the structure of DNA, Wilkins had decided to corral a set of biophysical techniques invented in nearby Cambridge—crystallography and X-ray diffraction. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z In contrast, Maurice’s X-ray diffraction picture of DNA was to the point. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z He assigned each of the twelve notes in the scale a different colour, based on Opticks, Sir Isaac Newton’s 1704 study of light, colour and diffraction. The Story of Music 2012-12-25T00:00:00Z Though I knew nothing about the X-ray diffraction techniques that dominated structural analysis, I was optimistic that the spoken arguments would be more comprehensible than the journal articles, which passed over my head. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Only in that way would it be possible to obtain a structure regular enough to give the crystalline diffraction patterns observed by Maurice and Rosy. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z He had been collecting X-ray diffraction data from hemoglobin crystals for over ten years and was just beginning to get somewhere. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z We used X-ray fluorescence, X-Ray diffraction techniques, electronic and optical microscopy. Exclusive: Romanian expert believes three artworks from Dutch heist destroyed 2013-07-22T15:14:51Z In this way, they can look at the molecular properties and x-ray diffraction patterns of the silk as it is produced. Fritz Vollrath: "Who wouldn't want to study spiders?' 2013-01-12T19:00:00Z From the back of the stage, Wolff manipulated the laser, by hand, splitting the light into multiple beams using a diffraction grating. How concerts shifted from songs to spectacles One was an x-ray diffraction device that measures the abundance of elements in rocks and soils. Curiosity rover's descent to Mars – the story so far 2013-07-27T23:05:00Z Dr. Trigg says that he was mostly interested in meeting Dr. Doan-Nguyen when he asked her, in 2014, for a training session of the X-ray diffraction facility at Penn, followed by lunch. Vicky Doan-Nguyen, Edward Trigg 2018-05-13T04:00:00Z This is known as the 'diffraction limit' and is determined by the fact that light manifests as a wave. Superlensing without a super lens: Physicists boost microscopes beyond limits 2023-10-18T04:00:00Z They combined diffraction data with infrared imaging to confirm results. Neutrons see stress in 3D-printed parts, advancing additive manufacturing 2023-10-16T04:00:00Z A detector on the other side of the printer captured the patterns of diffraction that result from the X-rays interacting with the material. X-rays reveal microstructural fingerprints of 3D-printed alloy 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z To perform the study, the team used x-ray diffraction to characterize the arrangement of atoms in the nanomaterial. Titanium oxide material can remove toxic dyes from wastewater 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z "However, deflecting light by diffraction grating allows much more precise control of the laser light compared to deflection in the Earth's atmosphere," says Schrödel. Lasers deflected using air 2023-10-03T04:00:00Z Now physicists at the University of Sydney have shown a new pathway to achieve superlensing with minimal losses, breaking through the diffraction limit by a factor of nearly four times. Superlensing without a super lens: Physicists boost microscopes beyond limits 2023-10-18T04:00:00Z In contrast, diffraction is when light bends around corners and obstacles. A new, thin-lensed telescope design could far surpass James Webb 2023-07-14T04:00:00Z "The way these diffraction patterns form gives us a lot of information about the structure of the material. They are the microstructural fingerprints that capture the history of the material during the processing," Moridi said. X-rays reveal microstructural fingerprints of 3D-printed alloy 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z Almost all the objects in this image are distant galaxies; the few stars among them are distinguishable by their six-pointed diffraction spikes. Webb Telescope Spots a Distant Spiral Galaxy Like Our Own 2023-02-13T05:00:00Z Firing X-rays at the powder and measuring them as they bounced off — a process known as X-ray diffraction — allowed the team to work out its structure. Scientists Made A New Kind Of Ice That Might Exist On Distant Moons 2023-02-07T05:00:00Z Over a decade later, using a technique called electron backscattered diffraction, Jourdan and his team were able to determine if the returned particles of Itokawa had previously been impacted in space. Asteroids made of "rubble" might be very, very hard to destroy, astronomers say 2023-02-01T05:00:00Z One technique, X-ray powder diffraction, studies how an X-ray behaves when it’s trained on a mineral or other substance that has been ground into powder. Art meets science in analysis of ancient dancing horse statue 2022-09-17T04:00:00Z Typically, researchers would try to consolidate the amount of diffraction data in order to analyze it. X-rays reveal microstructural fingerprints of 3D-printed alloy 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z X-ray diffraction was crucial to Crick, Watson, and Wilkins in the determination of the shape of the double-helix DNA molecule. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The scattered rays undergo constructive and destructive interference that creates a specific diffraction pattern that may be measured and used to precisely determine the positions of atoms within the crystal. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Rosalind Franklin, Watson and Crick first employed the technique of X-ray diffraction to understand the storage of DNA. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z It has many applications in mathematical physics, such as modeling the diffraction of light. Calculus, Vol 2 2016-03-30T00:00:00Z The primary mirror shape creates a six-pointed diffraction pattern for sufficiently bright sources: each “spike” in this pattern stretches toward one of the points of a hexagon. Behold, Some Hidden Gems from JWST’s First Images 2022-07-21T04:00:00Z When waves pass through an opening whose dimensions are comparable to the wavelength, a diffraction pattern can be observed. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z This phenomenon of X-ray diffraction is the basis for very powerful techniques enabling the determination of molecular structure. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Rosalind Franklin, Watson and Crick used X-ray diffraction methods to demonstrate the helical nature of DNA, while Rosalind Franklin formulated the double stranded structural model of DNA. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Scientist Rosalind Franklin used X-ray diffraction to study the structure of DNA molecules. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The struts that hold the small mirror away from the primary mirror add six more diffraction spikes: Two visibly radiate horizontally from the center of a bright object. Behold, Some Hidden Gems from JWST’s First Images 2022-07-21T04:00:00Z The bending of a wave around the edges of an opening or an obstacle is called diffraction. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z What is the angle for the first order diffraction? Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z In Wilkins’ lab, researcher Rosalind Franklin was using X-ray diffraction methods to understand the structure of DNA. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Foreground stars in all the Webb images can be identified by their “diffraction spikes,” which are an artifact of the telescope’s design. Take a cosmic tour inside the images captured by NASA’s Webb telescope Remarkably, the telescope’s optics are so sensitive that diffraction patterns even appear for bright galaxies that are spike-free in Hubble images. Behold, Some Hidden Gems from JWST’s First Images 2022-07-21T04:00:00Z The edges of the wavefront bend after passing through the opening, a process called diffraction. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The type of structure and dimensions of the unit cell can be determined by X-ray diffraction measurements. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Rosalind Franklin used X-ray diffraction methods to demonstrate the helical nature of DNA, while Watson and Crick formulated the double stranded structural model of DNA. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The diffraction spikes on these images serve as something of a Webb telescope watermark. Take a cosmic tour inside the images captured by NASA’s Webb telescope The diffraction spikes here come from a feeding supermassive black hole that contains more than 24 million times the mass of our sun. Behold, Some Hidden Gems from JWST’s First Images 2022-07-21T04:00:00Z Without diffraction and interference, the light would simply make two lines on the screen. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z What is the diffraction angle for the first order diffraction peak? Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Watson and Crick used X-ray diffraction methods to demonstrate the helical nature of DNA, while Rosalind Franklin formulated the double stranded structural model of DNA. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z If you compare images taken by the new telescope to images taken by its predecessor, you’ll notice that Hubble only has four diffraction spikes to JWST’s eight. Here’s why the first images from JWST look riddled with "lens flare" 2022-07-15T04:00:00Z Detection of mantle plumes in the lower mantle by diffraction tomography: Hawaii. An Introduction to Geology 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z A range of diffraction gratings are available for selecting specific wavelengths for such use. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z In their new study, published last month in Science, they analyzed MOF-303 using precise x-ray diffraction measurements that determine a molecule’s structure by measuring the way reflected x-rays interfere with one another. ‘Portable Oasis’ Extracts Water from Dry Desert Air 2021-11-17T05:00:00Z With increase in sensor size, you get better noise handling, richer detail, greater dynamic range, reduced diffraction, and better control over depth of field — effectively better image quality all around. DJI Mavic 3 review: a pricey drone that performs 2021-11-11T05:00:00Z “In near-infrared light, stars have more prominent diffraction spikes because they are so bright at these wavelengths,” an explanation posted by the Space Telescope Science Institute says. Here’s why the first images from JWST look riddled with "lens flare" 2022-07-15T04:00:00Z Every light on this image that does not have diffraction spikes is believed to be an entire galaxy, with hundreds of billions of stars, demonstrating the immense size and scope of the universe. An Introduction to Geology 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z Figure 27.20 The diffraction grating considered in this example produces a rainbow of colors on a screen a distance x = 2.00 m from the grating. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The Rayleigh criterion in optics implies that the best angular resolution of a telescope is at the so-called “diffraction limit,” roughly the wavelength of light divided by the aperture diameter. To Understand UAPs, We Need Megapixel Imagery 2021-08-02T04:00:00Z Moreover, because many intracellular structures possibly formed by phase separation are so small, they are near what’s known as the diffraction limit of traditional light microscopes. Sloppy science or groundbreaking idea? Theory for how cells organize contents divides biologists 2021-01-21T05:00:00Z Both the primary and secondary mirrors contribute to the diffraction spikes but in slightly different ways. Here’s why the first images from JWST look riddled with "lens flare" 2022-07-15T04:00:00Z Lupas’s team had previously collected raw X-ray diffraction data, but transforming these Rorschach-like patterns into a structure requires some information about the shape of the protein. DeepMind’s AI Makes Gigantic Leap in Solving Protein Structures 2020-12-01T05:00:00Z Although D for Arecibo is much larger than for the Hubble Telescope, it detects much longer wavelength radiation and its diffraction limit is significantly poorer than Hubble’s. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z She is best known for an X-ray diffraction image that she and her graduate student Raymond Gosling published in 19531, which was key to the determination of the DNA double helix. Rosalind Franklin was so much more than the ‘wronged heroine’ of DNA 2020-07-20T04:00:00Z Her research included collaboration with a team of international scientists specializing in the study of molecular-level muscle structure with the use of synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Community deaths 2020-06-14T04:00:00Z “It’s the best tasting diffraction grating you’ll ever see,” said David A. Weitz, a professor of physics and applied physics at Harvard, of the chocolate. Why Is This Chocolate Shimmering Like a Rainbow? 2020-05-21T04:00:00Z The camera zooms in on the surface of the stone, and soon we’re suspended in a swell of C.G.I. — pink-flecked shards of bewildering diffraction, a tunnel of blithe and kaleidoscopic light. Adam Sandler’s Everlasting Shtick 2019-11-27T05:00:00Z Any beam of light having a finite diameter D and a wavelength λ exhibits diffraction spreading. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Franklin produced detailed X-ray diffraction images, which would become her hallmark. Rosalind Franklin was so much more than the ‘wronged heroine’ of DNA 2020-07-20T04:00:00Z Kathleen Lonsdale pioneered the form of crystallography in which X-rays are directed at a sample to measure diffraction and determine its atomic and molecular structure. 150 years of scientific illustration 2019-11-04T05:00:00Z This interference generates a diffraction pattern, resulting in a periodic arrangement of atoms. Sounds of a supersolid detected in dipolar atomic gases for the first time 2019-10-15T04:00:00Z Crick himself had co-authored a paper on the theory of diffraction of X-rays by helices5. The structure of DNA 2019-10-08T04:00:00Z Another way to describe this situation is that the larger the NA , the larger the cone of light that can be brought into the lens, and so more of the diffraction modes will be collected. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z X-ray diffraction has been used to make many important scientific discoveries, including the double-helix structure of DNA. X-rays glimpse solid hydrogen’s structure 2019-09-24T04:00:00Z One might think of this as a computational diffraction grating. Quantum Computing for English Majors 2019-06-30T04:00:00Z But he notes that his robot is already capable of dispensing solids, and his team is working on automating analytical techniques, such as powder X-ray diffraction, to determine the molecular structure of the compounds. Automation: Chemistry shoots for the Moon 2019-04-22T04:00:00Z Using wet DNA fibres, he took images revealing the black-cross diffraction pattern characteristic of helical molecules. The forgotten scientists who paved the way to the double helix 2019-04-15T04:00:00Z One of the consequences of diffraction is that the focal point of a beam has a finite width and intensity distribution. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The predominant technique for examining long-range order in materials is X-ray diffraction, in which X-rays scattered by the electrons in a crystal interfere with each other. X-rays glimpse solid hydrogen’s structure 2019-09-24T04:00:00Z Peterson ran chemical and x-ray diffraction studies on track samples, testing, among other things, the soil's density, moisture content, and mineralogical qualities. Wave of horse deaths on famed racetrack stumps scientists 2019-03-27T04:00:00Z Franklin’s Photograph 51, an X-ray diffraction image of a DNA molecule, led to the discovery of the double helix, the elegant, endlessly self-replicating structure that drives all life on Earth. Review: She helped discover DNA. History may have forgotten her, but ‘Photograph 51’ does not 2019-03-15T04:00:00Z It was Gosling who, under Franklin’s supervision, took the iconic X-ray diffraction ‘Photograph 51’. The forgotten scientists who paved the way to the double helix 2019-04-15T04:00:00Z Security features on credit cards, banknotes, driving licenses and similar items prone to forgery use thin film interference, diffraction gratings, or holograms. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The resulting diffraction pattern contains bright spots, corresponding to waves that interfere constructively; and dark spots, coming from waves that interfere destructively. X-rays glimpse solid hydrogen’s structure 2019-09-24T04:00:00Z Researchers assumed it must be a refraction or diffraction effect, but those schemes couldn't fit the data, Zarzar says. Scientists luck upon a new way to make a rainbow 2019-02-27T05:00:00Z An X-ray diffraction image of part of a molecule of DNA. Four new DNA letters double life’s alphabet 2019-02-20T05:00:00Z I see a diffraction in food media that concerns me. Former Saveur editor James Oseland found punk-rock salvation in 1970s San Francisco 2019-02-05T05:00:00Z Australia led the way with dollar bills printed on polymer with a diffraction grating security feature making the currency difficult to forge. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z They measured the time taken for ultrasonic waves to travel through the CaPv at different pressure–temperature combinations, and irradiated the samples with intense X-rays to generate images and diffraction patterns. High-pressure experiments cast light on deep-Earth mineralogy 2019-01-08T05:00:00Z The authors analysed the crystal structures using a technique known as relativistic ultrafast electron diffraction. Topological properties controlled by light 2019-01-01T05:00:00Z Using X-ray diffraction, the team showed that three different sequences of the synthetic DNA retained the same structure when crystallised. Four new DNA letters double life’s alphabet 2019-02-20T05:00:00Z Next, they temporarily heated the compound and watched its structure change along with its conductive properties, monitoring the process with X-ray diffraction. First hint of near-room-temperature superconductor tantalizes physicists 2018-12-18T05:00:00Z Wave characteristics are those associated with interference and diffraction. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The crystals are rotated in the electron beam by tilting the microscope stage to create a series of diffraction patterns. Tiny crystals have big potential for determining structures of small molecules 2018-12-16T05:00:00Z Conventional light microscopes are unable to distinguish molecules separated by less than the ‘diffraction limit’ of light, around 200 nanometres — a problem that led to the development of technically sophisticated super-resolution microscopy approaches. Transparent tissues bring cells into focus for microscopy 2018-12-03T05:00:00Z The technique, called 3D electron diffraction, has been used by some inorganic chemists and material scientists since the mid-2000s to deduce the structure of molecules. 'Why didn’t we think to do this earlier?' Chemists thrilled by speedy atomic structures 2018-10-28T04:00:00Z Two research teams now report they’ve adapted a third technique, known as electron diffraction, to determine the precise shape of such compounds. Top stories: revisiting retractions, Everglades restoration, and personalized medicine that works 2018-10-26T04:00:00Z What are the advantages of a diffraction grating over a prism in dispersing light for spectral analysis? College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z They focused an electron beam precisely at microcrystals of paracetamol in the medication, and then recorded and analysed the diffraction patterns to visualize the structure. Tiny crystals have big potential for determining structures of small molecules 2018-12-16T05:00:00Z The new approach builds on a technique called electron diffraction, which sends an electron beam through a crystal and, as in x-ray crystallography, determines structure from diffraction patterns. ‘A new day for chemistry’: Molecular CT scan could dramatically speed drug discovery 2018-10-19T04:00:00Z One alternative is to replace X-rays with electron beams, which can produce diffraction patterns using much smaller crystals. 'Why didn’t we think to do this earlier?' Chemists thrilled by speedy atomic structures 2018-10-28T04:00:00Z To complicate matters further, the experiment must be done as quickly as possible to fulfil other experimental constraints, which means that about 1,000 diffraction patterns must be recorded every second. A record-breaking microscope 2018-07-17T04:00:00Z What is the maximum number of lines per centimeter a diffraction grating can have and produce a complete first- order spectrum for visible light? College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Cosier, J. & Glazer, A. M. A nitrogen-gas-stream cryostat for general X-ray diffraction studies. Synthesis, structure and reaction chemistry of a nucleophilic aluminyl anion 2018-04-15T04:00:00Z Instead of getting single-membrane sheets, researchers end up with numerous sheets stacked atop one another, which can’t be analyzed by conventional electron diffraction. ‘A new day for chemistry’: Molecular CT scan could dramatically speed drug discovery 2018-10-19T04:00:00Z Now, in the two latest papers, Gonen’s team and another group from Switzerland have demonstrated that electron diffraction can also be used to work out the structure of smaller organic molecules. 'Why didn’t we think to do this earlier?' Chemists thrilled by speedy atomic structures 2018-10-28T04:00:00Z The effect is like an aurora borealis — or like the photographic “error” of starlike “diffraction spikes” caused by light traveling off-axis through a camera lens. Christopher Russell at Von Lintel Gallery 2018-03-28T04:00:00Z The analysis shown in the figure below also applies to diffraction gratings with lines separated by a distance d . College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z And crystallographers now understand that the X-ray diffraction patterns of a crystal are the Fourier transform of the crystal’s structure. Fourier’s transformational thinking 2018-03-19T04:00:00Z So, his team varied the technique: Instead of firing their electron beam from one direction at a static crystal, they rotated the crystal and tracked how the diffraction pattern changed. ‘A new day for chemistry’: Molecular CT scan could dramatically speed drug discovery 2018-10-19T04:00:00Z At the moment, researchers tend to rely on electron microscopes to generate the electron beams, but these are expensive and include components, such as lenses, that are not necessary for electron diffraction. 'Why didn’t we think to do this earlier?' Chemists thrilled by speedy atomic structures 2018-10-28T04:00:00Z In addition to diffraction, a pulsed beam exhibits a broadening effect along its direction of propagation. Solitons divide and conquer 2018-02-04T05:00:00Z A telescope can be used to enlarge the diameter of a laser beam and limit diffraction spreading. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Hologram technology creates 3D images by sending light through a 2D screen that contains a diffraction grating. Physicists create Star Wars-style projections — just don’t call them holograms 2018-01-23T05:00:00Z He realized that a short laser pulse could be stretched in time—thereby making it less intense—by a diffraction grating that spreads the pulse into its component colors. Physicists are planning to build lasers so powerful they could rip apart empty space 2018-01-24T05:00:00Z In 2007 and 2008, respectively, crystallographers at the Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz, Germany, and Stockholm University developed the first methods for detecting the 3D structures of molecules automatically using electron diffraction. 'Why didn’t we think to do this earlier?' Chemists thrilled by speedy atomic structures 2018-10-28T04:00:00Z The focusing of the beam by the material must perfectly balance diffraction, and it is extremely difficult to counteract diffraction and dispersion at the same time, because these actions require different beam intensities. Solitons divide and conquer 2018-02-04T05:00:00Z The lower wavelength components of light will have less diffraction compared to higher wavelength components for all maxima except the central one. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z For crystalline alloys - those in which the mixture of atoms forms an ordered structure - researchers use a technique called X-ray diffraction, Nyman said. The Truth About Those 'Alien Alloys' in The New York Times' UFO Story 2017-12-22T05:00:00Z X-ray diffraction results from Mars science laboratory: mineralogy of rocknest at Gale Crater. Primordial clays on Mars formed beneath a steam or supercritical atmosphere 2017-12-05T05:00:00Z Previously, scientists had to laboriously merge multiple 2D diffraction patterns together to get this 3D structure. 'Why didn’t we think to do this earlier?' Chemists thrilled by speedy atomic structures 2018-10-28T04:00:00Z Menzies, O. N., Bland, P. A., Berry, F. J. & Cressey, G. A Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction study of ordinary chondrites: quantification of modal mineralogy and implications for redox conditions during metamorphism. Halogens in chondritic meteorites and terrestrial accretion 2017-11-28T05:00:00Z White light is passed through a diffraction grating to a screen some distance away. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy study of fcc iron hydride FeH at high pressures and implications for the composition of the Earth’s core. Hydrogen-bearing iron peroxide and the origin of ultralow-velocity zones 2017-11-21T05:00:00Z Dore, J. Structural studies of water in confined geometry by neutron diffraction. Role of stacking disorder in ice nucleation 2017-11-07T05:00:00Z The diffraction patterns are analysed by software that is already used in X-ray crystallography. 'Why didn’t we think to do this earlier?' Chemists thrilled by speedy atomic structures 2018-10-28T04:00:00Z It not only blocks the star directly, but also suppresses diffraction with an elaborate petaled edge. Earth-sized alien worlds are out there. Now, astronomers are figuring out how to detect life on them 2017-11-01T04:00:00Z We have long known that EM radiation is a wave, capable of interference and diffraction. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z One of the European facility’s most important milestones will be proving that diffraction patterns can indeed be collected from single particles at very high rates, says Mancuso. Europe’s X-ray laser fires up 2017-08-28T04:00:00Z Kohl, I., Mayer, E. & Hallbrucker, A. The glassy water–cubic ice system: a comparative study by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. Role of stacking disorder in ice nucleation 2017-11-07T05:00:00Z These crystals were just a few micrometres long — much smaller than can be analysed using X-ray diffraction. 'Why didn’t we think to do this earlier?' Chemists thrilled by speedy atomic structures 2018-10-28T04:00:00Z Following this, they fired an electron beam at the structure to obtain a diffraction pattern. Molecular Movie Reveals Inner Workings of New Solar Cells 2017-08-03T04:00:00Z After compiling enough data, you get a distribution related to the particle’s wavelength and diffraction pattern. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Bioimaging researchers are manipulating light, sound and electromagnetic waves to minimize the two main effects that blur images: diffraction and scattering. Medical microbots need better imaging and control 2017-05-23T04:00:00Z The team followed the initial laser blast with a string of 40-fs-long X-ray pulses, which produced diffraction patterns that revealed the locations of the atoms. The next big hit in molecule Hollywood 2017-04-25T04:00:00Z The challenges arise because X-ray diffraction works only with large crystals, and these can take weeks or even months to form. 'Why didn’t we think to do this earlier?' Chemists thrilled by speedy atomic structures 2018-10-28T04:00:00Z The bright diffraction spot is selected by placing the objective aperture in the diffraction plane. Ultra-selective high-flux membranes from directly synthesized zeolite nanosheets : Nature : Nature Research 2017-03-14T04:00:00Z The process is called x-ray diffraction, because it involves the diffraction and interference of x rays to produce patterns that can be analyzed for information about the structures that scattered the x rays. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z In hydrogen adsorption simulations, quantum diffraction effects of hydrogen at low temperatures were accounted for using the so-called Feynman–Hibbs quantum effective potentials40. Functional materials discovery using energy–structure–function maps : Nature : Nature Research 2017-03-21T04:00:00Z The field gradient spread out the NMR signal into an unmistakable diffraction pattern of the layers. Peter Mansfield (1933-2017) : Nature : Nature Research 2017-03-07T05:00:00Z The 3D structure of some molecules, for example, results in mirror-image molecules that can have different chemical effects — but it is challenging to distinguish between these structures using electron diffraction. 'Why didn’t we think to do this earlier?' Chemists thrilled by speedy atomic structures 2018-10-28T04:00:00Z The bright diffraction spot is selected by placing the objective aperture in the diffraction plane. Ultra-selective high-flux membranes from directly synthesized zeolite nanosheets : Nature : Nature Research 2017-03-14T04:00:00Z Figure 30.29 shows a diffraction pattern produced by the scattering of x rays from a crystal. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Amyloid is defined pathologically by the demonstration of green birefringence on binding of the dye Congo red and biophysically by a cross-β fibre diffraction pattern. b, Models of recombinant PrP fibrils and ex vivo prions. Mammalian prions and their wider relevance in neurodegenerative diseases : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z The researchers took a sample of the substance and analyzed it using X-ray diffraction. Mysterious smudge on Edvard Munch's The Scream is candle wax 2016-08-31T04:00:00Z The crystallization and cryo-cooling conditions for diffraction data collection are listed in Extended Data Table 1. Structural basis of potent Zika–dengue virus antibody cross-neutralization : Nature : Nature Research 2016-06-22T04:00:00Z Desert sunshine trickles in through a fan hole cut into the roof, where an Oregon light artist has installed diffraction grating that throws slashes of vibrant rainbows across the walls. After years of improv, the tank in Rangely goes legit 2016-07-02T04:00:00Z If a diffraction pattern is obtained, he reasoned, then the x rays must be waves, and their wavelength could be determined. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Amyloid is defined pathologically by the demonstration of green birefringence on binding of the dye Congo red and biophysically by a cross-β fibre diffraction pattern. b, Models of recombinant PrP fibrils and ex vivo prions. Mammalian prions and their wider relevance in neurodegenerative diseases : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z “I immediately recognised the diffraction pattern of wax as I encountered this material several times upon measuring paintings,” Frederik Vanmeert, a PhD student at Antwerp, said. Mysterious smudge on Edvard Munch's The Scream is candle wax 2016-08-31T04:00:00Z One crystal was used to collect a diffraction data set for each complex to determine the structure. Structural basis of potent Zika–dengue virus antibody cross-neutralization : Nature : Nature Research 2016-06-22T04:00:00Z “We subjected our chocolate samples to different scientific processes, including the scanning electron microscope, nano-indentation, and X-ray diffraction,” she wrote. Chocolate makes this Johns Hopkins science class a whole lot sweeter 2016-02-20T05:00:00Z The film thus acts much like a collection of diffraction gratings with various spacings. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z That’s because the wave nature of light sets a limit to the telescope’s resolution, known as the diffraction limit; the sharpness of the image depends on the wavelength of the light and the telescope’s diameter. Building a Mirror for One of the World's Biggest Telescopes 2016-01-15T05:00:00Z The X-ray diffraction pattern of the sample matched the wax, and not the bird droppings. Mysterious smudge on Edvard Munch's The Scream is candle wax 2016-08-31T04:00:00Z Between diffraction and the solar corona's defocusing effects, my vision wasn't as sharp there, but I saw something. Beyond 550 astronomical units : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-12-01T05:00:00Z Near-field microscopy technically beats the diffraction limit, but it is not very practical because it uses a sharp imaging tip that must be extremely close to the sample. Cell imaging: Beyond the limits : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-10-20T04:00:00Z If diffraction is observed for some phenomenon, it is evidence that the phenomenon is a wave. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The result: a stable, repeating array of molecules that are suitable for X-ray diffraction. Controversial molecular-analysis tool tries for a comeback 2015-06-04T04:00:00Z The resulting pattern of “backscattering” electrons from each grain is known as a diffraction pattern. Scientists develop a technique to find serial numbers that have been filed off 2015-05-11T04:00:00Z The play, by Anna Ziegler, tells the story of Franklin, whose use of X-ray diffraction images led to the discovery of DNA's double helix structure in 1953. Nicole Kidman set for London stage return in 'Photograph 51' 2015-04-24T04:00:00Z The equation describing the diffraction limit is engraved on a monument to optical physicist Ernst Abbe in Jena, Germany. Cell imaging: Beyond the limits : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-10-20T04:00:00Z Newton felt that there were other explanations for color, and for the interference and diffraction effects that were observable at the time. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Structures called diffraction gratings normally send light rays through cables to transmit data, but Fattal engineered the gratings to transmit light in prescribed directions in space. Star Wars-inspired prototype creates holographic display 2015-03-05T05:00:00Z By looking at the diffraction patterns from many grains in the test metal, the scientists identified a trail of altered grains that essentially revealed the sanded-away X’s. Scientists develop a technique to find serial numbers that have been filed off 2015-05-11T04:00:00Z But some researchers argue that light scattered from a brief enough pulse of X-rays should carry information about a specimen’s shape before the molecule itself is destroyed — a principle dubbed 'diffraction before destruction'. Guts of giant virus imaged in 3D 2015-03-01T05:00:00Z In 1873, when he published his work on the diffraction limit, the molecule was an unproven idea and making better microscopes was all about developments in optical science. Cell imaging: Beyond the limits : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-10-20T04:00:00Z In addition to their use as novelty items, diffraction gratings are commonly used for spectroscopic dispersion and analysis of light. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Their work circumvented the problem of the ‘diffraction limit’ – the inability of light microscopy to distinguish between structures smaller than half the wavelength of visible light or about 200nm. How Scientists Made Nano-Microscopes That Won The Chemistry Nobel Prize 2014-10-09T04:00:00Z Such resolution, known as Abbe's diffraction limit, is good enough to reveal the organelles inside cells but not to see their detailed structures. Nobel for microscopy that reveals inner world of cells 2014-10-07T04:00:00Z The researchers were so surprised, they deployed a battery of techniques to confirm the finding, including x-ray and neutron diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and vibrational spectroscopy. Liquid Benzene Squeezed to Form Diamond Nanofibers 2014-09-26T04:00:00Z On the lecture screen, Hell showed a photograph of a monument to one of his scientific forebears, Ernst Abbe, in Jena, Germany — a stone engraved with the equation describing the diffraction limit. Cell imaging: Beyond the limits : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-10-20T04:00:00Z Natural diffraction gratings occur in the feathers of certain birds. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z As the fluorescent proteins were few and far between in the sample, those that glowed were generally more than 200nm apart – the diffraction limit for optical microscopy. How Scientists Made Nano-Microscopes That Won The Chemistry Nobel Prize 2014-10-09T04:00:00Z They were able to determine the composition of the tiny bridgmanite crystals using an electron microprobe and analyse its structure through synchrotron diffraction. Earth's Most Abundant Mineral Found - In A Rock From Space 2014-06-18T04:00:00Z Ma and Tschauner used various methods to characterize the extracted mineral, including so-called synchrotron X-ray diffraction mapping and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. Earth's Most Abundant, Yet Elusive, Mineral Named After Nobel Prize Winner 2014-06-17T04:00:00Z Below the diffraction limit is a rich microbiological world that includes viruses, proteins and the fine details of organelles such as the energy-generating mitochondria. Cell imaging: Beyond the limits : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-10-20T04:00:00Z Maxima can be produced at the same angles, but those for the diffraction grating are narrower and hence sharper. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z As with any telescope, its diffraction limit is expressed as the wavelength of light it collects divided by the diameter of its collecting surface—in this case, the distance between telescopes. How To Build An Earth-Size Telescope 2014-04-11T16:00:23Z We observed the resulting spin motion using time-resolved resonant soft x-ray diffraction. [Report] Large-Amplitude Spin Dynamics Driven by a THz Pulse in Resonance with an Electromagnon 2014-03-20T18:26:08.633Z It is now possible to record vast amounts of diffraction data in seconds electronically, whereas it took days and months by photographic methods 30 to 40 years ago. [Special Issue Review] Cutting-Edge Techniques Used for the Structural Investigation of Single Crystals 2014-03-06T20:25:45.986Z Hell was determined to bring this world to light, and became obsessed with breaking the diffraction limit. Cell imaging: Beyond the limits : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-10-20T04:00:00Z In contrast, a diffraction grating produces evenly spaced lines that dim slowly on either side of center. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies are becoming possible at high temperatures and pressures. Earth science: Crystallography's journey to the deep Earth 2014-02-26T18:21:20.042Z We illustrate the potential of high-energy surface x-ray diffraction by determining the structure of a palladium surface in situ during catalytic carbon monoxide oxidation and follow dynamic restructuring of the surface with subsecond time resolution. [Report] High-Energy Surface X-ray Diffraction for Fast Surface Structure Determination 2014-02-13T19:25:50.773Z “The lecture was not that good, but the diffraction patterns were so beautiful that I thought, 'I really want to learn how to do this'.” She learned. Structural biology: More than a crystallographer 2014-01-29T18:51:49.908Z Hell's first super-resolution microscope in 2000 only exceeded the diffraction limit by around a factor of two, but it brought the barrier down. Cell imaging: Beyond the limits : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-10-20T04:00:00Z While this can be used as a spectroscopic tool—a diffraction grating disperses light according to wavelength, for example, and is used to produce spectra—diffraction also limits the detail we can obtain in images. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z An X-ray diffraction instrument on NASA's Curiosity rover is now even studying the mineralogy of Mars. Policy: Crystallography needs a governing body 2014-01-29T18:51:10.458Z Because the beams from synchrotrons are not bright enough to get usable diffraction patterns from such structures, researchers have turned to XFELs, which are at least a billion times brighter than synchrotrons. X-ray science: The big guns 2014-01-29T18:50:58.094Z The interface and the relative orientation of the two layers were determined by a variety of scanning microscopy and surface diffraction techniques. [Report] Heteroepitaxial Growth of Two-Dimensional Hexagonal Boron Nitride Templated by Graphene Edges 2014-01-09T18:56:28.015Z The shattered rays — called the diffraction — are then reassembled into an image by a computer program. So 2014 Is International Crystallography Year 2014-01-09T09:50:23Z How does diffraction affect the detail that can be observed when light passes through an aperture? College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Anomalous x-ray diffraction and vibrational optical activity measurements are broadly used to determine absolute configurations of solid or liquid samples. [Report] Imaging the Absolute Configuration of a Chiral Epoxide in the Gas Phase 2013-12-04T22:56:28.657Z So for the past century, physicists have relied on X-ray crystallography, in which they fire a beam of X-rays through a crystal lattice of identical molecules and record the resulting 'diffraction pattern' of scattered X-rays. X-ray science: The big guns 2014-01-29T18:50:58.094Z Here, we recorded X-ray diffraction movies, at a rate of 5000 frames/second, simultaneously from the two antagonistic flight muscles of bumblebees during wing beat. [Report] The Molecular Trigger for High-Speed Wing Beats in a Bee 2013-09-12T17:57:14.123Z His equation to translate the diffraction into an image, Bragg’s Law, is still in use today. So 2014 Is International Crystallography Year 2014-01-09T09:50:23Z There are many situations in which diffraction limits the resolution. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The physics of Spain: Even at the seaside, science is all around you, according to Stephen Curry, who found inspiration on his recent vacation for musings on waves and diffraction. Physics Week in Review: August 3, 2013 2013-08-03T20:45:03.310Z “You could get millions of diffraction patterns in five or ten minutes, instead of five or ten hours,” says Fromme. X-ray science: The big guns 2014-01-29T18:50:58.094Z Note the finely-spaced contours on the lower left, fine enough to appear to form a diffraction grating at low resolution. Giardia sucks! An anatomy of a sucker. 2013-05-28T00:45:01.133Z But since the diffraction of a single molecule would be weak to the point of unintelligibility, scientists get the molecules they’re studying to clump together into crystal form. So 2014 Is International Crystallography Year 2014-01-09T09:50:23Z So diffraction limits the resolution of any system having a lens or mirror. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z One of them, Rosalind Franklin, succeeded in taking an X-ray diffraction pattern from a sample of DNA that showed a clearly recognizable cross or helical shape. February 28: The Day Scientists Discovered the Double Helix 2013-02-28T18:45:00.210Z But all the while, the photons that are not absorbed — the ones that scatter off the individual atoms and produce the diffraction pattern — are racing through the crystal at the speed of light. X-ray science: The big guns 2014-01-29T18:50:58.094Z Unfortunately, they did not cite any published x-ray diffraction analyses, clay-mineral crystallinity indices, or more extensive documentation to support their claims. [Technical Response] Response to Comment on "Bilaterian Burrows and Grazing Behavior at >585 Million Years Ago" 2013-02-21T19:25:31.797Z Crystallographers were among the first to use computers, in order to conduct the advanced arithmetic involved in reassembling diffractions into coherent images. So 2014 Is International Crystallography Year 2014-01-09T09:50:23Z Telescopes are also limited by diffraction, because of the finite diameter D of their primary mirror. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z In addition, the use of lipidic cubic phase and new detergents has improved the likelihood of obtaining crystals, and advances in micro-crystallography have allowed obtaining higher resolution diffraction from smaller crystals. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z Furthermore, says Spence, because the beam would be zapping those drops and producing new diffraction patterns so often, “a few days would give you 100 terabytes of data”. X-ray science: The big guns 2014-01-29T18:50:58.094Z One problem was caused by the sharp edges of the telescope mirror, which created a ring-like diffraction pattern in the region of the image where the planet resides. Fresh bid to see exo-Earths 2013-01-23T18:20:43.967Z The good agreement between averaged diffraction data alone does not prove that the CRN is the only possible model. [Technical Response] Response to Comment on “The Local Structure of Amorphous Silicon” 2012-12-20T21:25:57.750Z The accepted criterion for determining the diffraction limit to resolution based on this angle was developed by Lord Rayleigh in the 19th century. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Starting with Watson and Crick’s solution of the structure of DNA, x-ray diffraction basically helped formulate the theory of nucleic acid and protein structure. Chemistry and Biology: Kuhnian or Galisonian? 2012-12-20T13:15:05.163Z The only way to compensate is to hit it with a lot more photons to produce a stronger diffraction pattern — a flux between 1,000 and 10,000 times brighter than the current LCLS. X-ray science: The big guns 2014-01-29T18:50:58.094Z Guyon’s coronagraph uses two asymmetrically polished mirrors to reshape the distribution of light gathered by the telescope’s main mirror and eliminate the diffraction pattern. Fresh bid to see exo-Earths 2013-01-23T18:20:43.967Z We agree that higher-resolution diffraction data provides additional information and must therefore improve the structural accuracy. [Technical Response] Response to Comment on “The Local Structure of Amorphous Silicon” 2012-12-20T21:25:57.750Z As noticed, diffraction effects are most noticeable when light interacts with objects having sizes on the order of the wavelength of light. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The Galisonian approach in the form of x-ray diffraction and NMR has been spectacularly successful in the application of chemistry to biological systems that culminated in the advent of molecular biology in the twentieth century. Chemistry and Biology: Kuhnian or Galisonian? 2012-12-20T13:15:05.163Z Bragg had deduced what von Laue had struggled with: how individual spots on an X-ray diffraction pattern related to the atomic structure of the crystal that scattered them. Scicurious Guest Writer! X-Ray Crystallography: 100 Years at the Intersection of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology 2012-12-19T17:45:08.617Z Wave-particle duality also finds it way in the applications of electron microscopy and neutron diffraction. The Chameleon of Quantum Culture: Wave-Particle Duality 2012-12-06T15:15:12.783Z Although our approach to calculating diffraction intensities from the model differs from that of Roorda and Lewis, paracrystallinity in amorphous silicon is undeniably evident in the raw experimental fluctuation electron microscopy data. [Technical Response] Response to Comment on “The Local Structure of Amorphous Silicon” 2012-12-20T21:25:57.750Z However, the effect is still there, and there is a diffraction limit to what is observable. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z X-ray diffraction and NMR have provided us not only with the locations of the atoms in a molecule, but also with invaluable insights into the bonding and energetic features of the arrangements. Chemistry and Biology: Kuhnian or Galisonian? 2012-12-20T13:15:05.163Z If you’ve never observed diffraction, it is the phenomenon of scattering radiation by a repeated array. Scicurious Guest Writer! X-Ray Crystallography: 100 Years at the Intersection of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology 2012-12-19T17:45:08.617Z Neutron diffraction basically does the same thing as electron microscopy. The Chameleon of Quantum Culture: Wave-Particle Duality 2012-12-06T15:15:12.783Z We match diffraction data to that computed from an isolated unit cell and ignore the periodicity of the model. [Technical Response] Response to Comment on “The Local Structure of Amorphous Silicon” 2012-12-20T21:25:57.750Z Can the lines in a diffraction grating be too close together to be useful as a spectroscopic tool for visible light? College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z In the 1950s, ultraviolet and infrared spectrometry, along with x-ray diffraction and gas chromatography, found forensic applications, and in 1966, scientists introduced Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Cold Case Files: Tycho Brahe Not Poisoned After All 2012-11-19T13:45:03.780Z Bragg and Max Perutz, but not from Franklin, Francis and Crick studied her diffraction data, and correctly solved the structure before she could do so. Scicurious Guest Writer! X-Ray Crystallography: 100 Years at the Intersection of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology 2012-12-19T17:45:08.617Z Once the sample was delivered to the CheMin, it will be subjected to X-Ray diffraction. Curiosity Gets Its First Taste Of Martian Soil 2012-10-20T06:17:38Z There are pros and cons for each method for comparing to diffraction data. [Technical Response] Response to Comment on “The Local Structure of Amorphous Silicon” 2012-12-20T21:25:57.750Z If a beam of white light passes through a diffraction grating with vertical lines, the light is dispersed into rainbow colors on the right and left. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z CheMin provides definitive mineralogy – it uses X-ray diffraction to identify and quantify the minerals present in the rocky material that has been swallowed. Mars rover starts 'to eat dirt' 2012-10-19T10:01:51Z The two edges form a grating that results in the diffraction of visible light. Scicurious Guest Writer! X-Ray Crystallography: 100 Years at the Intersection of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology 2012-12-19T17:45:08.617Z Using X-ray diffraction will not only tell scientists what kinds of minerals are present in Martian soil, it will also provide clues to what conditions existed on Mars when those crystals formed. Curiosity Gets Its First Taste Of Martian Soil 2012-10-20T06:17:38Z Our choice was motivated by a desire to preserve the valuable diffraction information that guides our structural relaxation procedure. [Technical Response] Response to Comment on “The Local Structure of Amorphous Silicon” 2012-12-20T21:25:57.750Z If a glass prism disperses white light to the right into a rainbow, how does the sequence of colors compare with that produced on the right by a diffraction grating? College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The technique of electron diffraction that Thompson devised experimentally proved the theory of wave-particle duality from the 1920s: that electrons behave as waves, even though they are particles contained within the structure of atoms. Science cash hike 'a wise gamble' 2012-09-06T20:21:40Z In one respect, diffraction can be thought of as the scattering of X-rays, which consist of photons, by atoms in a molecule, much like the deflection of balls during a game of pool. Scicurious Guest Writer! X-Ray Crystallography: 100 Years at the Intersection of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology 2012-12-19T17:45:08.617Z In essence, they act like naturally occurring diffraction gratings. Shiny! On the Iridescence of Squid 2012-08-25T22:45:00.177Z The difference in selenium supply has a negligible effect on CIGSSe grain structures, crystal orientation and bulk composition, when measured by cross-section scanning electron microscopy or TEM, X-ray diffraction and secondary ion mass spectrometry. Materials interface engineering for solution-processed photovoltaics 2012-08-15T17:22:03.163Z The limit to the eye’s acuity is actually related to diffraction by the pupil. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z This effect, called the diffraction limit, sets in when the distance between two objects is equal to half the wavelength of the light used for imaging. Highest Possible Resolution Color Images Achieved 2012-08-13T14:45:00.693Z In this context, diffraction can be considered the bending of radiation around matter. Scicurious Guest Writer! X-Ray Crystallography: 100 Years at the Intersection of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology 2012-12-19T17:45:08.617Z To identify the minerals in rock and soil samples, the Curiosity will lean heavily on X-ray diffraction technology supplied by inXitu, a Mountain View, California-based company. 5 Small Companies On Mars 2012-08-07T14:28:28Z “With x-ray diffraction we can really nail down what kind of clay mineral is there and how those rocks have formed,” says Crisp. Mars Curiosity Rover: Wheels Down on the Red Planet 2012-08-06T15:35:28Z Explain why the amount of bending that occurs during diffraction depends on the width of the opening through which light passes. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Using X-ray diffraction and detailed computer models, the researchers found that NOTT-202 is made up of two different frameworks that slot together incompletely, leaving "nanopore" gaps particularly suited to gathering up CO2. New holey material soaks up CO2 2012-06-12T10:42:11Z A crystal, essentially a repeating unit of a particular molecule, significantly amplifies the signal of the diffraction pattern. Scicurious Guest Writer! X-Ray Crystallography: 100 Years at the Intersection of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology 2012-12-19T17:45:08.617Z X-ray diffraction is the most reliable way to identify minerals, but this is the first time it will be used on a mission to Mars. 5 Small Companies On Mars 2012-08-07T14:28:28Z Our work aims to develop a tabletop electron source capable of performing ultrafast electron diffraction on biological samples. 30 under 30: Pushing Physics forward in Service of Biology 2012-06-11T12:15:00.257Z These patterns are exactly consistent with interference of electrons having the de Broglie wavelength and are somewhat analogous to light interacting with a diffraction grating. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The screen functions as a diffraction grating, breaking the light into tiny discreet rays, which create the pattern of dots. Dots, Spots, and Pixels: What s In A Name? 2012-05-15T14:45:17.720Z Based on the limits of current X-ray technology, a single molecule is insufficient to produce a robust enough signal from its diffraction pattern. Scicurious Guest Writer! X-Ray Crystallography: 100 Years at the Intersection of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology 2012-12-19T17:45:08.617Z Every day the physicist is confronted in his workshop with the most beautiful vibration-figures, tone-figures, phenomena of polarisation, and forms of diffraction. Popular scientific lectures 2012-04-24T02:00:17.273Z When the colors are caused by diffraction instead of refraction, the red is on the outside of the prismatic ring and the halo is called a corona. Reading the Weather 2012-04-19T02:00:27.487Z Figure 29.22 This diffraction pattern was obtained for electrons diffracted by crystalline silicon. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z There are two ways open to us—one by glass prisms, and the other by a diffraction grating. Colour Measurement and Mixture 2012-02-27T03:00:13.987Z The aforementioned student, Max Perutz, had worked out how to produce protein crystals for use in X-ray diffraction studies. Scicurious Guest Writer! X-Ray Crystallography: 100 Years at the Intersection of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology 2012-12-19T17:45:08.617Z We may observe on the cardboard the reflexion and diffraction of the head-wave, and by means of a flame its refraction, so that no doubt as to its nature can remain. Popular scientific lectures 2012-04-24T02:00:17.273Z The result would seem to contradict the century-old textbook theory of diffraction. Breaking the Law or Bending the Terminology? 2012-01-30T22:17:19Z Figure 29.25 The building up of the diffraction pattern of electrons scattered from a crystal surface. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z In some text-books it is told us that the diffraction grating gives us a dispersion which is in exact relation to the wave-length. Colour Measurement and Mixture 2012-02-27T03:00:13.987Z With improving technology, this could set the stage for single-molecule diffraction. Scicurious Guest Writer! X-Ray Crystallography: 100 Years at the Intersection of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology 2012-12-19T17:45:08.617Z As soon as we have grasped the fact of the rectilinear propagation of light, the regular course of our thoughts stumbles at the phenomena of refraction and diffraction. Popular scientific lectures 2012-04-24T02:00:17.273Z Using X-ray diffraction, McAndrew and his colleagues established the enzyme's structure. Can Bacteria Produce "Drop In" Biofuels? 2012-01-17T18:15:00.170Z The overall distribution shown at the bottom can be predicted as the diffraction of waves having the de Broglie wavelength of the electrons. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The subject of diffraction is one into which it would be foreign to our purpose to wander. Colour Measurement and Mixture 2012-02-27T03:00:13.987Z Work by Bragg and others connected spots on diffraction pattern with arrangement of atoms in the crystal to solve simple structures like salts. Scicurious Guest Writer! X-Ray Crystallography: 100 Years at the Intersection of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology 2012-12-19T17:45:08.617Z He hopes geologists and mineralogists will keep hunting for unusual diffraction pattern—perhaps even in non-metals. World's Only Known Natural Quasicrystal Traced to Ancient Meteorite 2012-01-03T21:45:21.237Z The size of AZ cytomatrices is below the diffraction limit of light microscopy. [Report] RIM-Binding Protein, a Central Part of the Active Zone, Is Essential for Neurotransmitter Release 2011-12-15T18:56:52.293Z Your instructor may also wish for you to determine the minimum diffraction spreading in the beam and the number of photons per square centimeter the pen can project at some large distance. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z We may say that for measures such as we shall make, it is handier to employ prisms, as the prismatic spectrum is more intense than the diffraction spectrum. Colour Measurement and Mixture 2012-02-27T03:00:13.987Z The x-ray diffraction instrument will aim a beam of x-rays at samples to reveal their structure and composition, making possible definitive identifications of specific minerals. NASA's Massive Curiosity Rover Nears Launch toward Mars 2011-11-24T12:15:05.677Z Steinhardt started a search to find a quasicrystal in nature, trawling through databases of x-ray diffraction patterns recorded from other materials in order to find possible candidates. World's Only Known Natural Quasicrystal Traced to Ancient Meteorite 2012-01-03T21:45:21.237Z Another will prepare thin samples for X-ray diffraction, a challenge even in a laboratory on Earth. Mars Observer Mike Malin Set for 9th Mission to Red Planet 2011-11-21T22:45:13.600Z Using x-ray diffraction data produced by Rosalind Franklin, they were the first to discern the structure of DNA that is so crucial to life. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Every colour in the spectrum has a different wave-length, and it is owing to this difference in wave-length that we are able to separate them by refraction, or diffraction, and to isolate them. Colour Measurement and Mixture 2012-02-27T03:00:13.987Z He was also the inventor of the diffraction grating. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 1 "Franciscans" to "French Language" 2011-10-22T02:00:29.487Z When he shot electrons through the material, they created a regular diffraction pattern, apparently proving that the material's atomic structure consisted of orderly repeating elements. Nobel prize: Persistence pays off for crystal chemist 2011-10-12T17:20:24.057Z The new definition, adopted in 1992, states that a crystal is simply a solid with a “discrete diffraction diagram” — that is, something that produces patterns like the ones Dr. Shechtman saw. Dan Shechtman Wins Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011-10-06T05:01:03Z Figure 30.29 X-ray diffraction from the crystal of a protein, hen egg lysozyme, produced this interference pattern. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Electrons, being waves as well as particles, produce a diffraction pattern when transmitted through a crystal. The 2011 Nobel prizes: Expanding horizons 2011-10-05T18:17:53Z The star-halo at the top of the plate is caused by diffraction of light in the telescope, and comes only from an ordinary star. Through Magic Glasses and Other Lectures A Sequel to The Fairyland of Science 2011-10-03T02:00:33.003Z Unlike a normal lens, which compresses or changes the actual shape of a light wave through diffraction, a time lens magnifies or compresses the time of a light wave through dispersion. Physicists Create a Hole In Time to Hide Events 2011-07-18T05:05:04Z Try to focus it to a point much smaller than one wavelength and the waves bend uncontrollably--a phenomenon known as the diffraction limit. Soft-Drink Cans Focus Sound Waves to a Point, Beating Diffraction Limit 2011-07-08T18:15:00.487Z White light holograms often appear a little blurry with rainbow edges, because the diffraction patterns of various colors of light are at slightly different locations due to their different wavelengths. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The phenomenon is purely optical, involving diffraction of light. Visual Illusions Their Causes, Characteristics and Applications 2011-06-02T02:00:25.247Z The researchers analysed the sizes and structures of ash particles using a variety of techniques, such as atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Aircraft ash fear 'well founded' 2011-04-25T20:10:55Z But the image of a star formed by a telescope is not a point but a minute disc, surrounded by a series of diffraction rings. Are the Planets Inhabited? 2011-04-24T02:00:07.733Z But now, a group of physicists in France has shown how to beat the acoustic diffraction limit--and all it needs is a bunch of soft-drink cans. Soft-Drink Cans Focus Sound Waves to a Point, Beating Diffraction Limit 2011-07-08T18:15:00.487Z Dispersion may be caused either by refraction or by diffraction. The New Gresham Encyclopedia Volume 4, Part 1: Deposition to Eberswalde 2011-04-14T02:00:57.977Z Irradiation has also been ascribed to spherical aberration in the eye-lens and to diffraction of light at the pupil. Visual Illusions Their Causes, Characteristics and Applications 2011-06-02T02:00:25.247Z Dr. Curtis has suggested that it is caused by diffraction; still, I very much doubt if diffraction could produce such a uniform dark broad band, so well defined, as is seen in those photograms. Canadian Eclipse Party 1869 2011-02-25T03:01:12.137Z At a diameter of 0.72 nm, the authors were able to see distinct diffraction spots; these took on a twofold symmetry similar to that of a crystal when probed with a 0.36-nm-diameter beam. Editors' Choice 2011-01-13T19:25:02.660Z Scientists have attempted to overcome the acoustic diffraction limit before, but not using such everyday apparatus. Soft-Drink Cans Focus Sound Waves to a Point, Beating Diffraction Limit 2011-07-08T18:15:00.487Z In the diffraction spectrum, the order of the colours is reversed, red undergoing the greatest deviation; also, the deviation for a given colour is nearly proportional to the wave-length. The New Gresham Encyclopedia Volume 4, Part 1: Deposition to Eberswalde 2011-04-14T02:00:57.977Z Miscellaneous.—There are many interesting effects due to diffraction of light by edges of objects, by meshes such as a wire screen or a handkerchief, by the eye-media, etc. Visual Illusions Their Causes, Characteristics and Applications 2011-06-02T02:00:25.247Z Dr. Amatore and his fellow researchers used electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction to analyze 52 samples from containers of Egyptian makeup preserved at the Louvre. 2010-01-19T06:28:00Z Orange, red, green, blue—all the hues produced by diffraction were exhibited in the utmost splendour. The Glaciers of the Alps Being a narrative of excursions and ascents, etc. In fact, Lerosey's group found that the focused spot could be as small as just 1/25th of one wavelength, way beyond the diffraction limit. Soft-Drink Cans Focus Sound Waves to a Point, Beating Diffraction Limit 2011-07-08T18:15:00.487Z The diffraction spectrum is therefore termed a normal spectrum. The New Gresham Encyclopedia Volume 4, Part 1: Deposition to Eberswalde 2011-04-14T02:00:57.977Z It is due to the diffraction of light. The New Gresham Encyclopedia. Vol. 1 Part 2 Amiel to Atrauli The pure and indivisible Light is seen only by the blessed inhabitants of heaven; here we have but such faint reflections of it as its diffraction supplies; but they are sufficient for faith and devotion. An Essay In Aid Of A Grammar Of Assent The coloured fringe which surrounds the Spirit of the Brocken, and the spectra which I have spoken of as surrounding the sun, are also produced by diffraction. The Glaciers of the Alps Being a narrative of excursions and ascents, etc. There is some debate among acoustic scientists as to whether this is the first time anyone has truly beaten the acoustic diffraction limit. Soft-Drink Cans Focus Sound Waves to a Point, Beating Diffraction Limit 2011-07-08T18:15:00.487Z The halo diminishes in brightness from the centre outwards, and is probably due to the diffraction of light. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 2 "Anjar" to "Apollo" We have occasionally met with leaves having a lined or ruled surface, giving most beautiful diffraction colours. The Mechanism of Life He took the spectrum produced by diffraction instead of refraction, and measured that. The Telephone An Account of the Phenomena of Electricity, Magnetism, and Sound, as Involved in Its Action All these splendid phenomena are, I believe, produced by diffraction, the vesicles or spherules of water in the case of the cloud acting the part of the sporules in the case of the lycopodium. The Glaciers of the Alps Being a narrative of excursions and ascents, etc. In a diffraction spectrum the diffraction is proportional to the wave_length, and the spectrum is said to be “normal.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 5 "Dinard" to "Dodsworth" Intermediate cases in which a few zones only are formed belong especially to the province of diffraction. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 4 "Diameter" to "Dinarchus" These periodic diffusion rings also illustrate the phenomena of colour diffraction. The Mechanism of Life Other meteorological phenomena caused by the diffraction of light include the anthelia, and the chromatic rings seen encircling shadows thrown on a bank of clouds, mist or fog. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 4 "Coquelin" to "Costume" Another effect of diffraction is especially interesting to us at present. The Glaciers of the Alps Being a narrative of excursions and ascents, etc. But it is not so easy to calculate exactly how a given impulse would travel, and what phenomena of ray and shadow, of reflection, refraction and diffraction ought to be visible in its progress. Logic, Inductive and Deductive If the aperture and wave-length increase in the same proportion, the size and shape of the diffraction pattern undergo no change. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 4 "Diameter" to "Dinarchus" It was said that the phenomena of interference and diffraction could not be explained by the theory of emission, while the undulatory theory gave a simple explanation. The Mechanism of Life Perfect transparency is obtained since there is neither refraction nor diffraction of the visible colors. Astounding Stories, March, 1931 In addition to this, some of the phenomena exhibited by it, such as diffraction and double refraction, are quite incompatible with the theory that the ether is an elastic solid. The Machinery of the Universe Mechanical Conceptions of Physical Phenomena Annoying controversies arose; but he nevertheless contributed a good many other most important papers in optics, including observations in diffraction, and colours of thin plates. Pioneers of Science If the aperture be increased, not only is the total brightness over the focal plane increased with it, but there is also a concentration of the diffraction pattern. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 4 "Diameter" to "Dinarchus" This is the phenomenon of diffraction which has hitherto been considered incompatible with the emission theory of light. The Mechanism of Life He mounted the spectrometer and fell to work with a will, taking observations through the telescope, adjusting prisms and diffraction gratings, reading electrometers and other apparatus, and stopping to make intricate calculations. Astounding Stories, March, 1931 But it is only from the diffraction, or normal spectrum that any true idea can be gained as to the real distribution of energy among the various constituents, visible and invisible, of a sunbeam. A Popular History of Astronomy During the Nineteenth Century Fourth Edition This gives rise to a lined surface, much like the diffraction grating of the physicist, which is made by ruling a glass plate with thousands of parallel lines to the inch. A Text-Book of Precious Stones for Jewelers and the Gem-Loving Public Coronas or Glories.—The results of the theory of the diffraction patterns due to circular apertures admit of an interesting application to coronas, such as are often seen encircling the sun and moon. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 4 "Diameter" to "Dinarchus" The molecules emanating from our drop are diffused in straight radiating lines, and yet produce periodic precipitates which are subject to interference and diffraction like the undulations of Huygens. The Mechanism of Life The effect of the ruling is to produce by what is known as diffraction the required breaking up of the beam of light into its constituent parts. The Story of the Heavens The heat contained in the diffraction spectrum is, with equal dispersions, barely one-tenth of that in the prismatic spectrum. A Popular History of Astronomy During the Nineteenth Century Fourth Edition In the first place, it speaks, to the mind, of that process of diffraction by which are disarticulated the several colored and other rays of which light is composed. Spectra A Book of Poetic Experiments The diffraction pattern is therefore that due to a single aperture, merely brightened n times. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 4 "Diameter" to "Dinarchus" Thus on passing through a small orifice diffusion waves exhibit the phenomenon of diffraction just as light waves do. The Mechanism of Life This diffraction effect is accepted; but the problem still remains how wide this annulus may be, and whether it may vary in width from one eclipse to another. The Story of Eclipses E. Irregular diffraction fringes point to bad annealing of the glass. On Laboratory Arts Another way of obtaining considerable dispersion is by using a diffraction grating instead of a prism. The Outline of Science, Vol. 1 (of 4) A Plain Story Simply Told The contraction of the diffraction pattern with increase of aperture is of fundamental importance in connexion with the resolving power of optical instruments. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 4 "Diameter" to "Dinarchus" For the rest, the phenomena of diffraction are not yet arranged systematically enough to be usefully discussed; some of them involving the resolution of the light, and others merely its intensification. The Storm-Cloud of the Nineteenth Century Two Lectures delivered at the London Institution February 4th and 11th, 1884 The colored berylium metal of the wall had been ruled with 20,000 lines to the inch, mere scratches, but nevertheless a diffraction grating. Invaders from the Infinite C. When in focus the central disc is surrounded by an intermittent diffraction pattern, i.e. for instance the system of rings may appear along, and near, three or more radii. On Laboratory Arts At a recent meeting of the London Physical Society, Prof. Rowland, of Baltimore, exhibited a number of his new concave gratings for giving a diffraction spectrum. Scientific American Supplement, No. 365, December 30, 1882 By this procedure the width of the central band in the diffraction pattern is halved, and so far an advantage is attained. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 4 "Diameter" to "Dinarchus" Orange, red, green, blue—all the hues produced by diffraction—were exhibited in the utmost splendor. The Storm-Cloud of the Nineteenth Century Two Lectures delivered at the London Institution February 4th and 11th, 1884 We hoped that photos of the UFO's taken through the diffraction gratings would give us some proof one way or the other. The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects The selection of light of a particular wave length would thus take place upon the same principle as in diffraction spectra, and might reach a high degree of perfection. Scientific American Supplement, No. 711, August 17, 1889 The name of diffraction is given to all the modifications which the luminous rays undergo when they come in contact with the surface of bodies. Young Folks' Library, Volume XI (of 20) Wonders of Earth, Sea and Sky Fraunhofer’s Diffraction Phenomena.—A very general problem in diffraction is the investigation of the distribution of light over a screen upon which impinge divergent or convergent spherical waves after passage through various diffracting apertures. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 4 "Diameter" to "Dinarchus" The ultra or diffraction bands outside of the shadow were distinctly seen and described by Mr. J.E. Scientific American Supplement, No. 441, June 14, 1884. We brought back the idea of using an extremely long focal-length camera equipped with a diffraction grating. The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects Thus phenomena like those of diffraction, which are negligible in the ordinary conditions under which light is observed, may here assume a preponderating importance. The New Physics and Its Evolution It is therefore certain that this is a phenomenon of the diffraction of light simply produced by the vesicles of the mist. Young Folks' Library, Volume XI (of 20) Wonders of Earth, Sea and Sky The linear dimension of the diffraction pattern is inversely as that of the aperture, and the brightness at corresponding points is as the square of the area of aperture. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 4 "Diameter" to "Dinarchus" These are known to be the strongest color bands in the diffraction spectrum, which accounts for their being generally observed. Scientific American Supplement, No. 441, June 14, 1884. It was decided that the cameras with diffraction gratings over the lenses, the cameras that had been under development for a year, would suffice. The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects They should present neither refraction nor reflection, but, under certain conditions, they may be subject to the phenomena of diffraction. The New Physics and Its Evolution The most interesting phenomena of diffraction are those presented by gratings, as are technically denominated the systems of linear and very narrow openings situated parallel to one another and at very small intervals. Young Folks' Library, Volume XI (of 20) Wonders of Earth, Sea and Sky According to common optics, where images are absolute, the diffraction pattern is supposed to be infinitely small, and two radiant points, however near together, form separated images. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 4 "Diameter" to "Dinarchus" One of the most interesting cases of diffraction by small particles that ever came before me was that of an artist whose vision was disturbed by vividly coloured circles. Six Lectures on Light Delivered In The United States In 1872-1873 Caused by diffraction of light round drops of water or ice crystals; diameter of rings inversely proportionate to size of drops or crystals—mixed sizes of ditto causes aureola without rings. Scott's Last Expedition Volume I Their slight amplitude, however, is the cause of there here being neither refraction nor diffraction phenomena, save in very special conditions. The New Physics and Its Evolution Certain stones, when examined in thin sections by transmitted light, show a diffraction spectrum, due to the extreme delicacy of the successive bands, whence they are termed rainbow agates. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 B is in fact the centre of the diffraction disk which constitutes the image of A. At neighbouring points the illumination is less, in consequence of the discrepancies of phase which there enter. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 4 "Diameter" to "Dinarchus" In the prismatic spectrum the less refrangible rays are compressed into a much smaller space than in the diffraction spectrum. Six Lectures on Light Delivered In The United States In 1872-1873 Is it a real substance? or is it only an effect of the diffraction of the sun’s rays near the moon? The Fur Country Seventy Degrees North Latitude It certainly appears, according to Professors Haga and Wind and to Professor Sommerfeld, that with the X rays curious experiments of diffraction may be produced. The New Physics and Its Evolution Briefly stated, the theory is that the light seen around the sun during a total eclipse is not due to a material substance enveloping the sun, but is a phenomenon of diffraction. Scientific American Supplement, No. 401, September 8, 1883 Talbot ascribes the appearance to diffraction; and he recommends the use of a telescope. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 4 "Diameter" to "Dinarchus" The iridescence of certain Alpine clouds is also an effect of diffraction which may be imitated by the spores of Lycopodium. Six Lectures on Light Delivered In The United States In 1872-1873 This luminous meteor was about forty-five degrees in diameter, and was the result of the diffraction of the lunar rays through the small prismatic ice-crystals floating in the atmosphere. The Fur Country Seventy Degrees North Latitude Life, mundane life, is as a dome of glass, which becomes many-coloured by its prismatic diffraction of the white light: its various prisms reflect eternity at different angles. Adonais The only way in which this phenomenon can be accounted for is on the diffraction theory. Scientific American Supplement, No. 401, September 8, 1883 Let us reconsider, following Cornu, the diffraction of a screen unlimited on one side, and on the other terminated by a straight edge. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 4 "Diameter" to "Dinarchus" The diffraction effects obtained in looking through a bird's feathers are, as shown by Schwerd, very brilliant. Six Lectures on Light Delivered In The United States In 1872-1873 Coronae or "glories," which closely invest the luminary, are due to diffraction owing to immense numbers of very minute water or ice particles floating in the air between the observer and the source of light. The Home of the Blizzard Being the Story of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911-1914 The next chapter deals with an actual physics of colour - that is, with the appearance of colours in external space as a result of the refraction, diffraction and polarization of light. Man or Matter This shows that the corona extends indefinitely, and it decreases in brilliancy in exact accordance with the mathematical laws of diffraction. Scientific American Supplement, No. 401, September 8, 1883 On the electromagnetic theory, the problem of diffraction becomes definite when the properties of the obstacle are laid down. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 4 "Diameter" to "Dinarchus" Spectra are, however, formed by diffraction, wherein the distribution of both heat and light is different from that produced by the prism. Six Lectures on Light Delivered In The United States In 1872-1873 On the other hand, I used to find Paul Tichlorne plunged as deeply into the study of light polarization, diffraction, and interference, single and double refraction, and all manner of strange organic compounds. Moon-Face These laws involve very complicated mathematics, but by them alone Dr. Hastings has proved that there must be diffraction where the corona is, and that it must follow the same laws as those observed. Scientific American Supplement, No. 401, September 8, 1883 |
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