| 单词 | cupel |
| 例句 | If you wish to know what proportion of silver is in this copper button, melt it in a cupel after adding lead. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z The goldsmith not content with the touch-stone and the application of aquafortis, exposed the metal on the cupel with lead and fused it with antimony, but it sustained no loss. The Seven Follies of Science [2nd ed.] A popular account of the most famous scientific impossibilities and the attempts which have been made to solve them. 2011-06-30T02:00:34.290Z These he placed in the little porous vessels made of compressed bone ash, called cupels, which had been slowly heating in the furnace. The Westerners 2011-02-14T03:00:39.347Z The resulting lead button hammered into shape and carefully cleansed from slag is ready for the cupel. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 7 "Arundel, Thomas" to "Athens" Inside of these furnaces are shallow cupels over which a current of air passes. Harper's Round Table, September 3, 1895 If you also wish to know what portion of silver is contained in the lead, melt the lead in the cupel until all of it exhales. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z The assay office, with its smell of nitric acid, its burned fumes, its clutter of broken cupels and slag, was unbearable. The Plunderer After a time the remaining impurities, under Durand's skilful manipulation, were absorbed by the cupels. The Westerners 2011-02-14T03:00:39.347Z The resulting alloy, which is called the lead button, is then submitted to fusion on a very porous support, made of bone-ash, and called a cupel. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 7 "Arundel, Thomas" to "Athens" After the metal has been melted in these cupels it is run out into moulds, which shape the metal into plates about twenty inches long and ten in width. Harper's Round Table, September 3, 1895 First put the lead into a cupel, and after it begins to smoke, add the copper; the fire generally consumes the copper, together with the lead, in about one hour and a quarter. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z In the assay-house, where the furnaces were dust-covered, the scale case black with grime, and the floor littered with refuse crucibles, cupels, mufflers, and worn buckboards, they discovered a 53 bundle of old tablets. The Plunderer This is evaporated in a clay cupel called a ghariya by which the mercury is got rid of and the gold left behind. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India - Volume IV of IV Kumhar-Yemkala Other metals, except the silver and gold, also oxidize, and are carried by the melted litharge into the cupel. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 7 "Arundel, Thomas" to "Athens" Then the cupel is put into a very hot furnace so arranged that a current of air passes over it. Harper's Round Table, September 3, 1895 Finally, in the same way that gold and silver are separated from lead in a cupel, so also are they separated in the cupellation furnace. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z Money is to be the cupel of their worth, as it is of all other classes. Tancred Or, The New Crusade The lead button is then cupelled on a very fine cupel, as already described. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. How many of all these old folios round me are like so many old cupels! The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 04, No. 23, September, 1859 The cupel has the remarkable power of absorbing the oxides of metal, and so in an hour or so there is nothing left in it save a little bead of silver and gold. Harper's Round Table, September 3, 1895 The cupels are made of ashes; like the preceding scorifiers they are tray-shaped, and their lower part is very thick but their capacity is less. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z Experiment.—Ordinary lead is calcined in a cupel made of cinders or powdered bones; the lead is changed to a cinder which disappears into the cupel, and a button of silver remains. The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry The silver retained in the gold after parting is, in bullion assays, an important matter; it is roughly equal to the loss of gold due to absorption by the cupel. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. That which would remain in the cupel if one should assay a phantom. The Devil's Dictionary The base metals oxydize and are absorbed with the lead into the pores of the cupel. Roughing It, Part 4. Inasmuch as the assayers themselves make the cupels, something must be said about the material from which they are made, and the method of making them. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z Do you not know what a cupel is? Samuel Brohl and Company Another is to cover the cupel with another cupel previously heated to redness; in this case the silver cools between two hot cupels, and, of course, cools slowly. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. Both moulds are made out of brass and have no bottom, in order that the cupels can be taken out of them whole. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z Although the cupels are usually dried in one hour, yet smaller ones are done more quickly, and the larger ones more slowly. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z Some make them out of all kinds of ordinary ashes; these are not good, because ashes of this kind contain a certain amount of fat, whereby such cupels are easily broken when they are hot. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z In the purest gold there is usually some alloy, to dispense with which resort must be had to the cupel. Samuel Brohl and Company When the cupel shows signs of the presence of these metals in objectionable quantity, it is well to repeat the assay and scorify so as to remove them before cupellation. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. Then as soon as possible remove the cupel out of the furnace, and take the button out of it while it is still warm, in order that it does not adhere to the ashes. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z Now the lead which has absorbed the silver from a metallic ore is consumed in the cupel by the heat in the space of three quarters of an hour. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z To enable cupels of the best quality to be made, all the impurities must be removed from the ashes. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z Afterward take the button, place it on a cupel, blow on it till it melts. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z When the fusion is again tranquil, pour; and cupel the two buttons of lead. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. Directions are given with regard to assay furnaces, cupels, muffles, scorifiers, and crucibles, granulated and leaf metals, for washing, roasting, and the preparation of assay charges. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z When the button has been taken out of the crucible and cooled, it is melted in a cupel, first until the antimony is exhaled, and thereafter until the lead is separated from it. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z Assayers of our own day, however, generally make the cupels from beech ashes. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z The button is taken out, purged of slag, and placed in a cupel, where the gold is separated from the lead. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z Although, of course, if the cupel is very coarse-grained the metal may sink into the hollows. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. Finally, the stibium with a little lead added, is melted in the cupel, in which, after all the rest has been consumed by the fire, the silver alone remains. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z The gold which remains is re-heated with stibium, and when this is exhaled the gold is heated for the third time in a cupel with a fourth part of lead, and then quenched. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z The moulds in which the cupels are moulded are of two kinds, that is, a smaller size and a larger size. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z After the button has been purged of slag, it is put into the cupel, and the gold and silver are separated from the lead; the gold is parted from the silver with aqua valens. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z The presence of cracks evidently due to shrinkage indicates a badly made cupel. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. The button that settles is transferred to the cupel and re-melted. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z When lead is the only easily oxidisable metal present, the stained portion of cupel is yellow when cold. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. Then take the crucible out of the hoop, shake off the button when it has cooled, and when it has been cleansed, melt first in the scorifier and afterward in the cupel. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z Another possible source of loss is the infiltration of small particles of alloy into the cupel. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. The essential property of a cupel is, that it is sufficiently porous to allow the fused oxide to drain into it as fast as it is formed. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. After the muffle has cooled down for the withdrawal of the last batch, and the old cupels have been taken out, the new cupels for the next batch should be put in their place. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. The furnace should then be stoked and made ready for the next cupellations; by the time the furnace is ready the cupels will be ready also. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. Finally, rub the gold which has settled in the bottom of the cupel, after it has been taken out and cooled, on the touchstone, in order to find out what proportion of silver it contains. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z In the ordinary assay of gold-copper alloys a constant weight of the alloy is always taken; hence as the weight of copper in a cupel charge increases, the weight of gold decreases. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. The bone ash is then pressed into shape with the piston, and the cupel finished with the help of three or four smart blows from a mallet. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. Its position here should correspond to that it will occupy in the muffle and eventually in the cupel tray. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. The flattened discs are heated to dull redness on a clean cupel and are then ready for parting. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. Melt this button again in the scorifier and a third time in the cupel. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z The assay of bullion, or of an alloy containing platinum, may be made as follows: Take 0.2 gram of the alloy and an equal weight of fine silver, cupel with sheet lead, and weigh. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. Before removing the piston, turn it half-way round upon its axis so as to loosen and smooth the face of the cupel. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. But in the poorest bullion there was only 7.5 grains of pure gold, while in the richest there were 18.3 grains; yet each lost on the cupel the same weight of gold, viz., A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. Under no circumstances must the lead be placed on the cupel before the latter has been so thoroughly heated that it can no longer give off steam or gas of any kind. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. The cupel, when the lead and copper are wanting, attracts the particles of gold and silver, and absorbs them. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z Again, the risk of freezing at the start is much greater with a cupel which has not been properly heated. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. A conveniently sized cupel is 1-1/4 inches in diameter and about 3/4 inch high. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. There should be no unnecessary handling of the cupels once they have been placed in the muffle. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. This means closing the muffle and allowing the furnace to cool down somewhat before withdrawing the cupels. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. These metals are heated until the lead and the copper are consumed, and again, the same weight of each is melted in the same manner in another cupel. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z The buttons are removed from the cupel with a pair of pliers and then brushed to remove adherent litharge and bone-ash. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. The cavity of the cupel is about 1/4 inch deep, and something of the shape shown in fig. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. This shows that, compared with the absorption by the cupel, the other causes of loss are inconsiderable. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. One plan is to allow the cupels to cool in the muffle itself, the mouth being closed with hot charcoal. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. Tin which contains silver should not at the beginning of the assay be placed in a cupel, lest the silver, as often happens, be consumed and converted into fumes, together with the tin. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z The cupellation of large quantities of alloy or of alloys which contain tin, antimony, iron, or any substance which produces a scoria, or corrodes the cupel, must be preceded by a scorification. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. Allow to stand for some time, decant on to a filter, dry, burn, and cupel the ashes with 1 gram of sheet lead. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. The cupels are made of well-burnt bone-ash, of the fineness of coarse wheat flour, moistened with one-twelfth its weight of water and compressed into shape in suitable moulds. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. As with silver so with gold the predominant cause of the cupellation loss is the solution of the metal in the molten litharge which passes into the cupel. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. When the lead has absorbed the silver which was in the tin, then, and not till then, it is heated in the cupel. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z The gold recovered from the cupels amounted altogether to 34.56 milligrams. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. It combines with silica, forming fluid slags; and at a red heat is liquid enough to be absorbed by a cupel; in fact, bismuth may take the place of lead in cupellation. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. Remove the cupel from the muffle immediately the operation is finished. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. Add to these the estimated cupel loss, and calculate the result. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. Lastly, place it in the cupel, which assay can be carried out in the space of half an hour. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z Scorify, clean the slag by adding anthracite after the "eye" has closed in: cupel the button of lead. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. The cupels are put in a warm place to dry for two or three days. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. With four assay pieces, the cupels should be placed close together in two rows of three across the muffle; the two check pieces are put in the middle cupels. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. A hollow about 1 inch across and 1/4 inch deep is sufficient; and the body of the cupel to absorb this weight of lead should itself weigh from 20 to 25 grams. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. Wrap each sample separately in paper, and afterwards place two small pieces of lead in two cupels which have first been heated. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z If these larger cupels are not at hand the larger buttons will have to be reduced in size by a scorification before cupelling. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. Silver remains after cupellation in flattened elliptical buttons, adhering but only slightly to the cupel. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. These cupels are square blocks, a little less than 2 inches across, and a little more than three quarters of an inch deep. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. A dark green and corroded cupel may be due to iron. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. Then take the beads out of the cupel and clean them of dross. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z With the more perfect exposure to the air, and quicker removal of the slag, which results from heating on a cupel, the loss would be heavier. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. The appearance of the cupel affords some useful information. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. Care must be taken to remove the cupels as soon as cupellation has finished. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. Similarly, fused slags damp and filter through a cupel, but the molten metal not damping it withdraws itself into a button, which is retained. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. The third is the most delicate, and by this we weigh the beads of gold or silver, which, when the assay is completed, settle in the bottom of the cupel. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z Weigh up 3 grams of the metal, wrap in 30 grams of sheet lead, and cupel; when the cupellation has proceeded for fifteen minutes, add 20 grams more lead, and continue till finished. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. If, however, they are accompanied by a peculiar unfolding of the cupel, the margin losing its distinctness, it is because of the presence of antimony. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. When the eye has "closed in," pour; reject the slag, and cupel the button of lead. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. Filter through a double Swedish paper, dry, burn, and cupel the ashes with one gram of sheet lead. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. Some moisten the ashes again and again with cow's milk, and dry them, and grind them in a small mortar, and then mould the cupels. De Re Metallica, Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556 2011-11-16T03:00:21.977Z Transfer to a small smooth cupel and place in the muffle. A Text-book of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with Mines. |
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