| 单词 | cross-fertilisation |
| 例句 | The connections are sometimes drawn rather vaguely, but the theme of this year's international festival in Edinburgh is the European discovery of the New World, and the resulting cross-fertilisation of ideas. This week's new live music 2010-08-06T23:05:00Z If we police boundaries too strictly, we’re stifling the possibility of cross-fertilisation and invention. Wes Anderson's Isle of Dogs: loving homage to Japan or cultural appropriation? 2018-03-26T04:00:00Z A cross-fertilisation of theatre, film and opera is nothing new, and that friction sometimes ignites fiery results. Lucrezia Borgia; CBSO/Nelsons; Ibragimova/Gerhardt/Osborne ? review 2011-02-06T00:06:35Z The plan is the latest example of the growing cross-fertilisation of ideas and energy across the Atlantic. Bernie Sanders’ plan to empower workers could revolutionise Britain’s economy | Mathew Lawrence 2019-06-03T04:00:00Z Such cross-fertilisation is improving Latin American journalism overall, even in Nicaragua. Latin America’s new media are growing up 2018-07-12T04:00:00Z Yet he welcomes in variety too and if there is a recurring word in conversation it is “adaptability”; he, after all, is a symbol of cross-fertilisation, too. Thiago Alcántara: ‘The most important thing in football is thinking fast’ 2018-06-29T04:00:00Z “The interesting thing in concentrating on Marx is that you’re also getting a sense of the connections between London and the European continent and the cross-fertilisation of European ideas and political ideas,” she says. Reductive, superficial, beautiful – a historian's view of Assassin's Creed: Syndicate 2015-12-09T05:00:00Z It also encourages innovation because it spreads information, extends professional networks and encourages cross-fertilisation. Schumpeter: Ties that bind 2013-12-12T16:01:17Z "So there was a cross-fertilisation across disciplines and interests, in fact boundaries that later became so rigid in western thought were very fluid." 1913: When Hitler, Trotsky, Tito, Freud and Stalin all lived in the same place 2013-04-17T23:10:54Z There is a continuing process of interchange and cross-fertilisation between different branches of technology, and that includes things like the development of non-biological approaches to medical problems, but I don’t see any real sea-change. The First Person to Live to 150 Has Already Been Born--Revisited! 2013-02-03T16:19:23Z She says while the productions have different rhythms, with the lead time for opera measured in years and for television sometimes in hours, there is extensive cross-fertilisation of ideas that emerge over time. The designer going from Gaga to the Olympic closing ceremony 2012-06-29T21:55:14Z In the first place we have the cross-pollination leading to the formation of the hybrid plant by cross-fertilisation. Disease in Plants 2012-03-01T03:00:22Z It is the complement of the Orchid book because it makes us understand the advantage gained by the mechanisms for insuring cross-fertilisation described in that work. Charles Darwin: His Life in an Autobiographical Chapter, and in a Selected Series of His Published Letters 2012-01-22T03:00:19.733Z But in grafting, as in cross-fertilisation, unexpected exceptions to this rule occur. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z "Leading universities - centres of excellence in their own dedicated and different fields of learning - sit next to each other, within arm's reach, offering unique cross-fertilisation opportunities," he says. Knowledege economy 2011-03-18T00:01:39Z It has been proved by the operations carried out in cross-fertilisation in gardens that no class of plants can be so readily crossed under artificial conditions. Orchids Since that misty era, of course, cross-fertilisation has continued without ceasing, and the combinations are endless. The Woodlands Orchids Its value lies in the proof it offers of the increased vigour given to the offspring by the act of cross-fertilisation. Charles Darwin: His Life in an Autobiographical Chapter, and in a Selected Series of His Published Letters 2012-01-22T03:00:19.733Z Almost at the same time, and in following years, he wrote papers for the Linnean Society on dimorphic and trimorphic forms of flowers, and their bearing on the question of cross-fertilisation. The Coming of Evolution The Story of a Great Revolution in Science Some varieties are self-sterile, yet quite capable of cross-fertilisation from the pollen of other varieties. The Book of Pears and Plums We have noticed the many instances of tiny complemental males, in connection with hermaphrodite forms, which, as Darwin states, must have arisen from the advantage ensuring cross-fertilisation in the females who harbour them. The Truth About Woman The extent of transport of pollen by insects was unveiled, and the relation between the structure, odour, and conspicuousness of flowers, the visits of insects, and the advantages of cross-fertilisation was shown. Life of Charles Darwin Hermaphrodite flowers, first idea of cross-fertilisation of, 300. Charles Darwin: His Life in an Autobiographical Chapter, and in a Selected Series of His Published Letters 2012-01-22T03:00:19.733Z To shut the door to men is to shut the doors to talent, and talent produces its best by cross-fertilisation. The Better Germany in War Time Being some Facts towards Fellowship Black bulbuls, like sunbirds, get well dusted with pollen while diving into flowers after nectar, and so probably act the part of insects as regards the cross-fertilisation of large flowers. Birds of the Indian Hills In this principle we appear to have a sufficient reason for the various contrivances by which so many flowers secure cross-fertilisation, either constantly or occasionally. Darwinism (1889) My present work is the complement of that on Orchids, in which it was shown how admirably these plants are constructed so as to permit of, or to favour, or to necessitate cross-fertilisation. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom Some of the adaptations displayed by climbing plants are as beautiful as those of Orchids for ensuring cross-fertilisation. Charles Darwin: His Life in an Autobiographical Chapter, and in a Selected Series of His Published Letters 2012-01-22T03:00:19.733Z They are manifestly adapted for self- fertilisation, which is effected at the cost of a wonderfully small expenditure of pollen; whilst the perfect flowers produced by the same plant are capable of cross-fertilisation. The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species In "Life and Letters," III., page 261, the absence of cross-fertilisation is explained as due to want of perfect adaptation between the pea and our native insects. More Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 2 But all this time we have been only looking at one side of the question, for there exists an abundance of facts which seem to imply, just as surely, the utter uselessness of cross-fertilisation. Darwinism (1889) They have a rather complicated structure, and appear to be adapted for cross-fertilisation, but were not carefully examined by me. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom With respect to the cross-fertilisation of two distinct seedling plants, it has been ascertained that the offspring thus raised inherit much more vigorous constitutions and generally are more prolific than seedlings from self-fertilised parents. Life and Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 2 The result is that cross-fertilisation is thus favoured. The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species I have always fancied that cross-fertilisation would perhaps make such panicles fertile. More Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 2 When we examine the various modes in which the cross-fertilisation of flowers is brought about, we find that some are comparatively simple in their operation and needful adjustments, others highly complex. Darwinism (1889) The flowers of the common cabbage are adapted, as shown by H. Muller, for cross-fertilisation, and should this fail, for self-fertilisation. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom The increased vigour resulting from cross-fertilisation is allied in the closest manner to the advantage gained by change of conditions. Life and Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 2 If, however, a flower's own pollen should first be placed by insects or fall on the stigma, it by no means follows that cross-fertilisation will be thus prevented. The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species He also gives an account of the remarkable arrangement for ensuring cross-fertilisation. More Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 2 One of these, our common Orchis pyramidalis, may be briefly described to show how varied and beautiful are the arrangements to secure cross-fertilisation. Darwinism (1889) So that there was very little difference in the number of seeds produced by cross-fertilisation and self-fertilisation, namely, as 100 to 92. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom The rest of the year was taken up with his work on insectivorous plants, and on cross-fertilisation, as will be shown in a later chapter. Life and Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 2 On the other hand, heterostyled plants seem to have no advantage, as far as cross-fertilisation is concerned, over those which are sterile with their own pollen. The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species Some of the adaptations displayed by Climbing Plants are as beautiful as those of Orchids for ensuring cross-fertilisation. The Autobiography of Charles Darwin We are now enabled dimly to perceive how the curious anomaly of very simple and very complex methods of securing cross-fertilisation—both equally effective—may have been brought about. Darwinism (1889) This plant, as a general rule, is strongly proterandrous, and is therefore adapted for cross-fertilisation by the aid of insects. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom Almost all these plants, as Darwin pointed out, have also chasmogamous flowers which render cross-fertilisation possible. Darwin and Modern Science In the genus Hordeum it has been shown by Delpino that the majority of the flowers are cleistogamic, some of the others expanding and apparently allowing of cross-fertilisation. The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species It is questioned if cross-fertilisation has really the importance ascribed to it since the days of Darwin. The Story of Evolution In other cases precautions are taken to prevent cross-fertilisation, as in the numerous cleistogamous or closed flowers. Darwinism (1889) Almost everyone who has studied the structure of papilionaceous flowers has been convinced that they are specially adapted for cross-fertilisation, although many of the species are likewise capable of self-fertilisation. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom If we express the result of cross-fertilisation by 100, we obtain the following numbers for the fertilised plants. Darwin and Modern Science Various hermaphrodite plants have become heterostyled, and now exist under two or three forms; and we may confidently believe that this has been effected in order that cross-fertilisation should be assured. The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species From the various facts now given, it is evident that most flowers are adapted in an admirable manner for cross-fertilisation. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom The whole arrangement, however, ensures cross-fertilisation; and this, as Mr. Darwin has shown by copious experiments, adds both to the vigour and fertility of almost all plants as well as animals. Darwinism (1889) Notwithstanding these manifest provisions for cross-fertilisation, varieties which have been cultivated for very many successive generations in close proximity, although flowering at the same time, remain pure. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom On the whole, however, the results of geitonogamy show that the favourable effects of cross-fertilisation do not depend simply on the fact that the pollen of one flower is conveyed to the stigma of another. Darwin and Modern Science The purpose of this curious functional difference obviously is to favour the cross-fertilisation of distinct plants. The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species Nevertheless, most or all of these plants retain structures in an efficient state which cannot be of the least use excepting for cross-fertilisation. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom On the other hand, insects usually search a large number of flowers on the same plant before they fly to another, and this is opposed to cross-fertilisation. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom Mr. Farrer also has given a remarkably clear description of the mechanism by which cross-fertilisation is effected in this genus, in the 'Annals and Magazine of Natural History' volume 2 4th series 1868 page 260. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom The analogous episematic use of the bright colours of flowers to attract insects for effecting cross-fertilisation and of fruits to attract vertebrates for effecting dispersal is very clearly explained in the "Origin". Darwin and Modern Science Other species bear much less conspicuous flowers which secrete little or no nectar, and consequently are rarely visited by insects; these are adapted for self-fertilisation, though still capable of cross-fertilisation. The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species Dioecious plants, however fertilised, have a great advantage over other plants in their cross-fertilisation being assured. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom Lastly, hermaphrodite plants can generally produce at least some self-fertilised seeds, and they are at the same time capable, through the various means specified in this chapter, of cross-fertilisation. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom The covered-up plant, however, produced altogether twenty-five spontaneously self-fertilised seeds; the exposed plant producing fifty-five seeds, the product, no doubt, of cross-fertilisation. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom All the wonderful arrangements for cross-fertilisation now appear to be useful adaptations. Darwin and Modern Science It might well happen that our supposed species did not vary in function in the right manner, so as to become either dichogamous or completely self-sterile, or in structure so as to ensure cross-fertilisation. The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species Allied species differ greatly in the means by which cross-fertilisation is favoured and self-fertilisation avoided. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom Close correspondence between the effects of cross-fertilisation and self-fertilisation, and of the legitimate and illegitimate unions of heterostyled plants, in comparison with hybrid unions. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom Hereafter I shall have to recur to this subject of the inefficiency of a cross between the flowers on the same plant, when we consider the part which insects play in the cross-fertilisation of flowers. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom It is impossible to discuss the different results of cross-fertilisation; one point must, however, be emphasised, because Darwin attached considerable importance to it. Darwin and Modern Science As I. balsamina is proterandrous, so probably is the present species; and if so, cross-fertilisation was effected by me at too early a period, and this may account for the capsules yielding so few seeds. The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species The first and most important of the conclusions which may be drawn from the observations given in this volume, is that cross-fertilisation is generally beneficial, and self-fertilisation injurious. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom With respect to the first proposition, namely, that cross-fertilisation is generally beneficial, we likewise have excellent evidence. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom The present chapter is devoted to the Fertility of plants, as influenced by cross-fertilisation and self-fertilisation. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom It seems to me to follow clearly from his investigations that there is no essential difference between cross-fertilisation and hybridisation. Darwin and Modern Science We may therefore conclude that the above two propositions are true,—that cross-fertilisation is generally beneficial and self-fertilisation injurious to the offspring. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom The good effects of cross-fertilisation are transmitted by plants to the next generation; and judging from the varieties of the common pea, to many succeeding generations. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom Ophrys offers a remarkable instance of one species having its structure manifestly adapted for self-fertilisation, and other species as manifestly adapted for cross-fertilisation. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom Relation between the structure and conspicuousness of flowers, the visits of insects, and the advantages of cross-fertilisation. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom We see also that the remarkable adaptations of which we have given some examples are directed towards cross-fertilisation. Darwin and Modern Science Some species exist under two forms, the one bearing conspicuous flowers adapted for cross-fertilisation, the other bearing inconspicuous flowers adapted for self-fertilisation, whilst other species in the same genus present only a single form. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom Moreover, the advantages which follow from cross-fertilisation differ much in different plants, so that it is probable that allied plants would often profit in different degrees by cross-fertilisation. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom Phaseolus multiflorus. nectar in Orchids. on cross-fertilisation. inheritance of acquired modifications. change in the conditions of life beneficial to plants and animals. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom Pods produced by flowers visited by insects would probably have contained on an average 3.66 seeds, judging from the effects of artificial cross-fertilisation. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom Herbert on cross-fertilisation. pollen brought from distant plants. spontaneous crossing of rhododendrons. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom Insects, means of cross-fertilisation. attracted by bright colours. by odours. by conspicuous flowers. dark streaks and marks as guides for. flowers adapted to certain kinds. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom Lubbock, Sir J., cross-fertilisation of flowers. on Viola tricolor. bees distinguishing colours. instinct of bees and insects sucking nectar. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom Masters, Mr., cross-fertilisation in Pisum sativum. cabbages affected by pollen at a distance. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom But we should always keep in mind that two somewhat opposed ends have to be gained; the first and more important one being the production of seeds by any means, and the second, cross-fertilisation. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom Viola canina. — tricolor. measurements. superiority of crossed plants. period of flowering. effects of cross-fertilisation. seeds. partially sterile. corolla removed. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom Various means which favour or determine the cross-fertilisation of plants. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom But the openness of the flower and the production of a great and apparently wasteful amount of pollen are necessary for cross-fertilisation. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom A list would occupy several pages, and this is not the proper place to give their titles, as we are not here concerned with the means, but with the results of cross-fertilisation. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom The advantages derived from cross-fertilisation throw a flood of light on most of the chief characters of flowers. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom Bees incessantly visit the flowers of the common Broom, and these are adapted by a curious mechanism for cross-fertilisation. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom By this mechanism cross-fertilisation is rendered almost inevitable, and we shall immediately see that pollen from a distinct plant is more effective than that from the same flower. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom We thus see that besides the mechanical adaptations for cross-fertilisation, the flowers are much more productive with pollen from a distinct plant than with their own pollen. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom So that there was no difference worth speaking of between the two lots in height; though other great advantages are derived, as we have seen, from cross-fertilisation. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom The answer to the above question obviously is, that with permanently closed flowers there could be no cross-fertilisation. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom The well-adapted means by which cross-fertilisation is ensured in this genus have been described by several authors. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom Hildebrand has shown in the paper referred to under the last species, that this hermaphrodite grass is better adapted for cross-fertilisation than for self-fertilisation. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom Most of these cases shown not to be real exceptions to the rule that cross-fertilisation is beneficial. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom Bearing all these circumstances in mind, it may be admitted that we have a fair basis for judging of the comparative effects of cross-fertilisation and of self-fertilisation on the growth of the offspring. Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom |
| 随便看 |
|
英语例句辞典收录了117811条英语例句在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用单词及词组的例句翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。