| 单词 | cottonmouth |
| 例句 | Crowded into one-room church buildings, the faithful clutched live rattlers, copperheads, and cottonmouths to their bosoms or draped the snakes around their necks while they prayed in a spiraling frenzy of religious passion. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z “Look, the kid needs shoes. He could step on broken glass or rusty nails... or even a cottonmouth.” Hoot 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z “It’s gone. It was harmless. Good-sized, but harmless. There’s cottonmouths around though, so I’d keep my hands in the boat if I was you.” A Long Way from Chicago 1998-09-01T00:00:00Z The cottonmouth was no longer sunning on the steps, but Curly didn’t take any chances. Hoot 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z Fortunately, the bag of cottonmouths was nowhere in sight. Hoot 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z “Them cottonmouths can kill a person,” Curly said. Hoot 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z There, coiled comfortably on the second step, was a thick mottled specimen that Curly recognized as a cottonmouth water moccasin, common in southern Florida. Hoot 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z All afternoon he’d been fretting about those elusive cottonmouth moccasins, wondering why the reptile wrangler hadn’t been able to find them. Hoot 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z The cottonmouth bit her twice, in the calf and deep in the meat of her thigh. The Underground Railroad: A Novel 2016-08-02T00:00:00Z A rattlesnake often warned a body before it struck, but a cottonmouth might attack before folks even knew it was there. Ophie's Ghosts 2021-05-18T00:00:00Z With dusk approaching, he couldn’t get up the nerve to venture outside—not with those deadly cottonmouths skulking around. Hoot 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z As he walked the fence line, Curly was pleased not to come across a single cottonmouth moccasin. Hoot 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z They threw rocks to scare away the poisonous cottonmouth snakes, then dropped into the water from tree branches or dove from muddy banks. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z Ava was wiry and strong, with hands as quick as a cottonmouth. The Underground Railroad: A Novel 2016-08-02T00:00:00Z It was as though I had suddenly found myself in a dark room filled with poisonous cottonmouths. Invisible Man 1952-01-01T00:00:00Z “I knew the trainer would drag ’em outta here soon as he saw the cottonmouths. Hoot 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z “I never heard of a cottonmouth with sparkles on its tail.” Hoot 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z It was heavy enough to make an impression on a cottonmouth moccasin, though he hoped that wouldn’t be necessary. Hoot 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z There are copper head snakes, coral snakes, cottonmouth snakes, and the blue indigo snake, so long and fast it can kill a rattlesnake. Enrique's Journey 2006-02-21T00:00:00Z On Mud’s island refuge, sunlight flares through the branches; insects chorus over his whispered secrets; spiders clamber up a tree, and cottonmouths lurk in a backwater. Mud: Matthew McConaughey as an Outlaw in Love 2013-04-26T22:10:07Z A cottonmouth as long as a Cadillac sets the mood for “The Cutting Season” by interrupting a wedding on the book’s very first page. Books of The Times: ‘The Cutting Season’ by Attica Locke 2012-09-05T21:12:22Z And the previous homeowners had found venomous snakes on the property, including a cottonmouth coiled by the pool. How Facebook Is Saving Snakes 2022-09-18T04:00:00Z They can even handle the bite from venomous snakes such as cottonmouths, timber rattlesnakes and copperheads. Virginia researchers work to track and learn about eastern kingsnake 2022-08-24T04:00:00Z The world hosts hundreds of wildly different venomous snake species, from brightly banded coral snakes to camouflaged cottonmouths. The Surprising Secret of Snakes’ Venomous Bites 2021-11-26T05:00:00Z If cottonmouths swam through our lakes and rivers, what else might be hiding there? How My Pet Snake Taught Me to Really See 2020-12-28T05:00:00Z He recounted carrying more than a hundred pounds of berries slung across his back, when the thought of a rattlesnake or a cottonmouth more than an hour from medical treatment haunted him. The strange, booming market of Florida's palmetto berries 2020-11-23T05:00:00Z He spends a lot of time helping panicked newcomers, who tend to think every snake they come across is a cottonmouth that they need to kill. How Facebook Is Saving Snakes 2022-09-18T04:00:00Z Lyrically, though, this album dwells less on activism than on relationships and a landscape filled with cottonmouths, “gas station delicacies” and cypress knees. Review: S.G. Goodman blends rock, gospel in tasty debut 2020-07-15T04:00:00Z While almost every data point I collected about viper behavior supported our hypothesis—that snakes more closely related to rattlesnakes shake their tails more quickly—one critical species bucked the trend: the cottonmouth. Don't Trust Scientists? Then Help Collect the Data 2019-09-18T04:00:00Z In Florida, where the eastern coral snake and the cottonmouth are common, numbers remain average. Rise in snakebites across US linked to climate crisis and sprawling suburbs 2019-08-07T04:00:00Z A Florida man says his life “flashed” before his eyes after a venomous cottonmouth snake bit him on the foot, leaving his leg in “throbbing pain” last week. Florida man bitten by venomous snake: 'My life just flashed through my head' 2019-07-11T04:00:00Z Of these snakes, two were venomous—one copperhead and one cottonmouth. How Facebook Is Saving Snakes 2022-09-18T04:00:00Z This federally owned land, essentially a scrubby marsh with partially waterlogged woodland, home to bears and cottonmouth snakes, spans around 250,000 acres. Red wolf: the struggle to save one of the rarest animals on Earth 2019-03-07T05:00:00Z One, cottonmouths were going to complicate an otherwise straightforward story that would reduce the strength of my conclusions, meaning I might not get my paper published in a top-tier journal. Don't Trust Scientists? Then Help Collect the Data 2019-09-18T04:00:00Z Among his concerns are the heat, humidity, mosquitoes and cottonmouths that he said would threaten anyone who lived in a tent. Possible migrant site minutes from former internment camp 2018-06-22T04:00:00Z The venomous snakes are the eastern coral snake, the southern copperhead, the cottonmouth, the eastern diamondback rattlesnake, the timber rattlesnake and the dusky pygmy rattlesnake. Florida man bitten by venomous snake: 'My life just flashed through my head' 2019-07-11T04:00:00Z Rattlesnakes, cottonmouths, coral snakes—bites from all will be painful at least, deadly at most. Tales Of Near Death - Golf Digest 2018-05-03T04:00:00Z Heatley says only the cottonmouth is considered somewhat aggressive and that most snakes probably are “more afraid of you than you are of them.” Spring in Texas means snakes ending hibernation 2018-02-27T05:00:00Z It goes rather well with the idea of cottonmouth, so cannabis is a great tweak on that concept. Roasted cannabis chickpeas sure to please | Recipe 2018-01-11T05:00:00Z Copperheads, cottonmouths, rattlesnakes and the coral snake are the venomous species native to North Carolina. Poison center cites jump in snake bites in North Carolina 2017-05-02T04:00:00Z And then there are the snakes: king snakes, copperheads, banded water snakes and cottonmouths, which also swim. In a flooded Louisiana neighborhood, residents ride home through alligator-infested waters 2016-08-21T04:00:00Z He and his adviser, Brad R. Moon, and Mr. Sawvel tested 14 Texas rat snakes, six western cottonmouths and 12 western diamondback rattlesnakes. Vipers Aren’t the Only Kings of the Quick Strike 2016-04-18T04:00:00Z Three varieties of venomous snakes live in Georgia: rattle snakes, copperheads and cottonmouths. Snake wrangler charms the LaGrange Sierra Club 2016-01-24T05:00:00Z The report, in the journal Biology Letters, involved two closely related species of snakes, the copperhead and the cottonmouth. A Mother’s Ability to Reproduce All by Herself 2015-10-19T04:00:00Z He’s also been bitten by a black mamba, green tree viper and a cottonmouth. DeLand hospital testing new snake anti-venom 2015-07-04T04:00:00Z The Magnolia State is home to 6 venomous species, including the eastern diamondback rattlesnake, timber rattlesnake, pygmy rattlesnake, the coral snake, the cottonmouth and the most common of all, the copperhead. A scary walk in the Mississippi woods 2014-09-20T04:00:00Z The researchers found the virus in two species of snakes, the cottonmouth and copperhead -- two venomous vipers that are common in the Tuskegee National Forest. Vipers Go Viral 2012-10-05T20:08:19Z They captured pregnant copperhead and cottonmouth female pit-vipers from the field, where males were present. Virgin snake births found in wild 2012-09-11T23:45:09Z Twenty-five live cottonmouths were kept in the laboratory for the purpose of studying behavior and fang shedding and for comparison of measurements with those of preserved specimens. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z He says South Florida rainbow snakes are nonpoisonous and harmless, but the region is also home to more dangerous rattlesnakes and cottonmouths. Have You Seen This `Extinct' Snake? Snapping a Photo of It Alive Could Be Worth $500 2011-11-30T22:45:05.227Z A cottonmouth bit a finger, which instantly turned black, prompting his wife to snip off the fingertip with garden clippers. Bill Haast, a Man Charmed by Snakes, Dies at 100 2011-06-18T01:08:07Z A new study suggests venomous cottonmouths may harbor Eastern equine encephalitis virus through the winter. Vipers Go Viral 2012-10-05T20:08:19Z In Memphis, where the river is expected to peak Monday night, residents have been advised to be on the lookout for several venomous snakes, including copperheads and cottonmouth water moccasins, in unexpected places. Floodwaters push reptiles, other critters into the open 2011-05-09T19:25:11Z Preserved western cottonmouths were examined for the purpose of determining variation, distribution, food habits, body proportions, embryonic development, and reproductive cycles. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z When Hurd went to retrieve his snakes -- diamondback rattlesnakes, canebrake rattlesnakes, timber rattlesnakes, cottonmouths and copperheads -- he was arrested. Tennessee investigates illegal trade in poisonous snakes 2011-02-08T22:49:33Z “This place looks like a natural haunt for cottonmouths or moccasins,” she remarked. Swamp Island 2011-01-28T03:00:22.400Z I,—with no thought but the heav'n that did lock us in,— Set naked feet 'mid the cottonmouth, moccasin, Under the roses, the Cherokee, eyeing me.— One Day & Another A Lyrical Eclogue There on the rug, coiled in readiness to strike, was a three-foot cottonmouth, head swaying viciously from side to side, wicked eyes shining in the bright light from the chandelier. Pledged to the Dead The cottonmouths examined include: 221 from Texas; 33 from Arkansas; 22 from Louisiana; 2 from Illinois; and 1 each from Kansas, Mississippi, and Oklahoma. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Joe Harmon was small and stout, a little round man with bushy eyebrows and the flabby face of a cottonmouth snake. The Mississippi Saucer Although there were more than a dozen species of snakes, only three needed to be feared, the rattlers, the coral snake, and the cottonmouth. Swamp Island 2011-01-28T03:00:22.400Z I went out in my front yard yesterday right after the rain and killed a great big ol' cottonmouth. The Mule-Bone: A Comedy of Negro Life in Three Acts It was a cottonmouth—a water moccasin—deadly as a rattlesnake, but more dangerous, for it sounds no warning before striking, and can strike when only half coiled. Pledged to the Dead The cottonmouth has been well known for nearly 200 years. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z But there were cottonmouths down there too, with death behind their fangs, and no love for the life that was crawling upward. The Mississippi Saucer When suddenly approached the moccasin opens wide its white-lined mouth, and one then understands why it is called cottonmouth. On the Trail An Outdoor Book for Girls Here, in their presence, David felt the loathing for the Hatburns a snake inspires— dusty brown rattlers and silent cottonmouths. The Happy End He was in the room when I opened this letter, and when the cottonmouth appeared beside me on the floor he made a dash for it. Pledged to the Dead The name "cottonmouth" also was derived from this behavior, although the lining of the mouth is whitish in most other snakes. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z When Jimmy looked up into the sky he could see all the blazing stars of space, with cottonmouths on every planet of every sun. The Mississippi Saucer It brought out into hideous clearness the writhing dark bodies of the crawling moccasins, even to the patches of white at their lips which gave them their sinister name of "cottonmouths." Black Caesar's Clan : a Florida Mystery Story Published records of other animals preying on cottonmouths or killing them are few. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z The only kind of ectoparasite found on captive cottonmouths in the course of my study was a snake mite, Ophionyssus natricus. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z In fact, a great majority of the "cottonmouths" reported in many areas are found to be water-snakes. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Uncle Al says he told you to bide from the cottonmouths. The Mississippi Saucer Under natural conditions frequent swimming probably keeps cottonmouths nearly free of mites. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z The high percentage of cottonmouths infested with flukes is indicative of the use of frogs as a major source of food. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z In the days following emergence in spring, cottonmouths often endure uncomfortable and even dangerous temperatures in order to obtain food and mates. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z All are of late Pleistocene Age and well within the present geographic range of the cottonmouth. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Indications are that in the northern part of its range the annual activity cycle of the cottonmouth resembles that of the copperhead in northeastern Kansas. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z In northern Oklahoma cottonmouths have been found along the Verdigris River as early as March, suggesting that a few winter in crayfish holes and mammal burrows. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z However, in one instance related to me by a reliable observer, seven cottonmouths were found together on a creek bank near the Gulf Coast in early spring. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z It has been well established that cottonmouths, like most other crotalids and many snakes of other families, prefer nocturnal to diurnal activity, even though the temperature may be less favorable at night. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z In range and habitat preference the cottonmouth more closely resembles the southern subspecies of the copperhead, A. c. contortrix, which is usually found in lowlands, near swamps and streams, but seldom in water. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z But, in well shaded, moist forests, cottonmouths feed actively in the daytime. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Because of the aquatic habits of the cottonmouth, relative humidity probably has little influence on the snake's activity. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z However, cottonmouths are more restricted to the vicinity of water in dry weather than during rains or muggy weather when many of their natural prey species also move about more freely. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Rattlesnakes and cottonmouths in particular are killed by the thousands at these times because they seek shelter in human habitations. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Distribution of cottonmouths in Florida is statewide, including the Keys and other offshore islands. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z The wide variation in color of cottonmouths probably affects rates of heat increase and loss due to direct radiation. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z No rates of temperature increase or decrease are available for cottonmouths. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Many of the cottonmouths that I kept in captivity were observed in a coiled position for periods up to three or four days. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Both the cottonmouth and the cantil have definite affinities for water and are as likely to be found in water as out of it. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Hence, cottonmouths may have entered this area via the Ohio River. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z The number of different opinions expressed in the literature concerning the cottonmouth's disposition is not at all surprising. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z The cottonmouth is considered by some writers to be docile while others consider it to be highly dangerous. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z The typical threatening posture of rattlesnakes is all but lacking in the cottonmouth, which relies primarily on concealing coloration or nearness to water for escape. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Freshly dried cottonmouth venom tested on young white rats showed the lethal dose to be from 23 to 29 milligrams per kilogram of body weight. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z In Texas the cottonmouth has penetrated marginal habitat perhaps farther than anywhere else in its range. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z The venom of 11 one-week-old cottonmouths was found to be more potent than that of adult males. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Approximately the same potency was determined for cottonmouths. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Several rattlesnakes that he tested showed a higher toxicity than copperheads or cottonmouths. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z If that is so, the venom of cottonmouths would be expected to be more toxic when tested on fish, reptiles, and amphibians than on birds and mammals. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z The scutellation of the cottonmouth closely resembles that of the other species of Agkistrodon. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z This explanation accounts for the powerful venom of Sistrurus catenatus; and, in this respect, venom of cottonmouths should be highly toxic also. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Copperhead venom killed copperheads faster than did other venoms but took more time to kill massasaugas, cottonmouths, and timber rattlers. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z The bite pattern of the cottonmouth as well as the other crotalids showed the typical fang punctures plus punctures of teeth on both the pterygoid and mandible. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z In the region where the cottonmouth occurs there are approximately 2000 persons bitten annually by poisonous snakes. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z The spine of embryos and young cottonmouths is blunt, but is pointed in most adults. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z These percentages vary considerably from place to place, because of the distribution and abundance of the eight species of poisonous snakes whose ranges overlap that of the cottonmouth. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Fangs of captive cottonmouths were shed and replaced at intervals of about 21 days, but the interval was variable. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Sexual dimorphism in the position of the scar is characteristic of some snakes but is minimal in cottonmouths. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z The maximum age of cottonmouths in nature is unknown, but one has been kept in captivity for more than 18 years. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Slightly more than a mile downstream cottonmouths are common in a bottomland area. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z The food of cottonmouths consists mainly of small vertebrates and occasionally invertebrates that are found near water. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Generally, cottonmouths retain their hold on fish or frogs but release mice and larger prey after delivering a bite. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z The major causes of mortality of cottonmouths are obscure. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z The maximal body temperatures tolerated by four cottonmouths were between 38° and 40° C., but a temperature of 38° was lethal to a fifth individual. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z I have seen cottonmouths in various types of aquatic habitats in Brazoria County. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Toxicity of the venom is difficult to determine because of numerous variables, but cottonmouth venom is generally believed to be less potent than that of most rattlesnakes and more potent than that of the copperhead. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Notes on the courtship of the cottonmouth moccasin. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Material ingested by the cottonmouth, Agkistrodon piscivorus, at Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Food habits of the cottonmouth in southern Illinois. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Mean January temperatures equal to those along the northern limits of the western cottonmouth's distribution are reached in the vicinity of Connecticut, which is north of the geographic range of the eastern subspecies. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Some observations on two cottonmouth moccasins made during 12 and 14 years of captivity. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z In the preparation of this report I have examined all available literature pertaining to the cottonmouth and have drawn from these sources for comparative or additional material. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z The term "rattlesnake" may have come from the fact that the cottonmouth vibrates its tail vigorously when nervous as do many other snakes, or it may have been confused with rattlesnakes. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z The cottonmouth is economically important mainly because of the injurious or fatal effects of its bite and the psychological effect that its actual or suspected presence has upon many persons. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z I was given notes of a similar nature by Richard S. Funk of Junction City, Kansas, on a brood of five cottonmouths. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z There is little paleontological evidence illustrating evolution of the cottonmouth or for that matter of crotalids in general. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z The cottonmouth occurs throughout the coastal plains of the southeastern United States, usually at altitudes of 500 feet or less. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z The young are more nearly alike in appearance than adults, the copperhead and the cottonmouth being easily confused. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z In the hypsithermal period following Pleistocene glaciation, cottonmouths gradually moved northward occupying areas beyond their present range. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Young cottonmouths increase nearly 50 millimeters in length by the first spring if they inhabit warm areas and feed in autumn or winter. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z In 1963 I examined the fangs of 14 cottonmouths at four- to seven-day intervals for a period of six weeks. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z I found a double set of fangs in cottonmouths only twice in the six-week period. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z The fangs of various species of rattlesnakes range from nearly the same proportionate length as those of cottonmouths to some much longer. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Shaded, moist areas either in or beside shallow waters are preferred, but cottonmouths occasionally wander as far as a mile from water. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Variation in size of newborn cottonmouths may be less in nature than in captivity. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z In the pine-oak forests of Nacogdoches County in eastern Texas cottonmouths and copperheads are probably the most abundant species of snakes. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z On the Stephen F. Austin Experimental Forest numerous cottonmouths live in a swamp until around mid-July, when it becomes dry. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Interspecific competition may be reduced somewhat by cottonmouths sometimes feeding on water-snakes. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Geographically cottonmouths differ somewhat in their ecological requirements, but are basically much alike in most respects. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z The difference between male and female cottonmouths is not nearly so great as in Heterodon. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z The eastern cottonmouth seems to be less tolerant of low temperatures than the western subspecies. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z The depths to which cottonmouths penetrate into their dens may have a limiting influence upon the geographic range, especially in the northern extremes. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z A review of available literature indicates no records of courtship of the cottonmouth other than statements that breeding occurs in early spring. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Accounts in the literature of 15 litters of cottonmouths fix the time of birth as August and September. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z The only records of growth increments in a natural population of cottonmouths are those in Table 11. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z No investigator has yet analyzed the composition of a population of cottonmouths according to age, sex and snout-vent length. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Composition of a group of cottonmouths examined in this study. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z On many occasions cottonmouths appeared to rely solely on sight; they passed within a few inches of prey, apparently unaware of its presence until it moved. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z When pools of water begin to dry up toward the end of summer, cottonmouths often congregate and feed on dying fish. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Bathing or swimming ordinarily causes dried skin to peel off; and, because of the cottonmouth's aquatic habits, its chances of shedding successfully are much greater than those of less aquatic snakes. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z After its prey has been killed, a cottonmouth examines the body from end to end by touching it with the tongue. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z I have occasionally offered tadpoles and frogs to cottonmouths, but only the frogs were accepted. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z But, Stanley Roth kept a cottonmouth in captivity that ate both toads and tadpoles. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Reptiles more often than other classes of vertebrates prey on the cottonmouth. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Food is obtained by a variety of methods depending on the type of food, age of the cottonmouth, and possibly other factors. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Man is probably the greatest enemy of the cottonmouth. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z All but three large cottonmouths, which were under shelter at the time of spraying, were killed. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z After cleaning a cage containing five cottonmouths and placing several mice in the cage for food, I noticed two of the snakes lying stretched out, partially on one side, and almost unable to move. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z In preparation for winter, cottonmouths migrate inland, usually to dry forested hillsides where they den, commonly among rocks at the tops of bluffs, along with several other species of snakes. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z On one occasion a cottonmouth was observed to grasp the edge of a glass dish that had contained fish and apparently retained the odor. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Neill believes that the use of stumps by cottonmouths is an innate pattern of behavior, because of the large number of young-of-the-year found in such surroundings. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z I have twice observed cottonmouths crawling into crayfish burrows along the Gulf Coast of Texas, and suppose they are used as denning sites to some extent. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z In an area of the Stephen F. Austin Experimental Forest near Nacogdoches, Texas, many cottonmouths journey daily to and from a swamp and a dry field, evidently to feed on rodents inhabiting the area. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z On another occasion, I captured a large cottonmouth that was feeding upon dying fish in a drying pool about 10:30 a.m. on August 19, 1962. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z The cottonmouth seems to be an opportunistic omni-carnivore, because it eats almost any type of flesh that is available, including carrion. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z The C. T. M. of five cottonmouths was determined by placing each individual in an enclosed area and heating it with an infrared lamp. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z The cottonmouths prefer to lie in a coiled position and, during basking, can usually be found beside bodies of water or on branches of dead trees overhanging the water. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Since cottonmouths are semi-aquatic and are often exposed to temperatures that are lower than those of the air, they either must bask more often than terrestrial snakes or tolerate lower temperatures. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Young cottonmouths are inclined to remain in a coiled position for longer periods than older individuals. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Of 246 cottonmouths that I examined for food items, only 46 contained prey in their digestive tracts. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z The other two types of locomotion, sidewinding and concertina, have not, to my knowledge, been observed in the cottonmouth. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z They also recounted a case in which a cottonmouth was kept as a pet for six years, being allowed the freedom of the house. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z In my encounters with cottonmouths, I have never found any aggressive individuals except for three juveniles that were born in captivity. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z This threat display is unique to cottonmouths; although it does not attract as much attention as the display of rattlesnakes, it is probably an effective warning to most intruders at close range. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Therefore it was impossible to determine what proportion of any population of cottonmouths could be expected to contain food. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z I observed the killing and devouring of a cottonmouth by a speckled king-snake, L. g. holbrooki; the only attempts to escape were by rapid crawling and biting. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z How often this defense mechanism is used against other animals is not known, but the musky odor can frequently be detected in areas where cottonmouths are common. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Elapid snakes tend to have more of elements 1, 4, and 6 in their venoms, while viperids and crotalids, of which the cottonmouth is one, have higher quantities of elements 2, 3, and 5. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z Another group of cottonmouths from which venom was extracted over a period of five years also showed no decrease in yield or toxicity. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z One cottonmouth contained a Hyla cinerea, several leaves, and five sticks from 37 to 95 millimeters long and from 12 to 14 millimeters in diameter. Natural History of Cottonmouth Moccasin, Agkistrodon piscovorus (Reptilia) 2011-12-17T03:00:17.963Z |
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