| 单词 | Condorcet |
| 例句 | The possibility of social irrationality resting on a base of individual rationality is suggested by a slight variant of Condorcet’s original example. Innumeracy: Mathematical Illiteracy and Its Consequences 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Let’s explore three approaches to vote tallying: plurality, instant runoff and “Condorcet methods,” each of which leads to unexpected behavior. Could Math Design the Perfect Electoral System? 2023-11-02T04:00:00Z Condorcet wrote the Sketch while hiding from the extremist wing of the French Revolution. Books for our time: seven classics that speak to us now 2019-12-12T05:00:00Z The convention enabled Condorcet to draft the world’s first democratic constitution. Could populism actually be good for democracy? 2018-10-11T04:00:00Z There are a few examples: the Condorcet data centre in Paris sends its waste heat directly into a neighbouring Climate Change Arboretum, where scientists study the impacts of high temperatures on vegetation. How to stop data centres from gobbling up the world’s electricity 2018-09-11T04:00:00Z Without offending Aristotle, the Marquis de Condorcet and Francis Galton, Michael Laudrup’s lack of international recognition erodes confidence in the principle. Michael Laudrup: a portrait of an icon 2017-11-21T05:00:00Z Unlike instant runoff and Condorcet methods, plurality is not actually a ranked choice voting scheme. Could Math Design the Perfect Electoral System? 2023-11-02T04:00:00Z Condorcet had a brilliant and far-ranging mind; his early work included the pioneering Essay on the Application of Analysis to the Probability of Majority Decisions, in 1785. Books for our time: seven classics that speak to us now 2019-12-12T05:00:00Z Thus the great French philosopher Condorcet in 1793 proposed creating a new, indirect form of self-rule, linking local assemblies to a national government. Could populism actually be good for democracy? 2018-10-11T04:00:00Z Drawing contrasts between the 18th and 20th centuries, Niebuhr invoked the generally optimistic French Enlightenment philosophe, the Marquis de Condorcet, who was a friend of Thomas Jefferson’s. A vote for moral technology: Updating Reinhold Niebuhr to the age of Donald Trump 2017-07-16T04:00:00Z This takes us back to a classic disagreement between Thomas Robert Malthus and the Marquis de Condorcet in the 18th century, at the height of the Enlightenment. Amartya Sen: Women’s Progress Outdid China’s One-Child Policy 2015-11-02T05:00:00Z Condorcet methods, named after 18th-century French mathematician and political philosopher Marquis de Condorcet, elect a candidate who would win in a head-to-head election against any other candidate. Could Math Design the Perfect Electoral System? 2023-11-02T04:00:00Z Condorcet advocated the abolition of slavery and equal rights for women, including women’s suffrage. Books for our time: seven classics that speak to us now 2019-12-12T05:00:00Z “By ingrafting representation upon democracy,” as Condorcet’s friend Tom Paine put it, the people could exercise their power both directly, in local assemblies, and indirectly, by provisionally entrusting some of their powers to elected representatives. Could populism actually be good for democracy? 2018-10-11T04:00:00Z Condorcet was convinced that the future held “the destruction of inequality between nations, the progress of equality among the common people, and the growth of man toward perfection.” A vote for moral technology: Updating Reinhold Niebuhr to the age of Donald Trump 2017-07-16T04:00:00Z Just because Mr. Carson is the Condorcet winner does not mean he has the greatest chance of winning the Republican nomination. Ben Carson, Beating All Comers 2015-10-28T04:00:00Z Gore winning any hypothetical one-on-one election would make him a so-called Condorcet candidate. Could Math Design the Perfect Electoral System? 2023-11-02T04:00:00Z Its author, the mathematician and philosopher Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet, saw no limits to the capacity of human intelligence, and called on his readers to use it to build a better society. Books for our time: seven classics that speak to us now 2019-12-12T05:00:00Z The analysis is based on the ideas of Marquis de Condorcet, the 18th-century French political theorist. The Republican Matchups: An Analysis 2015-10-28T04:00:00Z “I don’t get it, myself,” said Ms. Legal, outside the Lycée Condorcet on a gray morning last week. Paris Journal: A Rite of Passage for French Students Receives a Poor Grade 2013-06-27T23:31:23Z The idea of looking at all pairwise contests was first proposed by the French political theorist Marquis de Condorcet over 200 years ago. Ben Carson, Beating All Comers 2015-10-28T04:00:00Z But here’s an important snag in electing Condorcet candidates: they don’t always exist. Could Math Design the Perfect Electoral System? 2023-11-02T04:00:00Z Condorcet wanted a classless French republic of citizens protecting their freedom through voting. Books for our time: seven classics that speak to us now 2019-12-12T05:00:00Z These lines were afterwards noted by Condorcet as “the first signal of a war, which not even the death of Voltaire could extinguish.” Voltaire: A Sketch of his Life and Works 2012-03-14T02:00:25.570Z This is the most vulgar liberalism, a belated piece of rationalism in the spirit of the eighteenth century—with the difference that the ideas of Condorcet are replaced by a vulgarisation of the Communist Manifesto. Dictatorship vs. Democracy (Terrorism and Communism) 2012-02-27T03:00:14.477Z In his honor, we say that a candidate who can beat all rivals is a Condorcet winner. Ben Carson, Beating All Comers 2015-10-28T04:00:00Z You, M. Condorcet, will expire lying on the floor of a subterranean prison. Modern Magic 2012-01-01T03:00:09.557Z "Condorcet," says an eye witness, "nearly made me cry out, by the squeezes which he gave my hand at every sentence uttered by the pale, slender, youthful speaker." Harper's New Monthly Magazine, Vol. 3, No. 15, August, 1851 2011-12-27T03:00:07.217Z If Condorcet wrote just before his death his immortal Sketch, Voltaire took a preponderating part in the creation of the intellectual atmosphere in which Condorcet lived and could develop his genius. Voltaire: A Sketch of his Life and Works 2012-03-14T02:00:25.570Z It was a real religion, the religion of progress, of the eighteenth century which had its devotees and with Condorcet its martyr. Thomas Jefferson The Apostle of Americanism 2011-11-23T03:00:55.563Z Our main goal in presenting these numbers goes beyond finding a Condorcet winner. Ben Carson, Beating All Comers 2015-10-28T04:00:00Z Condorcet defends no less emphatically the view that the faculty of growing more perfect is inherent in man. Morals and the Evolution of Man 2011-11-14T03:00:18.930Z "Let us see," said Condorcet, with his affected look of simplicity, "a philosopher is not sorry to meet a prophet." The International Monthly, Volume 4, No. 4, November 1, 1851 2011-11-03T02:00:15.113Z Condorcet says the servant mistook one of the doses, which threw him into a state of lethargy, from which he never recovered. Voltaire: A Sketch of his Life and Works 2012-03-14T02:00:25.570Z It is not either the "love of God", for an atheist may have morality, and "Diderot, d'Holbach, Condorcet, are known to have been the most virtuous of men." Thomas Jefferson The Apostle of Americanism 2011-11-23T03:00:55.563Z Oh yes, I was acquainted with Condorcet, Lavoisier, and many others of that stamp. Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, Vol. 60, No. 373, November 1846 2011-10-21T02:00:17.417Z It is possible that some composition of his, in pursuance of the task assigned him and Condorcet, was utilized by the Committee of Public Safety in its answer to George III. The Life Of Thomas Paine, Vol. II. (of II) With A History of His Literary, Political and Religious Career in America France, and England 2011-10-12T02:00:47.957Z You, M. Condorcet," continued M. Cazotte, "you will be stretched out upon the floor of a dungeon, there to yield up your ghost. The International Monthly, Volume 4, No. 4, November 1, 1851 2011-11-03T02:00:15.113Z He also described "French philanthropy" as "Condorcet filtered through the dregs of Paine." The Life Of Thomas Paine, Vol. I. (of II) With A History of His Literary, Political and Religious Career in America France, and England; to which is added a Sketch of Paine by William Cobbett 2011-10-12T02:00:38.787Z Poor Richard would seem to have little in common with Prometheus, but Prometheus, if Condorcet is to be believed, as well as Poor Richard, Franklin was; to say nothing of other transmigrations. Benjamin Franklin; Self-Revealed, Volume II (of 2) A Biographical and Critical Study Based Mainly on his own Writings 2011-08-16T02:00:39.793Z In France the doctrine was represented by Turgot and Condorcet. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 1 "Evangelical Church Conference" to "Fairbairn, Sir William" 2011-07-16T02:00:16.387Z Yet when, on June 2d, the doomed Girondins were arrested, there were surprising exceptions: Paine and his literary collaborateur, Condorcet. The Life Of Thomas Paine, Vol. II. (of II) With A History of His Literary, Political and Religious Career in America France, and England 2011-10-12T02:00:47.957Z Fauriel’s M�moires, found with Condorcet’s papers, are in the Institute library. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z The infidel Condorcet published an edition of the “Thoughts.” French Classics 2011-05-22T02:00:12.620Z But Jefferson, the "dreaming Condorcet," as Hamilton sometimes called him, proved an accomplished statesman. Inquiry Into the Origin and Course of Political Parties in the United States 2011-04-24T02:00:09.423Z About 1772 he made a journey to Paris, where he formed the acquaintance of Condorcet, Diderot, d’Alembert, Rousseau and most of the other eminent Frenchmen of the day. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 1 "Evangelical Church Conference" to "Fairbairn, Sir William" 2011-07-16T02:00:16.387Z Condorcet had said that in preparing a Constitution for France they had not consulted Numa's nymph or the pigeon of Mahomet; they had found human reason sufficient. The Life Of Thomas Paine, Vol. II. (of II) With A History of His Literary, Political and Religious Career in America France, and England 2011-10-12T02:00:47.957Z The salon of Mme de Condorcet was throughout the Consulate and the first Empire a rallying point for the dissentient republicans. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z Such was the opinion held by Robespierre, St. Just, Condorcet, Carnot, Danton, several Girondins, and, in fact, the great majority of the house. The Sword of Honor, volumes 1 & 2 or The Foundation of the French Republic, A Tale of The French Revolution 2011-03-21T02:00:09.090Z To Condorcet, his friend and disciple, Franklin was one who "was enabled to wield a power sufficient to disarm the wrath of Heaven." Benjamin Franklin Representative selections, with introduction, bibliograpy, and notes 2011-03-08T03:00:46.777Z Shelley, following Godwin and Condorcet, was a firm believer in the perfectibility of human nature. The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources 2011-03-08T03:00:45.010Z It could hardly have been completed before the warfare broke out between the Mountain and the Girondins, when anything emanating from Condorcet and Paine would have been delayed, if not suppressed. The Life Of Thomas Paine, Vol. II. (of II) With A History of His Literary, Political and Religious Career in America France, and England 2011-10-12T02:00:47.957Z By the Marquis of Condorcet we are informed, that this measure originated in the liberal and enlightened mind of that excellent citizen and statesman, M. Turgot. Narrative of the Voyages Round the World, Performed by Captain James Cook : with an Account of His Life During the Previous and Intervening Periods 2011-01-12T03:00:35.190Z Condorcet, in commenting on this statement, remarks that "if men capable of invention were alone to have a place in the world, there would be many a vacant one, even in the academies." Woman in Science With an Introductory Chapter on Woman's Long Struggle for Things of the Mind 2011-01-12T03:00:29.853Z Some time before his death," says Condorcet in his Eloge, "Linnæus traced in Latin, on a sheet of paper, his character, his manners, and his external conformation, imitating in this respect several great men. Lives of Eminent Zoologists, from Aristotle to Linnæus with Introductory remarks on the Study of Natural History Bailly, Condorcet, and their tribe, proved themselves utterly feeble, helpless, and trifling, where manliness, activity, and intelligence of mind were required. Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, Volume 59, No. 368, June 1846 There are one or two brief essays in Condorcet's works—notably "The French Republic to Free Men"—which suggest collaboration with Paine, and may be fragments of their Address.* The Life Of Thomas Paine, Vol. II. (of II) With A History of His Literary, Political and Religious Career in America France, and England 2011-10-12T02:00:47.957Z Condorcet's works are voluminous, and partake strongly of the philosophe character. A Short History of French Literature After the death of Madame Helvetius our society gathered together in the salon of Madame de Condorcet. Anatole France The Revolt of the Angels Both works were widely and eagerly read, and are perhaps, from a merely literary point of view, the best of Condorcet’s writings. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 7 "Columbus" to "Condottiere" Mill and by those who have succeeded him in the advocacy of women’s electoral freedom to those used by the Marquis de Condorcet in this essay. The First Essay on the Political Rights of Women At this time the long friendship between Paine and Condorcet, and the Marchioness too, had become very intimate. The Life Of Thomas Paine, Vol. II. (of II) With A History of His Literary, Political and Religious Career in America France, and England 2011-10-12T02:00:47.957Z A divided executive, which was an important phase in the transformation of ancient monarchies into republics, and which, through the advocacy of Condorcet, took root in France, has proved to be weakness itself. The History of Freedom I have not yet succeeded in finding Paine's Constitution, but it is certain that the work of framing the Constitution of 1793 was mainly entrusted to Paine and Condorcet. The Writings Of Thomas Paine, Volume III. 1791-1804 Condorcet was, of course, at once hurried along by it into the midst of the conflicts and confusion of the Revolution. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 7 "Columbus" to "Condottiere" Condorcet, upon leaving his deep and complicated calculations unfinished, after having retired to rest, often found their results unfolded to him in his dreams. Harper's New Monthly Magazine, Volume 2, No. 12, May, 1851. In the debate three, besides Paine, gave emphatic expression to that sentiment, Manuel, Condorcet,—Robespierre! The Life Of Thomas Paine, Vol. II. (of II) With A History of His Literary, Political and Religious Career in America France, and England 2011-10-12T02:00:47.957Z Here and there, as in the account of Condorcet, there may be an unprofitable or superfluous sentence. The History of Freedom On February 1,1793, the Convention having declared war, appointed Paine, Bar�re, Condorcet and Faber, a Committee to draft an address to the English people. The Writings Of Thomas Paine, Volume III. 1791-1804 Condorcet was undoubtedly a most sincere, generous and noble-minded man. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 7 "Columbus" to "Condottiere" The defects, the nobility, and the beauty of the ideal of the Third Age are conspicuous in the great last work of Condorcet. The Origins and Destiny of Imperial Britain Nineteenth Century Europe Over that Constitution for which they were clamoring he and his lost friend Condorcet had spent many a day of honest toil. The Life Of Thomas Paine, Vol. II. (of II) With A History of His Literary, Political and Religious Career in America France, and England 2011-10-12T02:00:47.957Z Condorcet, among others, conceived the idea of an international language. Woman under socialism I wrote the original in English, and Condorcet translated it. The Writings Of Thomas Paine, Volume III. 1791-1804 There is an epoch of the future—a tenth epoch,—and the most original part of Condorcet’s treatise is that which is devoted to it. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 7 "Columbus" to "Condottiere" And a fragment written by Turgot in his youth inspired something of the substance and even of the title of Condorcet's great Esquisse. The Origins and Destiny of Imperial Britain Nineteenth Century Europe For simply criticising the Constitution they brought forward in place of that of the first committee, Condorcet had to fly from prosecution. The Life Of Thomas Paine, Vol. II. (of II) With A History of His Literary, Political and Religious Career in America France, and England 2011-10-12T02:00:47.957Z It is hardly necessary to say that in this Condorcet was mistaken. Anarchism and Socialism When I say this of Condorcet, I know it as a fact. The Writings Of Thomas Paine, Volume III. 1791-1804 Only the interest of the matter prevents one from thinking of Rivarol’s ill-natured remark upon Condorcet, that he wrote with opium on a page of lead. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 7 "Columbus" to "Condottiere" Amongst the public men who knew Paine personally were Burke, Home Tooke, Priestley, Lord Edward Fitzgerald, Dr. Moore, Jefferson, Washington, Volney and Condorcet: but none of these ever hinted at his love of drink. Arrows of Freethought It is a condensed statement of the principles underlying the Constitution written by himself and Condorcet, now included among Condorcet's works. The Life Of Thomas Paine, Vol. II. (of II) With A History of His Literary, Political and Religious Career in America France, and England 2011-10-12T02:00:47.957Z Thus Condorcet undertook to construct deductively all precepts of healthy morality by starting from the truth that man is a sentient and reasonable being. Anarchism and Socialism That piece was concerted between Condorcet and myself. The Writings Of Thomas Paine, Volume III. 1791-1804 He descended from the ancient family of Caritat, who took their title from Condorcet, near Nyons in Dauphin�, where they were long settled. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 7 "Columbus" to "Condottiere" The Girondists were nearly all Atheists, from Condorcet and Madame Roland down to the obscurest victims of the Terror who went gaily to their doom with the hymn of freedom upon their proud lips. Flowers of Freethought (Second Series) That original Committee had gradually left the task to Paine and Condorcet,—Siey�s, because he had no real sympathy with republicanism, though he honored Paine.* The Life Of Thomas Paine, Vol. II. (of II) With A History of His Literary, Political and Religious Career in America France, and England 2011-10-12T02:00:47.957Z Such was the last epistle ever written by Condorcet. Ancient and Modern Celebrated Freethinkers Reprinted From an English Work, Entitled "Half-Hours With The Freethinkers." Recollections of Mirabeau": "The celebrated Paine was at this time in Paris, and intimate in Condorcet's family. The Writings Of Thomas Paine, Volume III. 1791-1804 There is an able essay on Condorcet in Lord Morley of Blackburn’s Critical Miscellanies. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 7 "Columbus" to "Condottiere" The Lycée Condorcet is a great barn of a place, from which nearly all the furniture has been removed, but it provides for the moment the two essentials, a roof and safety. The Note-Book of an Attaché Seven Months in the War Zone Malthus tells us that his study was brought forward as an answer to the doctrines of the “Inquirer,” and he applied his principles to Condorcet's and Godwin's ideas. Principles Of Political Economy Abridged with Critical, Bibliographical, and Explanatory Notes, and a Sketch of the History of Political Economy It was not long after Condorcet's death, before the Committee of Public Instruction undertook the charge of publishing the whole of his works. Ancient and Modern Celebrated Freethinkers Reprinted From an English Work, Entitled "Half-Hours With The Freethinkers." But Shelley's world was the world of the utilitarian Godwin and the mathematical Condorcet. Shelley, Godwin and Their Circle Only the profound and stimulating interest of much of the matter prevents one from thinking of Rivarol's ill-natured remark upon Condorcet, that he wrote with opium on a page of lead. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 3 of 3) Essay 10: Auguste Comte Hundreds of Germans will tonight sleep on the bare floor of the Lycée Condorcet, and be more thankful for that safe resting-place than ever they have been for the most comfortable bed or luxurious apartment. The Note-Book of an Attaché Seven Months in the War Zone It is said that there are to be twelve great camps for these unfortunates who are to assemble in the Lycée Condorcet for immediate transportation.” The Dark Star When Turgot became Minister of Marine, he gave Condorcet a post as Inspector of Canals; from this he was subsequently promoted to the Inspector of the Mint. Ancient and Modern Celebrated Freethinkers Reprinted From an English Work, Entitled "Half-Hours With The Freethinkers." Condorcet, in hiding and awaiting death, wrote in these months his Sketch of human progress. Shelley, Godwin and Their Circle Condorcet began by framing the question of literary property as one of political liberty. The Public Domain Enclosing the Commons of the Mind In the Rue Condorcet today I saw such a dispute settled with a twenty-franc tip. The Note-Book of an Attaché Seven Months in the War Zone Condorcet, the master's pupil, thought that the world might be emancipated by burning its records. Lectures on the French Revolution Shortly after this, time, Condorcet married Madame de Grouchy—also celebrated as a lady of great beauty, good fortune, and an educated Atheist. Ancient and Modern Celebrated Freethinkers Reprinted From an English Work, Entitled "Half-Hours With The Freethinkers." It would not long have survived such proposals as Paine's scheme of old age pensions and Condorcet's project of national education. Shelley, Godwin and Their Circle Like Jefferson, Condorcet is utterly unconvinced that property rights in a book can be compared to those in a field or a piece of furniture which can be occupied or used by only one man. The Public Domain Enclosing the Commons of the Mind Now, in his old age, he hailed Condorcet’s edition, and reissued it two years later, with an Introduction and Notes by himself. Pascal Condorcet assumed a disguise, and crept out of the house with a Horace in one pocket and a dose of poison in the other. Lectures on the French Revolution The guillotine had not been idle during the few weeks of Condorcet's retreat. Ancient and Modern Celebrated Freethinkers Reprinted From an English Work, Entitled "Half-Hours With The Freethinkers." It is as much a page torn from the journals of the French Revolution as Paine's Rights of Man or Condorcet's Sketch. Shelley, Godwin and Their Circle In place of Diderot's perpetual natural right, Condorcet sketched out a regime that encourages production and distribution by granting the minimum rights necessary for progress. The Public Domain Enclosing the Commons of the Mind It was Condorcet who first applied to the paper the epithet of Pascal’s “Amulette;” and Lélut has adopted the epithet, and written a volume more or less relating to it. Pascal The Girondins, by their penman Condorcet, had omitted the name of God, and had assured liberty of conscience only as liberty of opinion. Lectures on the French Revolution In the "Life of Condorcet," by Arago, there is a curious extract copied from a collection of anecdotes, said to be compiled from his note-books, and dignified with the title of "M�moires de Condorcet." Ancient and Modern Celebrated Freethinkers Reprinted From an English Work, Entitled "Half-Hours With The Freethinkers." The rare men who saw this, from Holbach and Condorcet to Mill, were philosophers. Shelley, Godwin and Their Circle On the other was Condorcet, looking skeptically at authorial privileges as merely one type of state interference with free markets and the free circulation of books and ideas. The Public Domain Enclosing the Commons of the Mind It was not till the edition of Condorcet in 1776 that they can be said to have undergone any new rédaction. Pascal A criticism immediately appeared, which was anonymous, but in which the hand of Condorcet was easily recognised. Lectures on the French Revolution This very qualification, we consider, is sufficient to absolve Condorcet from, the charge of being a "woman hater." Ancient and Modern Celebrated Freethinkers Reprinted From an English Work, Entitled "Half-Hours With The Freethinkers." Condorcet was not a brilliant writer, but the humanity and generosity of his thought finds a powerful and reasoned expression in his sober and somewhat laboured sentences. Shelley, Godwin and Their Circle Perhaps the title is just; but Condorcet's praise, though exaggerated, was not without good foundation. The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 11 Condorcet suppressed or modified whatever partook of a too lofty enthusiasm or a too fervent piety. Pascal When Roland, Condorcet, Gorsas, spoke of them in public, they described them as a dreadful necessity, an act of rude but inevitable justice. Lectures on the French Revolution But it was in the "Academy" where Condorcet's influence was supreme. Ancient and Modern Celebrated Freethinkers Reprinted From an English Work, Entitled "Half-Hours With The Freethinkers." The men of the Revolution phrased that idea each in his own way, according as they had been influenced, primarily, by Rousseau, Helvétius, or Condorcet. Shelley, Godwin and Their Circle Hard facts, which Godwin and Condorcet had neglected, were fatal to their dreams. The English Utilitarians, Volume II (of 3) James Mill Condorcet, however, consulted the original manuscripts themselves, without any thought of doing justice to Pascal’s text. Pascal Out of the Tinker's bag he had drawn a translation of Condorcet's Progress of Man, and another of Rousseau's Social Contract. The International Monthly, Volume 3, No. 1, April, 1851 In all those cases Condorcet was the prime mover and the agent concerned. Ancient and Modern Celebrated Freethinkers Reprinted From an English Work, Entitled "Half-Hours With The Freethinkers." The work which he did as a member, with Sieyès, Danton, Condorcet, and five others, of the little committee named to draft the constitution, was ephemeral. Shelley, Godwin and Their Circle Malthus simply urges against Condorcet that our inability to fix limits precisely does not imply that there are no limits. The English Utilitarians, Volume II (of 3) James Mill Condorcet died in prison, poisoned, it is believed, by his own hand. A History of French Literature Short Histories of the Literatures of the World: II. Lavoisier, the chemist; Condorcet, the philosopher; General Custine; and General Houchard; all of whom had been the allies of the present dominant party. A Modern History, From the Time of Luther to the Fall of Napoleon For the Use of Schools and Colleges Condorcet says that the servant mistook one of the doses, which threw him into a state of lethargy, from which he never rallied. Ancient and Modern Celebrated Freethinkers Reprinted From an English Work, Entitled "Half-Hours With The Freethinkers." Condorcet was less sanguine, but his perspective was short. Shelley, Godwin and Their Circle In previous chapters he has supported Malthus's attack on Godwin and Condorcet. The English Utilitarians, Volume II (of 3) James Mill Condorcet, as the century drew towards a close, bringing together the ideas of economists and historians, traced human progress through the past, and uttered ardent prophecies of human perfectibility in the future. A History of French Literature Short Histories of the Literatures of the World: II. Of the illustrious thinkers and writers who for two generations had been actively scattering the seed of revolution in France, only Condorcet survived to behold the first bitter ingathering of the harvest. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet The mother of Condorcet was extremely superstitious, and in one of her fanatic ecstasies, offered up her son at the shrine of the Virgin Mary. Ancient and Modern Celebrated Freethinkers Reprinted From an English Work, Entitled "Half-Hours With The Freethinkers." No less a man than Condorcet refers to him as one of the formative minds of the century. Shelley, Godwin and Their Circle Condorcet published a vigorous pamphlet denouncing the slave holder and all his works. The Journal of Negro History, Volume 7, 1922 He began to feel that he was on his right path, and understood, as Voltaire said of Condorcet, that discoveries of permanent value could make him no less illustrious than military glory. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin Generally the men of the Revolution are criticised in blocks and sections, and Condorcet cannot be accurately placed under any of these received schools. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Shortly after this, the Academy of Sciences chose Condorcet for their assistant secretary. Ancient and Modern Celebrated Freethinkers Reprinted From an English Work, Entitled "Half-Hours With The Freethinkers." Condorcet, perhaps the greatest intellect and certainly the noblest character among them, wrote the first attempt at a systematic evolutionary interpretation of history. Shelley, Godwin and Their Circle The infidel Condorcet published an edition of the "Thoughts." Classic French Course in English Condorcet saw in this harmonious union and fine balance of qualities the secret of his unpopularity. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot The character of Condorcet, unlike so many of his contemporaries, offers nothing to the theatrical instinct. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet An intercepted letter was the means of Condorcet's impeachment. Ancient and Modern Celebrated Freethinkers Reprinted From an English Work, Entitled "Half-Hours With The Freethinkers." He was a member of the National Convention, and was on terms of intimacy with Condorcet, Brissot, Madame Roland, and other Republican leaders. Mary Wollstonecraft D’Alembert, tended to the last hour by Condorcet with the lovable reverence of a son, died at the end of October 1783. Diderot and the Encyclopædists Volume II. Condorcet went to visit him some months after his fall. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot At any rate, Condorcet’s curiosity was very speedily drawn to problems beyond those which geometry and algebra pretend to solve. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Sensibility, on the contrary, obtained the mastery when the illustrious proscribed was drawn into the anticipation that Madame de Condorcet also might be involved in the bloody catastrophe that threatened him. Ancient and Modern Celebrated Freethinkers Reprinted From an English Work, Entitled "Half-Hours With The Freethinkers." I dwell on this because, though Condorcet had no idea of evolution, the predominant importance of the masses was the assumption which made it possible to apply evolutional principles to history. Evolution in Modern Thought It must be added that Condorcet was not a democrat, and neither to men nor to women would he grant the vote unless they were proprietors. The Task of Social Hygiene Voltaire and Condorcet were not more dismayed by the fall of the minister, than by the insensate delight which greeted the catastrophe. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Condorcet did not conceive that either to be blind to a man’s errors or to compromise them is to prove yourself his friend. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Voltaire was the Christ, and Condorcet the St. Paul of the new faith. Ancient and Modern Celebrated Freethinkers Reprinted From an English Work, Entitled "Half-Hours With The Freethinkers." Talleyrand recognised it in his plan of 1791, which did not suit Condorcet and his 'ideologists.' France and the Republic A Record of Things Seen and Learned in the French Provinces During the 'Centennial' Year 1889 Condorcet, the youngest of the intimates and disciples of Voltaire, of D'Alembert, of Turgot, was the first to sound bitter warning that Robespierre was at heart a priest. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 1 of 3) Essay 1: Robespierre For half a century, as Condorcet says pregnantly, they had been undergoing the evils of anarchy, while they supposed that they were feeling those of despotism. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Turgot was almost as much less vivacious than Condorcet, as Condorcet was less vivacious than Voltaire. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet It is well known that both Frederick, Voltaire, and Condorcet opposed those sections, as likely to be aiming at too much for the time. Ancient and Modern Celebrated Freethinkers Reprinted From an English Work, Entitled "Half-Hours With The Freethinkers." His manner to public men, as Condorcet said, was conciliatory and tactful, and to his subordinates he was modest and unpretending. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work This was the very day on which the virtuous and high-minded Condorcet quitted the friendly roof that for nine months had concealed him from the search of proscription. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 1 of 3) Essay 1: Robespierre Condorcet, another deist, was the successor of Voltaire in the Encyclopædic warfare. The Necessity of Atheism This ability to conceive a mean case between two extremes was not among Condorcet’s gifts. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Condorcet had a principal part in this work, which shook priestcraft on its throne; it spread consternation where-ever it appeared, and was one of the main causes of the great outbreak. Ancient and Modern Celebrated Freethinkers Reprinted From an English Work, Entitled "Half-Hours With The Freethinkers." He then realized, to quote from his biographer, Cuvier, what Voltaire said of Condorcet, that solid enduring discoveries can shed a lustre quite different from that of a commander of a company of infantry. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work While Danton was storming with impotent thunder before the tribunal, Condorcet was writing those closing words of his Sketch of Human Progress, which are always so full of strength and edification. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 1 of 3) Essay 1: Robespierre "We have, however, M. de Condorcet, who, being a geometrician, should at least be punctual." The Queen's Necklace The main currents of opinion and circumstance in France, when Condorcet came to take his place among her workers, are now well understood. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet It relates to a conversation between the Abbe Galiana and Diderot, in which it is said Condorcet acquiesced. Ancient and Modern Celebrated Freethinkers Reprinted From an English Work, Entitled "Half-Hours With The Freethinkers." Voltaire, Condorcet, and Rousseau uttered words that will ring, in change and revolutions, throughout all the ages. Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry Neither his studies in natural science, nor his economic and moral readings in Godwin and Condorcet could repress, or even tended to repress, the flight of Shelley's imagination. Platform Monologues "Impossible, duke! that you are eighty-eight," said M. de Condorcet. The Queen's Necklace Condorcet’s principles were deeply coloured by ideas drawn from two sources. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Condorcet, then, was justified in expressing the opinions he avowed upon the subject. Ancient and Modern Celebrated Freethinkers Reprinted From an English Work, Entitled "Half-Hours With The Freethinkers." In vain did Condorcet defend his proposition for a delay of the decree. History of the Girondists, Volume I Personal Memoirs of the Patriots of the French Revolution Others as Vico, Montesquieu, Millar, Condorcet, Auguste Comte, De Tocqueville, have not independently studied the mind on the broad psychological basis. Practical Essays "As I have already had the honor of telling you, M. de Condorcet; but when he returned to Paris, I left France and returned to Bohemia." The Queen's Necklace Consequently, when the new minister came into office, Condorcet wrote to Maurepas resigning his post. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet We should have much liked to have given some extended quotations from the works of Condorcet; but, owing to their general character, we cannot extract any philosophic formula which would be generally interesting. Ancient and Modern Celebrated Freethinkers Reprinted From an English Work, Entitled "Half-Hours With The Freethinkers." Condorcet, was the mediator between the two parties. History of the Girondists, Volume I Personal Memoirs of the Patriots of the French Revolution The best translation was published some years after by another lady, the widow of Condorcet. Life of Adam Smith "But then, sir," said De Condorcet, "you argue, not only the perpetuation of youth, but the preservation of life; for if since the siege of Troy you have been always forty, you have never died." The Queen's Necklace It is certain that in the spring of ’89, Condorcet held hereditary monarchy to be most suitable to ‘the wealth, the population, the extent of France, and to the political system of Europe.’ Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Manifesto proposed by M. Condorcet, to acquaint the world with the sentiments of the French nation, if it should be forced into war. Historical Epochs of the French Revolution With The Judgment And Execution Of Louis XVI., King Of France And A List Of The Members Of The National Convention, Who Voted For And Against His Death Whilst I content myself," said Robespierre, referring to him, "with defending the principles of liberty, without opening any other question, what are you doing, Brissot and Condorcet? History of the Girondists, Volume I Personal Memoirs of the Patriots of the French Revolution I send you a copy of my report for the Bishop, and another for M. Condorcet, Secretary of the Academy of Sciences. Memoir, Correspondence, And Miscellanies, From The Papers Of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 3 And I," said M. de Condorcet, "will not be less candid. The Queen's Necklace The astronomy of the one and the geometry of the other were for ever done with; and Condorcet’s longing for active political life in preference to mere study was gratified to the very full. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Condorcet reads a constitutional act to the convention; the jacobins reject it. Historical Epochs of the French Revolution With The Judgment And Execution Of Louis XVI., King Of France And A List Of The Members Of The National Convention, Who Voted For And Against His Death Had Condorcet been endowed with warmth and command of language, he might have been the Mirabeau of another assembly. History of the Girondists, Volume I Personal Memoirs of the Patriots of the French Revolution The second is a work on government, by the Marquis de Condorcet, two volumes, octavo. Memoir, Correspondence, And Miscellanies, From The Papers Of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 2 "Yes," interrupted Count Haga, "the King of France is a clever geographer; is he not, M. de Condorcet?" The Queen's Necklace Unhappily or not, the movement was beyond the control of anybody who, like Condorcet, had no other force than that of disciplined reason and principle. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Condorcet, academicien "The punishment of death is contrary to my "principles; I shall never vote for it. Historical Epochs of the French Revolution With The Judgment And Execution Of Louis XVI., King Of France And A List Of The Members Of The National Convention, Who Voted For And Against His Death Heaven, the abode of all ideal perfections, and in which man places his most beautiful dreams, was limited by Condorcet to earth: his science was his virtue; the human mind his deity. History of the Girondists, Volume I Personal Memoirs of the Patriots of the French Revolution I send you, also, two little pamphlets of the Marquis de Condorcet, wherein is the most judicious statement I have seen, of the great questions which agitate this nation at present. Memoir, Correspondence, And Miscellanies, From The Papers Of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 2 "That would be a pity," said De Condorcet; "this is the time to set out: it is even now rather late—February or March would have been better." The Queen's Necklace But this was no time for such an art; this was not a revolution to be guided by reason, not even reason like Condorcet’s, streaked with jacobinical fibre. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet PM Dupin, "I am of the Same opinion with Monsieur "Condorcet; that is, I vote for confinement in "chains." Historical Epochs of the French Revolution With The Judgment And Execution Of Louis XVI., King Of France And A List Of The Members Of The National Convention, Who Voted For And Against His Death Madame de Condorcet, an exceedingly lovely woman, united with Madame de Stäel in enthusiasm for the young minister. History of the Girondists, Volume I Personal Memoirs of the Patriots of the French Revolution There was at last a strongly disputed electoral battle; the result was the nomination of Condorcet. Biographies of Distinguished Scientific Men "Oh, do not grudge him these few months, M. de Condorcet, for, during them, he will at least live and hope." The Queen's Necklace In one sense, this composition is favourable to Condorcet’s foresight; it was not every one who saw with him that the destruction of the monarchy was inevitable after the royal flight. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Brissot, the common printer, but a man of singular strength of thought, there figured by Condorcet, the noble and the man of profound science. Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine — Volume 54, No. 337, November, 1843 Ah! this reminds me of the horrible calumny uttered against Condorcet! History of the Girondists, Volume I Personal Memoirs of the Patriots of the French Revolution The biographies which will soon follow this, will show that the studies I have undertaken respecting Carnot, Condorcet, and Bailly, have not prevented me from attending seriously to our illustrious contemporaries. Biographies of Distinguished Scientific Men "Yes," said De Condorcet; "the veil which hides from us our future is the only real good which God has vouchsafed to man." The Queen's Necklace It was proposed at that time to appoint Condorcet to be governor to the young dauphin. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Condorcet, who was a part of that intellectual society which welcomed the new Plenipotentiary, has left a record of his reception. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 12, No. 73, November, 1863 I have done more than this—it was I who gave Brissot and Condorcet to France. History of the Girondists, Volume I Personal Memoirs of the Patriots of the French Revolution Six years after, the illustrious geometer gave the same advice, and perhaps held out the same hopes, to the young Marquis de Condorcet. Biographies of Distinguished Scientific Men "Thanks," said De Condorcet; "but, perhaps, your opinion on this subject is not shared by M. de Cagliostro." The Queen's Necklace As all France was then bent on the new constitution, a king included, Condorcet’s republican assurance was hardly warranted, and it was by no means well received. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet We can use Condorcet�s example to give a short proof of Arrow�s Theorem, restricting our attention to majority voting. Definition & Reality in the General Theory of Political Economy Condorcet, who had been informed already of this by the Girondists of the council, read in the tribune a proposed manifesto to the nations. History of the Girondists, Volume I Personal Memoirs of the Patriots of the French Revolution The éloges of Condorcet were, besides, by their style, much more in harmony with those that the Academy had approved during three quarters of a century. Biographies of Distinguished Scientific Men We have seen all the Academicians at Paris, with Condorcet, the friend and correspondent of Priestley, at their head, the most furious of the extravagant republicans. The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke, Vol. 04 (of 12) Condorcet was officially to the Legislative what Barère afterwards was to the Convention. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Proof: The group decision in the Condorcet case is indifference, so that B = C. Under the axiom of universality we can look at various preference profiles, of which Condorcet�s example is only one. Definition & Reality in the General Theory of Political Economy You assail Condorcet, as though his life had not been a series of sacrifices! History of the Girondists, Volume I Personal Memoirs of the Patriots of the French Revolution I have read, while dying, the little book by M. de Condorcet; it is as good in its departments as the éloges by Fontenelle. Biographies of Distinguished Scientific Men M. Condorcet produced on the same day a draught of a declaration to the king, which the Assembly published before it was presented. The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke, Vol. 04 (of 12) The documents issued by the Assembly after the violent events of the Tenth of August 1792 are not edifying, and imply in Condorcet, who composed them, a certain want of eye for revolutionary methods. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Pairwise voting however can be unattractive since there need not be a Condorcet winner, or, when one exists, it may conflict with the preference rankings. Definition & Reality in the General Theory of Political Economy Mirabeau, Condorcet, Turgot and others have heard the call of Human Liberty. In the Days of Poor Richard By the Marquis of Condorcet we are informed, that this measure originated in the liberal and enlightened mind of that excellent citizen and statesman, Monsieur Turgot. A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels, Volume 17 Arranged in Systematic Order: Forming a Complete History of the Origin and Progress of Navigation, Discovery, and Commerce, by Sea and Land, from the Earliest Ages to the Present Time Condorcet was chosen to draw the first declaration presented by the Assembly to the king, as a threat to the Elector of Treves, and the other princes on the Rhine. The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke, Vol. 04 (of 12) When the Convention was chosen, the electors of Paris rejected Condorcet. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet The scheme is a compromise since the Condorcet pairwise condition holds for the winner and the alternative winner. Definition & Reality in the General Theory of Political Economy One thing to be remembered is that Diderot, like Vauvenargues, Voltaire, Condorcet, always had Pascal in his mind when dealing with apologetics. Diderot and the Encyclopædists (Vol 1 of 2) Humanity, as an idea, was perhaps more easily apprehended in the days of Turgot and Condorcet than it is with us when the implements of a united mankind have been immeasurably augmented and improved. The Unity of Civilization The Assembly, however, not thinking that the Electors of Treves and Mentz had done enough under their first terror, have again brought forward Condorcet, preceded by Brissot, as I have just stated. The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke, Vol. 04 (of 12) Condorcet, who had been extreme in the Legislative, but found himself a moderate in the Convention, gave wise counsel as to the true policy towards the new members: ‘Better try to moderate them than quarrel.’ Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet In Table 14 there are 48 voters, and B is selected by both Borda and Condorcet. Definition & Reality in the General Theory of Political Economy Consequently even men of pure life, like Condorcet, carried the theoretical protest against asceticism so far as to vindicate the practical immorality of the time. Diderot and the Encyclopædists (Vol 1 of 2) The doctrine of progress found an eloquent defender in that last and noblest utterance of Condorcet which is still perhaps its most perfect justification. Political Thought in England from Locke to Bentham If I do not mistake, they are described by the name of tyrants in Condorcet's first draught. The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke, Vol. 04 (of 12) Condorcet was not among them, but his political days were numbered. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Candidate A appears to win from both B and C, and then is the �Condorcet winner�. Definition & Reality in the General Theory of Political Economy "The true ancestors of a man of genius," says Condorcet finely upon this circumstance, "are the masters who have gone before him, and his true descendants are disciples that are worthy of him." Diderot and the Encyclopædists (Vol 1 of 2) There was the brilliant and witty mathematician, Dalembert; there was the grave and noble statesman, Turgot; there was the psychologist, Condillac; there was the light, good-humoured Marmontel; there was the penetrating and ill-fated Condorcet. Landmarks in French Literature These ideas of M. Condorcet are the principles of those to whom kings are to intrust their successors and the interests of their succession. The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke, Vol. 04 (of 12) The same night Condorcet intrusted his life to her keeping, and for nine months he remained in hiding under her roof. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet It appears that the Condorcet approach is least sensitive to cheating since in a pairwise vote there is an incentive to express one�s true preferences. Definition & Reality in the General Theory of Political Economy The other was the austere and generous Condorcet. Diderot and the Encyclopædists (Vol 1 of 2) I obtained a similar promise from the Marquis de Condorcet, and Claviere and Brissot, as members selected from the committee of the Friends of the Negros. The History of the Rise, Progress and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave Trade by the British Parliament (1808) Volume II This paper has been translated by De Quincey, and attention has been recently drawn to its "signal merits" by the Editor of the Fortnightly Review in his Essay on Condorcet. Critiques and Addresses The closing words of Condorcet’s last composition show the solace which perseverance in taking thought for mankind brought to him in the depths of personal calamity. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Note that such a �Condorcet winner� does not need to exist. Definition & Reality in the General Theory of Political Economy It has the loftiness, the refined austerity, the touching impressiveness of Tacitus's Agricola or Condorcet's Turgot, together with a certain grave sweetness that was almost peculiar to the Jansenist school of the seventeenth century. Diderot and the Encyclopædists (Vol 1 of 2) Condorcet, in his 'Eulogy,' gives the best account of his life and writings. Library of the World's Best Literature, Ancient and Modern — Volume 1 Condorcet did not actually compete for the prize, but he wrote a very acute piece, suggested by the theme, which was printed in 1790. On Compromise Condorcet’s series of éloges shows unmistakably how deep an impression the history of physical discovery had made upon him, and how clearly he understood the value of its methods. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet I applaud Saari�s insight that if you apply cancellation for all cycles in all subsets, then the logic is to get rid of Condorcet�s method and to use Borda�s method. Definition & Reality in the General Theory of Political Economy Here Voltaire lived in princely style, as Condorcet says, "removed from illusion, and whatever could excite momentary, or personal passion." The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction Volume 14, No. 384, August 8, 1829 Condorcet wrote the best tract on the subject, while in confinement at a widow's house near Paris, before his execution. Personal Memoirs of a Residence of Thirty Years with the Indian Tribes on the American Frontiers Some of the reasoning is almost verbally identical with Condorcet's. On Compromise Thus Condorcet’s purpose was not to justify nature, as it had been with Kant, but to search in the past for rational grounds of a belief in the unbounded splendour of men’s future destinies. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet In my view, the typical Condorcet situation of three preferences A > B > C, B > C > A and C > A > B results into indifference rather than an inconsistency, and I use this against Arrow�s analysis. Definition & Reality in the General Theory of Political Economy Condorcet thought and wrote with greater fluency in his dreams than in waking life. Ten Thousand Dreams Interpreted, or what's in a dream: a scientific and practical exposition THE Marquis de Condorcet was one of the noblest characters among the small group of honest enthusiasts who were responsible for the outbreak of the great French Revolution. The Story of Mankind Apart however from M. Renan, Condorcet's words merely assert the duty of setting to work to help on the change from false to true opinions with prudence, and this every sensible man admits. On Compromise Condorcet’s pertinacious anger against theology is just as irrational as this would be, from the scientific point of view which he pretends to have assumed. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet A similar example is reproduced in Table 12, and I will refer to it as �the Condorcet case�. Definition & Reality in the General Theory of Political Economy Cazotte, the French philosopher and transcendentalist, warned Condorcet against the manner of his death. Ten Thousand Dreams Interpreted, or what's in a dream: a scientific and practical exposition All the same I shall endeavour to tell you why I agree with poor Condorcet when he expressed his firm faith in a better future. The Story of Mankind Condorcet imagined that he was expressing an evident truth when he said: ``A good law must be good for all men, just as a geometrical proposition is true for all.'' The Psychology of Revolution From the earliest times to the latest it is all one story according to Condorcet. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet To understand this solution, it is useful to first consider three main contenders, i.e. the �traditional� solutions provided by Plurality, Borda and Condorcet. Definition & Reality in the General Theory of Political Economy The first attached himself to Robespierre; the second confined himself to Condorcet. Les Misérables On the hither side are freethought, industry, and centralization—the France of Voltaire, Turgot, and Condorcet. The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 12 Why were there not caverns deep enough to preserve to the country the meditations of Condorcet, the eloquence of Vergniaud? History of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1814 We could in part have pardoned Condorcet if he had striven to invent ever so fanciful origins for opinions and belief in his solicitude for the credit of humanity. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Condorcet�s method is to vote on all pairs of candidates, and to select the one who wins from all alternatives. Definition & Reality in the General Theory of Political Economy Under Paine's direction they formed a republican club, which met at Condorcet's house. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 04, No. 26, December, 1859 The sixth duke, the friend of Condorcet, was the last of the long line of noble lords who bore that distinguished name. Reflections; or Sentences and Moral Maxims Condorcet, outlawed soon after the 2nd of June, was taken while endeavouring to escape, and saved himself from the executioner's knife only by poison. History of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1814 It has already been hinted that there was one partial exception to Condorcet’s otherwise all-embracing animosity against religion. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet One example already has been mentioned in the discussion of the Condorcet problem. Definition & Reality in the General Theory of Political Economy Franklin had suggested this, half in jest, years before; Condorcet believed and asserted it now. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 04, No. 26, December, 1859 Lavoisier, Malsherbes, Condorcet, &c. were here successively immured, previously to being sent to the guillotine. Paris as It Was and as It Is Condorcet possessed influence of another description; he owed this to his profound ideas, to his superior reason, which almost procured him the place of Sieyès in this second revolutionary generation. History of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1814 Another reason, no doubt, besides his hatred of the Church, lay at the bottom of Condorcet’s tolerance or more towards Mahometanism. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet However, in this Condorcet example, we may clearly conclude that the cycle primarily means that there is a tie. Definition & Reality in the General Theory of Political Economy His pamphlet was an answer to Condorcet and Godwin, who held that vice and poverty were the result of human institutions and could be remedied by an even distribution of property. Birth Control A Statement of Christian Doctrine against the Neo-Malthusians Godwin's and Condorcet's extravagancies were not worth confuting; and yet I thought that the Essay on 'Population' had not confuted them. Reminiscences of Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey Godwin's and Condorcet's extravagancies were not worth confuting; and yet I thought that the Essay on "Population" had not confuted them. Biographia Epistolaris, Volume 1. The Arabian superstition was not fatal to knowledge, Arabian activity in algebra, chemistry, optics, and astronomy, atoned in Condorcet’s eyes for the Koran. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet In Condorcet�s example, indifference is even a logical choice, since when we assume something else, then we quickly run into difficulties. Definition & Reality in the General Theory of Political Economy Condorcet's Report was discussed, but not acted upon. The History of Education; educational practice and progress considered as a phase of the development and spread of western civilization Condorcet dies in his dungeon with Horace open by his side; and in Gibbon's militia days, "on every march," he says, "in every journey, Horace was always in my pocket, and often in my hand." Horace To confound Jefferson with Rousseau or Condorcet is about as reasonable as to confound Luther with Loyola, or Ricardo with Jeremy Bentham. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 02, No. 13, November, 1858 It is fair to add further, that Condorcet showed a more just appreciation of the effects of Protestantism upon western development than has been common among French thinkers. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet In the case of Condorcet�s example the conclusion B = C is a sound decision, and in the case of the adjusted example the conclusion B < C is sound too. Definition & Reality in the General Theory of Political Economy He engendered the Robespierres and Condorcets of the Revolution,--those sentimental murderers, who under the guise of philosophy attacked the fundamental principles of justice and destroyed the very rights which they invoked. Beacon Lights of History, Volume 13 Great Writers; Dr Lord's Uncompleted Plan, Supplemented with Essays by Emerson, Macaulay, Hedge, and Mercer Adam I obtained a similar promise from the Marquis de Condorcet, and Clavière and Brissot, as members selected from the committee of the Friends of the Negroes. The History of the Rise, Progress and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave-Trade, by the British Parliament (1839) On the foundation laid several years earlier by Condorcet was now reared an imposing system of public instruction. A Political and Social History of Modern Europe V.1. Imagine the holy rage with- 241 - which such acts would have been attacked, if Condorcet had happened to be writing about the Jesuits. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet The cause of death was the set of unremittingly negative conclusions that issued from the analysis of the Condorcet and Arrow paradoxes.� Definition & Reality in the General Theory of Political Economy Condorcet has thus stated the purpose of the book. The Eve of the French Revolution I own I am pleased that that ruffian pedant Condorcet's new constitution was too clumsy and unwieldy to go down the throats of those who have swallowed every thing else. The Letters of Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford — Volume 4 It has been claimed for him that he announced the idea of Progress; he has even been compared to Condorcet or Comte. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth Was it as truly wise as Condorcet supposed? Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Mr Condorcet thinks that it cannot possibly be applicable but at an era extremely distant. An Essay on the Principle of Population Yet Condorcet speaks elsewhere of Montesquieu as having made a revolution in men's minds on the subject of law. The Eve of the French Revolution Such victims, such confessors as those, and Monsieur do Malesherbes, repair some of the breaches in human nature made by Orleans, Condorcet, Santerre, and a legion of evil spirits. The Letters of Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford — Volume 4 Condorcet had interpreted history by the progressive movement of knowledge. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth Again, if we had space, it would be worth while to examine some of the acute and ingenious hints which Condorcet throws out by the way. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Mr Condorcet allows that a class of people which maintains itself entirely by industry is necessary to every state. An Essay on the Principle of Population His chapter on Uniformity and the criticisms made on it by Condorcet, form an admirable instance of this. The Eve of the French Revolution Condorcet's Vie de Turgot, I am sorry to say, I have not read. Letters of Franklin K. Lane That, Saint-Simon said, is the true principle, but Condorcet applied it narrowly, and committed two errors. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth We have now seen something of Condorcet’s ideas of the past, and of his conception of what he was perhaps the first to call the Science of Man. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet The last question which Mr Condorcet proposes for examination is the organic perfectibility of man. An Essay on the Principle of Population Turgot wrote several papers on economic subjects, and in the latter part of the work, Haller, the physiologist, and Condorcet were engaged. The Eve of the French Revolution Events in France travelled more swiftly than he had anticipated, and Paine was summoned by Lafayette, Condorcet, and others, as an adviser in the formation of a new constitution. Writings of Thomas Paine — Volume 2 (1779-1792): the Rights of Man Here is the theory of perfectibility asserted, on new grounds, with a confidence not less assured than that of Condorcet or Godwin. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth With machinery and organisation, in truth, Condorcet did not greatly concern himself; probably too little rather than too much. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Mr Condorcet's picture of what may be expected to happen when the number of men shall surpass the means of their subsistence is justly drawn. An Essay on the Principle of Population From the Mountain shall frown against him the grim shade of Danton,—from the Plain shall rise, in their bloody cerements, the spectres of Vergniaud and Condorcet. Zanoni Condorcet's abstract contains the following extraordinary sentence: "In all free countries the influence of the populace is feared with reason; but give all men the same rights and there will be no populace." The French Revolution - Volume 2 This contention that Progress was uninterrupted is an advance on Condorcet and an anticipation of Saint-Simon and Comte. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth With Condorcet it was how to persuade men to exert the individual reason methodically and independently, not without co-operation, but without anything like official or other subordination. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet I cannot doubt the talents of such men as Godwin and Condorcet. An Essay on the Principle of Population And then," resumed Condorcet,—"then commences the Age of Reason!—equality in instruction, equality in institutions, equality in wealth! Zanoni Condorcet has lived in high society, while his wife, a former canoness, possess the charms, the repose, the instruction, and the elegance of an accomplished woman. The French Revolution - Volume 2 Chateaubriand, Bonald, De Maistre, Lamennais firmly held the dogma of an original golden age and the degradation of man, and denounced the whole trend of progressive thought from Bacon to Condorcet. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth This was the natural outcome of Condorcet’s mode of viewing history as the record of intellectual emancipation, while to Comte its deepest interest was as a record of moral and emotional cultivation. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet The only point in which I differ from Mr Condorcet with regard to this picture is the period when it may be applied to the human race. An Essay on the Principle of Population "My poor Cazotte," said Condorcet, with his gentle smile, "what have prisons, executioners, and poison to do with an age of liberty and brotherhood?" Zanoni Condorcet, in his journal, regularly falsified things, with an audacity which is unparelleled. The French Revolution - Volume 2 These writers were unconsciously helping Condorcet's doctrine to assume a new and less questionable shape. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth This religious scrupulosity, which made him abhor all interference with the freedom and openness of the understanding as the worst kind of sacrilege, was Condorcet’s eminent distinction. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Mr Condorcet's book may be considered not only as a sketch of the opinions of a celebrated individual, but of many of the literary men in France at the beginning of the Revolution. An Essay on the Principle of Population I will answer: you, Marquis de Condorcet, will die in prison, but not by the hand of the executioner. Zanoni For a brief day the magical influence of Mme. de Condorcet was felt more or less by all who came within her circle. The Women of the French Salons M. Picavet's laborious researches into the activities of this school of thinkers has helped us to understand the transition from the age of Condorcet to the age of Comte. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth A full account of the election, and of Condorcet’s reception, in Grimm’s Corr. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet The person of whom I speak seemed born for the purpose of foreshadowing the doctrines of Turgot, Price, Priestley, and Condorcet—of exemplifying by individual instance what has been deemed the chimera of the perfectionists. The Works of Edgar Allan Poe — Volume 2 Your pencil is your wand; your canvas may raise Utopias fairer than Condorcet dreams of. Zanoni The character of Condorcet was a sincere and elevated one. The Women of the French Salons It is evident that these views transformed the theory of Condorcet into a more acceptable shape. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth Madame Condorcet wrote nothing of her own, except some notes to a translation which she made of Adam Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Now and then a straggling Note from Condorcet, Grimm or the like, are all he gets there. History of Friedrich II of Prussia — Volume 21 And then, warmed by the cheering prospects thus opened to him, he began to indulge in those anticipations of the future, the outline of which we have already seen in the eloquent extravagance of Condorcet. Zanoni The salon of the young, beautiful, and gifted Mme. de Condorcet had its roots in the old order of things. The Women of the French Salons Condorcet and his predecessors regarded it exclusively from the eudaemonic point of view. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth Condorcet, we know, thought the indissolubility of marriage a monstrously bad thing, but the grounds which he gives for his thinking so would certainly lead to the infinite dissolubility of society. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Condorcet might have escaped the scaffold if he had only thrown away the neat little Horace from the royal press, which betrayed him for no true Republican, but an educated man. Books and Bookmen Condorcet on this head was eloquent, and to some, at least, of his audience, most convincing. Zanoni There was a eulogy of one named Fontaine by M. de Condorcet. The Women of the French Salons In accordance with "the happy artifice of Condorcet," he assumes that the growth of European civilisation is the only history that matters, and discards entirely the civilisations, for instance, of India and China. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth Until the outbreak of the Revolution, the circumstances of Condorcet’s life were as little externally disturbed or specially remarkable as those of any other geometer and thinker of the time. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet I dwell on this because, though Condorcet had no idea of evolution, the pre-dominant importance of the masses was the assumption which made it possible to apply evolutional principles to history. Darwin and Modern Science But intelligence circulates, Condorcet; like water, it finds its level. Zanoni Not only are we less democratic than Danton and Condorcet, but we are in many ways less democratic than Choiseul and Marie Antoinette. What's Wrong with the World Condorcet had suggested that the value of history lies in affording data for foreseeing the future. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth Condorcet, instructed by the Jesuits at Rheims, was able when he was only fifteen years old to go through such performances in analysis as to win especial applause from illustrious judges like D’Alembert and Clairaut. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet He was succeeded by the mathematician Bernoulli and the revolutionist Condorcet. Criminal Psychology; a manual for judges, practitioners, and students Condorcet has lurked deep, these many months; Argus-eyes watching and searching for him. The French Revolution The ferment was now rapidly rising to its intensest height, and Condorcet was the last man in France to remain cold to the burning agitations of the time. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet But prevision was impossible on Condorcet's unscientific method. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth At the root of Condorcet’s nature was a profound sensibility of constitution. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Condorcet was not a member of the Assembly in whose formation and composition he had taken so vivid and practical an interest. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Condorcet has vanished into darkness; perhaps, like Rabaut, sits between two walls, in the house of a friend. The French Revolution The first mayor was the astronomer Bailly, Condorcet’s defeated competitor at the Academy. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet In order to foretell, the law of the movement must be discovered, and Condorcet had not found or even sought a law. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth Such a temper of mind has penetrated no man more fully than Condorcet, though there are other thinkers to whom time and chance have been more favourable in making that temper permanently productive. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Let it be said, however, that Condorcet showed himself no pedantic nor fastidious trifler with the tremendous movement which he had contributed to set afoot. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet The scientific spirit implanted in such a character as Condorcet’s, and made robust by social meditation, builds up an impregnable fortitude in the face of incessant rebuffs and discouragements. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet But Condorcet in this piece took such pains to make his sentiments upon royalty known, that in the constitutional frame of mind in which the Assembly then was, the idea had to be abandoned. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Condorcet, one of the younger Encyclopaedists, spent the last months of his life, under the menace of the guillotine, in projecting a history of human Progress. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth But Condorcet was not one of those natures who can think it happiness to look passively out from the tranquil literary watch-tower upon the mortal struggles of a society in revolution. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Condorcet had neither one nor the other, but only reason—a hard anvil, out of which he laboriously struck flashes and single sounds. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Well may Comte distinguish Condorcet as the one philosopher who pursued in the midst of the tempest his regenerating meditations. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Condorcet denounced it publicly, and, with a courage hardly excelled, he declared in so many words that the arrest of the Girondins had destroyed the integrity of the national representation. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet But they have a new significance for Condorcet. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth It is not difficult to perceive the fascination which Voltaire, with this character and this unrivalled splendour of public position, would have for a man like Condorcet. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet This was no more nor less than Condorcet’s document criticising the new constitution. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet So a decree was passed putting Condorcet under arrest. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet When his task was accomplished, Condorcet felt with more keenness than ever the deadly peril in which his presence placed Madame Vernet. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet It would not be useful to analyse Condorcet's sketch or dwell on his obsolete errors and the defects of his historical knowledge. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth It dispels some false impressions of Voltaire’s supposed intolerance of criticism, to find him thanking Condorcet for one of these friendly protests. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet When they reached the prison, Condorcet, starving, bleeding, way-worn, was flung into his cell. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Hence the most fatal of the errors of Condorcet’s sketch. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Comte’s criticism, however, seems to leave out of sight what full justice Condorcet did to the various partial advances in the intellectual order. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Cabanis, the physician, was Condorcet's literary executor, and a no less ardent believer in human perfectibility. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth What Turgot loved in Condorcet was his ‘simplicity of character.’ Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Condorcet had foreseen an objection which might be raised as fatal to the realisation of his future state. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth Here the reactionary joined hands with the disciple of Condorcet, to prove that there is progress in the domain of art. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth Before the Revolution Condorcet had agreed, but he was swept away by its enthusiasm. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth He denounced Condorcet, and opposed to perfectibility the corruptible nature of man. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth Condorcet’s peculiarities of political antipathy and preference can hardly be better illustrated than by his view of the two great revolutions in English history. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet He imagined that it would terminate oppression, and was as enthusiastic for it as he and Condorcet had been for the Revolution ten years before. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth Condorcet insists on "the indissoluble union" between intellectual progress and that of liberty, virtue, and the respect for natural rights, and on the effect of science in the destruction of prejudice. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth Condorcet was not even as well equipped as Voltaire. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth Condorcet spoke with the verve of a prophet. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth This was not the first taste that Maurepas had had of Condorcet’s resolute self-respect. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet The study of the history of civilisation has, in Condorcet's eyes, two uses. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth Condorcet does not hesitate to add to his picture adventurous conjectures on the improvement of man's physical organisation, and a considerable prolongation of his life by the advance of medical science. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth Their influence in promoting a belief in Progress is vouched for by Condorcet, the friend and biographer of Turgot. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth Condorcet, like all his circle, ignored the preponderant part which institutions have played in social development. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth He died in the following year, and by his last act testified to his trust in the generous character of Condorcet. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet The second edition, three years later, shows the influence of Condorcet's Sketch, which had appeared in the meantime. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth In the conditions imagined by Condorcet and Godwin these checks are removed, and consequently the population would increase with great rapidity, doubling itself at least in twenty-five years. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth Condorcet distinguished ten periods of civilisation, of which the tenth lies in the future, but he has not justified his divisions and his epochs are not co-ordinate in importance. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth Perfectibility, as expounded by Condorcet and Godwin, encountered a drastic criticism from Malthus, whose Essay on the Principle of Population appeared in its first form anonymously in 1798. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth Events were now very close at hand, in comparison with which even the most critical private transactions of Condorcet’s life were pale and insignificant. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet It was therefore logical and inevitable that Condorcet should take advance in knowledge as the clew to the march of the human race. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth Condorcet was penetrated with the spirit of the Encyclopaedists, of whom he had been one, and his attitude to Christianity was that of Voltaire and Diderot. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth |
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