| 单词 | codon |
| 例句 | Recognizing that trait in each other, Seth and Kimberly bond over their parallel irregularities: his obsession with anagrams and her genetically scrambled codons. ‘Kimberly Akimbo’ Review: What’s an Anagram for ‘Wonderful’? 2021-12-08T05:00:00Z Ciliates are hotspots for genetic code changes, including reassignment of one or more stop codons -- the codons TAA, TAG, and TGA. The end of genes: Routine test reveals unique divergence in genetic code 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z Each amino acid is defined by a three- nucleotide sequence called the triplet codon. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Various sequences of three DNA nucleotides, called codons, tell a cell which amino acid to install where in a protein. Rewritten genetic code allows bacteria to fend off viral attacks 2022-10-19T04:00:00Z There is a silent mutation in peptide 2 and peptide 3 has a stop codon due to mutation. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Following the start codon, mRNA is read three bases at a time, until it reaches one of three different “stop” codons, which end translation. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z In virtually all organisms, these three stop codons are used to signal the end of a gene. The end of genes: Routine test reveals unique divergence in genetic code 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z The relationship between a nucleotide codon and its corresponding amino acid is called the genetic code. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z So-called transfer RNAs, or tRNAs, read the codons and act on their instructions. Rewritten genetic code allows bacteria to fend off viral attacks 2022-10-19T04:00:00Z There is a silent mutation in peptide 3 and peptide 2 has a stop codon due to mutation. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Ribosomes use the sequence of codons in mRNA to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Among the few variants of the genetic code reported to date, the codons TAA and TAG virtually always have the same translation, suggesting that their evolution is coupled. The end of genes: Routine test reveals unique divergence in genetic code 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z Three of the 64 codons terminate protein synthesis and release the polypeptide from the translation machinery. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Each type of tRNA carries a specific amino acid that it adds to a growing protein strand only when it recognizes the correct codon. Rewritten genetic code allows bacteria to fend off viral attacks 2022-10-19T04:00:00Z Predict the proteins that can be synthesized from this mixture in terms of each possible codon and their relative concentrations in terms of their amino acid repeat sequences. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Because each codon identifies only one amino acid, the genetic code can be accurately translated. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z "When they aren't stop codons, they each specify the same amino acid." The end of genes: Routine test reveals unique divergence in genetic code 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z When a stop codon is encountered, a release factor binds and dissociates the components and frees the new protein. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Cells also carry three kinds of stop codons that tell them when to stop making a protein. Rewritten genetic code allows bacteria to fend off viral attacks 2022-10-19T04:00:00Z The genetic code is degenerate because 64 triplet codons in mRNA specify only 20 amino acids and three nonsense codons. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z For protein synthesis to occur, mRNA must be transcribed from DNA. mRNA is then translated by the ribosomes, which use the codons of mRNA to assemble the polypeptides that make up proteins. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z A codon is a three-base sequence of mRNA, so-called because they directly encode amino acids. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The initiator tRNA interacts with the AUG start codon, and links to a special form of the amino acid methionine that is typically removed from the polypeptide after translation is complete. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z This modified bacterial strain, dubbed Syn61Δ3, could not read two serine codons found in invaders, helping it shrug off bacteria-infecting viruses. Rewritten genetic code allows bacteria to fend off viral attacks 2022-10-19T04:00:00Z When a nonsense codon is encountered, a release factor binds and dissociates the components and frees the new protein. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The allele for this disease contains a long string of bases in which the codon for the amino acid glutamine repeats over and over again. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z This process continues until the final codon on the mRNA is reached which provides a “stop” message that signals termination of translation and triggers the release of the complete, newly synthesized protein. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The ribosome shifts one codon at a time, catalyzing each process that occurs in the three sites. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z They devised tRNAs that actively ruin viral proteins by delivering the wrong amino acids—including proline and alanine—in response to outsiders’ serine codons. Rewritten genetic code allows bacteria to fend off viral attacks 2022-10-19T04:00:00Z No, they cannot be identical because the T nucleotide in DNA is replaced with U nucleotide in RNA and AUG is the start codon. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A codon consists of three consecutive bases that specify a single amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The other major requirement for protein synthesis is the translator molecules that physically “read” the mRNA codons. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z When the ribosome encounters the stop codon, the growing polypeptide is released and the ribosome subunits dissociate and leave the mRNA. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The researchers endowed Syn61Δ3 with modified tRNAs that misread two of the serine codons carried by invading viruses, inserting leucine instead of serine. Rewritten genetic code allows bacteria to fend off viral attacks 2022-10-19T04:00:00Z Given what you know about the genetic code, what would be the shortest possible codon length? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Most amino acids can be specified by more than one codon. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The tRNA molecules must be able to recognize the codons on mRNA and match them with the correct amino acid. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The genetic code is the correspondence between the three-nucleotide mRNA codon and an amino acid. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z In 2013, synthetic biologist George Church of Harvard Medical School and colleagues genetically tweaked the bacterium Escherichia coli, replacing one of its stop codons with another version. Rewritten genetic code allows bacteria to fend off viral attacks 2022-10-19T04:00:00Z Which codon in the mRNA would the tRNA recognize: the one specified by its anticodon or the one that matches the modified amino acid it carries? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The methionine codon AUG serves as the “start” codon for protein synthesis. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z On the other end is a base sequence that matches the codon specifying its particular amino acid. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The genetic code is “translated” by the tRNA molecules, which associate a specific codon with a specific amino acid. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The team modified the bacterium’s tRNAs so that when it reads the original stop codon—say, in the genome of an invading virus—it installs an inappropriate amino acid that impairs the viral protein. Rewritten genetic code allows bacteria to fend off viral attacks 2022-10-19T04:00:00Z There is a different amino acid in peptide 2 and peptide 3 has a stop codon due to mutation. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z As each codon passes through the ribosome, several molecules of tRNA bring the proper amino acids into the ribosome. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The elongation stage involves the recognition of a tRNA anticodon with the next mRNA codon in the sequence. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The genetic code is degenerate because 64 triplet codons in mRNA specify only 20 amino acids and three stop codons. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z They swapped out the same stop codon in E. coli, but they added another layer of protection. Rewritten genetic code allows bacteria to fend off viral attacks 2022-10-19T04:00:00Z There isn’t a mutation in peptide 2 and peptide 3 has a stop codon due to mutation. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The polypeptide chain grows until the ribosome reaches a “stop” codon on the mRNA molecule. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The tRNA molecule then releases the mRNA strand, the mRNA strand shifts one codon over in the ribosome, and the next appropriate tRNA arrives with its matching anticodon. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This means that more than one codon corresponds to an amino acid. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z They replaced two of the codons for the amino acid serine in the microbe’s genome with two different serine codons. Rewritten genetic code allows bacteria to fend off viral attacks 2022-10-19T04:00:00Z The viral genomes are typically found incomplete, in segments, and interrupted by stop codons. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Mutations that change the amino acid specified by a codon can be more significant and are called missense mutations. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Next, tRNA molecules shuttle the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome, one-by-one, coded by sequential triplet codons on the mRNA, until the protein is fully synthesized. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Many such mutations result in what’s called a premature stop codon, which essentially writes ‘The End’ in the middle of the gene’s protein-making instructions. Cystic fibrosis drugs target the malformed proteins at the root of the disease 2020-07-28T04:00:00Z They then deleted the tRNAs that would recognize the original serine codons. Rewritten genetic code allows bacteria to fend off viral attacks 2022-10-19T04:00:00Z Each codon codes for a single amino acid. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z If a mutation changes an mRNA codon to result in a stop codon, it is known as a nonsense mutation because it causes translation to stop before the protein is finished. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z One way that viruses adapt is by encoding proteins using the same choice of codons as their host. Why snakes probably aren’t spreading the new China virus 2020-01-22T05:00:00Z Many genetic diseases involve mutations that introduce premature stop codons. Cystic fibrosis drugs target the malformed proteins at the root of the disease 2020-07-28T04:00:00Z Second, she helped to show that the triplet of RNA nucleotides UAA represents a stop codon, where protein synthesis ends. Margarita Salas (1938–2019) 2019-12-05T05:00:00Z Small variations in codon assignment exist in mitochondria and some microorganisms. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Molecular biologist Jason Chin tells the Nature Podcast how he created an entirely synthetic E. coli genome that cuts the number of codons to 61, down from the 64 that appear in all natural genomes. Daily briefing: First randomized controlled trial shows why a junk-food diet packs on weight 2019-05-16T04:00:00Z Wei’s team compared the codons favoured by 2019-nCoV with those preferred by potential hosts including hedgehogs, pangolins, bats, chickens, humans and snakes. Why snakes probably aren’t spreading the new China virus 2020-01-22T05:00:00Z Fredens and colleagues used this reduced genome from E. coli as the template for a synthetic genome with another kind of minimization in mind — codon reduction. Construction of an Escherichia coli genome with fewer codons sets records 2019-05-15T04:00:00Z There were further edits to remove the cellular machinery that reads the lost codons - it was no longer needed. Artificial life form given 'synthetic DNA' 2019-05-16T04:00:00Z In addition to instructing the addition of a specific amino acid to a polypeptide chain, three of the 64 codons terminate protein synthesis and release the polypeptide from the translation machinery. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Nearly all life, from jellyfish to humans, uses 64 codons. Cambridge scientists create world’s first living organism with fully redesigned DNA 2019-05-15T04:00:00Z They discovered that DNA is made up of a series of three nucleotides called codons, which encode the amino acids that make up a protein. Sydney Brenner, who helped decipher genetic code, dies at 92 2019-04-06T04:00:00Z Many genes in the E. coli genome partially overlap with others, and in 91 cases the overlapping regions contained codons that needed to be changed. Construction of an Escherichia coli genome with fewer codons sets records 2019-05-15T04:00:00Z Other researchers were then able to figure out which codon specified each of the 20 amino acids. Sydney Brenner, a Decipherer of the Genetic Code, Is Dead at 92 2019-04-05T04:00:00Z These triplets are called nonsense codons, or stop codons. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Three more codons are in effect stop signs: they tell the cell when the protein is done, like the full stop marking the end of this sentence. Cambridge scientists create world’s first living organism with fully redesigned DNA 2019-05-15T04:00:00Z These sequences — also known as nonsense codons — signal the early cessation of the translation of messenger RNAs into proteins. Genetic paradox explained by nonsense 2019-04-02T04:00:00Z Synthesis of a 4-million-base-pair genome and reduction of the genetic code to 61 codons are new records for synthetic genomics, but might not be for much longer. Construction of an Escherichia coli genome with fewer codons sets records 2019-05-15T04:00:00Z Removal of exon 2 results in a frame shift and premature stop codon in exon 3. ANKRD16 prevents neuron loss caused by an editing-defective tRNA synthetase 2018-05-15T04:00:00Z The reading frame for translation is set by the AUG start codon near the 5' end of the mRNA. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z They replaced two more codons in a similar way. Cambridge scientists create world’s first living organism with fully redesigned DNA 2019-05-15T04:00:00Z In that project, researchers swapped all 321 instances of one 3-letter genetic word, or codon, with another that conveys the same message. Scientists Downsize Bold Plan to Make Human Genome from Scratch 2018-05-01T04:00:00Z They then eliminated the gene that allowed the cell to read the original codon. Scientists downsize bold plan to make human genome from scratch 2018-04-30T04:00:00Z And both labs are now working on removing additional E. coli codons. Genome writing project aims to rally scientists around virus-proofing cells 2018-05-01T04:00:00Z In addition, amino acids with chemically similar side chains are encoded by similar codons. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The A site as a consequence is occupied by an AAA codon. Vms1 and ANKZF1 peptidyl-tRNA hydrolases release nascent chains from stalled ribosomes 2018-04-08T04:00:00Z Church’s team used synthesis in follow-up work to recode seven codons in the E. coli genome. Scientists Downsize Bold Plan to Make Human Genome from Scratch 2018-05-01T04:00:00Z This didn’t much affect the redesigned microbe, but it did neutralize viral invaders because, like all natural life, they rely on that codon for proper protein assembly. Scientists downsize bold plan to make human genome from scratch 2018-04-30T04:00:00Z Reducing codon redundancy and screening effort of combinatorial protein libraries created by saturation mutagenesis. Genetically programmed chiral organoborane synthesis 2017-11-28T05:00:00Z Why is the stop codon necessary for translation? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z At one end of this molecule is a triplet of bases that allow it to recognise a particular codon. A bacterium that can read man-made DNA 2017-11-29T05:00:00Z Yet this strain, as did the one reported in 2014, lacked the ability to use its new codons. ‘Alien’ DNA makes proteins in living cells for the first time 2017-11-28T05:00:00Z Church’s team used synthesis in follow-up work3 to recode seven codons in the E. coli genome. Scientists downsize bold plan to make human genome from scratch 2018-04-30T04:00:00Z On the non-coding regions we used the same substitution model without codon partitioning. Zika virus evolution and spread in the Americas : Nature : Nature Research 2017-05-23T04:00:00Z The stop codon is the first step in a series of steps to end translation. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Splice variants were removed from the datasets, keeping only the representative/longest protein sequence prediction, and datasets were filtered for internal stop codons and incompatible reading frames. A chromosome conformation capture ordered sequence of the barley genome : Nature : Nature Research 2017-04-25T04:00:00Z To minimize the effects of selection, the substitution patterns at the third codon position were studied only. Evolutionary genomics of the cold-adapted diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus : Nature : Nature Research 2017-01-15T05:00:00Z ‘Codon changes’ are all codon insertions or deletions that do not result in frame shifts beyond the actual insertion/deletion site. The genomic basis of circadian and circalunar timing adaptations in a midge : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-20T05:00:00Z This unconventional type of translation occurs in the absence of an initiating AUG codon and might rely on secondary structures formed by repeat-expanded RNA120. Decoding ALS: from genes to mechanism : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z The stop codon is necessary to initiate translation. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z For this study, Church's team decided to eliminate seven of the microbe's 64 codons. Biologists are close to reinventing the genetic code of life 2016-08-18T04:00:00Z Multiple codon sequence alignments were constructed using MAFFT62 and quality trimmed with Guidance in an iterative framework where sequences were re-aligned after identification of poorly aligned codons. The Atlantic salmon genome provides insights into rediploidization : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-04-17T04:00:00Z ‘Codon changes’ are all codon insertions or deletions that do not result in frame shifts beyond the actual insertion/deletion site. The genomic basis of circadian and circalunar timing adaptations in a midge : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-20T05:00:00Z Protein translation from open reading frames with alternative initiation codons occurs during induction of cellular stress responses. Translation from the 5′ untranslated region shapes the integrated stress response | Science 2016-01-28T05:00:00Z The stop codon ends translation which allows the polypeptide strand to be released. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z And the seven spare codons could eventually be repurposed to code up to four different unnatural amino acids. Biologists are close to reinventing the genetic code of life 2016-08-18T04:00:00Z Substitutions within coding regions are shown in codons. Genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics of Ebola virus in Sierra Leone : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-05-12T04:00:00Z The researchers say that the mutation in codon 127 appears to confer protection by preventing prion proteins from becoming misshapen. Genetic mutation blocks prion disease 2015-06-09T04:00:00Z Protein translation from open reading frames with alternative initiation codons occurs during induction of cellular stress responses. Translation from the 5′ untranslated region shapes the integrated stress response | Science 2016-01-28T05:00:00Z The stop codon ends translation in order to initiate transcription. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The 64 possible triplets are more than enough to encode the 20 amino acids that exist in nature, as well as the "stop" codons that mark the ends of genes. Biologists are close to reinventing the genetic code of life 2016-08-18T04:00:00Z Substitutions within coding regions are shown in codons. Genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics of Ebola virus in Sierra Leone : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-05-12T04:00:00Z Scientists have noted previously that some people seem less susceptible to prion diseases if they have an amino-acid substitution in a particular region of the prion protein — codon 1293. Genetic mutation blocks prion disease 2015-06-09T04:00:00Z Three of the codons, however, tell the cell to stop construction of the protein. Scientists Develop Technique Aimed at Preventing Spread of Bio-Engineered Organisms 2015-01-21T05:00:00Z Of the 64 possible mRNA codons—or triplet combinations of A, U, G, and C—three specify the termination of protein synthesis and 61 specify the addition of amino acids to the polypeptide chain. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z To produce proteins, cells "read" DNA's four-letter alphabet in clusters of three called codons. Biologists are close to reinventing the genetic code of life 2016-08-18T04:00:00Z Looking ahead, Church and his team are working to co-opt seven different codons, instead of just one. GM microbes created that can’t escape the lab 2015-01-20T05:00:00Z The codon 129 variant confers some protection against prion disease only when it is present on one of the two copies of the gene that encodes the protein. Genetic mutation blocks prion disease 2015-06-09T04:00:00Z The researchers replaced one of these stop codons with another one throughout the genome of E coli, so that protein construction still stopped when it was supposed to. Scientists Develop Technique Aimed at Preventing Spread of Bio-Engineered Organisms 2015-01-21T05:00:00Z Each tRNA anticodon can base pair with one of the mRNA codons and add an amino acid or terminate translation, according to the genetic code. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z As a result, the genetic code has multiple codons for the same amino acid: the codons CCC and CCG both encode the amino acid proline, for example. Biologists are close to reinventing the genetic code of life 2016-08-18T04:00:00Z The increase produced by the codon optimization was “enormous, truly stunning”, he says. Gene therapy: Genie in a vector : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-11-25T05:00:00Z But transgenic mice with the codon-127 mutation were completely resistant to kuru and CJD regardless of whether they bore one or two copies of it. Genetic mutation blocks prion disease 2015-06-09T04:00:00Z As these fusions occur downstream of the CLDN18 exon 5 stop codon, they appeared unlikely to enable translation of fusion proteins. Comprehensive molecular characterization of gastric adenocarcinoma : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-07-22T04:00:00Z As the ribosome moves along the mRNA, each mRNA codon comes into register, and specific binding with the corresponding charged tRNA anticodon is ensured. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The changes could also allow synthetic biologists to repurpose the freed redundant codons for an entirely different function, such as coding for a new, synthetic amino acid. Biologists are close to reinventing the genetic code of life 2016-08-18T04:00:00Z The codon affected by the Y1003* mutation is predicted to disrupt multiple splicing enhancer sequences, but the mechanism of skipping remains unknown in this case. Comprehensive molecular profiling of lung adenocarcinoma : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-07-08T04:00:00Z What about genetic determinism, another folk philosophy that holds our fates are decided in advance by our codons? Why Your Genes Aren't A Language 2014-06-29T04:00:00Z This was done to minimize a bias from ribosomes accumulating at or shortly after the start codon, which results from translation initiation events continuing in the face of cycloheximide-inhibited elongation. Poly(A)-tail profiling reveals an embryonic switch in translational control 2014-04-04T22:51:04.645Z Silent mutations could result in new characteristics possessed by an offspring when a stop codon is substituted for an amino acid. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Church and others hypothesized that redundant codons could be eliminated—by swapping out every CCC for a CCG in every gene, for instance—without harming the cell. Biologists are close to reinventing the genetic code of life 2016-08-18T04:00:00Z They did this by replacing some of the chromosome’s stop codons. Synthetic biology: DIY chromosomes 2014-03-27T15:58:21Z Thus, a transcription factor “binding code” may influence codon choice and, consequently, protein evolution. [Perspective] The Hidden Codes That Shape Protein Evolution 2013-12-12T19:25:33.313Z We then calculated the intragenic distance as the interval in alignment position between each codon under diversifying selection. Genome-wide signatures of convergent evolution in echolocating mammals 2013-10-09T17:21:23.207Z Each amino acid is defined by a three-nucleotide sequence called the triplet codon. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The cells could be immune to viruses that impair bioreactors, for example, if crucial viral genes include now untranslatable codons. Biologists are close to reinventing the genetic code of life 2016-08-18T04:00:00Z The remaining transcripts were then screened for missing start and stop codons, as well as other warnings from SNAP. Oil palm genome sequence reveals divergence of interfertile species in Old and New worlds 2013-08-14T18:20:59.500Z We discovered several unexpected features, including archaeal sigma factors and stop codon reassignments that challenge established views of the microbial world. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter 2013-07-24T17:20:57.027Z For this calculation, sequences were treated as circular such that the distribution of intragenic distances would be identical regardless of the location on the gene of any putative group of misaligned codons. Genome-wide signatures of convergent evolution in echolocating mammals 2013-10-09T17:21:23.207Z Another codon, AUG, also has a special function. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Major effect mutations were defined as mutations that introduced or removed a start or stop codon. Patterns of population epigenomic diversity 2013-03-13T18:21:41.540Z Asterisks in and denote nonsense mutations that result in premature stop codons. Recurrent R-spondin fusions in colon cancer 2012-08-29T17:52:03.740Z The same recoding was found and biochemically validated in candidate phylum SR1 very recently, suggesting that this codon reassignment may be phylogenetically widespread in uncharacterized lineages. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter 2013-07-24T17:20:57.027Z On the basis of this definition of intragenic distances, we developed four measurements of the aggregation of codons of interest along a locus. Genome-wide signatures of convergent evolution in echolocating mammals 2013-10-09T17:21:23.207Z In addition to specifying the amino acid methionine, it also serves as the start codon to initiate translation. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z “Stop the Nonsense,” said one, referring to the mnemonic that a nonsense mutation encodes a stop codon. Step One: A Medical School Pivot Point 2012-04-22T02:45:00.870Z Asterisks in and denote nonsense mutations that result in premature stop codons. Recurrent R-spondin fusions in colon cancer 2012-08-29T17:52:03.740Z The effect of a start codon mutation, which was observed in three cases, was further studied using a cell line in which the initiating ATG was mutated to TTG. Frequent mutation of histone-modifying genes in non-Hodgkin lymphoma 2011-08-17T17:21:43.793Z The four different bases of DNA can be combined to make 64 three-letter words, or codons, the units in which the cell translates its genetic information into protein products. Biologists Report Hijacking E. Coli?s Genetic Code 2011-07-14T18:01:12Z Conservation of codons means that a purified mRNA encoding the globin protein in horses could be transferred to a tulip cell, and the tulip would synthesize horse globin. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The reference set was used to select and annotate as pseudogenes those peptides that had large deletions, insertions, frameshift mutations, or premature stop codons. Genome sequence and analysis of the tuber crop potato 2011-07-13T17:21:42.673Z Because the genetic code was known to consist of triplets, the experiment showed that UUU is the codon for phenylalanine, U being the symbol for uracil. 2010-01-21T07:10:00Z A tRNA molecule recognizes a codon on the mRNA, binds to it by complementary base pairing, and adds the correct amino acid to the growing peptide chain. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z What Dr. Church has done is to grab one of these codons for his own use by forcing the bacterium to stop using it. Biologists Report Hijacking E. Coli?s Genetic Code 2011-07-14T18:01:12Z Once at the cap, the initiation complex tracks along the mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction, searching for the AUG start codon. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z On the basis of the annotated genes in the DM genome assembly, we extracted the SNPs located at coding regions and stop codons. Genome sequence and analysis of the tuber crop potato 2011-07-13T17:21:42.673Z The mRNA is read in sets of three bases known as codons. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The genetic code is based on each amino acid being coded for by a distinctive series of three nucleic acid bases called a codon. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In future experiments he can assign this codon to other uses. Biologists Report Hijacking E. Coli?s Genetic Code 2011-07-14T18:01:12Z According to Kozak’s rules, the nucleotides around the AUG indicate whether it is the correct start codon. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z If a homozygous SNP in RH within a coding region induced a premature stop codon, we defined the gene harbouring this SNP as a homozygous premature stop gene in RH. Genome sequence and analysis of the tuber crop potato 2011-07-13T17:21:42.673Z They will then delete the gene whose protein recognizes the amber codon and forces a break in the protein chain. Biologists Report Hijacking E. Coli?s Genetic Code 2011-07-14T18:01:12Z To prove they can seize control of the microbe’s genetic code and reprogram it, they have focused on one of the code’s 64 elements, known as the amber stop codon. Biologists Report Hijacking E. Coli?s Genetic Code 2011-07-14T18:01:12Z Most of the codons in the genetic code are used to designate one or another of the 20 standard amino acids of which proteins are composed. Biologists Report Hijacking E. Coli?s Genetic Code 2011-07-14T18:01:12Z In both cases, this creates an initiation complex with a free A site ready to accept the tRNA corresponding to the first codon after the AUG. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z If the SNP inducing a premature stop codon was heterozygous, the gene harbouring this SNP was considered a heterozygous premature stop codon gene in RH. Genome sequence and analysis of the tuber crop potato 2011-07-13T17:21:42.673Z The codon can then be reinserted, but with a new function, like introducing a novel chemical unit into the bacterium’s proteins. Biologists Report Hijacking E. Coli?s Genetic Code 2011-07-14T18:01:12Z By taking control of the amber stop codon, Dr. Isaacs and Dr. Church have opened a door into the bacterium’s genetic programming. Biologists Report Hijacking E. Coli?s Genetic Code 2011-07-14T18:01:12Z The ocher stop codon works just as well as amber and, after one final step — yet to be completed — the team will have an E. coli bacterium that is not dependent on amber. Biologists Report Hijacking E. Coli?s Genetic Code 2011-07-14T18:01:12Z Alternative splicing can lead to the synthesis of several forms of codons from a set of genes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In addition, both categories can be further divided into premature stop codons shared with DM or not shared with DM. Genome sequence and analysis of the tuber crop potato 2011-07-13T17:21:42.673Z “They could have taken their amber codon and put in something blinky there,” he said, like a dye that would made the bacterium fluoresce. Biologists Report Hijacking E. Coli?s Genetic Code 2011-07-14T18:01:12Z |
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英语例句辞典收录了117811条英语例句在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用单词及词组的例句翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。