| 单词 | Afro-American |
| 例句 | “The word is not favored here, Mr. Malcolm X. The term Afro-American has greater meaning, and dignity.” The Autobiography of Malcolm X 1965-01-01T00:00:00Z The second film focused upon the Chinese people’s support for the Afro-American straggle. The Autobiography of Malcolm X 1965-01-01T00:00:00Z I told them that exactly described their fellow Afro-American Muslims. The Autobiography of Malcolm X 1965-01-01T00:00:00Z This was the first definitive film stock collection of the life of Malcolm X and it traveled extensively throughout the nation’s university circuit as well as to civil rights and Afro-American nationalist events. The Autobiography of Malcolm X 1965-01-01T00:00:00Z The author Julian Mayfield seemed to be the leader of Ghana’s little colony of Afro-American expatriates. The Autobiography of Malcolm X 1965-01-01T00:00:00Z Step it down: Games, plays, songs and stories from the Afro-American heritage. Music and the Child 2016-06-14T00:00:00Z When Dr. Du Bois had come to Ghana, she told me, Dr. Nkrumah had set up the aging great militant Afro-American scholar like a king, giving to Dr. Du Bois everything he could wish for. The Autobiography of Malcolm X 1965-01-01T00:00:00Z Being Afro-American, or black, was being imposed on me by people who had their own ideas of what those terms meant. Bad Boy 2001-05-08T00:00:00Z She studied Afro-American literature, and her classmates seemed to pay her little mind. Malia Obama and Tiffany Trump are on campus this fall. What’s that going to be like? 2017-08-23T04:00:00Z Handy and the creator of the enduringly winning “Afro-American Symphony.” A Black Composer’s Intense Opera Gets a Rare Staging 2021-05-28T04:00:00Z Mr. Wilkins said that he and the Philharmonic wanted to acknowledge Still’s earlier and better-known First Symphony — subtitled “The Afro-American Symphony” — but also push audiences toward less familiar parts of the composer’s body of work. A Pianist Swings Hard in Both Classical and Jazz 2019-02-15T05:00:00Z Brown was the very blackest — the most satanic and majestic — of Afro-American performers. REVIEW: 'Get On Up' Is a Loud, Proud and Oscar-Worthy James Brown Biopic 2014-07-30T04:00:00Z But one piece stood out from the rest: William Grant Still’s “Afro-American Symphony.” When Europe Offered Black Composers an Ear 2021-08-27T04:00:00Z The South Shore Commission, once one of the most powerful neighborhood organizations in the country, had its offices at this intersection, as did the Afro-American Patrolmen’s League. The Unexpected Power of Your Old Neighborhood 2019-05-22T04:00:00Z These slave communities, however, faded due to conversion to Catholicism or adoption of Afro-American religious practices. On Eid 2017, a peek into the lives of Puerto Rican Muslims 2017-06-27T04:00:00Z But you have to look back at a time when there were some very good Afro-American artists, like Norman Lewis, Alma Thomas, even people before Sam Gilliam. Thaddeus Mosley Never Stopped Working 2023-02-17T05:00:00Z Karen Hughes White, the co-founder of the Afro-American Historical Association of Fauquier County, understands the resistance that such a story may engender. Perspective | A black man was lynched in 1932. An author wants the community to finally deal with it. 2017-04-21T04:00:00Z I always felt that the civil rights movement started as soon as there was an Afro-American in the United States. Thaddeus Mosley Never Stopped Working 2023-02-17T05:00:00Z The Pittsburgh Courier, Baltimore's Afro-American and the Journal and Guide, published in Norfolk, Virginia, each experimented with children's sections. When Black kids — shut out world of children’s literature — took matters into their own hands 2021-02-20T05:00:00Z In 1968, he and some friends founded the Afro-American Arts Theater in Philadelphia, but they had no playwrights, so Mr. Fuller gave it a try. Charles Fuller, Pulitzer Winner for ‘A Soldier’s Play,’ Dies at 83 2022-10-04T04:00:00Z The project to put the documents online is a collaboration involving the Smithsonian, the National Archives, the Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society, the California African American Museum and FamilySearch. African American family records from era of slavery to be available free online 2015-06-20T04:00:00Z Still was a pathbreaking artist, with his “Afro-American Symphony” widely played after its 1931 premiere, but he struggled to get his operas produced. Stream an Operatic Rarity by a Black Composer (While You Can) 2021-09-24T04:00:00Z The syllabus was the idea of Chad Williams, a Brandeis University historian and chair of the school's African and Afro-American Studies Department. What to read to understand Charleston attack: A crowdsourced syllabus 2015-06-22T04:00:00Z Mr. Wilson remembers growing up in Milwaukee as black, then Afro-American: “By the time I got to high school I was African-American.” In Africa, a Village of Mind, a World of Styles 2010-05-21T22:37:00Z Less than a year before his death he founded the Organisation of Afro-American Unity. Black Panther: does the Marvel epic solve Hollywood's Africa problem? 2018-02-03T05:00:00Z Scott’s book, which had the full title “The Common Wind: Afro-American Currents in the Age of the Haitian Revolution,” received a Special Achievement Award from the GIlder Lerhman Institute of American History, among other honors. Julius S. Scott, author of ‘The Common Wind,’ dies at 66 2021-12-08T05:00:00Z Eggers was cited for "Zeitoun," a novel set in post-Katrina New Orleans, and Baraka for "Digging: The Afro-American Soul of American Classical Music." Eggers, Baraka among American Book Award winners 2010-08-12T21:46:00Z He’s one of the organizers of “The Legacy of Malcolm X: Afro-American Visionary, Muslim Activist” conference being held at Duke this weekend. Fifty years after his death, Malcolm X speaks to the current moment 2015-02-19T05:00:00Z She graduated from Harvard with a degree in English and Afro-American studies. Tracy K. Smith Is the New Poet Laureate 2017-06-14T04:00:00Z And I met an Afro-American woman who was a painter. A Word With: Robert Wilson and Sheryl Sutton: Robert Wilson’s ‘Zinnias: The Life of Clementine Hunter’ 2013-01-22T23:00:01Z "Sometimes we don't know about any African except Nelson Mandela and oft times, we don't know any Afro-American man." Angelou celebrates black history with Oprah, Keys 2013-02-02T12:46:03Z Still was prolific but remains best known for his “Afro-American Symphony,” from 1931. Review: A Conductor Unearths Rarities. Will People Listen? 2022-05-13T04:00:00Z One reason is the Autobiography of Malcolm X, a memoir ghosted by Alex Haley, who later wrote the Afro-American blockbuster Roots. Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention by Manning Marable ? review 2011-04-10T05:00:01Z She worked with him to build the Organization of Afro-American Unity after he parted ways with the Nation of Islam. Schomburg Center Acquires Maya Angelou Archive 2010-10-26T20:15:00Z Among the most important was “Afro-American Abstraction,” featuring works by 19 Black artists, which opened at the P.S. April Kingsley, Curator Who Championed Unsung Artists, Dies at 82 2023-06-29T04:00:00Z Professor Abrahams taught for many years in the English department of the University of Texas in Austin, where he also served as the director of the African and Afro-American Research Institute. Roger D. Abrahams, Folklorist Who Studied African-American Language, Dies at 84 2017-06-29T04:00:00Z Bouchareb said he and his team spoke with political activists, police officers, prisoners, Muslim clerics and Afro-American Muslims while researching the film. Abandoned boys, feuding ex-con and sheriff, start Berlin race 2014-02-07T16:29:59Z “For the Afro-American, regardless of where you climb on the ladder of success, there will be racism,” Ms. Naylor told the Times in 1985. Gloria Naylor, whose novels gave voice to African American women, dies at 66 2016-10-04T04:00:00Z The marriage of an Afro-American and a Mexican provides the excuse for broad ethnic laughs and goat-related slapstick. This week's new films 2010-06-18T23:06:00Z The 1980 “Afro-American Abstraction” show, a breakthrough for many of its artists, came about somewhat by accident, Mr. Little told The Commercial Appeal of Memphis in 1983, when it toured there. April Kingsley, Curator Who Championed Unsung Artists, Dies at 82 2023-06-29T04:00:00Z This newspaper called George Cain’s “Blueschild Baby” the “most important work of fiction by an Afro-American since ‘Native Son’” after it was published in 1970, but since then it’s fallen into obscurity. Leslie Jamison on the Best Book She Ever Got as a Present 2019-09-19T04:00:00Z After majoring in Afro-American studies at Brown University, she moved to New York, where she trained with the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater. Up Close: The Mannequin Also Speaks: Up Close With Narcissister 2013-01-16T15:54:06Z In the wake of the civil rights movement, “black” and “Afro-American” became more widely used. Why hundreds of American newsrooms have started capitalizing the ‘b’ in ‘Black’ 2020-06-18T04:00:00Z Sinha, a professor of Afro-American studies at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, aims to connect the war against slavery in the United States to other liberation movements. Reader’s Guide to This Fall’s Big Book Awards 2016-10-03T04:00:00Z The influence of African-Americans on the orchestral tradition is represented more often by Gershwin’s “Rhapsody in Blue” than William Grant Still’s “Afro-American” Symphony. Black Composers Discuss the Role of Race 2014-08-08T04:00:00Z Two decades later, Still was far more established, with his “Afro-American Symphony” widely performed. A Black Composer Finally Arrives at the Metropolitan Opera 2021-09-23T04:00:00Z When he traveled to Baltimore in the winter of 1931, he donated 300 bags of coal to residents of a needy black neighborhood, and privately saved the news clipping from The Baltimore Afro-American. Louis Armstrong’s Life in Letters, Music and Art 2018-11-16T05:00:00Z At that gathering, leaders established the National Federation of Afro-American Women. Womens Suffrage Movement 2020-02-25T05:00:00Z When the bicentennial fanfare died down, the ABC rebranded itself the Afro-American Institute for Historic Preservation and Community Development. There were few Black historic landmarks. Two brothers changed that. 2023-02-11T05:00:00Z Afro-Cuban rhythms like the habanera have fed into Afro-American music as early as the 19th century. Award-winning U.S. saxophonist heads to Cuba for rare collaborative performance 2023-01-24T05:00:00Z “Being Black is worse than being a woman in everything except baseball, football and basketball,” she told the Afro-American in 1973. Elayne Jones, pathbreaking timpanist, dies at 94 2022-12-23T05:00:00Z The writer is president of the D.C. chapter of the Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society and a member of the Board of Trustees of the D.C. Opinion | What I remember about our neighborhood police 2022-12-05T05:00:00Z In 1965, a year after having broken with Nation of Islam, he was launching the Organization of Afro-American Unity and gave a speech about it at the Audubon Ballroom in Washington Heights on Feb. 21. New York to Pay $26 Million to Men Wrongly Convicted of Killing Malcolm X 2022-10-30T04:00:00Z The blocky, black letters were advertising a performance of “Afro-American Symphony” by William Grant Still. For the first time, an all-Black orchestra will play the Hollywood Bowl 2022-06-17T04:00:00Z Taneya Koonce, president of the Nashville chapter of the Afro-American Historical & Genealogical Society, said she would be online early Friday looking for records of her grandparents, who lived in North Carolina. Seven Decades Later, the 1950 Census Bares Its Secrets 2022-03-31T04:00:00Z In 1990, when she was a junior, she took part in a sit-in to protest the lack of full-time faculty members in what was then called the Afro-American Studies Department. At Harvard, Ketanji Brown Jackson Fought Injustices but Kept a Steely Academic Focus 2022-03-20T04:00:00Z Her paternal grandfather and her father, Ewart Guinier, were both lawyers, and her father also served as chairman of what was then the Department of Afro-American Studies at Harvard. Lani Guinier, legal scholar known for her work on voting rights, dies at 71 2022-01-07T05:00:00Z Only two of note remain: the Washington Afro-American, which is headquartered in Baltimore, and the Washington Informer, which is located in Southeast Washington, in Ward 8. Perspective | A local newspaper focused on the Black community is defying the odds. It’s growing. 2021-12-28T05:00:00Z Withfield was hanged, and then the mob shot so many bullets into his body that “Undertakers who cut down the body said it weighed twice its normal weight,” according to the Baltimore Afro-American newspaper. Perspective | Yes, anti-lynching laws are mostly symbolic. That’s what makes them important. 2021-10-28T04:00:00Z "Afro-American kids have gravitated to basketball, they have gravitated to football," Oliver said. Pirates in MLB's 1st minority lineup honored 50 years later 2021-09-01T04:00:00Z “Afro-American kids have gravitated to basketball, they have gravitated to football,” Oliver said. Pirates in MLB’s 1st minority lineup honored 50 years later 2021-09-01T04:00:00Z Daniels researches the Black press and remembers reading the Richmond edition of The Afro-American when he was young. Local newspapers: Democracy’s cornerstone 2021-08-27T04:00:00Z The Baltimore Afro-American spoke of “thousands of radiation victims.” The Black Reporter Who Exposed a Lie About the Atom Bomb 2021-08-09T04:00:00Z A couple of years before his retirement, the Judge switched to “Afro-American,” but he never seemed comfortable with the term. What Thurgood Marshall Taught Me 2021-07-14T04:00:00Z Black newspapers like The Baltimore Afro-American, The Chicago Defender and The Pittsburgh Courier served as a haven against white press hostility, while incubating and advancing the early civil rights movement. Opinion | How the White Press Wrote Off Black America 2021-07-10T04:00:00Z Scott Ellsworth is a Tulsa native and a lecturer in Afro-American and African studies at the University of Michigan. 100 Years After the Tulsa Massacre, What Does Justice Look Like? 2021-05-25T04:00:00Z But equally important is sustaining the voices of Black communities across the country, including The Afro-American. Local newspapers: Democracy’s cornerstone 2021-08-27T04:00:00Z The Afro-American, a weekly newspaper in Baltimore, warned that doctors might start taking the organs of any Black patient, whatever their ailment. Organ harvesting’s troubled past — and complicated present 2021-04-26T04:00:00Z “Policeman B.J. Beckman particularly got a bit more than he bargained for when he attempted to club one of the colored demonstrators,” wrote a reporter for the Baltimore Afro-American newspaper. In 1930, Blacks and Whites protested unemployment together. Police attacked them. 2021-03-06T05:00:00Z A reform-minded superintendent and a lawsuit by the Afro-American Patrolmen’s Association drove the CPD to recruit more Black and Latinx officers. White Chicago Cops Use Force More Often than Black Officers 2021-02-11T05:00:00Z During the early 1960s, Balto said, internal initiatives to increase recruitment helped diversify the Chicago Police Department — an effort further bolstered by a 1973 discrimination suit filed by the city’s Afro-American Patrolmen’s League. New study probes impact of police diversity in Chicago 2021-02-11T05:00:00Z These measures are needed to help sustain and grow a diversity of local media, including Black-owned newspapers like the historic Baltimore Afro-American, and ethnic media nationally and regionally. Local newspapers: Democracy’s cornerstone 2021-08-27T04:00:00Z During the early 1960s, Balto said, internal initiatives to increase recruitment helped diversify the Chicago Police Department - an effort further bolstered by a 1973 discrimination suit filed by the city’s Afro-American Patrolmen’s League. New study probes impact of police diversity in Chicago 2021-02-11T05:00:00Z Maggiano led members of the vestry, or governing board, and other parishioners in reviewing old vestry notes, old articles from The Baltimore Sun and The Afro-American newspapers and conducting interviews with longtime church neighbors. Church established by slave owners creates reparations fund 2021-01-29T05:00:00Z She remembers her as "the only Indian, the only non-African American, in the Afro-American Association" - a study group black students formed in 1962 to educate African-American students about their history. Shyamala Gopalan: The woman who inspired Kamala Harris 2021-01-25T05:00:00Z Because Negro League box scores weren’t always printed in major newspapers, researchers have dug through microfilm files of Black newspapers, such as the Baltimore Afro-American, Pittsburgh Courier and Chicago Defender. A push to recognize the statistics of Black players from baseball's era of apartheid 2020-11-25T05:00:00Z The Afro-American in Baltimore, is a newspaper with a rich history. Local newspapers: Democracy’s cornerstone 2021-08-27T04:00:00Z It once housed the Afro-American, an activist newspaper that covered the fight for integration. Perspective | The pandemic isn’t stopping D.C.’s annual history conference 2020-11-11T05:00:00Z Barbara J. Fields, a professor of history at Columbia University who describes herself as Afro-American, said the phrase was a slogan rather than a belief. ‘White Supremacy’ Once Meant David Duke and the Klan. Now It Refers to Much More. 2020-10-17T04:00:00Z Trying to apply pressure for strong action this session, a coalition of 85 statewide groups placed full-page advertisements in the Afro-American Newspaper, The Washington Post and the Baltimore Sun. Legislative work group on policing backs statewide body cameras, use-of-force policy in Maryland 2020-10-08T04:00:00Z “But that’s different from racism, and a lot of people in the cultural nationalist movement are hard-core anti-white racists. And to me, racism is antithetical to the Afro-American tradition.” Stanley Crouch, combative writer, intellectual and authority on jazz, dies at 74 2020-09-16T04:00:00Z It is sometimes referred to as the Pan-African Flag, Afro-American Flag or Black Liberation Flag among other names. Chiefs called on to raise African American flag in addition to social justice messages 2020-09-10T04:00:00Z A “Power to the People” concert includes Day performing the protest anthem “Rise Up” and the orchestra performing Jessie Montgomery’s “Banner” as well as William Grant Still’s “Sorrow” from Symphony No. 1, “Afro-American.” LA Phil filmed concerts in an empty Hollywood Bowl. You can stream them for free 2020-08-21T04:00:00Z "It was the first time I ever saw black newspapers and magazines like JET, Ebony, the Baltimore Afro-American, or the Chicago Defender. And I'll never forget my librarian." Obituary: Representative John Lewis 2020-07-18T04:00:00Z In the past century, references to people of African descent have gone from “negro” to “colored” to “Afro-American” to “black” and “African American.” Opinion | Why news organizations’ move to capitalize ‘Black’ is a win 2020-06-30T04:00:00Z Mr. Crouch — who preferred the terms Negro, Black American and Afro-American to “African American” — was just as harsh toward other revered Black artists. Stanley Crouch, combative writer, intellectual and authority on jazz, dies at 74 2020-09-16T04:00:00Z Fannie Barrier Williams, an educator and activist, described a lively discussion unfolding at the time among African-American scholars over whether to shed the label Negro in favor of terms like colored or Afro-American. A Debate Over Identity and Race Asks, Are African-Americans ‘Black’ or ‘black’? 2020-06-26T04:00:00Z A "U.S. Army uniform to a colored man makes him about as free as a man in the Georgia chain gang," one soldier told the Baltimore Afro-American. FDR stayed silent too: When police brutality, mob violence and racial injustice collided during WWII 2020-06-01T04:00:00Z Articles in the Afro-American attributed several other actions to the Brotherhood. Little-known group helped pave way for today’s civil rights organizations 2020-03-15T04:00:00Z Black-focused publications such as Ebony magazine, the Afro-American Newspapers and others have long rendered “Black” with a capital “B.” Opinion | Why news organizations’ move to capitalize ‘Black’ is a win 2020-06-30T04:00:00Z Robert Burch, president of Utah’s Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society, said his group and others have been trying to buy a building for a museum dedicated to black history for years. School bus to house black history museum for Utah 2020-03-08T05:00:00Z “We are determined to find each and every one of the families,” said Ric Murphy, national vice president for history of the Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society. The black liberators who helped defeat the Nazis and free the Dutch get their due 2020-02-11T05:00:00Z "On average, more than eight of every ten Afro-American men worked as unskilled laborers in foundries, in the building trades, in meatpacking companies, on the railroads, or as servants, porters, janitors, cooks, and cleaners." Moderate Democrats are celebrating MLK. He was disgusted by them 2020-01-20T05:00:00Z McGaw, who studied Afro-American Studies at Harvard University, was working at a music school in San Francisco when she began dreaming of creating a hip-hop show for kids. The Grammys' wokest act? Meet the Alphabet Rockers, kids rapping about gender nonconformity 2020-01-15T05:00:00Z Griffith’s opposition to integrating the team raised the ire of Sam Lacy, a sportswriter and editor with the Washington Tribune and the Baltimore Afro-American. Perspective | For black baseball fans, Griffith Stadium offered a ‘separate but equal’ experience 2019-11-02T04:00:00Z As the reporter for the Baltimore Afro-American put it: When W. E. B. Du Bois Made a Laughingstock of a White Supremacist 2019-08-19T04:00:00Z Her lecture published in book form, “Unspeakable Things Unspoken: The Afro-American Presence in American Literature,” explored the construction of literary canons and the need to revise them and be more inclusive. Appreciation: Toni Morrison was both a mirror and a map who reflected experience back to us 2019-08-06T04:00:00Z By the mid-1960s, Dr. Kilson had helped found the Harvard-Radcliffe Association of African and Afro-American Students and was seeking to establish the study of African American life as a new field of academic inquiry. Martin Kilson, first tenured black professor at Harvard, dies at 88 2019-05-06T04:00:00Z Pugh reportedly told the publisher of The Baltimore Afro-American Newspaper that she will resign. Baltimore mayor expected to resign Thursday amid FBI, state investigations into 'Healthy Holly' book 2019-05-02T04:00:00Z The university faced several major violations because of classes athletes took from 2002 through 2011 in the African and Afro-American studies department that were designed to keep them eligible. Busted: NCAA bracket filled with tales of transgression 2019-03-21T04:00:00Z Within six months of Folt’s arrival, a professor in the African- and Afro-American Studies was indicted for allegedly accepting $12,000 for teaching a class that didn’t exist. New USC president Carol Folt no stranger to dealing with athletic department in crisis 2019-03-21T04:00:00Z With his new-found success from the “Afro-American” Symphony and a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1934, he became a Harlem Renaissance expat and moved to L.A., where he found a mostly welcoming atmosphere. Review: L.A. Phil revives the neglected 'dean of African American composers' 2019-02-18T05:00:00Z “I am opposed to proposals to make Afro-American studies into a platform for a particular ideological group,” he said in 1969, “and to restrict these studies to Negro students and teachers.” Martin Kilson, first tenured black professor at Harvard, dies at 88 2019-05-06T04:00:00Z This week, the Philharmonic will perform Still’s “Afro-American Symphony” led by another black conductor: Thomas Wilkins. Essential Arts: Frieze fair! The art, the rain, the vegan chocolate and Brad Pitt 2019-02-16T05:00:00Z Phil will perform the “Afro-American Symphony” on Saturday and Still’s “Symphony No. 4” on Sunday. Black composer William Grant Still drew from the blues. Forty years after his death, he still fights to be heard 2019-02-13T05:00:00Z “They didn’t feel the curriculum was black enough,” Matthews said, and they helped push through changes such as creation of an Afro-American Studies department. Howard students wore nooses in the 1930s as part of a protest effort. Now, these UNC students do, too. 2018-12-29T05:00:00Z The program notes claimed that Still’s “Afro-American” Symphony is “one of the most popular American symphonies of all time,” but it sure was a lot more popular in the 1930s and 1940s than today. Review: L.A. Phil revives the neglected 'dean of African American composers' 2019-02-18T05:00:00Z The rapper’s items will be on display at the school’s main campus at the Charles L. Blockson Afro-American Collection. Items owned by Tupac Shakur donated to Temple University 2018-11-01T04:00:00Z He resigned in disgust at the way the administration had handled the occupation of a university building by armed students from the Afro-American Society. Francis Fukuyama Postpones the End of History 2018-08-27T04:00:00Z He certainly knows how to write in other styles, but he is true to his own heritage in both the “Afro-American Symphony” and the Fourth Symphony. Black composer William Grant Still drew from the blues. Forty years after his death, he still fights to be heard 2019-02-13T05:00:00Z Dr. Frazier, who lived in Temple Hills, Md., was born in Gary, Ind. He joined the Howard faculty in 1986 as an instructor and assistant professor in the department of Afro-American studies. Community deaths 2018-08-20T04:00:00Z Premiered in 1931 by the Rochester Symphony and the first symphony to incorporate blues with orchestral music so thoroughly and skillfully, the “Afro-American” was a sensation. Review: L.A. Phil revives the neglected 'dean of African American composers' 2019-02-18T05:00:00Z Euphemistically known as paper classes, the courses offered by the African and Afro-American Studies Department required no attendance, perhaps a rudimentary paper and little to no conscious thought. Shoe Deals and Double Standards at North Carolina 2018-08-17T04:00:00Z But that case led to the discovery of an even bigger concern: years of irregular courses in the formerly named African and Afro-American Studies department featuring significant athlete enrollments across numerous sports. UNC: School reports secondary NCAA violations in football 2018-07-18T04:00:00Z Ellington’s “Come Sunday” from “Black, Brown and Beige,” Gershwin’s “Rhapsody in Blue,” Ellington’s “Harlem” and Still’s Symphony No. 1 “Afro-American.” Black composer William Grant Still drew from the blues. Forty years after his death, he still fights to be heard 2019-02-13T05:00:00Z Instead, the football probe led to the discovery of years of irregular courses with significant athlete enrollments in the formerly named African and Afro-American Studies department. UNC free of NCAA issues for 1st time under AD Cunningham 2018-07-17T04:00:00Z “Behind the Mask: Black Power in Comics” opens Saturday at the National Afro-American Museum & Cultural Center in Wilberforce and runs through Jan. 26. New Ohio exhibit explores history of blacks in comic books 2018-05-12T04:00:00Z Miles teaches American culture and history as well as Afro-American, Native American and women’s studies at University of Michigan. Author to discuss book that reveals slavery in early Detroit 2018-04-01T04:00:00Z Cattle sometimes broke through the fence and knocked over tombstones, the Baltimore Afro-American reported. Rediscovering the African American graveyard beneath a Baltimore shopping center 2018-03-21T04:00:00Z In 2006, he was inducted into the Delaware Afro-American Sports Hall of Fame . Ed Bordley, championship-winning blind wrestler and Harvard Law graduate, dies at 61 2018-03-02T05:00:00Z “He has done a great deal to advance the cause of Afro-American history.” Lerone Bennett Jr., journalist and historian of African American life, dies at 89 2018-02-15T05:00:00Z For Mr. Lester’s colleagues in the Afro-American studies department, that commentary was the final straw. Julius Lester, whose literature explored African American life, dies at 78 2018-01-23T05:00:00Z He said “we want to learn to be a church with a mestizo, indigenous, Afro-American face.” Pope on Guadalupe feast: Church is mestizo, native, black 2017-12-12T05:00:00Z “The city of the dead is also the city of disorder and neglect,” the Afro-American reported in 1929. Rediscovering the African American graveyard beneath a Baltimore shopping center 2018-03-21T04:00:00Z He received an English degree in 1942 from Virginia Union University, a historically black institution in Richmond, then began his career at the Baltimore Afro-American. Simeon Booker, intrepid chronicler of civil rights struggle for Jet and Ebony, dies at 99 2017-12-10T05:00:00Z UNC administered, for almost two decades, a “shadow curriculum” of 188 fake classes in the formerly named African and Afro-American Studies Department. Opinion | The NCAA season starts with sleaze and scandal 2017-11-24T05:00:00Z Mr. Lester had taught for more than three decades at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst — first in the Afro-American studies department, then in the Judaic studies department — and resided in Belchertown, Mass. Julius Lester, whose literature explored African American life, dies at 78 2018-01-23T05:00:00Z Somewhat similar to here in the US suddenly destroying statues of former leaders of Civil Wars - they are part of the US, as is slavery, as is full integration of the Afro-American. In Brexit-Era London, a Mosque Sits Between Two Types of Hate 2017-11-09T05:00:00Z Willingham insists the paper class curriculum in the school's Department of African and Afro-American Studies benefitted sports teams. North Carolina Academic Fraud Decision Exposes College Sports Hypocrisy 2017-10-13T04:00:00Z “All the photographs still show patients who are Afro-American men,” Dr. Wilson said. Hunting a Killer: Sex, Drugs and the Return of Syphilis 2017-08-24T04:00:00Z “Dr. Plecker, 86, Rabid Racist, Killed by Auto,” read the headline of his obituary in the Richmond Afro-American. Death of ‘a devil’: The white supremacist got hit by a car. His victims celebrated. 2017-08-02T04:00:00Z He was a former vice president of the Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society. Washington-area obituaries of note 2017-07-03T04:00:00Z Named after Afro-American leader Malcolm X, the under-20 Brazil international has started 35 matches in all competition with Bordeaux this season. Malcolm key to Bordeaux’s revival in French league 2017-04-27T04:00:00Z He began his career as an elementary school teacher and was also the director of the Afro-American Studies Program at Chicago’s Loyola University. Milton A. Gordon dies at 81; former Cal State Fullerton president oversaw era of increased diversity and growth 2017-04-19T04:00:00Z Their lawsuit stemmed from an academic scandal over classes in UNC’s African and Afro-American Studies department. Appeals court won’t revive lawsuit over UNC sham classes 2017-04-18T04:00:00Z It was 43 years ago when Herman Hudson, founder of Indiana University’s department of Afro-American Studies, decided to create a new dance ensemble that would focus on African-American dance. Professor’s retirement marks end of Indiana University era 2017-04-07T04:00:00Z The first reports, declared definitive by top administrators, found a problem with a professor and an administrator in the department in question, African and Afro-American studies. North Carolina’s Triumph Fails to Cover Cheating’s Stain 2017-03-31T04:00:00Z However, as Naylor once said, “For the Afro-American, regardless of where you climb on the ladder of success, there will be racism.” Remembering Gloria Naylor 2016-10-07T04:00:00Z Her mother was a local television personality and penned a column in the Afro-American newspaper, which was founded by another Murphy ancestor. ‘An offer of my heart’: A story of black love after the Civil War 2016-09-07T04:00:00Z The school’s lawyers are not arguing that the university’s African and Afro-American Studies Department didn’t provide sham classes that rarely met and enrolled large numbers of athletes. North Carolina editorial roundup 2016-08-10T04:00:00Z "It's not a matter of black suspicion, this is a matter of history," said Greg Carr, chair of the Afro-American studies department at Howard University in Washington, D.C. Theories of cover-ups and police violence in black deaths rankle online community 2016-08-04T04:00:00Z A few years back, Reginald Hildebrand, who is black and is a retired professor of history who taught in the department of African and Afro-American studies, wrote a searching essay. North Carolina’s Triumph Fails to Cover Cheating’s Stain 2017-03-31T04:00:00Z This article was written by Chad Williams, associate professor of African and Afro-American studies, Brandeis University, for The Conversation. How Will We Remember Black Women on the Anniversary of the Charleston Shooting? 2016-06-16T04:00:00Z The Baltimore Afro-American, one of the country’s biggest black-owned papers, told its younger readers that trying out multiple romantic partners was healthier, in the long run, than “settling down” too fast. Why Dating Is Drudgery 2016-05-23T04:00:00Z Nikol Oydanich, KDE vice president, said that after speaking to last year’s protesters and other individuals in the Afro-American Society, the sorority decided to change its theme because of its “racial connotations.” Dartmouth Sorority cancels Kentucky Derby party over ‘racial connotations’ 2016-04-09T04:00:00Z Left unsaid by Williams was that a university investigation showed 167 enrollments by basketball players into the African and Afro-American Studies program at the center of the scandal since he was named coach in 2003. Column: Final Four matchup as much about scandals as baskets 2016-03-29T04:00:00Z Multiple news reports described how students allegedly received help from North Carolina faculty and administrators on term papers and how some classes — centered in the university’s African and Afro-American Studies department — never even met. Roy Williams: The emotional tolls of Tobacco Road 2016-03-25T04:00:00Z When the local black newspaper, the Afro-American, wrote about Terrell’s victory, its headline read simply: “Eat Anywhere.” How D.C. ended segregation a year before Brown v. Board of Education 2016-01-15T05:00:00Z The Baltimore Afro-American newspaper, a leading civil rights voice at the time, called the song “just a Rebel song.” Maryland’s state song is way off-key, panels says 2015-12-27T05:00:00Z At Harvard he was chairman of the committee that created the university’s W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for Afro-American Research. Walter J. Leonard, Pioneer of Affirmative Action in Harvard Admissions, Dies at 86 2015-12-16T05:00:00Z In middle school, he attended a summer programme called the Afro-American Experience, taught by Black Panthers and student radicals. Chuck D: 'We battled the mainstream we fought every goddamn minute' 2015-11-22T05:00:00Z UNC later reported fraud in the since-renamed African and Afro-American Studies department, including lecture classes that didn’t meet, possibly forged signatures on grade rolls, unauthorized grade changes and poor oversight. 2 more fired, 3 cleared in UNC review after cheating scandal 2015-11-12T05:00:00Z Malcolm X completes this concealed triptych: black rights leader and founder of the Organisation of Afro-American Unity, his conflictual relationship with Islam had resulted in his murder in 1965. Castro, cows and the Summer of Love: how pop art became political dynamite 2015-09-04T04:00:00Z In 1964, civil rights activist Malcolm X declared, “We want equality by any means necessary” during the Founding Rally of the Organization of Afro-American Unity in New York. (Following Advance for Use Sunday, June 28) 2015-06-26T04:00:00Z Catering included watermelon and “purple drank” – imitating the stereotypically Afro-American cough syrup-based cocktail. From Ali G to Rachel Dolezal: the colourful history of blacking up 2015-06-21T04:00:00Z Born in 1950 in the Bronx, he entered the historically black university in the nation’s capital in 1968 and majored in Afro-American studies. A poet thinks he was laid off after 40 years at Howard U., but he isn’t sure. 2015-04-07T04:00:00Z “He is a kind of godfather to all of us in African and Afro-American studies,” Cornel West, the author and activist, said. Contested Legacy of Dr. Ben, a Father of African Studies 2015-03-27T04:00:00Z He formed his own organizations, the Organization of Afro-American Unity and the Muslim Mosque Inc., which embraced Sunni Islam. Hundreds gather to commemorate life and legacy of Malcolm X 2015-02-21T05:00:00Z On a Sunday afternoon 50 years ago, Malcolm X was shot at a rally he was leading of his Organization of Afro-American Unity in the Washington Heights neighborhood in New York City. ‘Death of a Desperado’: Malcolm X Was Assassinated 50 Years Ago Today 2015-02-21T05:00:00Z According to Wainstein’s report, North Carolina’s African and Afro-American studies department offered what amounted to a “shadow curriculum,” which was used to help many athletes stay eligible to compete. Former Athletes Sue North Carolina Over Academic Fraud 2015-01-22T05:00:00Z It supports the curriculum in Afro-American studies, the College of Arts and Sciences and the university as a whole. A poet thinks he was laid off after 40 years at Howard U., but he isn’t sure. 2015-04-07T04:00:00Z Lynch, a Brandeis junior, was an undergraduate representative for the African and Afro-American studies department. Once Again, Brandeis Students Master Selective Outrage 2015-01-08T05:00:00Z The report said more than 3,100 students - about half of them athletes - benefited from sham classes and artificially high grades in the formerly named African and Afro-American Studies department. College accrediting agency sends letter to UNC 2014-11-13T05:00:00Z McAdoo was ruled permanently ineligible in 2010 for academic violations connected to a tutor providing improper assistance on a research paper for a class in the formerly named African and Afro-American Studies department. Former UNC football player files lawsuit 2014-11-08T05:00:00Z That investigation found hundreds of fake independent studies and no-show classes in African and Afro-American Studies taken by more than 3,100 students, about half of them athletes. UNC to face more scrutiny from accrediting agency 2014-11-04T05:00:00Z An ongoing investigation at North Carolina has revealed that, since 1993, more than 3,000 students benefited in a sham class on African and Afro-American students. Alabama's Lane Kiffin taunted in return to Tennessee 2014-10-26T04:00:00Z She resigned from her position in the African and Afro-American studies department. Once Again, Brandeis Students Master Selective Outrage 2015-01-08T05:00:00Z These members said that some of their non-athlete fraternity brothers took so many of the classes that they inadvertently wound up with minors in African and Afro-American studies. UNC scandal not just about athletes; many who took ‘paper classes’ were not in sports According to the report, two faculty members at UNC-Chapel Hill ran a “shadow curriculum” within the school’s African and Afro-American Studies department and awarded unearned grades to student athletes for nearly 20 years. Round-up: Report finds academic fraud at UNC-Chapel Hill, short tenure common for schools chiefs 2014-10-22T04:00:00Z Ten of the 15 players on the 2005 team, when the Tar Heels won a national championship, were African and Afro-American Studies majors. How the academic scandal worked at UNC 2014-10-22T04:00:00Z Kenneth Wainstein, the former federal prosecutor who led the latest investigation, found that the department formerly known as African & Afro-American Studies offered hundreds of “irregular classes.” UNC Admits Fake Classes for Athletes Were Widespread: Four Blunt Points 2014-10-22T04:00:00Z Justice Department official Kenneth Wainstein on Wednesday describes his findings since he began looking into academic fraud in the school’s formerly named Department of African and Afro-American Studies in February. Investigator to bare more of UNC academic fraud 2014-10-22T04:00:00Z They provided more than 3,100 students with “one or more semesters of deficient instruction” within the African and Afro-American studies department, Wainstein reported. UNC scandal not just about athletes; many who took ‘paper classes’ were not in sports He originated the Spingarn Medal, given annually to the Afro-American who has made the greatest achievement. Joel and Amy Einstein Spingarn , White Jewish Leaders of the Civil Rights Movement 2014-07-30T04:00:00Z Wainstein is looking into the causes of fraud in the formerly named African and Afro-American Studies department, where Nyang’oro was chairman. DA mulls dropping ex-UNC professor’s fraud charge 2014-06-23T04:00:00Z But she began to study his ideas and joined his Organization of Afro-American Unity; she also became a Muslim for a short time. Yuri Kochiyama, ’60s civil rights activist and friend of Malcom X’s, dies at 93 For 15 years, he served as the editor of the Richmond Afro-American and Planet before starting the weekly black-interest Richmond Free Press. Richmond Free Press editor Boone dies at 76 2014-06-03T04:00:00Z Angelou helped organize Malcolm X’s Organization of Afro-American Unity, though it dissolved soon after his death. 10 Things to Remember about Author Maya Angelou 2014-05-28T04:00:00Z Worthy was a reporter for the Baltimore Afro-American and correspondent for CBS News when he defied travel restrictions by traveling to China in the 1950s. William Worthy, defiant global correspondent, dies 2014-05-18T04:00:00Z Raymond H. Boone, the former editor of the Baltimore Afro-American, said in an interview that he admired Mr. Worthy’s “courage and . . . his commitment to the First Amendment on a global level.” William Worthy, defiant journalist, dies at 92 That painful history consists of the transformation of UNC’s former African and Afro-American Studies Department into a factory churning out fake grades from phony classes disproportionately attended by varsity athletes. University of North Carolina Apologizes for Fake Classes, Promises Real Change 2014-01-27T11:00:10Z Boone was previously an executive with the Afro-American Newspapers Inc. and taught journalism at Howard University. Richmond Free Press editor Boone dies at 76 2014-06-03T04:00:00Z Yes, numerous varsity athletes majored in African and Afro-American Studies, raising serious questions about whether past Tar Heel champion basketball teams were populated by players whose eligibility, in retrospect, ought to be questioned. Four Blunt Points About UNC, College Sports, and Academic Corruption 2014-01-20T16:06:28Z The recent of UNC’s former long-time African & Afro-American Studies Department chairman serves as a signal that the situation at Chapel Hill deserves more attention. Academic Fraud for College Jocks Reaches Across the Country 2014-01-08T18:15:21Z He claimed conscientious objector status during World War II and later pursued a career in journalism with multiple outlets, most prominently with the Baltimore Afro-American. William Worthy, defiant journalist, dies at 92 “Sometimes I think you find it confusing if you have to call someone an Afro-American or have to describe somebody,” Desko said. As Lacrosse Grows, the Diversity of Players Remains Largely Unchanged 2013-05-25T03:21:38Z The DPAAP’s original mission was to organize the archives at Baltimore’s historic Afro-American Newspaper and create searchable guides of the content there. The Problem: A Startup's Most Important Asset 2013-03-21T13:30:54Z Marciano, the bashful white man who served his country in the second world war, and Ali, the brash Afro-American draft dodger, found themselves getting on famously. The forgotten story of … the Rocky Marciano v Muhammad Ali Super Fight 2012-11-13T12:11:00Z At Boxill’s behest, the authors of the report diluted a suggestion that bogus classes were created within UNC’s African and Afro-American Studies Department as part of a larger campaign to maintain athletes’ eligibility. Academic Fraud for College Jocks Reaches Across the Country 2014-01-08T18:15:21Z The transcript in question shows a student who did very well in many Department of African and Afro-American Studies classes and abysmally in other classes. The Quad: Widening U.N.C. Scandal Prompts Independent Review 2012-08-17T19:18:39Z Cunningham said the academic issues, including an internal review revealing that athletes registered for 54 no-show classes in African and Afro-American studies, were now behind the program. North Carolina Football Tries to Move Past Academic Scandal 2012-08-14T23:39:22Z He, too, is a great writer in defense of the Afro-American race. The Black Man, the Father of Civilization Proven by Biblical History 2012-04-24T02:00:16.783Z It forced his name and reputation to become identified with the gross and low condition of the rudest, most untutored mortals of our land, the humble Afro-American slave. Abraham Lincoln's Cardinal Traits; A Study in Ethics, with an Epilogue Addressed to Theologians 2012-01-17T03:00:21.120Z The road, if once gained by the pilgrim, whether he be Episcopalian, Bohemian, Presbyterian, or Afro-American, on which he will go straight onward. Emmy Lou's Road to Grace Being a Little Pilgrim's Progress 2012-01-12T03:00:14.550Z Alumni lingered at the plaques long after the event had ended, marveling at images of their younger selves culled from the Baltimore Afro-American newspaper; other newspapers had paid the protests little heed. Morgan State honors its civil rights sit-in pioneers 2011-11-12T01:45:00Z Alumni lingered at the plaques long after the event had ended, marveling at images of their younger selves culled from the Baltimore Afro-American newspaper; other newspapers paid the protests little heed. Morgan State honors its civil rights sit-in pioneers 2011-11-11T18:08:34Z In other words, the negro to come will not be the negro of the emancipation proclamation, but he will be the Anglo-Saxonized Afro-American. The Brothers' War 2011-11-01T02:00:24.007Z He got mixed up with that gin that they keep on hand in Maryland for the Afro-American trade, and it spoiled him for me. Taking Chances 2011-09-21T02:00:36.667Z The movement began about fifteen years ago, some of its founders being Afro-American Methodist preachers—a fact which throws a curious light on possible American negro reflexes upon their ancestral homeland. The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy 2011-09-13T02:00:33.070Z It was in vain to explain the difference of opinion on the 'Afro-American question' which separated the Northern and Southern Methodists; he could not understand it. Ten Years Near the German Frontier A Retrospect and a Warning 2011-06-16T02:00:15.297Z They gazed at themselves in an Associated Press photo from that week, a group of female inmates huddled around an issue of the Afro-American. Morgan State honors its civil rights sit-in pioneers 2011-11-11T18:08:34Z But I does not go to look for no Afro-American Hotel, nor yet for no Colored Arabian Prince, neither. J. Poindexter, Colored 2011-06-11T02:00:11.257Z After the close of the Paris exposition, Mr. Murray continued to collect works by Afro-American, Afro-European, and West Indian authors and to amass a varied collection of Afro-Americana. The Negro in the United States; a selected bibliography. Compiled by Dorothy B. Porter 2011-05-05T02:00:18.267Z Chinese scholars, Japanese professors, Hindu pundits, Turkish journalists, and Afro-American editors, one and all voiced drastic criticisms of white civilization and hailed the war as a well-merited Nemesis on white arrogance and greed. The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy 2011-09-13T02:00:33.070Z Morton found the average capacity of 62 native African skulls to be 83 cubic inches, and of 12 Afro-American skulls to be 82 cubic inches. The Color Line A Brief in Behalf of the Unborn 2011-01-30T03:00:15.907Z “They’ve tried to get people to come forward from different sectors of Afro-American life,” Mr. Baraka said. The Thorny Path to a National Black Museum 2011-01-23T05:20:25Z Carr, chairman of Afro-American Studies at Howard University, said he recognizes the fading signs of the Old South in this region. D.C. area and Dixie drifting farther and farther apart 2011-01-16T01:44:05Z The Washington Afro-American newspaper proposed a "Negro boycott" of products manufactured in West Virginia. Sen. Robert Byrd dead at 92; West Virginia lawmaker was the longest serving member of Congress in history 2010-06-28T11:20:00Z A Southern railroad conductor said, “My Afro-American friend, you are in the wrong car; you must get in with your own color.” The Southern Soldier Boy A Thousand Shots for the Confederacy If then the Afro-American race stands even now at the entrance of the Valley of the Shadow of Death, what shall we say, what shall we do? The Color Line A Brief in Behalf of the Unborn 2011-01-30T03:00:15.907Z The detail of this plan shows that the methods of the Afro-American Council of 1895, is an almost exact copy of the National Council of 1853. The Early Negro Convention Movement The American Negro Academy, Occasional Papers No. 9 There is plenty of active leadership for this Afro-American scholar as a part of his mission. The Educated Negro and His Mission The American Negro Academy. Occasional Papers No. 8 As yet she is as new to the idea of what it really means to work as is the Afro-American citizen. The Long Day The Story of a New York Working Girl As Told by Herself The Afro-American Congress, convening in Los Angeles, gave up an afternoon session to listen to Mrs. Naomi Anderson, the salaried organizer. The History of Woman Suffrage, Volume IV A striking corroboration of our results surprises the reader of Professor C. H. Crogman's work, "The Remarkable Advancement of the Afro-American," at Chapter XIII, on "Mortality." The Color Line A Brief in Behalf of the Unborn 2011-01-30T03:00:15.907Z Molly, all eyes, tired though they were, was staring at the Pullman Afro-American, flashing eyes and teeth and buttons at her and even more at Sandy. Rimrock Trail The latter is shown by the formation of the Afro-American League for the protection of the blacks, especially in the Southern States, and the advancement of their interests and influence. Buchanan's Journal of Man, November 1887 Volume 1, Number 10 Graveyard rabbits, when indubitably known to be such, decorate no Afro-American skillet. Sundry Accounts He was bending over the bed, which was piled with new shirts, Afro-American ties, new toilet articles, and he was packing a new suit-case. The Job An American Novel In all likelihood these tendencies will be rather strengthened than weakened with advancing years, and there are those now living who will actually see the Afro-American moving rapidly towards extinction. The Color Line A Brief in Behalf of the Unborn 2011-01-30T03:00:15.907Z The thoughts expressed in this chapter have been gleaned principally from the columns of the Afro-American, a colored weekly, published by the faculty of Biddle University, Charlotte, North Carolina. The Choctaw Freedmen and The Story of Oak Hill Industrial Academy It is amply sufficient to accommodate the vast variety of exhibits which the Afro-American will have to display to the world. Sparkling Gems of Race Knowledge Worth Reading A compendium of valuable information and wise suggestions that will inspire noble effort at the hands of every race-loving man, woman, and child. Michael Healy, who was of Irish and Afro-American heritage, served as commanding officer of the Bear and other major Coast Guard vessels. Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940-1965 Men, women, and children with trays piled high with the tiny purple and white flowers were doing a tremendous business; their customers ranging from dignified statesmen to the loudly dressed Afro-American gayly swinging along. The Statesmen Snowbound Unless all the statistical indications be grossly misleading, the movement of the Afro-American average in the last generation has been down and not up, backward and not forward. The Color Line A Brief in Behalf of the Unborn 2011-01-30T03:00:15.907Z The valor and heroism of the Afro-American contingent were second to none according to the unanimous testimony of those who were in command of this high enterprise. Kelly Miller's History of the World War for Human Rights The Afro-American will also make an exhibit of dentistry. Sparkling Gems of Race Knowledge Worth Reading A compendium of valuable information and wise suggestions that will inspire noble effort at the hands of every race-loving man, woman, and child. Rejection of the Army's second proposal as seen by the Afro-American, June 14, 1949. Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940-1965 There is, therefore, no phase of the Afro-American problem upon the proper solution of which there is not a substantial agreement among members of the race. Twentieth Century Negro Literature Or, A Cyclopedia of Thought on the Vital Topics Relating to the American Negro The Afro-American, developing from this slave base, now directs great organizations of a religious character, and in comprehensive sweep invites to his co-operation the inhabitants of the isles of the sea and of far-off Africa. The Colored Regulars in the United States Army Today he is no longer Negro, nor Afro-American, nor colored American, nor American of African descent, but he is American—simply this, and nothing more. Kelly Miller's History of the World War for Human Rights The only Afro-American Hatter known in the South. Sparkling Gems of Race Knowledge Worth Reading A compendium of valuable information and wise suggestions that will inspire noble effort at the hands of every race-loving man, woman, and child. At the meeting of the Afro-American Debating Club the question of capital punishment for murder occupied the attention of the orators for the evening. Best Short Stories No, the Afro-American has instinctively distrusted his political enemies, even when they came to him bearing grapes in their hands and honey on their tongues. Twentieth Century Negro Literature Or, A Cyclopedia of Thought on the Vital Topics Relating to the American Negro It is reasonable to presume that this new Afro-American will somehow and somewhere be given an opportunity to express that particular modification of material life which his spiritual nature will demand. The Colored Regulars in the United States Army And this is true of the entire mass of the Afro-American laborers of the Southern States. The Negro Problem An Afro-American Financial Accumulating Merchandise and Business Association was organized in Pittsburg, Pa., June 22, 1896, for the purpose of accumulating money to establish business among the race. Sparkling Gems of Race Knowledge Worth Reading A compendium of valuable information and wise suggestions that will inspire noble effort at the hands of every race-loving man, woman, and child. A few instances to substantiate the assertion that some white women love the company of the Afro-American will not be out of place. Southern Horrors Lynch Law in All Its Phases Mr. Fortune was also elected chairman of the executive committee of the National Afro-American Press Association which met in Indianapolis, Indiana in 1890. Twentieth Century Negro Literature Or, A Cyclopedia of Thought on the Vital Topics Relating to the American Negro This, however, is, with the insignificant exception of Liberia, all that is yet to be found in the brief history of the Afro-American race. The Colored Regulars in the United States Army The negroid type and the Afro-American type are two very distinct types, and the sociologist who confounds them, as is very generally done, is bound to confuse his subject and his audience. The Negro Problem There are, according to the latest statistics, 1,280 Afro-American women secretaries and clerks. Sparkling Gems of Race Knowledge Worth Reading A compendium of valuable information and wise suggestions that will inspire noble effort at the hands of every race-loving man, woman, and child. The South resented giving the Afro-American his freedom, the ballot box and the Civil Rights Law. Southern Horrors Lynch Law in All Its Phases It is creditable to the good sense and the manhood of the Afro-American people that they have constantly recognized and acted upon the theory I have here laid down, as the consistent one in politics. Twentieth Century Negro Literature Or, A Cyclopedia of Thought on the Vital Topics Relating to the American Negro Relating to the value of an education Dr. Buckner hopes every Caucassian and Afro-American youth and maiden will strive to attain great heights. Slave Narratives: a Folk History of Slavery in the United States From Interviews with Former Slaves Indiana Narratives Here, too, we have a long and tedious process of evolution, but it is nothing new in the history of races circumstanced as the Afro-American people are. The Negro Problem Seventy-five Afro-American lady dentists, some of whom have a large practice among the best white people, are an honor to the profession. Sparkling Gems of Race Knowledge Worth Reading A compendium of valuable information and wise suggestions that will inspire noble effort at the hands of every race-loving man, woman, and child. On March 9, 1892, there were lynched in this same city three of the best specimens of young since-the-war Afro-American manhood. Southern Horrors Lynch Law in All Its Phases The democratic party is the only party in the United States which denies to the Afro-American this basic right in party government. Twentieth Century Negro Literature Or, A Cyclopedia of Thought on the Vital Topics Relating to the American Negro The reproduction, in the Chronicle, of the article from the Afro-American Banner, with Carteret's inflammatory comment, took immediate effect. The Marrow of Tradition An instrument used by the Caucasian to enhance his beauty, by the Mongolian to make a guy of himself, and by the Afro-American to affirm his worth. The Devil's Dictionary There are 18 Afro-American women who are competent land surveyors. Sparkling Gems of Race Knowledge Worth Reading A compendium of valuable information and wise suggestions that will inspire noble effort at the hands of every race-loving man, woman, and child. There was no law on the statute books which would execute an Afro-American for wounding a white man, but the "unwritten law" did. Southern Horrors Lynch Law in All Its Phases Brilliant as has been the past of this progressive Afro-American, the future holds out the promise of grander achievements. Twentieth Century Negro Literature Or, A Cyclopedia of Thought on the Vital Topics Relating to the American Negro The editor of the Afro-American Banner, whose office had been quietly garrisoned for several nights by armed negroes, became frightened, and disappeared from the town between two suns. The Marrow of Tradition The two great negroes, taking advantage of this hesitation, burst among them with mighty blows and strange Afro-American oaths, Castor and Pollux in bronze. The Cruise of the Jasper B. The records of the Southern States show up wonderfully well in favor of the Afro-American, and yet not as well as they might. Sparkling Gems of Race Knowledge Worth Reading A compendium of valuable information and wise suggestions that will inspire noble effort at the hands of every race-loving man, woman, and child. White men lynch the offending Afro-American, not because he is a despoiler of virtue, but because he succumbs to the smiles of white women. Southern Horrors Lynch Law in All Its Phases Mr. Fortune was the first to suggest the Afro-American League, an organization in the interest of the Negro race. Twentieth Century Negro Literature Or, A Cyclopedia of Thought on the Vital Topics Relating to the American Negro He had read in the Morning Chronicle, a few days before, the obnoxious editorial quoted from the Afro-American Banner, and had noted the comment upon it by the white editor. The Marrow of Tradition Many other eminent men have shared the same opinion, and not a few prominent leaders among the Afro-American people. Thomas Jefferson, a Character Sketch This is to-day the greatest barrier to Afro-American success and the chief reason why we are no further advanced in commercial spheres than we are. Sparkling Gems of Race Knowledge Worth Reading A compendium of valuable information and wise suggestions that will inspire noble effort at the hands of every race-loving man, woman, and child. The mob spirit has grown with the increasing intelligence of the Afro-American. Southern Horrors Lynch Law in All Its Phases Young as years go, but mature in all the attributes that command success and popular esteem, the life of Henry A. Rucker is a priceless text-book for the aspiring Afro-American youth. Twentieth Century Negro Literature Or, A Cyclopedia of Thought on the Vital Topics Relating to the American Negro It also argued that whites would only take advantage of the Afro-American, and that the separation of the two races was the only solution. The Black Experience in America "The idea—the glorious humanitarian and philanthropic idea—of taking the kinks and curls out of the hair of the Afro-American brother," says Doctor Kirby, "at so much per kink." Danny's Own Story I invariably use the term "Afro-American" to designate our race residing in the United States. Sparkling Gems of Race Knowledge Worth Reading A compendium of valuable information and wise suggestions that will inspire noble effort at the hands of every race-loving man, woman, and child. To the Afro-American the South says, "the white man must and will rule." Southern Horrors Lynch Law in All Its Phases Mr. Lewis came to Florida in 1890, as corresponding secretary of the Afro-American Chautauqua Association, whose president was the lamented Dr. J. C. Price. Twentieth Century Negro Literature Or, A Cyclopedia of Thought on the Vital Topics Relating to the American Negro In one single decision the court had lashed out at the Afro-American with two blows. The Black Experience in America They talk about progress and education for the Afro-American brother, and uplift and advancement and industrial education and manual training and all that sort of thing. Danny's Own Story He desires to know something more definite; and if the person is of black complexion and woolly hair, we say that he is a Negro Afro-American. Sparkling Gems of Race Knowledge Worth Reading A compendium of valuable information and wise suggestions that will inspire noble effort at the hands of every race-loving man, woman, and child. Memphis is fast losing her black population, who proclaim as they go that there is no protection for the life and property of any Afro-American citizen in Memphis who is not a slave. Southern Horrors Lynch Law in All Its Phases At this stage of Afro-American existence the question is asked, "What role is the educated Negro woman to play in the uplifting of her race?" Twentieth Century Negro Literature Or, A Cyclopedia of Thought on the Vital Topics Relating to the American Negro Although the liberal philosophy of the revolution did lead these states to end slavery, most Northern citizens were not genuinely convinced that natural law had conferred full equality on their Afro-American neighbors. The Black Experience in America But what the Afro-American brother thinks about and dreams about and longs for and prays to be—when he thinks at all—is to be white. Danny's Own Story To say "Afro-American" is to reunite us to our forefathers, both by blood and language. Sparkling Gems of Race Knowledge Worth Reading A compendium of valuable information and wise suggestions that will inspire noble effort at the hands of every race-loving man, woman, and child. On the other hand, as long as the railroads can get Afro-American excursions they will always have plenty of money to fight all the suits brought against them. Southern Horrors Lynch Law in All Its Phases His career of thirty-five years is quite an interesting one, abounding in well-directed efforts that have done much to give character and dignity to the Afro-American youth of the land. Twentieth Century Negro Literature Or, A Cyclopedia of Thought on the Vital Topics Relating to the American Negro However, the Afro-American community was not very enthusiastic about the project. The Black Experience in America If he had gone just one step farther the Afro-American brother would have hailed him as a greater man than Abraham Lincoln, or either of the Washingtons, George or Booker. Danny's Own Story The "Afro-American Encyclopedia" has had the largest sale. Sparkling Gems of Race Knowledge Worth Reading A compendium of valuable information and wise suggestions that will inspire noble effort at the hands of every race-loving man, woman, and child. The only times an Afro-American who was assaulted got away has been when he had a gun and used it in self-defense. Southern Horrors Lynch Law in All Its Phases As a spicy paragrapher, originator of attractive news features, and as a keen observer of popular tastes, he has few equals and no superiors in the army of Afro-American journalists. Twentieth Century Negro Literature Or, A Cyclopedia of Thought on the Vital Topics Relating to the American Negro This forced the Afro-American community to develop its own professionals. The Black Experience in America These people down here and that half-cracked, half-crooked old bishop have made me see a few things about the Afro-American brother. Danny's Own Story It has been the earnest aim of the compiler to embody in these pages the latest conclusions of some of the most prominent Afro-American scholars on several of the mooted subjects pertaining to the race. Sparkling Gems of Race Knowledge Worth Reading A compendium of valuable information and wise suggestions that will inspire noble effort at the hands of every race-loving man, woman, and child. When the white man who is always the aggressor knows he runs as great risk of biting the dust every time his Afro-American victim does, he will have greater respect for Afro-American life. Southern Horrors Lynch Law in All Its Phases And in addition to his many other arduous labors he has found time to edit the "Afro-American Ledger," a weekly of this city, the "Church Advocate," and the "Maryland Home," monthly publications. Twentieth Century Negro Literature Or, A Cyclopedia of Thought on the Vital Topics Relating to the American Negro The alienation of the Afro-American from his government was dramatically underscored and justified in 1857 by the Dred Scott Decision which was handed down by the Supreme Court. The Black Experience in America The first is African music, the second Afro-American, while the third is a blending of Negro music with the music heard in the foster land. The Souls of Black Folk It is argued that the German-American, the Irish-American, and the Anglo-American are distinctly racial lines, and for that reason the "Afro-American" must be applied to the race of African descent in America. Sparkling Gems of Race Knowledge Worth Reading A compendium of valuable information and wise suggestions that will inspire noble effort at the hands of every race-loving man, woman, and child. The Afro-American papers are the only ones which will print the truth, and they lack means to employ agents and detectives to get at the facts. Southern Horrors Lynch Law in All Its Phases Indeed, it would be fairly open to question whether a single Afro-American of unmixed Ethiopian descent could now be found in Boston. "'Tis Sixty Years Since" Address of Charles Francis Adams; Founders' Day, January 16, 1913 In the nineteenth century the problem that faced the Afro-American community was how to destroy the institution of slavery. The Black Experience in America "Is it the Afro-American bishop raising the mortgage on their chapel?" With the Procession They are not Africans nor Negroes, and there is no such a race as the Afro-American race known in the world. Sparkling Gems of Race Knowledge Worth Reading A compendium of valuable information and wise suggestions that will inspire noble effort at the hands of every race-loving man, woman, and child. The Afro-American himself did not know as he should have known as his journals should be in a position to have him know and act. Southern Horrors Lynch Law in All Its Phases This exhaustive and scholarly work contains an estimate of Douglass's career by an Afro-American author. Frederick Douglass A Biography The African church became the most important organization within the Afro-American community. The Black Experience in America Yes; if he had lived to return to his country, I fancy he would have added considerably to Afro-American witch- lore. The Mystery To be strictly accurate, we would call him a Negro Afro-American. Sparkling Gems of Race Knowledge Worth Reading A compendium of valuable information and wise suggestions that will inspire noble effort at the hands of every race-loving man, woman, and child. This statement is not a shield for the despoiler of virtue, nor altogether a defense for the poor blind Afro-American Sampsons who suffer themselves to be betrayed by white Delilahs. Southern Horrors Lynch Law in All Its Phases There were all shades of Afro-American colour and all degrees of prosperity represented. Senator North They strove to make the paper a medium for communication and debate within the Afro-American community. The Black Experience in America There is a pretty piece of fiction connected with one of the claimants to its discovery, by the celebrated Jim Beckwourth, that famous Afro-American, who was chief of the Crow Nation. The Great Salt Lake Trail "Where does 'Afro-American' come in?" he asks; and then replies: "Awkwardly." Sparkling Gems of Race Knowledge Worth Reading A compendium of valuable information and wise suggestions that will inspire noble effort at the hands of every race-loving man, woman, and child. Somebody must show that the Afro-American race is more sinned against than sinning, and it seems to have fallen upon me to do so. Southern Horrors Lynch Law in All Its Phases In fact, philosophy has disappeared in a number of philosophies practiced today: analytic, continental, feminist, Afro-American, among others. The Civilization of Illiteracy The involvement of the Federal Government in supporting slavery led to a growing alienation within the Afro-American community. The Black Experience in America In short, even before the Negro Renaissance of the 1920s the Afro-American community had made a basic contribution to American culture, providing America with a peasant folk tradition of the greatest importance. The Black Experience in America So must we train ourselves to say the right name, "Afro-American." Sparkling Gems of Race Knowledge Worth Reading A compendium of valuable information and wise suggestions that will inspire noble effort at the hands of every race-loving man, woman, and child. Last winter in Baltimore, Md., three white ruffians assaulted a Miss Camphor, a young Afro-American girl, while out walking with a young man of her own race. Southern Horrors Lynch Law in All Its Phases Afro-American street dancers, West European ballet groups, and theaters in which the human body is integrated into the more comprehensive body of the show, practice these strategies for different purposes and with different aesthetic goals. The Civilization of Illiteracy Ironically, the first man to die in the Colonial fight for freedom was both an Afro-American and a runaway slave. The Black Experience in America The Afro-American folk culture must be seen as the product of the African's experience in America rather than as an importation into America of foreign, African elements. The Black Experience in America There is no other term in language, thought, or reason that fits in and at the same time covers the ground so completely as "Afro-American." Sparkling Gems of Race Knowledge Worth Reading A compendium of valuable information and wise suggestions that will inspire noble effort at the hands of every race-loving man, woman, and child. The case went to the courts, an Afro-American lawyer defended the men and they were acquitted. Southern Horrors Lynch Law in All Its Phases Although the content of the Afro-American folk culture grew out of the American scene, its style and flavor did have African roots. The Black Experience in America Garrison felt double-crossed when his most important cohort in the Afro-American community struck out on his own. The Black Experience in America Within a few months of Douglass's death, a new leader was thrust upon the Afro-American community. The Black Experience in America When Theodore Roosevelt entertained Washington for dinner at the White House, the Afro-American community was overjoyed. The Black Experience in America In the same city, last May, a white man outraged an Afro-American girl in a drug store. Southern Horrors Lynch Law in All Its Phases Nevertheless, there were those within the Afro-American community who were not enthusiastic about their new leader. The Black Experience in America If white America doesn't think the Afro-American, especially the upcoming generation, is capable of adopting the guerrilla tactics now being used by oppressed people elsewhere on this earth, she is making a drastic mistake. The Black Experience in America He wanted to see the Afro-American community develop control over its own churches, schools, social clubs, and businesses. The Black Experience in America He strove to demonstrate that the Afro-American was not innately inferior and that his inferior status sprang from his unequal and unfair treatment in America. The Black Experience in America He was not punished, but an attempt was made in the same town in the month of June to lynch an Afro-American who visited a white woman. Southern Horrors Lynch Law in All Its Phases There he began a research department which was devoted to studying the problems of the Afro-American community and which resulted in the production of a dozen works. The Black Experience in America As Afro-American freedmen sought to claim their rights as men and citizens, they were confronted with constant resistance from whites who were unwilling to accept them. The Black Experience in America While the vast majority of Afro-American troops fighting in the Revolutionary War will always remain anonymous, there were several who achieved distinction and made their mark in history. The Black Experience in America Another indication of the northward migration which had occured was that a Northern state, New York, had acquired an Afro-American community which was larger than that of any of the Southern states. The Black Experience in America In the creation of this healthier public sentiment, the Afro-American can do for himself what no one else can do for him. Southern Horrors Lynch Law in All Its Phases The Afro-American, besides having justice on his side, was comforted knowing that his goals were sanctioned and hallowed by the nation's ideals. The Black Experience in America The Fugitive Slave Act was a powerful blow at the Afro-American communities in the North. The Black Experience in America By this time, the city's Afro-American community was developing a small middle class of its own, and it contained its own fashionable clubs and night life. The Black Experience in America In the first half of the twentieth century, the Afro-American community had been transformed from a rural and regional group into a national one. The Black Experience in America To Northern capital and Afro-American labor the South owes its rehabilitation. Southern Horrors Lynch Law in All Its Phases The best known composer from the Afro-American community was William Grant Still. The Black Experience in America The convention noted that the Afro-American community was developing a growing sense of racial consciousness and pride. The Black Experience in America The most famous of the Afro-American painters was Henry O. Tanner, who had made his reputation before the Negro Renaissance. The Black Experience in America These were areas in which Afro-Americans were employed in unusually high proportions, and this meant that a large portion of the Afro-American community was not covered by this legislation. The Black Experience in America The Afro-American is thus the backbone of the South. Southern Horrors Lynch Law in All Its Phases Unfortunately for the Afro-American, most of the new jobs were not open to them. The Black Experience in America This left the Afro-American community without the economic base necessary for competing in American society on an equal basis. The Black Experience in America It became clear that nothing would change without strong government action, and it was also evident that this would not occur unless the entire Afro-American community could exert united, political pressure. The Black Experience in America One of the reasons for this impartiality, undoubtedly, was the fact that both local and national Selective Service Boards included Afro-American representation. The Black Experience in America The Afro-American citizens of Kentucky, whose intellectual and financial improvement has been phenomenal, have never had a separate car law until now. Southern Horrors Lynch Law in All Its Phases Negro newspapers had their own journalists at the front, and the Afro-American community eagerly kept up with the war news. The Black Experience in America The Afro-American stood out in sharp distinction to this picture both because of his color and his African heritage. The Black Experience in America The Afro-American community wondered if the U.N. would apply these principles to them. The Black Experience in America Randolph's talent for mass mobilization was demonstrated most clearly in his efforts to organize two gigantic marches on Washington in order to dramatize Afro-American needs and to pressure the government into action. The Black Experience in America By the right exercise of his power as the industrial factor of the South, the Afro-American can demand and secure his rights, the punishment of lynchers, and a fair trial for accused rapists. Southern Horrors Lynch Law in All Its Phases This was an adaptation of some of Gandhi's techniques to the Afro-American problem. The Black Experience in America On the one hand, it strove to seize the leadership of the Afro-American community, taking it away from the more conciliatory emphasis of Booker T. Washington. The Black Experience in America It was to teach self-reliance to the Afro-American community. The Black Experience in America Therefore, it was from the Afro-American peasant class that an indigenous American folk culture was to emerge. The Black Experience in America The more the Afro-American yields and cringes and begs, the more he has to do so, the more he is insulted, outraged and lynched. Southern Horrors Lynch Law in All Its Phases In America, the Afro-American created song, dance, music, and, later, poetry. The Black Experience in America The basic political and civil rights of the Afro-American were severely limited in almost every state. The Black Experience in America Out of this environmental along with its suffering and deprivation, has evolved an Afro-American culture. The Black Experience in America It expressed the daily tribulations, weariness, fears, and loves of the Afro-American after Emancipation. The Black Experience in America In Nashville, Tenn., there is a white man, Pat Hanifan, who outraged a little Afro-American girl, and, from the physical injuries received, she has been ruined for life. Southern Horrors Lynch Law in All Its Phases Unfortunately, at the very time that the Afro-American community was stepping forward with new confidence, the nation was tottering on the brink of economic disaster. The Black Experience in America The most prominent of these Afro-American institutions was the Negro church. The Black Experience in America The Depression also proved that Harlem, like other Afro-American communities, was not as economically self-sufficient as Johnson had imagined. The Black Experience in America The West Indian community had been gradually merging with the larger Afro-American society. The Black Experience in America A white man in Guthrie, Oklahoma Territory, two months ago inflicted such injuries upon another Afro-American child that she died. Southern Horrors Lynch Law in All Its Phases It never established a separate place of residence, and the second generation became mixed with the larger Afro-American community. The Black Experience in America Monroe Trotter edited the Boston Guardian which was one of the most militant papers published in the Afro-American community. The Black Experience in America "The talented tenth," which was to lead the Afro-American community into the mainstream of American life, had not been successful. The Black Experience in America Garvey was harshly critical of the leadership in the Afro-American community. The Black Experience in America When that poor Afro-American was murdered, the whites excused their refusal of a trial on the ground that they wished to spare the white girl the mortification of having to testify in court. Southern Horrors Lynch Law in All Its Phases While some discrimination still continued, the order and the Fair Employment Practices Commission, which resulted from it, played an important role in opening large numbers of new jobs to the Afro-American community. The Black Experience in America Although Reconstruction did protect some of the political and civil rights of the Afro-American community, it achieved almost nothing in improving the social and economic situation. The Black Experience in America One of the by-products of this, Randolph believed, would be the development of self-reliance within the Afro-American community and the destruction of the slave mentality. The Black Experience in America The new Negro was doing more than asserting his own individuality; the entire Afro-American community was developing a new sense of solidarity. The Black Experience in America Men who, like Governor Tillman, start the ball of lynch law rolling for a certain crime, are powerless to stop it when drunken or criminal white toughs feel like hanging an Afro-American on any pretext. Southern Horrors Lynch Law in All Its Phases The factor which prevented this new, energetic Afro-American from becoming alienated from America was that its goals were identical with the expressed ideals of the country. The Black Experience in America At the very point in American history when democracy was sinking its roots deeper into the national soil, the status of the Afro-American was being clearly defined as an inferior one. The Black Experience in America Crossing 125th Street on his way up Seventh Avenue, Johnson said, the visitor would not expect to find himself in the midst of an Afro-American community. The Black Experience in America They were, at the same time, Afro-American creations. The Black Experience in America In the United States Garvey found the Afro-American community ready to support his program of encouraging aggressive racial pride. The Black Experience in America LeRoi Jones, the contemporary poet, playwright, and jazz critic, points out in "Blues People" that the earliest Negro contributions to formal art did not reflect this genuine Afro-American culture. The Black Experience in America These meetings brought together leaders from Afro-American communities throughout the North. The Black Experience in America He also claimed that American Negroes, being Moors, had an Islamic heritage rather than a Christian one, and he endeavored to spread his particular version of that faith throughout the Afro-American community. The Black Experience in America This left some of the more undesirable jobs to go begging, and, as the result, the war boom benefits began to trickle down to the Afro-American community. The Black Experience in America Their ideas present a broad overview of the concepts to be found within the Afro-American community. The Black Experience in America In the very city in which he lived and where his influence should have been strongest, white bigotry exploded, and mobs roamed the streets for days beating Afro-American citizens and burning their homes. The Black Experience in America When he died early in 1895, the Afro-American community was left without leadership capable of uniting the diverse elements within the movement. The Black Experience in America In turn, the Negroes responded by forming the Afro-American Realty Company, and they too bought out apartment buildings, evicted the white tenants, and rented the apartments to Negroes. The Black Experience in America However, this mobility was not extended to the Afro-American. The Black Experience in America Besides articulating the Negro's emotional reaction to prejudice and discrimination, the Negro Renaissance depicted other aspects of the Afro-American culture. The Black Experience in America With them, the Afro-American folk culture made its way into the formal art of the nation. The Black Experience in America The Afro-American community remained oblivious to the hostilities in Europe and was late in becoming aware of the imminence of war. The Black Experience in America This renaissance, unlike previous art produced by Negroes, consciously built on the Afro-American folk tradition. The Black Experience in America They were more than products of an Afro-American subculture; their work became part of the mainstream of American literature. The Black Experience in America In retrospect, the Renaissance of the twenties can be seen as the beginning of a continuing, self-conscious cultural movement within the Afro-American community. The Black Experience in America Whatever was the actual number of members of the U.N.I.A., the movement gained more grass-roots support than had any other organization in Afro-American history. The Black Experience in America The Afro-American community was eager to support the war effort, particularly because it meant fighting Hitler's racism. The Black Experience in America They suggested that such an aggressive protest would do more to hurt the Afro-American than help him. The Black Experience in America By 1932, the government believed that 38 percent of the Afro-American community was incapable of self-support and in need of government relief. The Black Experience in America Afro-American communities, which had been regarded as "The Promised Land," slid into poverty and dejection. The Black Experience in America The Afro-American community, however, was more concerned with the imperialistic and racist elements in the teachings of Fascism and National Socialism. The Black Experience in America In spite of this earlier migration, the 1900 census showed that 89.7 percent of the Afro-American community still resided in the South. The Black Experience in America Finally, life in an urban ghetto, though lacking the humiliation of legal segregation, had brought another harsh reality into Afro-American life. The Black Experience in America The news was carefully and systematically spread throughout the entire Afro-American community. The Black Experience in America In April of 1968, another rash of riots swept through the Afro-American community. The Black Experience in America At the same time, forewarnings of anger and violence had begun to rumble in many Afro-American communities across the land. The Black Experience in America In it, Locke heralded a spiritual awakening within the Afro-American community. The Black Experience in America The Afro-American community was quietly building community organizations to create the economic and political foundations necessary for the future. The Black Experience in America On this point, the study of Afro-American history raises a particular question about the means of social change. The Black Experience in America In retrospect, it appears that there had always been voices from within the Afro-American community which had maintained that the Civil Rights Movement was not the panacea that many believed it to be. The Black Experience in America It served to increase the level of bitterness in the Afro-American community as a whole. The Black Experience in America The artists of the "Negro Renaissance", as important as they might be themselves, were merely symbolic of the new life which was electrifying the Afro-American community. The Black Experience in America In that same year, the government estimated that 65 percent of the Negro employables in Atlanta were on public assistance while, in Norfolk, 80 percent of the Afro-American community was on relief. The Black Experience in America In spite of the variety of their objectives, all of them believed that the Afro-American must first achieve economic security before any of these specific goals could be attained. The Black Experience in America Although there has been considerable debate about the number of members in the U.N.I.A., it was clearly the largest mass organization in Afro-American history. The Black Experience in America Although Garvey had, overnight, created the largest mass organization in Afro-American history, it crumbled almost as quickly as it had been built. The Black Experience in America In both cases, the Afro-American was represented as the passive victim of external socioeconomic forces. The Black Experience in America While the nation was willing to tolerate the Afro-American folk spirit, the people, themselves, did not believe that they would be accepted. The Black Experience in America In contrast, the Afro-American cultural spirit became emotional, exuberant, and sentimental. The Black Experience in America The Afro-American community felt the Depression sooner and harder than did the rest of the country. The Black Experience in America Afro-American suspicions about the nature of Mussolini's imperialism proved to be justified when Italy invaded Ethiopia. The Black Experience in America In spite of the individualism which was preached as a basic part of the American creed, the Afro-American community was forced to develop a strong sense of group cooperation. The Black Experience in America However, the arrest of Mrs. Parks touched off a chain reaction within Montgomery's Afro-American community. The Black Experience in America When the procession reached the state capitol building, the demonstrators were addressed by two Afro-American Nobel Peace Prize winners. The Black Experience in America As early as 1957, Robert F. Williams, then the N.A.A.C.P. leader in Monroe, North Carolina, concluded that nonviolence could not be looked upon as a cure-all for all the problems of the Afro-American community. The Black Experience in America The folk culture, nevertheless, flourished within the music produced by the Afro-American community. The Black Experience in America The spirituals were a religious manifestation of the Afro-American heritage. The Black Experience in America Most of them felt that there was too much apathy in the Afro-American community for such a grandiose scheme to be taken seriously. The Black Experience in America The smoldering tensions and frustrations which lay just below the surface in the Afro-American community exploded into a racial holocaust on August 11, 1965, in Watts--a black ghetto just outside of Los Angeles. The Black Experience in America |
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