| 单词 | chromatin |
| 例句 | The allegiances shifted: the handmaiden of chromatin was suddenly its queen. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z If chromatin, as Morgan had suggested, was a string of beads, then proteins had to be the active component—the beads—while DNA was likely the string. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z No one knew or understood the chemical structure of chromatin, but of the two “intimately mixed” components, proteins were vastly more familiar to biologists, vastly more versatile, and vastly more likely to be gene carriers. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z This innovative technique allowed the researchers to analyze tens of thousands of gene expressions and the chromatin landscapes of these newborn cells as they grew into families of cell types with different molecular functions. New method tracks how brain cells age 2023-10-26T04:00:00Z Additionally, their analysis pinpointed regions of chromatin associated with the regulation of genes known to play a pivotal role in human brain development. Researchers construct first 'multiome' atlas of cell development in the human cerebral cortex from before birth to adulthood 2023-10-12T04:00:00Z To understand chromatin, it is helpful to first consider chromosomes. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z In the third level of packing, a variety of fibrous proteins is used to pack the chromatin. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The DNA strands in eukaryotic cells are tightly bound to proteins called histones, creating a complex called chromatin. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z In either case, this binding generates a hormone-receptor complex that moves toward the chromatin in the cell nucleus and binds to a particular segment of the cell’s DNA. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The data revealed specific changes in the structure of chromatin that precede gene expression. Researchers construct first 'multiome' atlas of cell development in the human cerebral cortex from before birth to adulthood 2023-10-12T04:00:00Z This combination of DNA and proteins is called chromatin. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Nucleosome formation results in compaction of the DNA to form chromatin. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z During telophase, the chromosomes, which were distinct and condensed, begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z DNA is normally found as a loosely contained structure called chromatin within the nucleus, where it is wound up and associated with a variety of histone proteins. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Methylation is a process by which, in the presence of specific enzymes, methyl groups attach to key sites on a strand of DNA or within the complex of DNA and proteins known as chromatin. How Parents’ Trauma Leaves Biological Traces in Children 2022-06-25T04:00:00Z The host genome is packaged into a DNA–protein complex called chromatin — at centromeres, this packaging is unusually dense, which strongly represses transcription. HIV enters deep sleep in people who naturally control the virus 2020-08-25T04:00:00Z When eukaryotic cells are not dividing, their genes exist as a diffuse mass of DNA and proteins called chromatin. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In places where chromatin is tightly packed, gene expression is blocked. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Along the chromatin threads, the DNA is wrapped around a set of histone proteins. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The researchers analysed DNA and RNA sequences, and the proteins bound to them, including histone proteins, around which DNA is packaged as chromatin. Expanded ENCODE delivers invaluable genomic encyclopedia 2020-07-28T04:00:00Z Other viral DNA is integrated at host sites where transcription is repressed because chromatin packaging is dense. HIV enters deep sleep in people who naturally control the virus 2020-08-25T04:00:00Z The nucleolus is a condensed region of chromatin where ribosome synthesis occurs. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In regions where chromatin is opened up, gene expression is enhanced. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z When a cell is in the process of division, the chromatin condenses into chromosomes, so that the DNA can be safely transported to the “daughter cells.” Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This suggests that the interactions of most RNA-binding proteins with DNA are not mediated by RNAs bound to chromatin at their site of synthesis. Expanded ENCODE delivers invaluable genomic encyclopedia 2020-07-28T04:00:00Z But the researchers found doxorubicin also kills cancer cells by dislodging histones, the spherical proteins that DNA coils around like a spool to form a structure known as chromatin. New forms of ‘red devil’ cancer drug could spare hearts 2020-07-01T04:00:00Z The prokaryotes show multiple loops, and eukaryotes show a condensed chromatin. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Cells can regulate the state of chromatin by enzymes that attach chemical groups to DNA and to histone proteins. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The chromosome is composed of DNA and proteins; it is the condensed form of chromatin. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Further studies are needed to assess whether these interactions occur through direct binding, are mediated by other DNA-binding proteins, or are mediated by RNAs bound to chromatin outside their site of synthesis. Expanded ENCODE delivers invaluable genomic encyclopedia 2020-07-28T04:00:00Z This chromatin damage apparently interferes with the transcription of genes into proteins and other cell processes, Neefjes says. New forms of ‘red devil’ cancer drug could spare hearts 2020-07-01T04:00:00Z This is accomplished by a special protein complex called FACT, which stands for “facilitates chromatin transcription.” Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z These chemical marks on chromatin are epigenetic, or above the level of the genome. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z These proteins are increasingly bundled and condensed into chromatin, which is packed tightly into chromosomes when the cell is ready to divide. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This is nearly one-quarter of the proteins that bind to chromatin in this cell line — an unprecedented level of coverage. Expanded ENCODE delivers invaluable genomic encyclopedia 2020-07-28T04:00:00Z “I’m very excited about their findings,” says Katerina Gurova of the Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center in Buffalo, New York, who is developing a cancer drug that also works by damaging chromatin. New forms of ‘red devil’ cancer drug could spare hearts 2020-07-01T04:00:00Z In eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotes, DNA forms a complex with histone proteins to form chromatin, the substance of eukaryotic chromosomes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The environment can often influence how and when epigenetic marks are attached to chromatin. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Prophase is the first phase of mitosis, during which the loosely packed chromatin coils and condenses into visible chromosomes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z These proteins increase chromatin accessibility, then serve as a core around which other binding proteins aggregate in a manner that is independent of DNA sequence. Expanded ENCODE delivers invaluable genomic encyclopedia 2020-07-28T04:00:00Z Krausgruber et al. also characterized the cells’ chromatin — the complex of DNA and protein in the nucleus — to pinpoint genomic regions that were poised to start gene expression. An antiviral response beyond immune cells 2020-06-30T04:00:00Z The nucleoplasm is the semi-solid fluid inside the nucleus, where we find the chromatin and the nucleolus. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z During telophase, the chromosomes spread out into a tangle of chromatin. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z These newly formed nuclei surround the genetic material, which uncoils such that the chromosomes return to loosely packed chromatin. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z DNA is packaged around histone proteins to form a macromolecular structure called chromatin. Chromatin modified in a molecular reaction chamber 2020-03-10T04:00:00Z An open chromatin region encompassing a gene’s promoter is known to be a reliable indicator of expression of the gene4. An antiviral response beyond immune cells 2020-06-30T04:00:00Z Whether this mechanism also requires chromatin modifications, RNA polymerase II, actively transcribed RNA or other factors should be addressed in the future. How to silence an X chromosome 2020-02-04T05:00:00Z The steps include shrinking chromatin, cell membrane fragmentation, and cell debris clean up by neighboring cells. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z It also links these processes to gene-expression regulation, on the basis of the dynamic modulation of chromatin architecture. One ring to rule them all 2019-10-29T04:00:00Z Gallego et al. add to this body of work, and highlight the fact that simple linear models for enzymatic reactions on chromatin are probably over-simplifications. Chromatin modified in a molecular reaction chamber 2020-03-10T04:00:00Z Histones are central components of chromatin — a complex of DNA and proteins that organizes and regulates the genome. Histone lactylation links metabolism and gene regulation 2019-10-22T04:00:00Z The group showed that circadian reprogramming in GSCs is mediated by changes in chromatin — the DNA–protein complex in which DNA is packaged. Alterations to the circadian clock make brain tumours vulnerable 2019-10-13T04:00:00Z Epigenetic markers influence patterns of gene expression over time by controlling chromatin density. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Thus, the protein subunits must be exactly organized in the complex to ‘unlock’ chromatin. A key to unlocking chromatin revealed by complex structures 2019-09-03T04:00:00Z Zhuang, who is at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, is one of a growing number of researchers charting the topology of the genome to decode the relationship between chromatin structure and function. The new techniques revealing the varied shapes of chromatin 2019-05-05T04:00:00Z These include chemical modifications of DNA and RNA molecules, as well as post-translational modifications of histones — the proteins around which DNA coils to form chromatin strands. Modification of histone proteins by serotonin in the nucleus 2019-03-12T04:00:00Z Dario Lupianez is the author of dense scientific papers with titles including “Breaking TADs: How alterations of chromatin domains result in disease.” Scientists have finally discovered what makes celebrity cat Lil Bub so ‘magical’ 2019-03-04T05:00:00Z Markers that cause chromatin to condense prevent genes from being expressed. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The dynamic conversion between inaccessible and accessible chromatin states is directed by protein complexes that write and read chemical marks on the chromatin called epigenetic modifications. A key to unlocking chromatin revealed by complex structures 2019-09-03T04:00:00Z The chromosomes in that study look more like space-filling protein models, and when the team overlaid markers of inactive and active chromatin, they observed distinct patterns. The new techniques revealing the varied shapes of chromatin 2019-05-05T04:00:00Z How serotonin-driven signals are integrated with other molecular signals that affect chromatin architecture remains poorly explored. Modification of histone proteins by serotonin in the nucleus 2019-03-12T04:00:00Z Rather than limiting ourselves to RNA, for instance, we’ll be able to see whether the protein–DNA complex called chromatin is open or closed. Technologies to watch in 2019 2019-01-22T05:00:00Z Epigenetic chemical marks can be attached to DNA and histone proteins in a way that affects gene expression by altering chromatin structure. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z This type of chromatin is associated with repressed gene expression, and probably helps to prevent the expression of more than one olfactory-receptor gene in each OSN. Chromosomes come together to help mice distinguish odours 2019-01-08T05:00:00Z To see chromatin forms as they exist in cells, researchers must study them individually. The new techniques revealing the varied shapes of chromatin 2019-05-05T04:00:00Z Indeed, the authors’ findings suggest that H3K4me3Q5ser might help the function of the transcription factor TFIID, which acts on chromatin to promote transcription. Modification of histone proteins by serotonin in the nucleus 2019-03-12T04:00:00Z This spatial resolution was one to two orders of magnitude better than our previous work, and enabled us to observe that individual cells organize their chromatin into domains that vary greatly from cell to cell. Technologies to watch in 2019 2019-01-22T05:00:00Z He did that for more than 2,000 transcription factors, as well as some DNA-tweaking enzymes called chromatin modifiers, essentially pushing every lever in the cell’s machinery one at a time to see what happened3. Computer logic meets cell biology: how cell science is getting an upgrade 2018-12-04T05:00:00Z They further highlight the role of 3D chromatin assemblies in gene regulation. Chromosomes come together to help mice distinguish odours 2019-01-08T05:00:00Z That’s not surprising, says Job Dekker, a chromatin biologist at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester, and a co-author of the study. The new techniques revealing the varied shapes of chromatin 2019-05-05T04:00:00Z Among the major contributions made by Dr. Klug and co-workers was to break down a substance called chromatin into fragments susceptible to study with diffracted X-rays and the beams of electron microscopy. Aaron Klug, Nobel-winning scientist who examined crystal structure, dies at 92 2018-11-24T05:00:00Z We also provided evidence as to how those domains form, which leads us to a better understanding of the mechanisms of chromatin regulation. Technologies to watch in 2019 2019-01-22T05:00:00Z Such compaction is characteristic of silenced chromatin in which genes are not expressed. Chromatin clues to the trypanosome parasite’s uniform coat 2018-10-16T04:00:00Z The development and improvement of techniques for analysing gene expression and chromatin conformation in single cells might, in the near future, reveal new examples of 3D genomic structures and functional trans-regulatory interactions. Chromosomes come together to help mice distinguish odours 2019-01-08T05:00:00Z The method involves coating cellular chromatin in a thin metal shell — as she puts it, like Han Solo encased in carbonite in the 1980 film The Empire Strikes Back. The new techniques revealing the varied shapes of chromatin 2019-05-05T04:00:00Z It is in chromatin that DNA is packaged within living tissue. Aaron Klug, Nobel-winning scientist who examined crystal structure, dies at 92 2018-11-24T05:00:00Z Super-resolution microscopy is bringing chromatin — a 3D complex of DNA and protein — into focus.Credit: Technologies to watch in 2019 2019-01-22T05:00:00Z These histones are a component of chromatin, and mark sites in the genome of T. brucei at which the synthesis of RNA transcripts by the enzyme RNA polymerase II is terminated19. Chromatin clues to the trypanosome parasite’s uniform coat 2018-10-16T04:00:00Z The authors report that there were differences between HCC and ICC cells in the structure of the complex of histone proteins and DNA called chromatin. Neighbourhood deaths cause a switch in cancer subtype 2018-09-11T04:00:00Z But by studying its shape across size scales from nucleosomes to nuclei, the team discerned that cellular chromatin is much more chaotic than conventional wisdom would suggest7. The new techniques revealing the varied shapes of chromatin 2019-05-05T04:00:00Z His lab is perhaps most famous for developing ATAC-seq9, a method for assessing how accessible chromatin is to the proteins that bind it, and half the lab is dedicated to that work. The hackers teaching old DNA sequencers new tricks 2018-07-23T04:00:00Z Beyond chromatin, I foresee substantial improvements in spatial resolution across the field of super-resolution imaging. Technologies to watch in 2019 2019-01-22T05:00:00Z The authors next analysed chromatin structure using a technique called ATAC-seq, which assesses the ability of an enzyme to access specific sequences of DNA. Chromatin clues to the trypanosome parasite’s uniform coat 2018-10-16T04:00:00Z The authors found differences in chromatin structure in selected regions of the genome between the two cancer subtypes, although when and how these differences arose is unknown. Neighbourhood deaths cause a switch in cancer subtype 2018-09-11T04:00:00Z However, the global chromatin landscape and its molecular dynamics in this period remain largely unexplored in humans. Chromatin analysis in human early development reveals epigenetic transition during ZGA 2018-05-01T04:00:00Z Characterization of hundreds of regulatory landscapes in developing limbs reveals two regimes of chromatin folding. Enhancer redundancy provides phenotypic robustness in mammalian development 2018-01-30T05:00:00Z Cytoplasmic chromatin triggers inflammation in senescence and cancer. Chromosomal instability drives metastasis through a cytosolic DNA response 2018-01-16T05:00:00Z It is not known why all the expression sites were not activated when the chromatin accessibility for these genes increased more than usual. Chromatin clues to the trypanosome parasite’s uniform coat 2018-10-16T04:00:00Z These expression differences were associated with epigenetic differences in the chromatin structure of the genes encoding these proteins. Neighbourhood deaths cause a switch in cancer subtype 2018-09-11T04:00:00Z We find widespread accessible chromatin regions in early human embryos that overlap extensively with putative cis-regulatory sequences and transposable elements. Chromatin analysis in human early development reveals epigenetic transition during ZGA 2018-05-01T04:00:00Z Here we show that mouse TRM precursor cells represent a unique CD8+ T cell subset that is distinct from the precursors of circulating memory cell populations at the levels of gene expression and chromatin accessibility. Runx3 programs CD8+ T cell residency in non-lymphoid tissues and tumours 2017-12-05T05:00:00Z Inhibition of BET recruitment to chromatin as an effective treatment for MLL-fusion leukaemia. Promoter-bound METTL3 maintains myeloid leukaemia by m6A-dependent translation control 2017-11-26T05:00:00Z Integration profile of retroviral vector in gene therapy treated patients is cell-specific according to gene expression and chromatin conformation of target cell. Regeneration of the entire human epidermis using transgenic stem cells 2017-11-07T05:00:00Z These are chemical modifications, such as the attachment of methyl groups, that are made to DNA and to the histone proteins that associate with it to form chromatin. Neighbourhood deaths cause a switch in cancer subtype 2018-09-11T04:00:00Z Regions showing paternal open chromatin and H3K4me3 in zygotes are shaded. Chromatin analysis in human early development reveals epigenetic transition during ZGA 2018-05-01T04:00:00Z Mapping and analysis of chromatin state dynamics in nine human cell types. Two independent modes of chromatin organization revealed by cohesin removal 2017-09-26T04:00:00Z These tools range from single-cell RNA sequencing to techniques for assessing a cell’s protein molecules and profiling the accessibility of the chromatin. The Human Cell Atlas: from vision to reality 2017-10-17T04:00:00Z Specifically, we used the chromatin state annotations from the core 15-state model, publicly available at http://egg2.wustl.edu/roadmap/web_portal/chr_state_learning.html#core_15state. Landscape of X chromosome inactivation across human tissues : Nature : Nature Research 2017-10-10T04:00:00Z The data take the form of 2D matrices detailing chromatin contacts, but in 2009, Aiden had no easy way to explore them. Plot a course through the genome 2017-09-04T04:00:00Z Pourmand said Emerson is well-known among peers for her expertise in chromatin, a combination of DNA and proteins that form chromosomes. Gender discrimination controversy grows at fabled Salk Institute 2017-07-20T04:00:00Z Topological domains in mammalian genomes identified by analysis of chromatin interactions. Two independent modes of chromatin organization revealed by cohesin removal 2017-09-26T04:00:00Z CHD8 encodes a chromatin regulator that controls the expression of thousands of other genes. Using Big Data to Hack Autism 2017-07-06T04:00:00Z To compare the chromatin state profiles of the escape and inactive genes in female samples, we used the one-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Landscape of X chromosome inactivation across human tissues : Nature : Nature Research 2017-10-10T04:00:00Z That way, Gehlenborg says, researchers can compare chromatin conformations across different conditions or experiments. Plot a course through the genome 2017-09-04T04:00:00Z The resource highlights a conspicuous distinction between distal and proximal regions of chromosomes that is reflected by the intranuclear chromatin organization. A chromosome conformation capture ordered sequence of the barley genome : Nature : Nature Research 2017-04-25T04:00:00Z Disruptions of topological chromatin domains cause pathogenic rewiring of gene-enhancer interactions. Two independent modes of chromatin organization revealed by cohesin removal 2017-09-26T04:00:00Z The link she found was among the first of many between cancer-causing fusion proteins and chromatin. Cruel fusion: What a young man’s death means for childhood cancer 2017-03-27T04:00:00Z Finally, we used Bonferroni multiple hypothesis corrections for our significance thresholds to correct for our 30 tests, one for each of 15 chromatin states, and both possible test directions. Landscape of X chromosome inactivation across human tissues : Nature : Nature Research 2017-10-10T04:00:00Z Other packages have been designed specifically to model chromatin structure. Plot a course through the genome 2017-09-04T04:00:00Z We use chromosome conformation capture mapping to derive the linear order of sequences across the pericentromeric space and to investigate the spatial organization of chromatin in the nucleus at megabase resolution. A chromosome conformation capture ordered sequence of the barley genome : Nature : Nature Research 2017-04-25T04:00:00Z Cohesin-based chromatin interactions enable regulated gene expression within preexisting architectural compartments. Two independent modes of chromatin organization revealed by cohesin removal 2017-09-26T04:00:00Z In this approach, chromatin is chemically “frozen” in place, enzymatically chopped up and labeled, and then allowed to reassemble. A Family’s Shared Defect Sheds Light on the Human Genome 2017-01-09T05:00:00Z Instead, microbial regulation of gene transcription in the host might be achieved by differential expression of specific transcription factors and their binding to chromatin. The microbiome and innate immunity : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-07-05T04:00:00Z This structure detects a small molecular signal attached to the histone proteins that parcel up DNA into chromatin. Chemical probes: A shared toolbox : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-05-10T04:00:00Z The reference sequence allowed us to employ the Hi-C data to interrogate the three-dimensional organization of chromatin in the nucleus. A chromosome conformation capture ordered sequence of the barley genome : Nature : Nature Research 2017-04-25T04:00:00Z Wapl is an essential regulator of chromatin structure and chromosome segregation. Two independent modes of chromatin organization revealed by cohesin removal 2017-09-26T04:00:00Z However, “it reinforces the important concept of the role of chromatin in these diseases and in aging.” Relaxed DNA may contribute to aging 2015-04-30T04:00:00Z Many histones combine together to form chromatin, which in turn is further condensed to form chromosomes. DNA Doesn’t Decide Everything in Children’s Genes 2015-04-07T04:00:00Z The helix winds onto nucleosomes to form chromatin, which winds and winds in its turn into formations similar to what you get when you keep twisting the two ends of a string. Human Genome's Spirals, Loops and Globules Come into 4-D View 2015-03-12T04:00:00Z Notably, these differences also correlate with mutations that disrupt sites of either transcription-factor binding or long-range chromatin interactions. Epigenomics: Roadmap for regulation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z A compendium of chromatin contact maps reveals spatially active regions in the human genome. Two independent modes of chromatin organization revealed by cohesin removal 2017-09-26T04:00:00Z In addition, he says, the work suggests that “defective chromatin organization may underlie normal aging as well.” Relaxed DNA may contribute to aging 2015-04-30T04:00:00Z We observed significant differences in the average methylation levels observed that were correlated with the different DNA methylation platforms used, but their relative relationships in average chromatin state methylation were conserved. Integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z Amid all of this, the chromatin pinches off here and there into thousands of loops. Human Genome's Spirals, Loops and Globules Come into 4-D View 2015-03-12T04:00:00Z Other factors that modulate chromatin organization also remain to be investigated — the proteins responsible for chromatin remodelling, for example, and the chaperone proteins associated with histone variants that control assembly and disassembly of chromatin14. Epigenomics: Roadmap for regulation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z Higher-order chromatin structure is emerging as an important regulator of gene expression. Chromatin architecture reorganization during stem cell differentiation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z Our cells wrap their genetic material around proteins to form chromatin. Relaxed DNA may contribute to aging 2015-04-30T04:00:00Z We next sought to characterize the overall variability of each chromatin state across the full range of cell and tissue types. Integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z We decided to use a 14-state model for all further analyses as it captured all the key interactions between the chromatin marks and larger number of states did not capture significantly new interactions. Conserved epigenomic signals in mice and humans reveal immune basis of Alzheimer/'s disease : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z They strengthen the link between chromatin modifications and gene expression in development and disease, defining core regulatory circuits that act in different tissues and at different developmental stages. Epigenomics: Roadmap for regulation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z Our results therefore provide a global view of chromatin dynamics and a resource for studying long-range control of gene expression in distinct human cell lineages. Chromatin architecture reorganization during stem cell differentiation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z Young, vigorous cells typically scrunch some of their chromatin into an orderly arrangement known as heterochromatin. Relaxed DNA may contribute to aging 2015-04-30T04:00:00Z We next studied the relationship between tissues and cell types, based on the similarity of diverse histone modification marks evaluated in their relevant chromatin states. Integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z Defining the boundaries of the regulatory regions using the peaks of the relevant histone modifications, and not the chromatin states, maximizes our power to detect changes in histone mark levels. Conserved epigenomic signals in mice and humans reveal immune basis of Alzheimer/'s disease : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z Cutting-edge techniques, such as high-resolution microscopy, will allow live imaging of chromatin architecture and a means of studying its dynamics in space and time. Epigenomics: Roadmap for regulation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z We built a Random Forest model to better understand which chromatin modifications may be most predictive of changes in interaction frequency between any two given loci. Chromatin architecture reorganization during stem cell differentiation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z The disease SNP resides within a conserved element with enhancer-like chromatin in immune cells. Genetic and epigenetic fine mapping of causal autoimmune disease variants : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-10-28T04:00:00Z The chromatin state methylation profiles in the cell lines versus primary cells/tissue cells were analysed using a mixed model with repeated measures. Integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z The mapped enhancer regions were annotated with their chromatin state in human hippocampus, and across all 127 cell types and tissues, using BEDTools47. Conserved epigenomic signals in mice and humans reveal immune basis of Alzheimer/'s disease : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z At the core of chromatin is an eight-subunit protein complex composed of histones. Epigenomics: Roadmap for regulation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z This data set represents one of the first studies of allele-biased expression across multiple cell types of a single individual, as well as analysis of chromatin state at the linked cis regulatory elements. Chromatin architecture reorganization during stem cell differentiation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z Focusing on autoimmune diseases, we triaged causal variants based solely on genetic evidence and integrated chromatin and transcription factor binding maps to distinguish their probable functions and physiologic contexts. Genetic and epigenetic fine mapping of causal autoimmune disease variants : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-10-28T04:00:00Z The goal of this is to obtain an estimate of the area of open chromatin, not to quantify the level of ‘openness’, as these data are not available for all reference epigenomes. Integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z We define enhancers based on peaks of H3K27ac labelled by the enhancer chromatin state. Conserved epigenomic signals in mice and humans reveal immune basis of Alzheimer/'s disease : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z They describe chromatin remodelling events that alter the accessibility of DNA sequences to which combinations of key regulatory transcription factors bind. Epigenomics: Roadmap for regulation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z As such, this experimental system provides an opportunity to compare variability in higher-order chromatin structure with underlying gene expression and chromatin state in a genome-wide manner. Chromatin architecture reorganization during stem cell differentiation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z Using chromatin data, we defined super-enhancers as in refs 24, 25. Transcription factor binding dynamics during human ES cell differentiation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z We observed significant differences in the average methylation levels observed that were correlated with the different DNA methylation platforms used, but their relative relationships in average chromatin state methylation were conserved. Integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z ChromHMM was trained using all seven chromatin marks in virtual concatenation mode across all conditions. Conserved epigenomic signals in mice and humans reveal immune basis of Alzheimer/'s disease : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z We found evidence for extensive allelically biased gene expression, which is connected to change in chromatin states at cis-regulatory elements, probably resulting from transcription factor binding disruption by sequence variations. Integrative analysis of haplotype-resolved epigenomes across human tissues : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z The Random Forest model not only indicates that chromatin state features provide information on changes in interaction frequency, it also allows us to determine which chromatin marks are most predictive. Chromatin architecture reorganization during stem cell differentiation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z For each cell type, we only used TF peak regions in that cell type and super-enhancers as defined by chromatin data for that cell type. Transcription factor binding dynamics during human ES cell differentiation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z We also examined coordinated changes in chromatin marks associated with cellular differentiation57. Integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z Substantial variation also exists in the epigenomic landscape of different tissues, specifically in patterns of chromatin accessibility, histone modifications, gene expression and DNA replication timing7, 8, 9, 10. Cell-of-origin chromatin organization shapes the mutational landscape of cancer : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z Furthermore, if allelic imbalances of enhancer activities indeed contribute to allelically biased gene expression, we expect that chromatin states at enhancers will be concordant with the expression of their targets. Integrative analysis of haplotype-resolved epigenomes across human tissues : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z For each 40-kb interacting bin, the enrichment of a given chromatin mark in the two 40-kb bins that compose the interaction was averaged. Chromatin architecture reorganization during stem cell differentiation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z This analysis was used for both chromatin state transitions and DNA methylation state transitions. Transcription factor binding dynamics during human ES cell differentiation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z Testing for group effect was performed for each of the 15 chromatin states, resulting in a Bonferroni correction on the P values for the 15 tests. Integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z Here we show that chromatin accessibility and modification, together with replication timing, explain up to 86% of the variance in mutation rates along cancer genomes. Cell-of-origin chromatin organization shapes the mutational landscape of cancer : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z Determining whether replication timing dictates chromatin structure within TADs to influence chromatin interactions or vice versa will be an important area of future investigation. Topologically associating domains are stable units of replication-timing regulation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-11-18T05:00:00Z Despite these advances, our understanding of the dynamic nature of chromatin architecture across human cell types and its effect on cellular identity is incomplete. Chromatin architecture reorganization during stem cell differentiation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z The pie chart in each panel shows the proportions of chromatin states in the orthologous sequence in human. Principles of regulatory information conservation between mouse and human : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-11-18T05:00:00Z Only a few components of H3K4me3 in TssA chromatin states explains a much larger fraction of the variance than other marks, possibly due to its stability across cell types. Integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z Moreover, we find that cell-of-origin chromatin features are much stronger determinants of cancer mutation profiles than chromatin features of matched cancer cell lines. Cell-of-origin chromatin organization shapes the mutational landscape of cancer : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z Strong correlations were also observed in profiles of other chromatin marks averaged over cell lines and tissues37. A comparative encyclopedia of DNA elements in the mouse genome : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-11-18T05:00:00Z Specifically, we asked if particular chromatin state patterns predict changes in chromatin interaction frequency. Chromatin architecture reorganization during stem cell differentiation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z The pie chart in each panel shows the proportions of chromatin states in the orthologous sequence in human. Principles of regulatory information conservation between mouse and human : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-11-18T05:00:00Z We used chromatin states to study the relationship between histone modification patterns, RNA expression levels, DNA methylation and DNA accessibility. Integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z Prediction accuracy was fully explained by chromatin features, with gene expression and nucleotide content not providing any further improvement to the accuracy of the model. Cell-of-origin chromatin organization shapes the mutational landscape of cancer : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z These greater differences in chromatin states correlating with differential expression of genes between, but not within, cell lineages support the model that chromatin states are established during the process of lineage commitment. A comparative encyclopedia of DNA elements in the mouse genome : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-11-18T05:00:00Z Taken together, these results suggest that enhancer elements likely play an important role in shaping local higher-order chromatin structure throughout the genome. Chromatin architecture reorganization during stem cell differentiation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z Notably, the TF OSs with more pervasive chromatin accessibility across different tissues show the highest extent of occupancy conservation between mouse and human. Principles of regulatory information conservation between mouse and human : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-11-18T05:00:00Z The most predictive motifs were those of factors associated with specific histone modifications or specific cell types, and were found within peak regions enriched for chromatin marks and at their boundaries. Integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z As a more direct test, we grouped all epigenomic data by cell or tissue type and compared the collective explanatory power of chromatin features derived from the cell types of origin versus unmatched cell types. Cell-of-origin chromatin organization shapes the mutational landscape of cancer : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z Greater differences in chromatin states correlating with differences in gene expression were also observed when comparing average chromatin profiles in human and mouse37. A comparative encyclopedia of DNA elements in the mouse genome : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-11-18T05:00:00Z In addition, by analysing patterns of chromatin interactions on each parental allele, we observe relatively minor global changes in higher-order chromatin structure between alleles. Chromatin architecture reorganization during stem cell differentiation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z The x axis is the Shannon index calculated based on the DHS signals in 55 mouse tissues or cell lines; high values mean the TF OS is in accessible chromatin in many cell types. Principles of regulatory information conservation between mouse and human : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-11-18T05:00:00Z To capture the greater complexity afforded by additional marks, we trained additional chromatin state models in subsets of cell types. Integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z This initial observation suggested that the impact of chromatin structure on local mutation density is highly cell-type specific. Cell-of-origin chromatin organization shapes the mutational landscape of cancer : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z Integrative analyses of these data sets uncovered widespread transcriptional activities, dynamic gene expression and chromatin modification patterns, abundant cis-regulatory elements, and remarkably stable chromosome domains in the mouse genome. A comparative encyclopedia of DNA elements in the mouse genome : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-11-18T05:00:00Z We divided the genome into 40-kb bins and computed changes in chromatin features in each bin upon differentiation. Chromatin architecture reorganization during stem cell differentiation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z The x axis is the Shannon index calculated based on the DHS signals in 55 mouse tissues or cell lines; high values mean the TF OS is in accessible chromatin in many cell types. Principles of regulatory information conservation between mouse and human : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-11-18T05:00:00Z Only a few components of H3K4me3 in TssA chromatin states explains a much larger fraction of the variance than other marks, possibly due to its stability across cell types. Integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z Notably, these statistical associations do not necessarily imply causal effects of individual chromatin features, nor point to specific biological mechanisms. Cell-of-origin chromatin organization shapes the mutational landscape of cancer : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z To identify potential cis-regulatory regions in the mouse genome, we used three complementary approaches that involved mapping of chromatin accessibility, specific transcription factor occupancy sites and histone modification patterns. A comparative encyclopedia of DNA elements in the mouse genome : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-11-18T05:00:00Z Specifically, the ‘mean decrease’ of the Gini index for each chromatin mark indicates the importance of a given feature during classification. Chromatin architecture reorganization during stem cell differentiation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z This DNA-reading structure, called chromatin, is constantly being modified as a way of determining what bits of DNA code get read. Fighting Cancer By Fixing Our Cells' Hard Drives 2014-10-01T04:00:00Z Genome function is dynamically regulated in part by chromatin, which consists of the histones, non-histone proteins and RNA molecules that package DNA. Comparative analysis of metazoan chromatin organization : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-08-26T04:00:00Z Thus, chromatin features associated with carcinogenesis do not determine cancer mutations to the same extent as chromatin features of the cells of origin. Cell-of-origin chromatin organization shapes the mutational landscape of cancer : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z In all cell types, the low-expressed genes were almost uniformly in chromatin states with the repressive H3K27me3 mark or in the state unmarked by these histone modifications. A comparative encyclopedia of DNA elements in the mouse genome : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-11-18T05:00:00Z Apart from studies of individual loci in the genome30, 31, 32, little is known about the variability in higher-order chromatin structure between homologous chromosomes. Chromatin architecture reorganization during stem cell differentiation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z Kaddoch, as a graduate student at Stanford, found that genes related to a chromatin remodeling complex called BAF, were, when mutated, the cause of a rare pediatric cancer: synovial sarcoma, usually found around major joints. Fighting Cancer By Fixing Our Cells' Hard Drives 2014-10-01T04:00:00Z Not surprisingly, the three species show many common chromatin features. Comparative analysis of metazoan chromatin organization : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-08-26T04:00:00Z In particular, these regions seem to segregate to enhancer and promoter regions with different chromatin architectures and different sets of transcription factors. Regulatory analysis of the C. elegans genome with spatiotemporal resolution : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-08-26T04:00:00Z This study further implicates both chromatin modifications and splicing alterations in lung adenocarcinoma through the integration of DNA, transcriptome and methylome analysis. Comprehensive molecular profiling of lung adenocarcinoma : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-07-08T04:00:00Z The modern study of gene regulation started in the 1950s, but researchers only started to unravel the complex array of histone modifications that fine-tune chromatin control of gene expression 20 years ago. The “Crisis” in Scientific Results Is a Matter of Biology 2014-05-14T04:00:00Z The asymmetric binding and the location of histone H1 in chromatin play a role in the formation of the 30-nanometer fiber. [Research Article] Cryo-EM Study of the Chromatin Fiber Reveals a Double Helix Twisted by Tetranucleosomal Units 2014-04-29T14:56:26.158Z To systematically investigate chromatin organization and associated gene regulation across species, we generated and analysed a large collection of genome-wide chromatin data sets from cell lines and developmental stages in worm, fly and human. Comparative analysis of metazoan chromatin organization : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-08-26T04:00:00Z This is often depicted by decondensation of the chromatin, in contrast to tightly condensed chromatin of an active centromere. Constitutional and somatic rearrangement of chromosome 21 in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2014-04-04T22:52:26.172Z A375 melanoma cells, which express very low levels of , were infected with the chromatin regulator library and selected with vemurafenib for 3 weeks. Reversible and adaptive resistance to BRAF(V600E) inhibition in melanoma 2014-04-04T18:28:46.746Z The beads were then incubated with chromatin extracts overnight. XBP1 promotes triple-negative breast cancer by controlling the HIF1α pathway 2014-04-04T18:28:18.449Z Chromatin regulatory genes were more frequently mutated in urothelial carcinoma than in any other common cancer studied so far, indicating the future possibility of targeted therapy for chromatin abnormalities. Comprehensive molecular characterization of urothelial bladder carcinoma 2014-03-19T18:21:21.632Z These data sets and analyses provide a rich resource for comparative and species-specific investigations of chromatin composition, organization and function. Comparative analysis of metazoan chromatin organization : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-08-26T04:00:00Z This is often depicted by decondensation of the chromatin, in contrast to tightly condensed chromatin of an active centromere. Constitutional and somatic rearrangement of chromosome 21 in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2014-04-04T22:52:26.172Z The chromatin regulator library contains six plasmids pools. Reversible and adaptive resistance to BRAF(V600E) inhibition in melanoma 2014-04-04T18:28:46.746Z Now a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Luger still uses X-ray crystallography to study chromatin, the DNA–protein complex that packages genomes tightly inside cells. Structural biology: More than a crystallographer 2014-01-29T18:51:49.908Z Both MYC and MAX showed similar levels of pathway activity, independent of mutations in chromatin genes, suggesting that mutations in histone-modifying genes provide just one mechanism for disruption of the MYC/MAX hub. Comprehensive molecular characterization of urothelial bladder carcinoma 2014-03-19T18:21:21.632Z We also find notable differences in the composition and locations of repressive chromatin. Comparative analysis of metazoan chromatin organization : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-08-26T04:00:00Z This is often depicted by decondensation of the chromatin, in contrast to tightly condensed chromatin of an active centromere. Constitutional and somatic rearrangement of chromosome 21 in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2014-04-04T22:52:26.172Z A number of lncRNAs act to target chromatin regulatory complexes to their sites of action. [Research Article] The Xist lncRNA Exploits Three-Dimensional Genome Architecture to Spread Across the X Chromosome 2013-08-15T17:57:13.117Z She is now working with Luger, using crystallography — and other methods — to study how DNA is packaged into chromatin. Structural biology: More than a crystallographer 2014-01-29T18:51:49.908Z The complexity of these interactions reflects the potential for highly pleiotropic effects following primary events in chromatin modification genes. Comprehensive molecular characterization of clear cell renal cell carcinoma 2013-07-03T17:20:51.807Z They also provide a foundation for researchers to investigate how diverse genome functions are regulated in the context of chromatin structure. Comparative analysis of metazoan chromatin organization : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-08-26T04:00:00Z Armstrong's team is focusing instead on a different epigenetic target: the DOT1L protein, which helps to regulate chromatin structure and gene expression. Drug development: Target practice 2013-06-26T17:20:53.647Z This localization strategy capitalizes on the abilities of a lncRNA to act while tethered to its transcription locus and to interact with chromatin regulatory proteins to modify chromatin structure. [Research Article] The Xist lncRNA Exploits Three-Dimensional Genome Architecture to Spread Across the X Chromosome 2013-08-15T17:57:13.117Z More recently, Zhang's team used the cells to discover a pathway by which the complex of DNA and proteins known as chromatin controls cell proliferation. Medical research: Cell division 2013-06-26T17:20:24.203Z But his discoveries opened up the field of chromatin regulation. Turning point: Joanna Wysocka 2013-05-22T17:20:57.897Z A 2012 funding announcement from the NIH's National Institute on Drug Abuse lists studies on interactions between lncRNAs and chromatin — the cluster of DNA and proteins in a cell's nucleus — as a high scientific priority. RNA: The genome's rising stars 2013-04-03T17:20:35.657Z Among the genes disturbed by sleep deprivation are ones involved in metabolism, immunity, inflammation, hormone response, the expression of other genes and the organization of material called chromatin on chromosomes. Bone-tired? How about ‘gene-tired’? 2013-03-04T20:51:00Z Histones are proteins that pack DNA into chromatin. ENCODE, Apple Maps and function: Why definitions matter 2013-02-21T23:15:00.343Z Chromatin and the chromatin modulation machinery not only provide a regulatory matrix for enabling cellular functions such as DNA replication and transcription but also regulate the infectious cycles of many DNA viruses. [Research Articles] Targeting the JMJD2 Histone Demethylases to Epigenetically Control Herpesvirus Infection and Reactivation from Latency 2013-01-09T19:55:08.450Z Not shown here yet is a much smaller micronucleus, which stores the chromatin that actually gets passed on to subsequent generations. Frontonia: dissecting a ciliate appetite 2012-11-20T14:45:03.977Z Figure 2: Distribution of looping interactions across cell types and their relationship with chromatin features and gene expression. The long-range interaction landscape of gene promoters 2012-09-05T17:22:23.563Z Transcribed enhancers on average show a significantly different pattern of chromatin modification than non-transcribed ones. Landscape of transcription in human cells 2012-09-05T17:22:14.337Z “Function” as proximity to regions of open chromatin In contrast to histone-packaged DNA, open chromatin regions are not bound by histones. ENCODE, Apple Maps and function: Why definitions matter 2013-02-21T23:15:00.343Z This identifies distal sites with potentially many binding transcription factors using chromatin features. Architecture of the human regulatory network derived from ENCODE data 2012-09-05T17:22:04.360Z In the centre lies a sizeable macronucleus, which stores the chromatin used for making the various genome products. Frontonia: dissecting a ciliate appetite 2012-11-20T14:45:03.977Z This inverse relationship between genomic distance and interaction frequency is as expected for a flexible chromatin fibre. The long-range interaction landscape of gene promoters 2012-09-05T17:22:23.563Z Top: distribution in the total chromatin RNA fraction. Landscape of transcription in human cells 2012-09-05T17:22:14.337Z The results are therefore consistent with a model in which a limited number of sequence-specific factors function both to prime the chromatin template for recruitment of RNA polymerase II and to guide transcriptional positioning. An expansive human regulatory lexicon encoded in transcription factor footprints 2012-09-05T17:21:56.447Z Two such examples are shown in , which also illustrates the strong cell-selectivity of chromatin accessibility seen for each major repeat class. The accessible chromatin landscape of the human genome 2012-09-05T17:21:47.670Z The average number of distal elements interacting with a TSS was 3.9, and the average number of TSSs interacting with a distal element was 2.5, indicating a complex network of interconnected chromatin. An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome 2012-09-05T17:21:22.380Z Next, we determined whether looping of a TSS to any of the four categories of chromatin states is correlated with transcription. The long-range interaction landscape of gene promoters 2012-09-05T17:22:23.563Z Top: distribution in the total chromatin RNA fraction. Landscape of transcription in human cells 2012-09-05T17:22:14.337Z We find that genetic variants affecting allelic chromatin states are concentrated in footprints, and that these elements are preferentially sheltered from DNA methylation. An expansive human regulatory lexicon encoded in transcription factor footprints 2012-09-05T17:21:56.447Z The anomalous behaviour of these two transcription factors with respect to chromatin structure and DNA methylation may thus be related to a specialized mechanism seen only in pathologically altered cells. The accessible chromatin landscape of the human genome 2012-09-05T17:21:47.670Z This indicates that most transcription-factor-bound chromatin events correlate with structured, directional patterns of histone modifications, and that promoter directionality is not the only source of orientation at these sites. An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome 2012-09-05T17:21:22.380Z Our data provide new insights into the landscape of chromatin looping that bring genes and distant elements in close spatial proximity. The long-range interaction landscape of gene promoters 2012-09-05T17:22:23.563Z Rather, we must move on from descriptive and correlative computational analyses, and work towards deriving quantitative models that integrate the relevant protein, RNA and chromatin components. Genomics: ENCODE explained 2012-09-05T17:21:10.890Z Figure 4: A highly stereotyped chromatin structural motif marks sites of transcription initiation in human promoters. An expansive human regulatory lexicon encoded in transcription factor footprints 2012-09-05T17:21:56.447Z Figure 2: Transcription factor drivers of chromatin accessibility. The accessible chromatin landscape of the human genome 2012-09-05T17:21:47.670Z We discovered hundreds of statistically significant long-range interactions in each cell type after accounting for chromatin polymer behaviour and experimental variation. An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome 2012-09-05T17:21:22.380Z These data point to intricate cell-type-specific three-dimensional folding of chromatin. 3C-based assays detect specific and functional interactions, for example, TSSs with gene regulatory elements. The long-range interaction landscape of gene promoters 2012-09-05T17:22:23.563Z Challenges for the future include following the dynamic changes in the regulatory landscape during specific developmental pathways, and understanding chromatin structure in tissues containing heterogeneous cell populations. Genomics: ENCODE explained 2012-09-05T17:21:10.890Z These data together define a new high-resolution chromatin structural signature of transcription initiation and the interaction of the pre-initiation complex with the core promoter. An expansive human regulatory lexicon encoded in transcription factor footprints 2012-09-05T17:21:56.447Z However, the DHS compartment in pluripotent and immortalized cells exhibits higher mutation rates than that in highly differentiated cells, exposing an unexpected link between chromatin accessibility, proliferative potential and patterns of human variation. The accessible chromatin landscape of the human genome 2012-09-05T17:21:47.670Z Transcription-factor-binding sites provide a natural focus around which to explore chromatin properties. An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome 2012-09-05T17:21:22.380Z Epigenetic instructions, in the form of chemical marks that cling to chromatin, tell cells how to interpret the underlying genetic sequence, defining a cell's identity as, say, blood or muscle. Cancer research: Open ambition 2012-08-08T17:20:31.413Z Both studies are based on the DNase I hypersensitivity assay, which detects genomic regions at which enzyme access to, and subsequent cleavage of, DNA is unobstructed by chromatin proteins. Genomics: ENCODE explained 2012-09-05T17:21:10.890Z Given the conservation of protein occupancy in a distant mammal, we assessed whether the novel motifs are under selection in human populations by analysing nucleotide diversity across all motif instances found within accessible chromatin. An expansive human regulatory lexicon encoded in transcription factor footprints 2012-09-05T17:21:56.447Z Top: three examples of transcription factors localizing almost exclusively within accessible chromatin. The accessible chromatin landscape of the human genome 2012-09-05T17:21:47.670Z In the case of the chromatin, indeed, it seems that there is at times a precocious doubling of the ordinary amount of material before the actual division occurs. Being Well-Born An Introduction to Eugenics 2012-05-22T15:16:53.140Z But much of a cell's identity is determined by modifications to chromatin, which comprises DNA and the proteins that bind and package it. Cancer research: Open ambition 2012-08-08T17:20:31.413Z The germ-plasm resides in the nucleus of cells, and Weismann identifies it with the nuclear material named chromatin. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 3 "Helmont, Jean" to "Hernosand" 2012-04-14T02:00:23.707Z Binding of transcription factors to regulatory DNA regions in place of canonical nucleosomes triggers chromatin remodelling, resulting in nuclease hypersensitivity. An expansive human regulatory lexicon encoded in transcription factor footprints 2012-09-05T17:21:56.447Z Bottom: three transcription factors from the KRAB-associated complex localizing partially or predominantly within inaccessible chromatin. The accessible chromatin landscape of the human genome 2012-09-05T17:21:47.670Z Many biologists accept this along with other evidence as indicating that in chromatin we have a substance which is not the same throughout, that different regions of the same chromosome have different physiological values. Being Well-Born An Introduction to Eugenics 2012-05-22T15:16:53.140Z We further investigated great ape regulatory evolution by comparing the binding in human and gorilla of CTCF, a protein essential to vertebrate development that is involved in transcriptional regulation, chromatin loop formation and protein scaffolding. Insights into hominid evolution from the gorilla genome sequence 2012-03-07T18:21:00.777Z In the resting state it is surrounded by a membrane, and within the membrane is an intra-nuclear network made up of chromatin and linin—the chromatin is an important element. Essays In Pastoral Medicine 2012-03-05T03:00:09.993Z We identified likely functional variants conferring significant allelic imbalance in chromatin accessibility and analysed their distribution relative to DNase I footprints. An expansive human regulatory lexicon encoded in transcription factor footprints 2012-09-05T17:21:56.447Z These data argue strongly that methylation patterning paralleling cell-selective chromatin accessibility results from passive deposition after the vacation of transcription factors from regulatory DNA, confirming and extending other recent reports. The accessible chromatin landscape of the human genome 2012-09-05T17:21:47.670Z If we examine this thread closely, in some forms it may be seen to consist of a series of deeply-stained chromatin granules packed closely together intermingled with the substance of the original nuclear network. Being Well-Born An Introduction to Eugenics 2012-05-22T15:16:53.140Z From the chromatin, units of which are thus ever falling into stabler states, there are ever being diffused waves of molecular motion, setting up molecular changes in the cytoplasm. Herbert Spencer 2012-02-29T03:00:20.773Z When the chromatin is in this shape, a loop is called a chromosome. Essays In Pastoral Medicine 2012-03-05T03:00:09.993Z Figure 4: A highly stereotyped chromatin structural motif marks sites of transcription initiation in human promoters. An expansive human regulatory lexicon encoded in transcription factor footprints 2012-09-05T17:21:56.447Z Figure 6: Stereotyped regulation of chromatin accessibility. a–e, Enhancers grouped by similar chromatin stereotypes. The accessible chromatin landscape of the human genome 2012-09-05T17:21:47.670Z Note that while only a small proportion of the cytoplasm passes into this tiny cell, its chromatin content is as great as that of the ovum. Being Well-Born An Introduction to Eugenics 2012-05-22T15:16:53.140Z The team then cross-referenced chromatin states with variants that had been associated with specific diseases. Functional genomics: The changes that count 2012-02-08T18:51:01.997Z In the head is the nucleus with the chromatin. Essays In Pastoral Medicine 2012-03-05T03:00:09.993Z In addition to the chromatin there may be present in the nucleus one or more, usually spherical, and as yet somewhat enigmatical bodies, the “nucleoli.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 8 "Cube" to "Daguerre, Louis" 2012-01-31T03:00:17.257Z The correlation values for three DHSs within the gene body closely parallel the frequency of long-range chromatin interactions measured by 5C. The accessible chromatin landscape of the human genome 2012-09-05T17:21:47.670Z This deeply colored portion of the cell, the chromatin, is by most biologists regarded as of great importance from the standpoint of heredity. Being Well-Born An Introduction to Eugenics 2012-05-22T15:16:53.140Z This revealed patterns that made sense: for example, variants that had been statistically associated with leukaemia occurred in what chromatin states revealed to be enhancer regions active in leukaemia cells. Functional genomics: The changes that count 2012-02-08T18:51:01.997Z In this way, chromatin modifications in parent DNA that are not reprogrammed are transmitted to the next generation. Epigenetics: A Turning Point in our Understanding of Heredity 2012-01-16T16:45:00.190Z There are, however, serious objections to the interpretation of mitosis as an adaptation to ensure this equal distribution of the chromatin. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 8 "Cube" to "Daguerre, Louis" 2012-01-31T03:00:17.257Z Figure 2: Transcription factor drivers of chromatin accessibility. a, DNase I tag density is shown in red for a 175-kb region of chromosome 19. The accessible chromatin landscape of the human genome 2012-09-05T17:21:47.670Z N, Nucleus of the corpuscle; n, nucleus of the parasite, seen as a number of masses of chromatin, not enclosed by a distinct membrane. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 7 "Gyantse" to "Hallel" 2011-12-26T03:00:11.613Z By comparing chromatin states on gene promoters, enhancers and other regulatory regions with data on gene expression, the researchers linked regulatory elements to target genes. Functional genomics: The changes that count 2012-02-08T18:51:01.997Z Certain epigenetic modifications, such as the binding of methyl groups to histone proteins, the bobbins around which DNA is wound for chromatin packaging, are responsible for holding the fiber in an open state. Epigenetics: A Turning Point in our Understanding of Heredity 2012-01-16T16:45:00.190Z In the formation of the “resting” nucleus, the chromatin, becoming metabolically active, flows out on to the linin reticulum, all trace of the chromosomes being for the time lost. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 8 "Cube" to "Daguerre, Louis" 2012-01-31T03:00:17.257Z Top: three examples of transcription factors localizing almost exclusively within accessible chromatin. The accessible chromatin landscape of the human genome 2012-09-05T17:21:47.670Z Ligni�res has observed a kind of multiple fission in the stomach, several very minute bodies, consisting mostly of chromatin, being formed, which may serve for endogenous reproduction. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 7 "Gyantse" to "Hallel" 2011-12-26T03:00:11.613Z Furthermore, even nucleotides in protein-coding genes that would not alter amino acids were under evolutionary constraint, and further analysis suggests that these sites affect RNA-transcript processing, microRNA binding and how chromatin states are established. Functional genomics: The changes that count 2012-02-08T18:51:01.997Z It is normally spherical and always limited by a distinct nuclear membrane, which itself often contains chromatin. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 5 "Greek Law" to "Ground-Squirrel" 2011-12-05T03:00:51.527Z We must therefore distinguish in the cell between “young” and “adult” chromatin. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 8 "Cube" to "Daguerre, Louis" 2012-01-31T03:00:17.257Z Bottom: three transcription factors from the KRAB-associated complex localizing partially or predominantly within inaccessible chromatin. The accessible chromatin landscape of the human genome 2012-09-05T17:21:47.670Z Examining individual chromosomes, we found that open chromatin interacts more with open chromatin, and closed with closed. [Essay] GE Prize Essay: Zoom! 2011-12-01T18:56:35.137Z Although the chromatin lost during this process is not fully characterized, there appears to be a significant loss in repeat content, consistent with the present assembly. Ascaris suum draft genome 2011-11-23T18:21:44.707Z Nicotine loosens chromatin, a complex material in which DNA is packaged up by histones and other proteins, by enhancing a process called histone acetylation, catalyzed by acetylase enzymes. Smoking Stokes Cocaine Cravings 2011-11-03T21:15:10.113Z The work of the self-propagating chromatin granules is so ordered that periods of undisturbed metabolic activity alternate with periods of reproductive activity. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 8 "Cube" to "Daguerre, Louis" 2012-01-31T03:00:17.257Z Figure 6: Stereotyped regulation of chromatin accessibility. –e, Enhancers grouped by similar chromatin stereotypes. The accessible chromatin landscape of the human genome 2012-09-05T17:21:47.670Z Kouzarides's team found that in the disease, the MLL-fusion proteins are targeted to leukemia-causing genes by proteins from the BET family, which recognize certain chemical "tags" on chromatin, the scaffold on which DNA is arranged. Study finds early potential in GSK leukaemia drug 2011-10-02T17:05:10Z These characteristics probably relate to the chromatin diminution described previously for some ascaridoids, indicating that our assembly represents the somatic genome of this parasite. Ascaris suum draft genome 2011-11-23T18:21:44.707Z As the thousands of cells which constitute an organism possess very different properties, the chromatin which controls them cannot be uniform; it must be different in each kind of cell.' The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z Individuality of the Chromosomes.—The most striking feature in the behaviour of the chromatin in mitosis is its resolution, at each division, into a—for any particular species—constant number of chromosomes. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 8 "Cube" to "Daguerre, Louis" 2012-01-31T03:00:17.257Z Alternatively, as originally proposed in ref. , a limited number of factors may be involved in establishment and maintenance of chromatin remodelling, whereas others may interact nonspecifically with the remodelled state. The accessible chromatin landscape of the human genome 2012-09-05T17:21:47.670Z Our analysis suggests a previously unappreciated disruption of chromatin biology in lymphomagenesis. Frequent mutation of histone-modifying genes in non-Hodgkin lymphoma 2011-08-17T17:21:43.793Z So we look at chromatin, which is the proteins binding to the DNA in a combination, and these proteins influence the expression level of genes and the packaging of the genome. Lindau Nobel Meeting--Joke van Bemmel, chromatin and epigenetics 2011-06-28T22:45:00.407Z Throughout the whole process of embryonic and post-embryonic growth, the chromatin is gradually increasing in bulk, and being distributed by karyokinesis. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z As the bulk of the chromatin remains constant from one cell-generation to another, it must double its bulk between successive divisions. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 8 "Cube" to "Daguerre, Louis" 2012-01-31T03:00:17.257Z Quantum effects in cancer might fall in the former category; the latter might include the physics of chromatin, the mass of DNA and protein in the cell nucleus. Physics meets cancer: The disruptor 2011-06-01T17:20:30.187Z We observed an enrichment of somatic mutations affecting genes involved in transcriptional regulation and, more specifically, chromatin modification. Frequent mutation of histone-modifying genes in non-Hodgkin lymphoma 2011-08-17T17:21:43.793Z We noticed that there was inactive and active chromatin, and the DNA that is transcribed is differently packed that the DNA that is off... Lindau Nobel Meeting--Joke van Bemmel, chromatin and epigenetics 2011-06-28T22:45:00.407Z The germplasm resides in the nucleus of cells, and Weismann identifies it with the nuclear material which microscopists have named chromatin, on account of the avidity with which it absorbs certain dyes. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z In addition to this, the “bipolar” condition of the adult chromosomes, which determines its mode of attachment to mantle fibres from both poles of the spindle, is not possessed by the unripe chromatin. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 8 "Cube" to "Daguerre, Louis" 2012-01-31T03:00:17.257Z If during that time an activating transcription factor binds, we might see gene activation; if no factor binds, the chromatin will “close” again. Readers Respond to "How to Fix the Obesity Crisis" and Other Articles 2011-05-20T14:15:05.883Z The larger nucleus may also become affected, “the chromatin gradually disappears altogether.” Degeneracy Its Causes, Signs and Results 2011-05-02T02:00:17.657Z Growing evidence suggests that long-range chromatin interactions are crucial for transcriptional regulation and genome rearrangement, for example, in cancer cells. [Essay] Genome-Sequencing Anniversary: Presenting the Human Genome: Now in 3D! 2011-02-24T19:26:17.170Z Chromosomes, definite, visible bodies, as which the chromatin of a dividing nucleus appears, xiv, 93. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z On the basis of these results, we performed similar analyses comparing the chromatin state in VCaP cells to rearrangement patterns of other cancer types. The genomic complexity of primary human prostate cancer 2011-02-09T18:22:53.550Z Once a chromatin region is open, it will stay open for a certain period. Readers Respond to "How to Fix the Obesity Crisis" and Other Articles 2011-05-20T14:15:05.883Z The basics have been known for decades: DNA double helices coil around proteins called histones, forming 'chromatin' strands that in turn are bundled into chromosomes. Genomics: Genomes in three dimensions 2011-02-09T18:22:32.850Z A long loop of chromatin then appears in each nucleus and divides up into twelve pieces, the chromosomes. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 3 "Electrostatics" to "Engis" 2011-02-06T03:00:53.093Z In obedience to these, a division of the nucleus accompanies each qualitative change in the idioplasm, in which process the different qualities are distributed between the two resulting halves of the chromatin rods.' The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z Thus, patterns of open chromatin may be highly overlapping in some hormone-driven cancer cells. The genomic complexity of primary human prostate cancer 2011-02-09T18:22:53.550Z Satellite DNA repeats reside within regions of chromatin traditionally thought to be inactive, but increasing evidence suggests that these repeats are transcribed into noncoding RNAs. This Week in Science 2011-02-03T19:25:00.683Z Strands of chromatin occasionally loop long distances between domains. Genomics: Genomes in three dimensions 2011-02-09T18:22:32.850Z Discovery and characterization of chromatin states and their functional enrichments. [Research Article] Identification of Functional Elements and Regulatory Circuits by Drosophila modENCODE 2011-01-05T15:57:51.363Z The color of each cell represents the accuracy of a statistical model in which a chromatin feature or a set of features acts as predictor for TF binding or HOT regions. [Research Article] Integrative Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Genome by the modENCODE Project 2011-01-05T01:55:48.427Z To examine whether processes linked to chromatin reorganization and DNA rearrangement are also associated with increased mutation frequency, we tested for enrichment of point mutations near regions of ChIP-seq peaks and rearrangement breakpoints. The genomic complexity of primary human prostate cancer 2011-02-09T18:22:53.550Z Using data for 18 different histone modifications in a D. melanogaster cell line, the modENCODE Consortium identified 30 chromatin states that are associated with different gene expression patterns and gene positions. [Perspective] Genetics: Revealing the Dark Matter of the Genome 2011-01-05T01:55:35.240Z Using interaction-frequency maps, the researchers generated chromatin models for both cell types. Genomics: Genomes in three dimensions 2011-02-09T18:22:32.850Z We computed enrichments of conserved regulatory motif instances in cell type–specific annotations for 22 chromatin factors in both S2 and BG3 cells. [Research Article] Identification of Functional Elements and Regulatory Circuits by Drosophila modENCODE 2011-01-05T15:57:51.363Z Integrating data types, we built statistical models relating chromatin, transcription factor binding, and gene expression. [Research Article] Integrative Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Genome by the modENCODE Project 2011-01-05T01:55:48.427Z Moreover, many rearrangements may occur preferentially in genes that are spatially localized together with transcriptional or chromatin compartments, perhaps initiated by DNA strand breaks and erroneous repair. The genomic complexity of primary human prostate cancer 2011-02-09T18:22:53.550Z This complex surrounds DNA and regulates which genes are switched on or off. To do this, chromatin is constantly remodeled in accordance with the needs of the cell. Mutated Gene Cited in Some Ovarian Cancers 2010-09-09T14:43:00Z The researchers calculated how close different pieces of chromatin were to each other by dividing the genome into sections of just 20,000 base pairs, and confirmed several results with microscopy. Genomics: Genomes in three dimensions 2011-02-09T18:22:32.850Z For most regulatory motifs, enrichment in activating chromatin marks was coupled with depletion in repressive chromatin marks. [Research Article] Identification of Functional Elements and Regulatory Circuits by Drosophila modENCODE 2011-01-05T15:57:51.363Z To integrate chromatin with other types of modENCODE data, we sought to relate the patterns of histone marks with the observed TF-binding sites. [Research Article] Integrative Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Genome by the modENCODE Project 2011-01-05T01:55:48.427Z Alternatively, chains of breakpoints might reflect the clustering of active and inactive chromatin within the recently demonstrated fractal globule structure of nuclear architecture. The genomic complexity of primary human prostate cancer 2011-02-09T18:22:53.550Z This coil or skein of ribbon subsequently divides, forming a nuclear spindle, while the chromatin substance collects together in the equatorial plane as in B, Fig. The Mechanism of Life For example, inactive chromatin is generally shunted to the nuclear periphery, but that arrangement is inverted in mouse retinal cells, allowing more light to reach photoreceptors. Genomics: Genomes in three dimensions 2011-02-09T18:22:32.850Z Predicting cell type–specific regulators of chromatin activity. [Research Article] Identification of Functional Elements and Regulatory Circuits by Drosophila modENCODE 2011-01-05T15:57:51.363Z However, the relationship between chromatin and TFs may involve complex, nonlinear relationships. [Research Article] Integrative Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Genome by the modENCODE Project 2011-01-05T01:55:48.427Z Conceivably, somatic rearrangements may occur within regions of closed chromatin in tumour cells lacking ETS gene fusions. The genomic complexity of primary human prostate cancer 2011-02-09T18:22:53.550Z We are able to produce by diffusion not only the achromatin spindle, but also the segmentation of the chromatin, and the division of the nucleus. The Mechanism of Life Instead of assuming that gene activity is determined entirely by chemical attachments along a linear DNA sequence, researchers are looking for answers in the ways that chromatin folds, moves and communicates. Genomics: Genomes in three dimensions 2011-02-09T18:22:32.850Z For a small number of motifs, however, the chromatin enrichments did not show a consistent picture of opposite enrichments in activating versus repressive marks. [Research Article] Identification of Functional Elements and Regulatory Circuits by Drosophila modENCODE 2011-01-05T15:57:51.363Z We further observed that chromatin features are particularly good at identifying the binding peaks of some specific TFs. [Research Article] Integrative Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Genome by the modENCODE Project 2011-01-05T01:55:48.427Z That which is not in the hemoglobin is chiefly found in the chromatin substances of the cells. Dietetics for Nurses Next we see what appears to be a rolled-up ribbon analogous to the chromatin band, which soon breaks into fragments analogous to the chromosomes. The Mechanism of Life But a strand of chromatin is only about 10 nanometres thick, and conventional fluorescence microscopy has a resolution at best of 200 nanometres. Genomics: Genomes in three dimensions 2011-02-09T18:22:32.850Z We correlated these regions with our and other data sets to gain insight into the possible mechanisms of HOT region establishment and how they may impact or be affected by chromatin properties. [Research Article] Identification of Functional Elements and Regulatory Circuits by Drosophila modENCODE 2011-01-05T15:57:51.363Z Next, we developed a model to relate chromatin marks to gene expression levels. [Research Article] Integrative Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Genome by the modENCODE Project 2011-01-05T01:55:48.427Z The chromatin, in which the most important vital processes have their basis, is very far from having this machine-like structure; it is homogeneous. Naturalism And Religion The nucleus in the centre is reproduced by a drop of the same solution coloured by a trace of Indian ink, the solid particles of which will represent the chromatin granules of the nucleus. The Mechanism of Life These predicted the existence of compact chromatin structures in which active genes were clustered. Genomics: Genomes in three dimensions 2011-02-09T18:22:32.850Z In contrast, expressed genes display numerous and complex enrichments for several factors and chromatin properties. [Research Article] Identification of Functional Elements and Regulatory Circuits by Drosophila modENCODE 2011-01-05T15:57:51.363Z This may indicate a long-range influence of chromatin on gene expression. [Research Article] Integrative Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Genome by the modENCODE Project 2011-01-05T01:55:48.427Z The nucleus is relatively large, and possesses a distinct membrane and a well-marked reticulum in which are embedded grains of chromatin. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 5 "Clervaux" to "Cockade" First spermatocyte, condensation of chromatin granules to form tetrads in the linin spireme. Studies in Spermatogenesis Part II In the cells in which both sets of genes were active, the chromatin in the model folded into two 'globules'. Genomics: Genomes in three dimensions 2011-02-09T18:22:32.850Z This suggests a more complex picture with many highly specific chromatin states with specific functional enrichments. [Research Article] Identification of Functional Elements and Regulatory Circuits by Drosophila modENCODE 2011-01-05T15:57:51.363Z Thus, chromatin features enable one to predict TF-accessible regions and broad classes of binding sites, and motifs provide additional information on the exact sites bound by particular factors, chosen from these broad classes. [Research Article] Integrative Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Genome by the modENCODE Project 2011-01-05T01:55:48.427Z In one giant cell four unusually large combinations of this kind were found, and a corresponding amount of chromatin in the spireme. Studies in Spermatogenesis Part I Figure 79 is a very young spermatid showing only diffuse chromatin in the nucleus. Studies in Spermatogenesis Part II It usually contains no chromosomes and often too little chromatin, so that it perishes when conjugation does not occur. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study When watery solutions of medicinal methylene blue and water soluble eosins are mixed a precipitate is formed which is soluble only in alcohol, and solutions of this precipitate impart a peculiar reddish-purple colour to chromatin. The Elements of Bacteriological Technique A Laboratory Guide for Medical, Dental, and Technical Students. Second Edition Rewritten and Enlarged. These data sets include transcriptome profiling across a developmental time course, genome-wide identification of transcription factor–binding sites, and maps of chromatin organization. [Research Article] Integrative Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Genome by the modENCODE Project 2011-01-05T01:55:48.427Z As the chromatin begins to condense for the second mitosis, disintegration of the element x becomes apparent. Studies in Spermatogenesis Part I This is probably homologous with the chromatin nucleolus described for the spermatids of the Coleoptera. Studies in Spermatogenesis Part II This shows the capital importance of conjugation and of the substance of the conjugated nuclei, especially of their chromatin. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study I need not bring up abstruse questions of chromatin or of subatomic influence here. Northern Nut Growers Association, Report of the Proceedings at the Seventh Annual Meeting Washington, D. C. September 8 and 9, 1916. Such a polar star is seen at each end of the nucleus-spindle, and is not to be confused with the diaster H, the two ends of which are composed of chromatin. Darwin, and After Darwin (Vol. 1 and 3, of 3) An Exposition of the Darwinian Theory and a Discussion of Post-Darwinian Questions It becomes separated from the other chromatin in the tetrad-stage, remains nucleolus-like in form, and later appears in the first maturation division either among the chromosomes or in a more or less aberrant position. Studies in Spermatogenesis Part I To be sure there is a remarkable substance, called chromatin because of its capacity for taking up certain dyes, which evidently plays some profoundly important part in the processes of development. Science and Morals and Other Essays At the same time a nuclear liquid arising from the protoplasm of the egg becomes concentrated around the chromatin of the spermatozoid, while the nucleus of the egg remains in place and does not change. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study Contractile vacuole absent; the nucleus is spherical and contains many large chromatin granules. Marine Protozoa from Woods Hole Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission 21:415-468, 1901 Therefore, where the parent-cell is an ovum, it follows from this view that all hereditary qualities of the future organism are potentially present in the ultra-microscopical structure of the chromatin fibres. Darwin, and After Darwin (Vol. 1 and 3, of 3) An Exposition of the Darwinian Theory and a Discussion of Post-Darwinian Questions Figures 12, 13, and 14 show the later development of the same stage, the chromatin loops becoming thicker by the concentration of the smaller granules to form the larger ones seen in figure 14. Studies in Spermatogenesis Part I All things considered, this chromatin is probably the most remarkable body connected with organic life. The Story of the Living Machine A Review of the Conclusions of Modern Biology in Regard to the Mechanism Which Controls the Phenomena of Living Activity The male and female chromatin are colored red and blue respectively. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study The nucleus is large and ellipsoidal, with characteristic longitudinal markings of chromatin. Marine Protozoa from Woods Hole Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission 21:415-468, 1901 I. The second polar body has just been extruded; both male and female pronuclei contain two chromatin particles; those of the male pronucleus are becoming transformed into a skein. Darwin, and After Darwin (Vol. 1 and 3, of 3) An Exposition of the Darwinian Theory and a Discussion of Post-Darwinian Questions The whole history of this element suggests that it may be rejected chromatin analogous to that observed in the ovogenesis of many forms. Studies in Spermatogenesis Part I The first indication of the cell division is shown by the chromatin fibres. The Story of the Living Machine A Review of the Conclusions of Modern Biology in Regard to the Mechanism Which Controls the Phenomena of Living Activity The liquid part of the nucleus fills the meshes of this reticular tissue, which stains easily and for this reason is named chromatin. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study It remained for Weismann to identify this theoretical substance with a specific part of the cell, namely, the deeply staining substance, or chromatin, contained in the nucleus of every cell. The Doctrine of Evolution Its Basis and Its Scope The chromatin in both pronuclei now forms into a skein. Darwin, and After Darwin (Vol. 1 and 3, of 3) An Exposition of the Darwinian Theory and a Discussion of Post-Darwinian Questions The last of the five figures was taken from a giant cell containing at least twice the usual amount of chromatin. Studies in Spermatogenesis Part I The essential object of this complicated phenomena of karyokinesis is to divide the chromatin into equivalent halves, so that the cells resulting from the cell division shall contain an exactly equivalent chromatin content. The Story of the Living Machine A Review of the Conclusions of Modern Biology in Regard to the Mechanism Which Controls the Phenomena of Living Activity In each cell there is a differentiated area constituting a special structure, the nucleus, which contains a peculiar material called "chromatin." Disease and Its Causes The chromatin of the nucleus contains the determinants of hereditary qualities. The Doctrine of Evolution Its Basis and Its Scope Contraction of the skein, and formation of two U-or V-shaped chromatin fibres in each pronucleus. Darwin, and After Darwin (Vol. 1 and 3, of 3) An Exposition of the Darwinian Theory and a Discussion of Post-Darwinian Questions The element x is very often concealed by the polar aggregation of chromatin, but it is sometimes as conspicuous as in figures 131 and 132. Studies in Spermatogenesis Part I Plainly, we must conclude that the chromatin material is something of extraordinary importance to the cell, and the centrosome is a bit of machinery for controlling its division and thus regulating cell division. The Story of the Living Machine A Review of the Conclusions of Modern Biology in Regard to the Mechanism Which Controls the Phenomena of Living Activity In the nucleus is a material termed chromatin which bears the factors of heredity. Disease and Its Causes Half the chromatin material passes into each of the two cells formed. Taboo and Genetics A Study of the Biological, Sociological and Psychological Foundation of the Family V. The V-shaped chromatin filaments are now quite distinct: the male and female pronuclei are in close contact. Darwin, and After Darwin (Vol. 1 and 3, of 3) An Exposition of the Darwinian Theory and a Discussion of Post-Darwinian Questions In connection with these insect forms it is of interest to find in the spermatogenesis of Sagitta a body which stains like chromatin and behaves somewhat like the accessory chromosome. Studies in Spermatogenesis Part I Hence, if the number of chromosomes in the next generation is to be kept equal to that in the last generation, this egg cell must get rid of a part of its chromatin material. The Story of the Living Machine A Review of the Conclusions of Modern Biology in Regard to the Mechanism Which Controls the Phenomena of Living Activity If a given character is represented by a portion of the chromatin in the original ovum, this has to be divided so many times, and each time to grow to the same condition as before. Hormones and Heredity Thus sex is inherited, like other characters, by the action of the chromatin material of the cell nucleus. Taboo and Genetics A Study of the Biological, Sociological and Psychological Foundation of the Family The V-shaped filaments are splitting longitudinally; their structure of fine granules of chromatin is apparent in VII., which is more highly magnified. Darwin, and After Darwin (Vol. 1 and 3, of 3) An Exposition of the Darwinian Theory and a Discussion of Post-Darwinian Questions The chromatin stains well during the whole growth period of the spermatocytes, but it is impossible to separate the period into so definite stages as in most other forms. Studies in Spermatogenesis Part I Hence the egg must get rid of still more of its chromatin material. The Story of the Living Machine A Review of the Conclusions of Modern Biology in Regard to the Mechanism Which Controls the Phenomena of Living Activity In certain cases there is no evident quantitative difference of chromatin as a whole, but there may in all cases be a difference in the quantity of special sex-chromatin contained in the X element. Hormones and Heredity Because it takes a deeper stain than the rest of the nucleus, it stands out prominently when the cell is treated with certain dyes, and this property accounts for its name—chromatin. The Prospective Mother, a Handbook for Women During Pregnancy Shows diagrammatically the commencing separation of the chromatin fibres of the conjugated nuclei, and the system of fibres radiating from the attraction-spheres. Darwin, and After Darwin (Vol. 1 and 3, of 3) An Exposition of the Darwinian Theory and a Discussion of Post-Darwinian Questions The nuclei of the merocytes become ten times as large as the ordinary cell-nucleus, and are distinguished by their strong capacity for taking colour, or their special richness in chromatin. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 Shall it be the linin, or the liquids, or the microsomes, or the chromatin threads, or the centrosomes? The Story of the Living Machine A Review of the Conclusions of Modern Biology in Regard to the Mechanism Which Controls the Phenomena of Living Activity It is inevitable that irregularities will occur, and if the original chromatin produced a certain character, who shall say what more or less of that chromatin will produce? Hormones and Heredity Each original cell contains a substance which, on account of its being easily colorable with artificial stains, is called chromatin, and this chromatin is believed to be the bearer of the hereditary qualities. Men Women and God The chromatin fibres are becoming developed into the skeins of the two daughter-nuclei. Darwin, and After Darwin (Vol. 1 and 3, of 3) An Exposition of the Darwinian Theory and a Discussion of Post-Darwinian Questions Thus is prevented the doubling of the chromatin in the coalescence of the two nuclei at conception. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 The nucleus further contains a marvellous material—chromatin—which in someway exercises a controlling influence in its life and is handed down from one generation to another by continuous descent. The Story of the Living Machine A Review of the Conclusions of Modern Biology in Regard to the Mechanism Which Controls the Phenomena of Living Activity These results tend to show that factors are not indivisible units, and segregation is rather the difficulty of chromatin or germ plasm from different race uniting together. Hormones and Heredity In the stages preliminary to their division, the chromosomes become denser and take up a substance which increases their staining capacity; this is called chromatin. Darwin and Modern Science Under certain conditions, however, it is possible that, though some chromatin is forever lost, the remainder may be so remarkably developed that for a time at least it will compensate for that which is gone. Origin and Nature of Emotions This tiny round corpuscle of chromatin now acts as a centre of attraction for the invading spermatozoon in the large ripe ovum, and coalesces with its "head," the male pro-nucleus. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 It is thought, however, that a part of the original chromatin material does not thus become differentiated, but remains entirely unchanged as the individual is developing. The Story of the Living Machine A Review of the Conclusions of Modern Biology in Regard to the Mechanism Which Controls the Phenomena of Living Activity Segregation, the repulsion between chromosomes, or chromatin, from gametes of different races may occur in different degrees from complete segregation to complete mixture. Hormones and Heredity The chromatin cannot itself be the hereditary substance, as it afterwards leaves the chromosomes, and the amount of it is subject to considerable variation in the nucleus, according to its stage of development. Darwin and Modern Science Of all parts of the cell this chromatin is the most remarkable. The Story of the Living Machine A Review of the Conclusions of Modern Biology in Regard to the Mechanism Which Controls the Phenomena of Living Activity The form and shape of the chromatin thread differs widely. The Story of the Living Machine A Review of the Conclusions of Modern Biology in Regard to the Mechanism Which Controls the Phenomena of Living Activity This chromatin material may increase in amount by assimilation, but it remains unchanged during the entire growth of the individual. The Story of the Living Machine A Review of the Conclusions of Modern Biology in Regard to the Mechanism Which Controls the Phenomena of Living Activity A double quantity of special chromatin may be the cause of the greater anabolism of the ovum. Hormones and Heredity Conjointly with the materials which take part in the formation of the nuclear spindle and other processes in the cell, the chromatin accumulates in the resting nucleus to form the nucleoli. Darwin and Modern Science Such a cell has a nucleus, with its chromatin, its membrane, and linin, as already described. The Story of the Living Machine A Review of the Conclusions of Modern Biology in Regard to the Mechanism Which Controls the Phenomena of Living Activity Even into adult life, therefore, the cells of the animal probably contain chromatin derived by direct descent from each of its parents. The Story of the Living Machine A Review of the Conclusions of Modern Biology in Regard to the Mechanism Which Controls the Phenomena of Living Activity This undifferentiated chromatin material originally possessed powers of producing a new individual, and of course it still possesses these powers, since it has remained dormant without alteration. The Story of the Living Machine A Review of the Conclusions of Modern Biology in Regard to the Mechanism Which Controls the Phenomena of Living Activity This we can only believe to be the result of a differentiation in their chromatin material. The Story of the Living Machine A Review of the Conclusions of Modern Biology in Regard to the Mechanism Which Controls the Phenomena of Living Activity This explanation is that some of the chromatin material or germ plasm is handed down from one generation to another, and is stored temporarily in the nucleii of the reproductive cells. The Story of the Living Machine A Review of the Conclusions of Modern Biology in Regard to the Mechanism Which Controls the Phenomena of Living Activity |
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