| 单词 | chloroplast |
| 例句 | It has recently been reported that the nucleic acid of chloroplasts is, in fact, homologous with that of certain photosynthetic microorganisms. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z The chloroplasts in all plants are, similarly, independent and self-replicating lodgers, with their own DNA and RNA and ribosomes. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z They could not be plants, or green, without their chloroplasts, which run the photosynthetic enterprise and generate oxygen for the rest of us. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z And then, of course, there are the mitochondria and chloroplasts, permanent residents in everything. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z It is a good thing for the entire enterprise that mitochondria and chloroplasts have remained small, conservative, and stable, since these two organelles are, in a fundamental sense, the most important living things on earth. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z Plant cells today have tiny molecular factories, called chloroplasts, which are in charge of photosynthesis—the conversion of sunlight, water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and oxygen. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z As it turns out, chloroplasts are also separate creatures with their own genomes, speaking their own language. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z There may have been elements of luck in the emergence of chloroplasts, but once these things were on the scene, the evolution of the sky became absolutely ordained. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z It is worth recounting: Leaves contain structures called chloroplasts. Everyone’s freaking out about the eclipse. But gardeners know the sun’s true wonder. 2017-08-15T04:00:00Z It’s chloroplasts that make the whole game go. Michael Pollan: Bad food is costing America its economic health 2013-12-08T19:00:00Z The culture strains identified in this study present promising opportunities for investigating the ecological role of Minorisa and gaining insights into the evolutionary processes associated with chloroplast acquisition in chlorarachnion algae. Discovery of three novel minorisa species, the smallest predatory marine picoplankton 2023-10-26T04:00:00Z Indeed, the scientists discovered that the chloroplasts, the plant-specific organelles that perform photosynthesis, were the reason why plants do not show toxic protein deposits. Plant chloroplasts promise potential therapy for Huntington's disease 2023-10-02T04:00:00Z Within the cells of plants, organelles called chloroplasts use sunlight to generate ATP as part of the process of photosynthesis. Chemists convert electricity into the fuel that powers the body’s cells 2023-08-22T04:00:00Z As shown in Figure 3a, some individual prokaryotes were responsible for transferring the bacteria that caused mitochondrial development to the new eukaryotes, whereas other species transferred the bacteria that gave rise to chloroplasts. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Some bacteria also perform photosynthesis, but they do not have chloroplasts. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Within seconds of light exposure, some plants' chloroplasts—the cellular organs that convert light to energy—will begin to scramble around and then congeal again in a flat layer when the light dims. Plant Cell Parts Turn into Glass to Soak Up Sun 2023-05-02T04:00:00Z Llamas said: "Unlike humans, plants have chloroplasts, an extra cellular type of organelle that could provide an expanded molecular machinery to get rid of toxic protein aggregates." Plant chloroplasts promise potential therapy for Huntington's disease 2023-10-02T04:00:00Z Changes to the number and maturity of chloroplasts within a leaf, as well as to leaves' structures, cause the leaves to appear lighter in the spring and darker later on. The Science of Spring’s Green Show 2023-03-20T04:00:00Z Eukaryotic chloroplasts are thought to be derived from bacteria in this class. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Photosynthetic organisms also carry out the reactions of respiration to harvest the energy that they have stored in carbohydrates, for example, plants have mitochondria in addition to chloroplasts. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z In a new study, he and his colleagues found that chloroplasts, when they cram together against the cell wall in low lighting, actually become a type of “glass.” Plant Cell Parts Turn into Glass to Soak Up Sun 2023-05-02T04:00:00Z The multidisciplinary team identified the chloroplast plant protein SPP as the reason why plants are unaffected by the problematic human protein. Plant chloroplasts promise potential therapy for Huntington's disease 2023-10-02T04:00:00Z The chloroplasts inside these cells, which turn sunlight into energy through the process of photosynthesis, tend to absorb more blue and red wavelengths and less green light. The Science of Spring’s Green Show 2023-03-20T04:00:00Z In the dark, the chloroplasts of Euglena shrink up and temporarily cease functioning, and the cells instead take up organic nutrients from their environment. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Photosynthesis absorbs energy to build carbohydrates in chloroplasts, and aerobic cellular respiration releases energy by using oxygen to break down carbohydrates. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The study results help to explain how chloroplasts can flip-flop between a rigid solid and a flowing liquid to best soak up the sun. Plant Cell Parts Turn into Glass to Soak Up Sun 2023-05-02T04:00:00Z Publishers could put climate coverage earlier in textbooks, she suggested, and help students draw connections across all biology topics — like cellular anatomy, by showing how plants' chloroplasts pull planet-warming carbon out of the atmosphere. Study: Biology textbooks aren’t keeping up with climate science 2022-12-21T05:00:00Z Bacteria do not have organelles; yet, the same reactions that take place on the mitochondria inner membrane, the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP, and chloroplasts, photosynthesis, take place in bacteria. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The green algae exhibit similar features to the land plants, particularly in terms of chloroplast structure. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The evolution of mitochondria likely preceded the evolution of chloroplasts. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The physicists tracked chloroplasts in the aquatic plant Elodea densa in different light conditions to build a model of their movement, and they soon recognized hallmarks of a glassy system in the data. Plant Cell Parts Turn into Glass to Soak Up Sun 2023-05-02T04:00:00Z The modified plants were also better equipped for photosynthesis; they had about one-third more chloroplasts, the photosynthetic organelles within plant cells, in their leaves and roughly 38% more RuBisCO, a key enzyme in photosynthesis. Supercharged biotech rice yields 40% more grain 2022-07-22T04:00:00Z What are the structural and functional similarities and differences between mitochondria and chloroplasts? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Their cells contain chloroplasts that display a dizzying variety of shapes, and their cell walls contain cellulose, as do land plants. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z They are heterotrophs and contain neither photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophylls nor organelles such as chloroplasts. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The results, published recently in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, show that instead of individual chloroplasts slowing in low light, they were clustering and trapping one another. Plant Cell Parts Turn into Glass to Soak Up Sun 2023-05-02T04:00:00Z The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Explain how the structural and functional differences between mitochondria and chloroplasts provide evidence of adaptations among common ancestral organisms. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z One of the characteristics of senescence is the breakdown of chloroplasts, which is characterized by the yellowing of leaves. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The chloroplasts contain a green pigment called chlorophyll, which captures the energy of sunlight for photosynthesis. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Recognizing this process will let physicists study chloroplasts' complex dynamics as a familiar type of system, the researchers say. Plant Cell Parts Turn into Glass to Soak Up Sun 2023-05-02T04:00:00Z Because bacteria lack nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, all prokaryotes were placed in kingdom Monera, while single-celled eukaryotic organisms remained in kingdom Protista. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Organic pigments, whether in the human retina or the chloroplast thylakoid, have a narrow range of energy levels that they can absorb. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The chloroplasts contain components of photosynthetic machinery such as membranes and proteins. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a central vacuole. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z In scarce light, chloroplasts' glassy state lets them form a flat layer to soak up as much light as possible, like a cat in a patch of sun. Plant Cell Parts Turn into Glass to Soak Up Sun 2023-05-02T04:00:00Z A similar case could be made for chloroplasts, a special organelle reminiscent of ancient photosynthetic bacteria. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z In which species of eukaryote did chloroplasts first appear? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Protists that store energy by photosynthesis belong to a group of photoautotrophs and are characterized by the presence of chloroplasts. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, plasmodesmata, and plastids used for storage, and a large central vacuole, whereas animal cells do not. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z But too much light is damaging, so in strong light conditions the chloroplasts weave and dodge to minimize exposure. Plant Cell Parts Turn into Glass to Soak Up Sun 2023-05-02T04:00:00Z Maternal inheritance occurs because chloroplasts and mitochondria are inherited from the maternal gamete, or egg cell. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Other responses under the control of phototropins are leaf opening and closing, chloroplast movement, and the opening of stomata. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z While all algae are photosynthetic—that is, they contain some form of a chloroplast—they didn’t all become photosynthetic via the same path. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Eukaryotic autotrophs, such as plants and algae, have organelles called chloroplasts in which photosynthesis takes place. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z From an ecological perspective, chloroplasts are a particularly important type of organelle because they perform photosynthesis. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z Genes in the chloroplast determine leaf color in Mirabilis. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z As shown in Figure 20.17a, some individual prokaryotes were responsible for transferring the bacteria that caused mitochondrial development to the new eukaryotes, whereas other species transferred the bacteria that gave rise to chloroplasts. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Thus, eukaryotic chloroplasts and mitochondria originated in bacterial lineages, and archaea and bacteria have exchanged genes. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Plants are capable of both photosynthesis and cellular respiration, since they contain both chloroplasts and mitochondria. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Plant cells have a rigid cell wall that is external to the plasma membrane, chloroplasts, plasmodesmata, and plastids used for storage, and a large central vacuole, whereas animal cells do not. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z The plant organelle known as a chloroplast is where photosynthesis takes place. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Examples of organelles include mitochondria and chloroplasts, which carry out indispensable functions: mitochondria produce energy to power the cell, while chloroplasts enable green plants to utilize the energy in sunlight to make sugars. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Photosynthetic cells in the thallus contain a single chloroplast. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The process of photosynthesis uses chlorophyll, which is located in organelles called chloroplasts. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Each structure within the chloroplast has an important function, which is enabled by its particular shape. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z Now the captured energy can be moved to the location in the chloroplast where sugars are manufactured. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Mitochondria and chloroplasts participate in free energy capture and transfer through the processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis, respectively. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Leaves capture more sunlight with their increased surface area by employing more chloroplasts to trap light energy and convert it to chemical energy, which is then used to fix atmospheric carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The genetic analysis found DNA insertions and deletions in the chloroplasts that established V. boliviana as a distinct new species, they reported 4 July in Frontiers in Plant Science. World’s largest water lily is a species of its own 2022-07-04T04:00:00Z This simplified diagram of a chloroplast shows its structure. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z Paulinella has an endosymbiont, engulfed tens of millions of years ago, that allows it to harvest energy from sunlight without the chloroplast organelles that usually power photosynthesis. Heated Debate Persists over the Origins of Complex Cells 2022-06-13T04:00:00Z The plant cell has a cell wall, chloroplasts, plastids, and a central vacuole—structures not found in animal cells. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Palisade cells are about 50 microns tall and 10 microns wide and are covered with tiny bumps, which are the chloroplasts. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The chain-forming diatom thalassiosira by the billions is what created the color, a result of the brown chloroplasts in each tiny algae cell. Ghost shrimp, humpbacks, tiny plankton: See Puget Sound surge with springtime life 2021-04-25T04:00:00Z In plants, photosynthesis takes place primarily in the chloroplasts of leaves. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z This lets the slugs sustain themselves, at least partially, on the sugars the chloroplasts produce through photosynthesis. Meet the Sea Slugs That Chop Off Their Heads and Grow New Bodies 2021-03-08T05:00:00Z Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and other specialized plastids, and a large central vacuole, whereas animal cells do not. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z "But the stolen chloroplasts last only for several days for these sea slug species, and so they probably need to eat to complete regeneration." This Sea Slug Can Chop Off its Head and Grow an Entire New Body, Twice 2021-03-09T05:00:00Z Every experiment is different: they might be sorting bacteria, pollen grains, chloroplasts, spores, you name it. Sorting chloroplasts, pollen grains and coffee grounds 2020-08-30T04:00:00Z Within the chloroplast is a third membrane that forms stacked, disc-shaped structures called thylakoids. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z The artificial chloroplast could someday help produce therapeutic drugs or suck up carbon from the atmosphere. Daily briefing: Cyber-spinach gives artificial photosynthesis a boost 2020-05-11T04:00:00Z Mitochondria are observed in plant cells that contain chloroplasts. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z But to get the whole process to run on sunlight—the first step—Erb and his colleagues turned to chloroplast components called thylakoid membranes, pouchlike assemblies that hold chlorophyll and other photosynthesizing enzymes. Artificial chloroplasts turn sunlight and carbon dioxide into organic compounds 2020-05-08T04:00:00Z Adamala says it is even possible to imagine artificial chloroplasts playing a role in sequestering atmospheric CO2. Cyber-spinach turns sunlight into sugar 2020-05-06T04:00:00Z But the chloroplast genome is much harder to tweak than genes in a plant cell’s nucleus. Rice genetically engineered to resist heat waves can also produce up to 20% more grain 2020-04-21T04:00:00Z Animals do steal ready-made molecular machinery from each other: Sea slugs absorb chloroplasts from the algae they eat and use them to feed on sunlight. How a Fish Steals Its Ability to Glow 2020-01-08T05:00:00Z Mitochondria and chloroplasts work together to use light energy to make sugars. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Plants capture sunlight and carbon dioxide in cellular compartments called chloroplasts. How Did Plants Conquer Land? These Humble Algae Hold Clues 2019-11-14T05:00:00Z For example, the spinach membranes within the artificial chloroplasts function for just a few hours before they begin to degrade, limiting the working life of the system. Cyber-spinach turns sunlight into sugar 2020-05-06T04:00:00Z They took its chloroplast gene for D1, coupled it to a stretch of DNA that turns on during heat stress, and moved it to the nucleus. Rice genetically engineered to resist heat waves can also produce up to 20% more grain 2020-04-21T04:00:00Z Energy-producing mitochondria power all complex cells; chloroplasts, where photosynthesis takes place, make plant life possible. A love of insects and their microbial partners helped this biologist reveal secrets of symbiosis 2019-11-14T05:00:00Z How is the energy from the sun transported within chloroplasts? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The most notorious is Plasmodium, arguably the most dangerous alga in the world, which retains a remnant, non-photosynthetic chloroplast and is the cause of malaria. A brief history of slime 2019-06-02T04:00:00Z “Using chloroplast extracts is not the smartest thing to upscale,” says Erb. Cyber-spinach turns sunlight into sugar 2020-05-06T04:00:00Z Guo thinks rice yield might also burgeon if it could be modified with its own chloroplast gene rather than one from mustard—further heating up these already hot results. Rice genetically engineered to resist heat waves can also produce up to 20% more grain 2020-04-21T04:00:00Z They may be on their way to turning into organelles, like mitochondria and chloroplasts, which originated as symbiotic microbes early in the history of life but ultimately became dependent wards of the cell. A love of insects and their microbial partners helped this biologist reveal secrets of symbiosis 2019-11-14T05:00:00Z Plant cells have cell walls which provide structure to the plant and also chloroplasts which allow for photosynthesis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Or they my simply eat them and steal their chloroplasts. Organ Stealing and Slavery Rampant Among—Plankton? [Video] 2019-05-19T04:00:00Z “We might be able to use the chloroplast mimics as an energy production system for artificial cells,” says Yutetsu Kuruma, a synthetic biologist at the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan. Cyber-spinach turns sunlight into sugar 2020-05-06T04:00:00Z With increasing light exposure, chloroplasts, the green, light-trapping energy factories in leaves, also move around and align themselves in such a way that the leaves turn darker green. Give your flower and veggie seedlings some tough love 2019-04-23T04:00:00Z Martin believes any such transfers only occurred episodically early in the evolution of eukaryotes, as they internalized the bacteria that eventually became organelles such mitochondria or chloroplasts. Plants and animals sometimes take genes from bacteria, study of algae suggests 2019-01-29T05:00:00Z Plant cells have chloroplasts as well as plasmodesmata which are lacking in animal cells. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z They need a conveyer belt of prey to keep them well stocked in chloroplasts and essential nutrients. Organ Stealing and Slavery Rampant Among—Plankton? [Video] 2019-05-19T04:00:00Z Chen and colleagues’ results suggest that the protein-import system in chloroplasts evolved from this type of protein-export system in the microbial ancestor of chloroplasts. Exit route evolved into entry path in plants 2018-11-20T05:00:00Z Expanding this work, Erb’s group has begun constructing a crude version of a synthetic chloroplast. How biologists are creating life-like cells from scratch 2018-11-06T05:00:00Z They sequenced the DNA in the chloroplasts of 545 monocots and of 22 other plants. This lovely lily’s cousin is an ear of corn. Now, scientists know how they are related 2018-11-05T05:00:00Z In eukaryotes, the reactions of photosynthesis occur in chloroplasts; in prokaryotes, such as cyanobacteria, the reactions are less localized and occur within membranes and in the cytoplasm. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The genetic code of the daffodil's chloroplast - the DNA responsible for photosynthesis - has been mapped for the first time. Revealed: The secret of the poet's daffodil 2018-11-05T05:00:00Z During chloroplast evolution, thousands of genes transferred from the intracellular bacterial genome to the host genome. Exit route evolved into entry path in plants 2018-11-20T05:00:00Z Although everything can work for a brief time in a test tube, says Erb, “at the end, we would like it compartmentalized, like a chloroplast”. How biologists are creating life-like cells from scratch 2018-11-06T05:00:00Z To do that, Stevens says the team would need to compare DNA, not from the chloroplasts, but from the much larger amount of DNA stored in cells’ nuclei. This lovely lily’s cousin is an ear of corn. Now, scientists know how they are related 2018-11-05T05:00:00Z Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are found in higher plant chloroplasts and will be the focus of the following discussion. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z We learn how molecular sequencing helped test and eventually prove the endosymbiont hypothesis for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts; these eukaryotic organelles are now known to have evolved from once free-living bacteria. The band of biologists who redrew the tree of life 2018-07-30T04:00:00Z However, these relocated genes encode proteins that need to be targeted to their site of function within the chloroplast. Exit route evolved into entry path in plants 2018-11-20T05:00:00Z She temporarily clinched it with a report that chloroplast DNA snippets from the two species are virtually identical. Opinion | Loving the lotus along the Anacostia 2018-07-13T04:00:00Z In high tide, when less light reaches the alga, the crystals may capture some of the sunlight and pass it on to the surrounding chloroplasts for photosynthesis. Scientists uncover the secret behind shimmering seaweed 2018-04-13T04:00:00Z Because the G3P exported from the chloroplast has three carbon atoms, it takes three “turns” of the Calvin cycle to fix enough net carbon to export one G3P. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z But DNA from the tree’s chloroplasts—tiny organs in plant leaves that produce chlorophyll—more closely resembles that of a different hemlock species, also from Japan. First New Species of Temperate Conifer Tree Discovered in More Than a Decade 2018-01-30T05:00:00Z Writing in Nature, Chen et al.2 report the identification of a component of the system that imports proteins into chloroplasts. Exit route evolved into entry path in plants 2018-11-20T05:00:00Z Bacteria, chloroplasts, and even the very mitochondria inside our cells are affected by these mysterious gasses. Plants, Like People, Succumb to Anesthesia [Video] 2018-01-28T05:00:00Z Sequences annotated as chloroplast were excluded before statistics were computed. A communal catalogue reveals Earth’s multiscale microbial diversity 2017-10-31T04:00:00Z Eukaryotic autotrophs, such as plants and algae, have organelles called chloroplasts in which photosynthesis takes place, and starch accumulates. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z But the chloroplasts didn’t really work outside plant cells. These light-eating bacteria could one day help us survive heart attacks 2017-06-14T04:00:00Z Most chloroplast proteins are made in the cytoplasm. Exit route evolved into entry path in plants 2018-11-20T05:00:00Z Anastasios Melis, a plant biologist at the University of California, Berkeley, is working on reducing the amount of the pigment chlorophyll inside chloroplasts, plants' photosynthetic organelles. Bioengineering: Solar upgrade : Nature : Nature Research 2017-04-25T04:00:00Z They identified parts of chloroplasts, structures within plant cells involved in photosynthesis. 'Oldest plants on Earth' discovered - BBC News 2017-03-14T04:00:00Z Describe three conserved characteristics common to both chloroplasts and mitochondria. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z We classified additional scaffolds as one chloroplast scaffold, five mitochondrial scaffolds, two scaffolds of <1 kb length, and seven small repetitive scaffolds. Evolutionary genomics of the cold-adapted diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus : Nature : Nature Research 2017-01-15T05:00:00Z They contain specific amino-acid sequences, termed transit peptides, that are used to direct these proteins from the cytoplasm, across the two membrane layers of the chloroplast and into the interior of the organelle3. Exit route evolved into entry path in plants 2018-11-20T05:00:00Z These type of reactions use a lot of energy and require chemical intermediates to be shuttled between chloroplasts, mitochondria and organelles called peroxisomes. Bioengineering: Solar upgrade : Nature : Nature Research 2017-04-25T04:00:00Z Inside the palisade cells, in structures called chloroplasts, most of the leaf’s business of photosynthesis is carried on using the familiar green pigment called chlorophyll. Explaining the Other Side of Autumn Leaves 2016-11-21T05:00:00Z The algal genes code for products that repair and maintain chloroplasts eaten by the slug. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Plants rely on organelles called chloroplasts for photosynthesis. Plant science: How some plants adapt to shade : Nature : Nature Research 2016-10-25T04:00:00Z The BAM and TAM complexes facilitate export of bacterial proteins from the cytoplasm to the outer membrane, whereas the TOC and TIC complexes import proteins from outside the chloroplast to inside it. Exit route evolved into entry path in plants 2018-11-20T05:00:00Z Ort suspects that this is because plant cells were still shipping glycolate out of the chloroplast even with the introduction of the improved chemical pathway. Bioengineering: Solar upgrade : Nature : Nature Research 2017-04-25T04:00:00Z He did this by adding to its chloroplasts 12 genes for enzymes that govern the biochemical pathway which produces the drug. Growing anti-malaria drugs in tobacco plants 2016-10-20T04:00:00Z Guard cells are the only epidermal cells to contain chloroplasts. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The team found that the iridoplasts' membranes are stacked in piles of three or four in a highly regular manner — a structure not seen in normal chloroplasts. Plant science: How some plants adapt to shade : Nature : Nature Research 2016-10-25T04:00:00Z Chen and colleagues’ results provide convincing evidence for the origin of key elements of the chloroplast protein-import system from an ancestral bacterial protein-export system. Exit route evolved into entry path in plants 2018-11-20T05:00:00Z Prior to assembly, all reads were screened against mitochondria, chloroplast, and Illumina controls. The genome of the seagrass Zostera marina reveals angiosperm adaptation to the sea : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-01-26T05:00:00Z There isn't enough sunlight in one nanosecond to feed a little chloroplast. Musings on time travel : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-02-02T05:00:00Z The numerous small bumps in the palisade parenchyma cells are chloroplasts. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The cells with genes that produce active chloroplasts are green, and those without are white or another color. The Plant Had a Lovely Striation. Then They Got the Pruning Shears. 2015-12-28T05:00:00Z He reported that this boosted the rate of plant photosynthesis because the nanotubes absorbed light at wavelengths that the chloroplasts do not. Bionic roses implanted with electronic circuits 2015-11-19T05:00:00Z Jesse Woodson, a biologist at the Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, and his colleagues found that plant cells recognize stressed chloroplasts, mark these chloroplasts with a protein tag and target them for removal. Plants Manage Cellular Damage Related to Weather 2015-10-26T04:00:00Z Previous orchid phylogenies had compared just a few genes found in chloroplasts, the organelles that turn water and CO2 into sugars. Orchids’ dazzling diversity explained 2015-08-25T04:00:00Z Like plant cells, photosynthetic protists also have chloroplasts. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Mitochondria and chloroplasts, researchers agree, are descended from formerly free-living prokaryotes that took up residence in other ancient cells. Deep-ocean microbe is closest living relative of complex cells 2015-05-06T04:00:00Z In 2010, they showed that oral delivery of factor IX expressed in chloroplasts in this way led to almost undetectable inhibitor levels in mice, and no sign of anaphylactic shock. Lettuce Pills (You Heard That Right) May Help Treat Haemophilia 2015-01-07T05:00:00Z And eventually we get mitochondria and chloroplasts, the engines of animals and plants. Investing Themes From Tech & Biology 2014-12-22T05:00:00Z Other experts say even more robust family trees will come from studying DNA in the cell nucleus, in part because it contains far more genes than chloroplasts do. Orchids’ dazzling diversity explained 2015-08-25T04:00:00Z We also know that bacteria have DNA and ribosomes, just as mitochondria and chloroplasts do. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In 2010, they showed that oral delivery of factor IX expressed in chloroplasts in this way led to almost undetectable inhibitor levels in mice, and no sign of anaphylactic shock1. Immunology: Oral solutions : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-11-25T05:00:00Z A similar explanation for chloroplasts, which seem to be the descendants of photosynthetic bugs called cyanobacteria, is also widely accepted. Nuclear reaction 2014-11-06T05:00:00Z The effect requires functional chloroplasts and is also observed in roots when the communication with the photosynthetic tissues is not interrupted, suggesting that a signaling molecule travels through the plant. [Report] A Chloroplast Retrograde Signal Regulates Nuclear Alternative Splicing 2014-04-29T14:56:58.016Z Living plants with nanotube-enhanced chloroplasts showed a 30 percent increase in electron flow, a key aspect of photosynthesis. Implants Could Produce Botanical Steve Austins 2014-03-19T03:59:00Z Through many millions of years of evolution, these ingested bacteria became more specialized in their functions, with the aerobic bacteria becoming mitochondria and the autotrophic bacteria becoming chloroplasts. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z No nanotubes remained floating outside the chloroplasts in these experiments. Bionic Plants Offer Superpowered Photosynthesis 2014-03-16T18:01:00Z Perhaps sea slugs ostentatiously display chloroplasts in a similar come-hither way. Leafy Green `Solar-Powered' Sea Slugs Begin to Reveal Their True Colors 2013-12-16T18:45:08.063Z But still –cyanobacteria are pretty awesome: “They are responsible for the majority of oxygen production the planet, eventually became the chloroplasts of other photosynthetic creatures and are exceptionally important in an ecological and evolutional context.” Arthronema Gygaxiana: The Bacterial Dungeon Master 2013-11-01T03:59:00Z They inserted carbon nanotubes into the plants’ chloroplasts, the site of photosynthesis. Implants Could Produce Botanical Steve Austins 2014-03-19T03:59:00Z Plant cells and plant-like cells each have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a central vacuole. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z It all starts with the tiny organelles within a plant's leaves, known as chloroplasts. Bionic Plants Offer Superpowered Photosynthesis 2014-03-16T18:01:00Z Equally mysterious to the benefit of storing chloroplasts is how the slugs delay digestion in the first place. Leafy Green `Solar-Powered' Sea Slugs Begin to Reveal Their True Colors 2013-12-16T18:45:08.063Z Chamovitz says the line of demarcation between the plant and animal kingdoms stems from the time precursor cells of the plant kingdom first absorbed chloroplasts. E.T. As Ents? The Case For Extrasolar Intelligent Plants 2013-08-01T03:19:00Z Today’s mitochondria — eukaryotic cellular engines — and chloroplasts — the light-harvesting machinery that turns sunlight into food for photosynthetic plants — are believed to be the products of two early such events. Green Alga Found to Prey on Bacteria, Bolstering Endosymbiotic Theory 2013-06-30T19:15:01.987Z Plant cells have cell walls which provide structure to the plant and also chloroplasts which allow for photosynthesis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z After six hours chloroplasts with carbon nanotubes in them boasted enhanced photosynthesis rates three times higher than untreated chloroplasts, including increasing the transport of electrons freed by sunshine by 49 percent. Bionic Plants Offer Superpowered Photosynthesis 2014-03-16T18:01:00Z Do their digestive enzymes identify and ignore chloroplasts, but break down all the other part of the algae? Leafy Green `Solar-Powered' Sea Slugs Begin to Reveal Their True Colors 2013-12-16T18:45:08.063Z Tremblaya also seems to import some proteins, but “it’s a far cry from the protein import apparatus of chloroplasts and mitochondria,” he wrote. Tiny Genomes May Offer Clues to First Plants and Animals 2013-06-24T15:15:00.317Z Today those remnant cyanobacteria are known as chloroplasts. Power plants 2013-06-05T13:15:00.567Z In all autotrophic eukaryotes, photosynthesis takes place inside an organelle called a chloroplast. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Introduced carbon nanotubes found the chloroplasts in the leaves of an Arabidopsis thaliana, a small flowering plant often used in such studies. Bionic Plants Offer Superpowered Photosynthesis 2014-03-16T18:01:00Z Both Gould’s experiment and earlier studies have affirmed yet another mystery: in the slugs’ guts, the chloroplasts keep photosynthesizing—something that should not be possible. Leafy Green `Solar-Powered' Sea Slugs Begin to Reveal Their True Colors 2013-12-16T18:45:08.063Z Like other plants, they also build cell walls made of cellulose and store starch and keep their chlorophyll inside double membrane-bound chloroplasts. Wonderful Things: Desmids, Microscopic Plants of Unusual Beauty and Oddball Behavior 2013-05-31T19:45:00.177Z The US-Israeli team of scientists inserted light-emitting genes from bacteria into the plants' chloroplasts - the structures in their cells which convert light energy from the Sun into chemical fuel. The light fantastic: Harnessing Nature's glow 2013-01-24T00:39:57Z Other mechanisms exist to fine tune that ratio to exactly match the chloroplast’s constantly changing energy needs. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z For example, the researchers used the nanotubes to carry nanosize particles of ceria, a compound composed of the rare earth metal cerium and oxygen, into the chloroplasts. Bionic Plants Offer Superpowered Photosynthesis 2014-03-16T18:01:00Z Even today, however, chloroplasts have their own DNA, though their genomes are not as large and complex as they once were. Leafy Green `Solar-Powered' Sea Slugs Begin to Reveal Their True Colors 2013-12-16T18:45:08.063Z Jarvis says this gene is important in controlling plant development, particularly when chloroplasts “undergo major changes—for example, during fruit ripening.” What Is It?: Seasoned Cells 2013-01-13T19:45:18.763Z Among the many kinds of organisms such a mycoplasma might have ingested two appear to have established a stable endosymbiotic relation with their host and to have become the mitochondrion and the chloroplast. Archaebacteria: The Third Domain of Life Missed by Biologists for Decades 2013-01-01T00:45:00.170Z Therefore, plant cells contain both chloroplasts and mitochondria. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The genomes of most chloroplasts are capable of high rates of homologous recombination, and targeting specific genes in these organelles is not difficult in most species. Exploiting diversity and synthetic biology for the production of algal biofuels 2012-08-15T17:22:27.080Z Gould and his team compared chloroplast DNA from some of the algae that green sea slugs eat to chloroplast genomes from land plants. Leafy Green `Solar-Powered' Sea Slugs Begin to Reveal Their True Colors 2013-12-16T18:45:08.063Z A heavy concentration of chloroplasts in a tomato leads to a heavy shading of green — which is precisely the quality plant breeders look to avoid. Why Tomatoes Taste Lousy 2012-07-02T06:05:00Z In plant cells the chloroplast, another rod shaped body, converts the energy of light into the chemical energy of ATP. Archaebacteria: The Third Domain of Life Missed by Biologists for Decades 2013-01-01T00:45:00.170Z Photosynthesis absorbs light energy to build carbohydrates in chloroplasts, and aerobic cellular respiration releases energy by using oxygen to metabolize carbohydrates in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Many isoprenoids are produced in the chloroplast, and a better understanding of their regulation and how best to modify the biosynthetic pathways might allow more biofuel precursors to be produced. Exploiting diversity and synthetic biology for the production of algal biofuels 2012-08-15T17:22:27.080Z In the process, they slurp up algal chloroplasts, also known as plastids—green jelly bean-shaped organelles that perform photosynthesis, capturing the sun’s energy and combining it with carbon dioxide and water to make food. Leafy Green `Solar-Powered' Sea Slugs Begin to Reveal Their True Colors 2013-12-16T18:45:08.063Z Transcription factors are proteins that control the expression of genes – in this case they’re necessary for the production of chloroplasts, which allow sunlight to generate sugars and other compounds. Breeding Miscue Robbed Taste From Supermarket Tomatoes 2012-06-29T04:15:00.223Z On the other hand, none of the internal structures characteristic of the eukaryotic cell are present; there are no mitochondria or chloroplasts and of course there is no membrane-bounded nucleus. Archaebacteria: The Third Domain of Life Missed by Biologists for Decades 2013-01-01T00:45:00.170Z It is found in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Engineering their chloroplasts to be optimal for the ideal environment, rather than the naturally occurring one, may improve photosynthetic efficiencies. Exploiting diversity and synthetic biology for the production of algal biofuels 2012-08-15T17:22:27.080Z Most sap-vacuuming slugs digest the chloroplasts right away, but some species store the plastids for weeks to months in large transparent digestive glands, turning the animals brilliant shades of green. Leafy Green `Solar-Powered' Sea Slugs Begin to Reveal Their True Colors 2013-12-16T18:45:08.063Z The green is from chloroplasts, self-contained energy factories in plant cells, where photosynthesis takes place. Flavor Is the Price of Tomatoes’ Scarlet Hue, Geneticists Say 2012-06-28T18:18:52Z Two eukaryotic organelles, the mitochondrion and the chloroplast, each have their own DNA. Archaebacteria: The Third Domain of Life Missed by Biologists for Decades 2013-01-01T00:45:00.170Z Evidence supports the hypothesis that eukaryotic cells likely evolved from prokaryotic ancestors; for example, mitochondria and chloroplasts feature characteristics of independently-living prokaryotes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In low light, the chloroplasts push up against the cell surface, arranging themselves perpendicular to the light to absorb the maximum amount of energy. Living Photography 2012-05-13T01:15:00.197Z Besides, why else would the animals go to the trouble of preserving the chloroplasts, if not as a long-term energy source? Leafy Green `Solar-Powered' Sea Slugs Begin to Reveal Their True Colors 2013-12-16T18:45:08.063Z The DNA from chloroplasts is some of the most reliable in a plant cell. A Rose is a Rose, Until it Isn't: Five Reasons Plant DNA is Totally Crazy 2012-05-03T23:15:00.703Z Cohen and his group plan to investigate the phenomenon in many kinds of cells and even in mitochondria and light-capturing chloroplasts, which evolved from bacteria. Bacteria Flash Like Christmas Lights 2011-07-14T20:45:40Z The chloroplasts contain a green pigment called chlorophyll, which captures the light energy that drives the reactions of photosynthesis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Shading some regions from a bright white light will cause the cells to darken as the chloroplasts move to the surface, while cells exposed to the light will appear whiter. Living Photography 2012-05-13T01:15:00.197Z Sunlight would not help them endure this subterranean slumber, but a digestive sac full of nutritious chloroplasts to munch on would do the trick. Leafy Green `Solar-Powered' Sea Slugs Begin to Reveal Their True Colors 2013-12-16T18:45:08.063Z As a result, a plant’s chloroplast may carry information totally unrelated to the species a geneticist is trying to study. A Rose is a Rose, Until it Isn't: Five Reasons Plant DNA is Totally Crazy 2012-05-03T23:15:00.703Z There's the familiar system of organelles called chloroplasts that turn sunlight into fuel via photosynthesis. Key Component Indentified That Helps Plants Go Green 2010-07-01T14:28:00Z Scientists have long noticed that bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts are similar in size. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Plants and cyanobacteria both move in response to light, but what about the chloroplasts–the descendants of free-living photosynthetic bacteria that power plant cells? Living Photography 2012-05-13T01:15:00.197Z More than 600 million years ago, chloroplasts were free-living photosynthetic cyanobacteria often swallowed and digested by larger cells. Leafy Green `Solar-Powered' Sea Slugs Begin to Reveal Their True Colors 2013-12-16T18:45:08.063Z The gel is not uniform throughout the volume of any given cell, but is differentiated in different parts into what are known as the nucleus, the chloroplasts, the plasma of the cell, etc. The Chemistry of Plant Life The prevailing model of chloroplast development involves signaling molecules called PIFs that hold chloroplast development back when the plant senses darkness. Key Component Indentified That Helps Plants Go Green 2010-07-01T14:28:00Z The endomembrane system does not include the membranes of either mitochondria or chloroplasts. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Around every vascular bundle there is a single row of somewhat large cells densely packed with large chloroplasts, the chlorophyllous layer. A Handbook of Some South Indian Grasses In order to photosynthesize, the chloroplasts inside an alga depend on many genes in the alga’s own nucleus and the proteins for which they code. Leafy Green `Solar-Powered' Sea Slugs Begin to Reveal Their True Colors 2013-12-16T18:45:08.063Z All the cells contain a layer of protoplasm next the wall with numerous oval chloroplasts. Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses In each assimilating cell there is usually a single large chloroplast. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Part 3 "Brescia" to "Bulgaria" Plant cells have cell walls which provide structure to the plant and also chloroplasts which allow for photosynthesis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Rather than producing sugars, the chloroplasts captures from its algae primarily make lipids, which provide a source of energy as well as building materials for cells. Leafy Green `Solar-Powered' Sea Slugs Begin to Reveal Their True Colors 2013-12-16T18:45:08.063Z Tearing chloroplasts out of algal cells and asking them to make food inside a slug’s gut is like expecting the bottom half of a blender to puree some carrots sans the blade and glass jar. Leafy Green `Solar-Powered' Sea Slugs Begin to Reveal Their True Colors 2013-12-16T18:45:08.063Z In some species the chloroplasts are reddish in the young cells, assuming their green color as the cells approach maturity. Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses The cells of the protonema of Schistostega, which lives in the shade of caves, are so constructed as to concentrate the feeble available light on the chloroplasts. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Part 3 "Brescia" to "Bulgaria" Plant cells and plant-like cells each have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a central vacuole. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z What if this one sacoglossan has outsourced its lipid production to chloroplasts? Leafy Green `Solar-Powered' Sea Slugs Begin to Reveal Their True Colors 2013-12-16T18:45:08.063Z This fascinating and rather unique instance of horizontal gene transfer could potentially explain how the slugs kept the chloroplasts running. Leafy Green `Solar-Powered' Sea Slugs Begin to Reveal Their True Colors 2013-12-16T18:45:08.063Z The leaves consist of a single layer of small, roundish cells, which, like those of the stem, contain numerous rounded chloroplasts, to which is due their dark green color. Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses If so, captive chloroplasts would be so much more than a postponed meal for the slugs—they would be more like a continually renewed vital organ. Leafy Green `Solar-Powered' Sea Slugs Begin to Reveal Their True Colors 2013-12-16T18:45:08.063Z The genetic material remains distributed in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplast. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Some of these cells contain a few scattered chloroplasts in the very thin, protoplasmic layer lining their walls, but the cells are almost completely filled with colorless cell sap. Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses Unlike the organelles in plants on terra firma, many of the algal chloroplasts contained a gene that coded for a very important protein named ftsH—a kind of onboard mechanic, as Gould puts it. Leafy Green `Solar-Powered' Sea Slugs Begin to Reveal Their True Colors 2013-12-16T18:45:08.063Z They contain numerous chloroplasts imbedded in the layer of protoplasm that lines the wall. Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses The size of the cells, as well as the number of chloroplasts, varies a good deal. Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses The chloroplasts of eukaryotes contain a double cell layer. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Imbedded in the protoplasm are numerous flattened chloroplasts, which are so close together as to make the protoplasm appear almost uniformly green. Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses One reason modern chloroplasts depend on proteins encoded in nuclear DNA is to continually repair the molecular damage they sustain during the arduous process of photosynthesis. Leafy Green `Solar-Powered' Sea Slugs Begin to Reveal Their True Colors 2013-12-16T18:45:08.063Z These latter have usually colorless walls, and more numerous chloroplasts, looking very much like a delicate specimen of Cladophora or some similar alga. Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses These are the chloroplasts, which in all the Conjugatæ are of very peculiar forms. Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses This mechanism is an aspect of the Endosymbiont Theory, which is accepted by a majority of biologists as the mechanism whereby eukaryotic cells obtained their mitochondria and chloroplasts. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z There are various genera of the pond scums, differing in the form of the chloroplasts and also in the position of the spores. Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses Because some algal chloroplasts can make at least one of these damage control proteins themselves, they could theoretically survive for a while even when ripped from algal cells. Leafy Green `Solar-Powered' Sea Slugs Begin to Reveal Their True Colors 2013-12-16T18:45:08.063Z The ground tissue of the leaf is composed of very loose, thin-walled cells, containing numerous chloroplasts. Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses The cell shows a division into two parts, and is often constricted in the middle, each division having a single large chloroplast of peculiar form. Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses This mechanism has also been used to explain the double membranes found in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The large chloroplast in each half is composed of six longitudinal plates, united at the axis of the cell. Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses It’s almost as if these sea slugs have evolved to self-destruct if there is no algae around in their youth, because without the plants and their chloroplasts they simply would not make it. Leafy Green `Solar-Powered' Sea Slugs Begin to Reveal Their True Colors 2013-12-16T18:45:08.063Z The chloroplasts are numerous and nearly round in shape. Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses All the cells of the plant except the root hairs contain large and distinct chloroplasts much like those in the leaves of the moss, and like them usually to be found in process of division. Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses Were chloroplasts and mitochondria transferred to eukaryotic cells through horizontal gene transfer? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The central cell, which contains dense, glistening protoplasm, is destitute of chlorophyll, but the outer cells have a few small chloroplasts. Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses |
| 随便看 |
|
英语例句辞典收录了117811条英语例句在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用单词及词组的例句翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。