| 单词 | chemical warfare |
| 例句 | He wished his mother believed in chemical warfare. The Lemonade War 2007-04-23T00:00:00Z Today we often think of biological and chemical warfare as modern inventions. An Indigenous People’s History of the United States 2019-07-01T00:00:00Z We couldn’t think of any animal that liked to eat roaches, so I suggested we buy roach spray, like all our neighbors did, but Mom was opposed to chemical warfare. The Glass Castle 2005-03-01T00:00:00Z As is that of Claggett Wilson, an artist and a victim of chemical warfare who suffered from post-traumatic stress, but pulled himself out of it by painting the battlefield horrors he’d lived through. World War I — The Quick. The Dead. The Artists. 2017-01-05T05:00:00Z “It goes back to the very origin of chemical warfare and its consequences.” Raised on Le Carré, He Wrote a Thriller Dipped in Poison 2021-01-21T05:00:00Z But, chances are, digging would not commence until after chemical warfare created incentive, since it’s not an area of science where a lot of people are working today. Spoiler Alert: The 8,000-Mile Hole in Total Recall 2012-08-06T12:00:43Z It’s an extraordinary story – of mistrust and misunderstanding, power and politics, fear and loathing that escalated to attempted murder, terrorism and chemical warfare – exhaustively and objectively told. Growing up in the Wild Wild Country cult: ‘You heard people having sex all the time, like baboons’ 2018-04-24T04:00:00Z At the inquest, an expert witness explained that the technology was “developed for the first Gulf war to give antidotes to chemical warfare” and was initially meant to be used on “lean male army recruits”. Pret allergy death: Parents describe final moments with their daughter 2018-09-29T04:00:00Z Both girls serve as our vulnerable escorts through each show’s societal melee, Arya’s filthy medieval realm keeping pace with the assassinations, chemical warfare, riots and mass murders Sally reads about in the newspaper. Sally Draper and Arya Stark rule TV’s teenage wastelands 2014-04-11T17:16:48Z The monarch-milkweed connection is often spoken of as “chemical warfare,” but Lee-Mäder prefers to think of it as a “two-way relationship” or “a partnership.” Why milkweeds, once blossoming, attract lots of life 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z The report also said North Korea maintains up to several thousand metric tons of chemical warfare agents and the capability to produce nerve, blister and choking agents. North Korea vows strong response to Pentagon report that calls it a ‘persistent’ threat 2023-10-03T04:00:00Z The U.S.' stockpile of chemical warfare agents reached nearly 40,000 tons by 1968, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Biden says US destroys last of chemical weapons stockpile 2023-07-07T04:00:00Z The first, which has a history of being used in chemical warfare during World War I, can cause coughing, blurred vision, difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting and death. Why the train wreck in Ohio is such a major public health disaster 2023-02-15T05:00:00Z “So I think it was in part due to the chemical warfare, if you will,” Dr. Froines said. John Froines, chemist charged in ‘Chicago Seven’ trial, dies at 83 2022-07-15T04:00:00Z “Plants are masters of chemical warfare,” said Marco Gallio, a neurobiologist at Northwestern University who was not affiliated with the new study. Chewed and Rolled: How Cats Make the Most of Their Catnip High 2022-06-14T04:00:00Z Army’s experiments with chemical warfare on its own personnel at the Edgewood Arsenal facility in Maryland. What to watch on Thursday: ‘Queer as Folk’ revival airs on Peacock 2022-06-09T04:00:00Z “It’s a war of narratives,” Nikolai Sokov, a former Soviet diplomat who negotiated arms-control treaties, said of Ukraine and Russia, which have each accused the other of preparing for chemical warfare. Ukraine’s Battlefield Is Haunted by Putin’s Chemical Weapons Legacy 2022-05-04T04:00:00Z Hundreds of thousands of species of reptile, insect, spider, snail and jellyfish, among other creatures, have mastered the art of chemical warfare with venom. Deadly Venom From Spiders and Snakes May Also Cure What Ails You 2022-05-03T04:00:00Z Switzerland, however, will be able to export special equipment to protect against nuclear, biological and chemical warfare, following a request for help from the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. Swiss implement further EU sanctions against Russia, Belarus 2022-04-27T04:00:00Z So Russia gets away with all of this by threatening the West with nuclear and chemical warfare. Vladimir Putin: ‘Crazy like a fox’ 2022-04-05T04:00:00Z “It’s not a game changer. A game changer is coming in and wiping out the Ukraine air force. A game changer is coming in and using chemical warfare,” Townsend said. Russia begins to mobilize military reinforcements for Ukraine as casualties mount, Pentagon says 2022-03-25T04:00:00Z Analysts nonetheless see the threat of chemical warfare as real because Mr. Putin has long shown a willingness to ignore the international ban on chemical weapons. Ukraine’s Battlefield Is Haunted by Putin’s Chemical Weapons Legacy 2022-05-04T04:00:00Z Now we see the model start producing all of these molecules, a lot of which look like VX and also like other chemical warfare agents. AI suggested 40,000 new possible chemical weapons in just six hours 2022-03-17T04:00:00Z To survive chemical warfare, soldiers began wearing protective clothing and gas masks. myWorld: The Growth of Our Country 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z They not only include the undeclared production and possible weaponization of toxic chemicals but the unknown whereabouts of significant quantities of chemical warfare agents and munitions. West: Syria must answer 20 questions on its chemical weapons 2022-01-05T05:00:00Z Once coronavirus vaccines became available, he and his staff persuaded more than 150 patients and their relatives to receive the shots, including some skeptics who described the vaccine as “chemical warfare.” COVID and cancer: a dangerous combination, especially for people of color 2021-10-11T04:00:00Z But some experts hold that smaller-scale uses of chemical agents and Russia’s involvement in the Syria conflict show that Mr. Putin has a clear attachment to chemical warfare. Ukraine’s Battlefield Is Haunted by Putin’s Chemical Weapons Legacy 2022-05-04T04:00:00Z And a lot of them did look like VX and other warfare agents, and we even found some that were generated from the model that were actual chemical warfare agents. AI suggested 40,000 new possible chemical weapons in just six hours 2022-03-17T04:00:00Z Biological and chemical warfare are banned by international treaties. America's neofascist death cult won't help stop the pandemic. We have to survive them, too 2021-08-17T04:00:00Z The chamber was a byproduct of chemical warfare research done by the U.S. Arizona refurbishes gas chamber in push to resume executions 2021-06-10T04:00:00Z Experimental research in chemical warfare is a little-known facet of the Islamic State’s ambitious campaign to create new weapons for fighting its regional enemies or using as terrorist weapons abroad. ISIS used chemical weapons on Iraqi prisoners, U.N. investigators find 2021-05-13T04:00:00Z She said the unadulterated chemical warfare agent found at the declared site is being added to the OPCW‘s list of outstanding issues, whose number and nature “is concerning.” UN official reports undeclared Syrian chemical warfare agent 2021-05-06T04:00:00Z These were generated from the model having never seen these chemical warfare agents. AI suggested 40,000 new possible chemical weapons in just six hours 2022-03-17T04:00:00Z She said the unadulterated chemical warfare agent found at the declared site is being added to the OPCW’s list of outstanding issues, whose number and nature “is concerning.” UN official reports undeclared Syrian chemical warfare agent 2021-05-06T04:00:00Z Other locations in the world, particularly U.S. labs, must be investigated next, said Zeng, because "historically the United States … launched biological and chemical warfare." As WHO coronavirus mission leaves empty-handed, China claims propaganda win 2021-02-10T05:00:00Z The plaintiffs add that some of the byproducts are the same chemicals found in rodent poison or chemical warfare agents. Neighbors want to know what Sauget incinerator is burning 2020-11-29T05:00:00Z Slick government videos showed soldiers in chemical warfare suits striding through empty streets, spraying disinfectant. Sisi Promised Egypt Better Health Care. Virus Exposed His True Priority. 2020-11-11T05:00:00Z If you find something that looks like a chemical warfare agent and try to get that synthesized, chances are it’s not going to happen. AI suggested 40,000 new possible chemical weapons in just six hours 2022-03-17T04:00:00Z During World War I, the government used the campus for chemical warfare laboratories and proving grounds; the McKinley building became the birthplace of the Army Chemical Corps. Massachusetts Avenue is the most elegant — and fascinating — street in Washington. These 12 stops prove it. 2020-10-28T04:00:00Z Hospital administrators knew that in cases of natural disaster, chemical warfare or what global health officials used to call “Disease X,” the federal government had its own warehouses in secret locations, filled with PPE. N95 masks save lives. So why are they still hard to get this far into a pandemic? 2020-09-21T04:00:00Z Militaries have employed it for chemical warfare, and it is used as a fumigant on farms. Life on Venus? Astronomers See a Signal in Its Clouds 2020-09-14T04:00:00Z The gregarious insects also begin to produce the molecule phenylacetonitrile, which is metabolized into cyanide and used as a type of chemical warfare against predators3. Catching plague locusts with their own scent 2020-08-11T04:00:00Z A lot of the chemical building blocks of these chemical warfare agents are well known and are watched. AI suggested 40,000 new possible chemical weapons in just six hours 2022-03-17T04:00:00Z Baker’s title alludes to an early-1950s Air Force project, Project Baseless, that pushed for “combat capability in biological and chemical warfare at the earliest possible date.” In ‘Baseless,’ Nicholson Baker peels back the thick red tape stemming from the Freedom of Information Act 2020-07-31T04:00:00Z “I think that using chemical warfare on civilians is anything but protecting and serving, which is what they’re supposed to be doing,” said Deschera, of Portland. On Portland’s streets: Anger, fear, and a fence that divides 2020-07-27T04:00:00Z Tear gas, a weapon banned from chemical warfare since 1993, is an abortifacient. Gases, projectile: ‘Life-threatening’ 2020-06-19T04:00:00Z You had air quality testing going on at our field because there was talk of chemical warfare. 'Man, this isn't MLS': An oral history of USA's quarter-final run in 2002 2020-06-04T04:00:00Z As long as it doesn’t look like a chemical warfare agent, they’re most likely going to just synthesize it and send it right back because who knows what the molecule is being used for, right? AI suggested 40,000 new possible chemical weapons in just six hours 2022-03-17T04:00:00Z For example, chemical weapons went unused during the Second World War not because of deterrence, but because specialized First World War-era chemical warfare organizations were sidelined by conventional military institutions. Julian Perry Robinson (1941–2020) 2020-05-20T04:00:00Z “When we go out and train, it’s more like chemical warfare . . . so this was a real eye-opener.” Guardsmen from Niagara Falls help a virus-stricken New York City retrieve its dead 2020-04-09T04:00:00Z A third claimed that the opioid epidemic in the United States was the result of a chemical warfare plot by the Chinese Communist Party. Epoch Times, Punished by Facebook, Gets a New Megaphone on YouTube 2020-02-05T05:00:00Z From 1970 to 1991, he was a senior analyst with Israeli military intelligence for biological and chemical warfare in the Middle East and worldwide. Coronavirus may have originated in lab linked to China’s biowarfare program 2020-01-26T05:00:00Z That somebody clicks a button and then, you know, chemical warfare agents just sort of appear in their hand. AI suggested 40,000 new possible chemical weapons in just six hours 2022-03-17T04:00:00Z Peasants and their lands were fumigated with chemical warfare. The people of Colombia are cracking up the walls of war and authoritarianism 2020-01-20T05:00:00Z The medical students visited Turkey to learn how to treat victims of chemical warfare. Where Doctors Are Criminals 2019-12-20T05:00:00Z For the first time, scientists worked on problems ranging from aviation and submarine detection to chemical warfare. The women who cracked science’s glass ceiling 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z "The quantity of fentanyl in this case amounts to chemical warfare and a weapon of mass destruction," Ohio Attorney General Dave Yost said. Ohio drug bust nets enough fentanyl to 'kill everyone' in the state 2019-10-30T04:00:00Z I don’t want to be alarmist in saying that there’s going to be AI-driven chemical warfare. AI suggested 40,000 new possible chemical weapons in just six hours 2022-03-17T04:00:00Z Jones, 62, a former Alaska state trooper and Army veteran, is known as the “NBC Guy” because of his military background in nuclear, biological and chemical warfare. At Fortitude Ranch, the cabin is for vacationing. The shelters are for surviving. 2019-10-08T04:00:00Z And while much of his work entailed red-teaming, he never abandoned science: At 81, he was awarded a patent for an invention involving a chemical warfare sensor made with carbon nanotubes. Stephen Lukasik, physicist turned Pentagon research director, dies at 88 2019-10-08T04:00:00Z The highly dangerous gas, a chemical warfare agent used during the first world war, causes severe irritation to the skin, eyes and lungs. Three in court over Lincolnshire mustard gas find 2019-08-15T04:00:00Z The plant will spew some 300 tons of toxic air emissions a year, including 1,700 pounds a year of phosgene — a gas used in chemical warfare. Louisiana plans to subsidize dangerous, Communist-owned plant Wanhua Chemical 2019-07-28T04:00:00Z He was working with his anatomy and physiology professor to brainstorm an illustration of what happens when human cells are exposed to the chemical warfare agent Sarin gas. Closing the achievement gap, with help from the Mayo Clinic 2019-06-26T04:00:00Z March marked the eighth year of the international crisis, which has become synonymous with chemical warfare and violence against civilians. Ben Stiller advocates for Syria crisis relief efforts at committee hearing: ‘Refugees are real people with real stories’ 2019-05-01T04:00:00Z It was so bad that some residents thought they were under a chemical warfare attack. The Decades-Long War on Smog 2019-04-16T04:00:00Z “It’s not politics as usual. It’s more like chemical warfare.” Presidential candidate Andrew Yang has a meme problem 2019-03-09T05:00:00Z I quickly dubbed it “Agent Orange chicken,” for it was redolent of the darkest days of chemical warfare. Things are really heating up in our kitchen. Send help! 2019-01-31T05:00:00Z “Shutting down the government should be as off limits in budget negotiations as chemical warfare is in real warfare,” Senator Lamar Alexander, Republican of Tennessee, said on Friday. With Pain Still Fresh, Lawmakers Make Push to Outlaw Shutdowns 2019-01-26T05:00:00Z The goal was to have plants report on what they had been exposed to - for example biological or chemical warfare agents such as anthrax. Milestone meetings 2018-12-18T05:00:00Z It is true that the use of chemical warfare and physical violence from law enforcement is neither new or limited to asylum seekers at the border. Trump denies use of tear gas on migrant kids at border despite evidence: We don’t use it on chi... 2018-11-27T05:00:00Z Germany’s chemical warfare program was the brainchild of its most esteemed chemists, and the Americans were ill-prepared. The Chemists’ War 2018-11-10T05:00:00Z Sarin, VX, Soman and Tabun are all known chemical warfare nerve agent weapons. Exciting new medical 'silver bullets' will save military lives 2018-11-08T05:00:00Z Then in 1946, chemical warfare research led to the use of a mustard gas derivative to poison cancer cells and the advent of chemotherapy. A cure for cancer: how to kill a killer 2018-11-04T04:00:00Z But all-out chemical warfare is not a viable defence. There’s a jungle in your bed 2018-10-28T04:00:00Z As a result of the chemical warfare going on between fungi and insects in dung and dead logs, these results also suggest decay mushrooms may be a good place to search for new neuro-active drugs. Magic Mushroom Drug Evolved to Mess with Insect Brains 2018-10-20T04:00:00Z The environmental cleanup is also a kind of archaeological undertaking, a historical scavenger hunt for evidence of the scientific enterprise around chemical warfare. The Chemists’ War 2018-11-10T05:00:00Z And if you can carry out a chemical warfare attack undetected under the noses of Britain’s highest military ranking officers, what else can you do? Russia is mocking us. First the Salisbury attack, then information warfare. Time to wake up | Carole Cadwalldr 2018-09-15T04:00:00Z Damascus and its ally Russia both deny these charges and say they do not engage in chemical warfare. Party cups as gas masks: Idlib civilians prepare for battle 2018-09-06T04:00:00Z The first time was in army chemical warfare training. The fight to save clean water on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation 2018-08-30T04:00:00Z While not directly addressing the question of chemical warfare, he switched the subject to U.S. weapons in Saudi Arabia that are “bombing Yemeni children to smithereens.” Iran’s foreign minister warns that nation will restart ‘nuclear activities’ if U.S. withdraws from accord 2018-04-22T04:00:00Z Her comments seemed fully consistent with the goal of the missile attacks on Syrian facilities involved in chemical warfare that Trump proudly touted as a signal of his toughness and resolve. Opinion | Trump can’t steer a steady course. Maybe Nikki Haley should jump ship. 2018-04-18T04:00:00Z A global chemical warfare watchdog group, the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, said its fact-finding mission would go as planned in Douma. Trump declares ‘mission accomplished’ after strike on Syria 2018-04-14T04:00:00Z Trumps goal was to punish the Syrian Assad regime for using chemical warfare against its own people. ‘Mission Accomplished!’ But What Is the Mission in Syria? 2018-04-14T04:00:00Z He described the facilities as “fundamental components of the regime’s chemical warfare infrastructure.” Details emerge about the Syrian sites the US, UK and France targeted 2018-04-14T04:00:00Z If the west ever wanted to stop these attacks it had two hard choices: to take back from Assad every town and city he won using chemical warfare, or to take down the man himself. U.S., Britain and France Strike Syria Over Suspected Chemical Weapons Attack 2018-04-13T04:00:00Z By attacking Assad late Friday, the Trump administration sought to warn the Syrian leader against continuing to use illegal chemical warfare agents, following the gassing of civilians near Damascus last weekend. Trump’s strikes on Syria risk retaliation, escalation in a war he wants to avoid 2018-04-13T04:00:00Z Following the horrors of World War I a century ago, civilized nations joined together to ban chemical warfare. Donald Trump's address on the launch of attacks on Syria – the full text 2018-04-13T04:00:00Z The only way to truly guarantee an end to chemical warfare attacks would be an invasion to overthrow Assad, something on the scale of the Iraq war, which neither president has wanted to contemplate. Washington holds its breath, waiting for Trump to fire: What? Or whom? 2018-04-13T04:00:00Z The cholera epidemic in Yemen is a form of biological warfare that is killing more civilians than chemical warfare in Syria. Trump to Decide Soon Whether to Retaliate for ‘Barbaric Act’ in Syria 2018-04-09T04:00:00Z Russia is a country that under Putin uses chemical warfare on English soil, and supports the use of chemical warfare in Syria. U.S., Britain and France Strike Syria Over Suspected Chemical Weapons Attack 2018-04-13T04:00:00Z “And he is probably going to use chemical warfare agents.” Trump’s strikes on Syria risk retaliation, escalation in a war he wants to avoid 2018-04-13T04:00:00Z March 9 - About 180 troops trained in chemical warfare and decontamination are deployed to Salisbury to help with the police investigation. Key moments in the case of former spy Sergei Skripal 2018-03-17T04:00:00Z A sample is to be sent to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons - the independent international body set up to stop chemical warfare. May visits Salisbury after spy attack 2018-03-15T04:00:00Z They include members of the Army and RAF, Royal Marines and others who are specially trained in chemical warfare and decontamination. Traces of nerve agent 'found at Zizzi' 2018-03-10T05:00:00Z Those deployed include experts in chemical warfare and decontamination. Rudd leads Cobra meeting after Salisbury visit 2018-03-10T05:00:00Z The new deployment included experts in chemical warfare. Russian spy attack: focus falls on Salisbury cemetery 2018-03-09T05:00:00Z Inside the Tehran Peace Museum, exhibits recount the global history of chemical warfare. Seeking answers for Iran’s chemical weapons victims—before time runs out 2018-01-04T05:00:00Z Clocking in at Guinness World Record-incinerating 1,569,300 heat units on the Scoville Scale—the scientific measurement of pepper heat based on science and stuff—the Carolina Reaper is practically chemical warfare. News anchor tries world’s hottest chip, ends up puking on live TV - Golf Digest 2017-10-26T04:00:00Z Subtly chilling and skillfully made, the movie resonates all the more powerfully at a moment when environmental decay and nuclear/chemical warfare are no longer the distant prospects they once were. Has horror become the movie genre of the Trump era? 2017-10-13T04:00:00Z He also launched the Anfal campaign, a brutal, three-year operation that included summary executions, mass disappearances, aerial and ground offensives, and even chemical warfare. How would a divorce between Baghdad and Irbil take shape? 2017-09-27T04:00:00Z This suggests it is engaging in chemical warfare. A new antibiotic for drug-resistant tuberculosis 2017-06-22T04:00:00Z This experiment in chemical warfare sparked an arms race that earned World War I the moniker “The Chemist’s War,” despite an international ban on chemical weapons. Wonder Woman's chemical weapon makes no scientific sense, but it evokes real and horrifying history 2017-06-06T04:00:00Z The governments of former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein and Assad once sponsored chemical warfare programs. Syria has faced international condemnation for using chemical weapons. But Islamic State has them too 2017-04-17T04:00:00Z “Many of Syria’s explanations for the presence of undeclared agents, he added, ‘are not scientifically or technically plausible, and … the presence of several undeclared chemical warfare agents is still to be clarified.'” Analysis | Susan Rice’s claim that Obama got Syria to ‘verifiably give up its chemical weapons stockpile’ 2017-04-10T04:00:00Z Syria also repeatedly used chlorine as a chemical warfare agent. Opinion | Syria teaches a lesson about cheating on arms control 2017-04-12T04:00:00Z The substances still rank among the most toxic chemical warfare agents. Riddle of Why Hitler Didn’t Use Sarin Gas Remains Unsolved 2017-04-12T04:00:00Z Was not the cyanide crystals used to gas innocent Jews in the concentration camps the very definition of chemical warfare? Sean Spicer Draws Backlash by Comparing Hitler and Assad 2017-04-11T04:00:00Z The violence started early on, with detentions, torture, and summary executions, and escalated to bombardment, massacres, sieges, and chemical warfare. Chemical weapons attack latest in litany of Syria atrocities 2017-04-10T04:00:00Z “Assad was going against a norm we have observed since World War I,” when chemical warfare was first used on a widespread basis. Striking at Assad Carries Opportunities, and Risks, for Trump 2017-04-07T04:00:00Z "On the territory of the depot, there were workshops which produced chemical warfare munitions," it added, without providing any evidence. Syria chemical 'attack': What we know - BBC News 2017-04-05T04:00:00Z One theory suggests that Hitler’s own experience of chemical warfare in World War I deterred him. Riddle of Why Hitler Didn’t Use Sarin Gas Remains Unsolved 2017-04-12T04:00:00Z Chemical weapons, Sarin and others disproportionately punish civilians, particularly the young and old, and disrespecting chemical warfare bans sets a horrible precedent. Syria conflict: The spectre of nerve agents - again - BBC News 2017-04-04T04:00:00Z VX is one of the most toxic and fastest-acting chemical warfare agents, much more toxic than sarin, and especially so if entry is through the skin, according to the U.S. Kim Jong Un’s half brother was killed by VX nerve agent, a chemical weapon, Malaysia police say 2017-02-23T05:00:00Z During World War I, when he was lord of the admiralty and later secretary of state for air and war, he encouraged military aviation, chemical warfare and tanks. Winston Churchill: Statesman, Writer and Believer in Extraterrestrials 2017-02-15T05:00:00Z Iraqi forces discover chemical warfare agent in Mosul: Iraqi forces discovered a mustard chemical warfare agent in eastern Mosul alongside a cache of Russian surface-to-surface missiles, an Iraqi officer said Saturday. World digest: Jan. 28, 2017 2017-01-28T05:00:00Z That irritation turned to anger in 1967 when he was heavily censured for leaking minutes of a select committee meeting about the Porton Down biological and chemical warfare establishment to the Observer newspaper. Obituary: Tam Dalyell - BBC News 2017-01-26T05:00:00Z He is also considered the "father of chemical warfare" for his years of work developing and weaponising chlorine and other poisonous gases during World War One. How fertiliser helped feed the world - BBC News 2017-01-01T05:00:00Z Later Sunday, Turkey’s emergency relief directorate, which investigated the claim, said it found no trace of chemical warfare. Thousands in Aleppo Displaced by Syrian, Kurdish Army 2016-11-27T05:00:00Z Both the former Hussein government in Iraq and the current government in Syria at one point possessed chemical warfare programs. ISIS Used Chemical Arms at Least 52 Times in Syria and Iraq, Report Says 2016-11-21T05:00:00Z A chemical weapons expert told HRW the attacks caused painful burns to at least seven people, consistent with exposure to low levels of a chemical warfare agent known as 'vesicants', or blister agents. Toxic pollutants choke Iraqi children caught in Islamic State retreat 2016-11-16T05:00:00Z “There’s chemical warfare around all of us all the time — in plants. When you’re really embedded in nature, you can see that.” Could Ancient Remedies Hold the Answer to the Looming Antibiotics Crisis? 2016-09-14T04:00:00Z “Left unchecked, Saddam Hussein will continue to increase his capacity to wage biological and chemical warfare and will keep trying to develop nuclear weapons,” she said. Hillary Clinton regrets her Iraq vote. But opting for intervention was a pattern. 2016-09-15T04:00:00Z World War I bridged the gap between the modern and the almost medieval, a conflict that featured cavalry charges and sword duels alongside machine guns, mid-air dogfights, and chemical warfare. The 30 games we can't wait to play this holiday season 2016-08-31T04:00:00Z It was unclear how the Islamic State had obtained sulfur mustard, a banned substance with a narrow chemical warfare application. ISIS Used Chemical Arms at Least 52 Times in Syria and Iraq, Report Says 2016-11-21T05:00:00Z In the 1980s, the United States accused Russia of conducting chemical warfare in Southeast Asia, citing “yellow rain” in jungles there. Did Putin Try to Steal an American Election? 2016-07-28T04:00:00Z The problem was the JIC assessments were qualified - the original reports said that intelligence was "sporadic and patchy" and "remains limited" and that "there was very little intelligence relating to Iraq's chemical warfare programme." Chilcot report: The flawed chain of intelligence that led to war - BBC News 2016-07-07T04:00:00Z The new source from September had described "spherical containers" filled with chemical warfare agents. Chilcot report: MI6, a Hollywood movie and faulty intelligence - BBC News 2016-07-06T04:00:00Z Marysville-based Army Reservist Willie Wright III was a chemical operations specialist who helped units prepare for chemical warfare and weapons of mass destruction. A generation of veterans is out of the military and looking for work 2016-06-30T04:00:00Z Unarmed, they shrunk next to a wall of French riot forces, specially trained for bombs and chemical warfare. Iceland Wins Hearts at Euro 2016 as Soccer's Global Underdog 2016-06-27T04:00:00Z Many species of ticks, especially hard ticks, use a kind of chemical warfare to let them feed longer at one site. The Tick’s Pincher Offensive 2016-06-27T04:00:00Z The Corps considers the chemical area uncontaminated by munitions and explosives of concern and chemical warfare materiel. Plan for old Black Hills depot worries some residents 2016-06-25T04:00:00Z There is also the original, if brutal, chemical warfare agent against gastropods: salt. The slowest invasion: Non-native snails take over Northwest 2016-06-25T04:00:00Z The Labour MP for West Lothian had given a copy of an unpublished report about Porton Down, the government chemical warfare centre, to the Observer newspaper. Mike Ashley: Could Sports Direct boss be jailed in Big Ben? - BBC News 2016-03-15T04:00:00Z Sulfur mustard is a Class 1 chemical agent, which means it has very few uses outside chemical warfare. Exclusive: Samples confirm Islamic State used mustard gas in Iraq - diplomat 2016-02-15T05:00:00Z Photograph: Molly Riley/AFP/Getty Images Clapper was speaking ahead of a screening of a CBS 60 minutes programme that will show the impact of a chemical warfare attack in Syria. US intelligence head warns of Isis chemical attack capability 2016-02-12T05:00:00Z Corps of Engineers report says that soldiers at Camp Crowder were exposed to “chemical warfare training” and tests of “gas mask proficiency” in three rooms it refers to as “gas chambers.” Missouri WWII veteran says he was exposed to mustard gas 2016-02-07T05:00:00Z A British citizen has been extradited to the United States and charged with conspiring to illegally sell laboratory equipment, including industrial engines, gas masks and chemical warfare agent detection equipment, from the US to Syria. British man extradited to US on charges to illegally sell lab equipment to Syria 2015-11-13T05:00:00Z How much chemical warfare capacity the Islamic State has organized, and its militants’ ambitions for its use, remain publicly unknown. Syrian Family’s Agony Raises Specter of Chemical Warfare 2015-10-06T04:00:00Z In January 1942, Walt Disney came to Washington and met with civil defense and chemical warfare officials. Did you know Walt Disney designed the world’s weirdest gas mask? 2015-09-12T04:00:00Z His first assignment was in a highly classified position for developing biological and chemical warfare. Stories of internees reveal events during the war 2015-08-27T04:00:00Z The use of the gas would be a significant escalation in Islamic State’s battle against the rebels, and a worrying development in its ability to conduct chemical warfare. Mustard gas 'likely used' in suspected Islamic State attack in Syria 2015-08-26T04:00:00Z "No one knows for sure," explains Louie Cheng, a former chemical warfare expert with the US military who now runs an environmental health consultancy in China. How safe is Tianjin after explosions? - BBC News 2015-08-21T04:00:00Z Their descent into the confusion and scorching pain of a chemical warfare attack had begun. Syrian Family’s Agony Raises Specter of Chemical Warfare 2015-10-06T04:00:00Z Troops equipped with chemical warfare protection entered the site of the blasts on Saturday, to deal with a dangerous cocktail of chemicals. China Tianjin explosions: Premier Li Keqiang visits scene - BBC News 2015-08-16T04:00:00Z Troops equipped with chemical warfare protection entered the site of the blasts on Saturday, reportedly to deal with the sodium cyanide. China Tianjin explosions: Nearly 100 people still missing - BBC News 2015-08-16T04:00:00Z Bases and listening posts scattered from the far northern tundra to remotest atolls of the Aleutian Islands used or stockpiled cleaning solvents and pesticides, chemical warfare agents and unexploded ordnance. Native Alaskans Study and Clean Up a Legacy of Pollution 2015-08-03T04:00:00Z The group also appears to have rudimentary chemical warfare shells. Your Monday Briefing 2015-07-20T04:00:00Z These projectiles have delivered sulfur mustard, an internationally banned chemical warfare agent, according to American officials familiar with the analysis of soil samples, ordnance and victims’ clothing collected after several attacks. Syrian Family’s Agony Raises Specter of Chemical Warfare 2015-10-06T04:00:00Z In an internal report provided to Kurdish officials in Syria, the two research groups recommended that Kurdish forces improve their readiness for chemical warfare incidents. ISIS Has Fired Chemical Mortar Shells, Evidence Indicates 2015-07-17T04:00:00Z Field detection tests indicated the presence of nerve agent at the warehouses, though the victims and chemical warfare specialists alike noted that the field tests are prone to false positives, and are not considered conclusive. 12 Years Later, a Mystery of Chemical Exposure in Iraq Clears Slightly 2015-05-14T04:00:00Z It was also a new kind of “machine age” warfare, with young men massacred by the thousands thanks to such technological weapons as machine guns, artillery and chemical warfare. Russell Crowe: ‘Water Diviner’ film about homeland a story only he could tell 2015-04-22T04:00:00Z Also, they claimed they had no reports of “any soldier or civilian experiencing symptoms consistent with chemical warfare agent exposure.” U.S. Nerve Gas Hit Our Own Troops in Iraq 2015-03-27T04:00:00Z Fort McClellan was the storied home to the Army Chemical School, the only military facility in the U.S. where live chemical weapons training occurred as part of the Army’s chemical warfare unit. Pentagon puts budget concerns ahead of Fort McClellan troops’ welfare 2015-01-11T05:00:00Z That Navy team soon passed custody of the round to a small group of Army chemical warfare specialists, known as a technical escort unit. Examining a Rare Nerve-Agent Shell That Wounded American Troops in Iraq 2014-12-04T05:00:00Z Chemists and chemical warfare specialists interviewed said the chemical was part of a family of organic compounds used in a binary rocket fuel for Eastern bloc missiles and rockets, including variants of the Scud. 12 Years Later, a Mystery of Chemical Exposure in Iraq Clears Slightly 2015-05-14T04:00:00Z While the Pentagon appears to be making the correct political moves, it is unclear how successful the newly established protocol will be at treating both service members and civilians affected by chemical warfare. Pentagon Scrambles After Botching Response to Veterans' Complaints of Chemical Warfare Exposure More than 600 American service members who served in Iraq since 2003 told medical personnel they may have have been exposed to chemical warfare agents. Morning Must Reads: November 7 2014-11-07T05:00:00Z But every once in a while, one of our teams took a “chem hit” – where one of the troops was exposed to a chemical warfare agent. An Iraq Veteran's Experience With Chemical Weapons 2014-10-16T04:00:00Z The facilities America’s soldiers are building will require a staff in the thousands; despite being trained for biological and chemical warfare American troops will not be among them. Much worse to come 2014-10-16T04:00:00Z Then it said that chemical warfare field detection tests were unreliable and that the liquid was most likely a pesticide or something else. 12 Years Later, a Mystery of Chemical Exposure in Iraq Clears Slightly 2015-05-14T04:00:00Z Since 2003, over 600 American service members have come forward with the belief that they were exposed to chemical warfare agents in Iraq, reports The New York Times. Pentagon Scrambles After Botching Response to Veterans' Complaints of Chemical Warfare Exposure The widely heralded report, by the multinational Iraq Survey Group, concluded that Iraq had not had an active chemical warfare program for more than a decade. The Secret U.S. Casualties of Iraq’s Abandoned Chemical Weapons 2014-10-14T04:00:00Z Within my first month in Iraq, we had our first chemical warfare agent casualties. An Iraq Veteran's Experience With Chemical Weapons 2014-10-16T04:00:00Z Nor did he attack Syria in 2013 for having crossed his “red line” warning about using chemical warfare. Obama and ISIS: To Act or Not to Act (F69) 2014-09-11T04:00:00Z The Sassanians responded by packing their tunnel with a noxious mixture of sulfur and pitch that produced sulfur dioxide gas, the first known instance of chemical warfare. The enemy below: Why Hamas tunnels scare Israel so much The Belgian town of Ypres was reduced to ruins due to sustained bombings and chemical warfare. Zadzooks: Valiant Hearts: The Great War review 2014-07-06T04:00:00Z American chemical warfare specialists also knew, disposal technicians and analysts said, that in the 1980s Iraq had mastered mustard agent production in its Western-built plant. The Secret U.S. Casualties of Iraq’s Abandoned Chemical Weapons 2014-10-14T04:00:00Z The way the law defines “chemical weapon”, Justice Scalia argued, Ms Bond was indeed a practitioner of chemical warfare. Hardly a Bond villain 2014-06-05T04:00:00Z "The global need to prevent chemical warfare does not require the federal government to reach into the kitchen cupboard or treat a local assault with a chemical irritant as the deployment of a chemical weapons." Court: Wife's toxin use on spouse's lover no 'chemical weapons' plot 2014-06-02T04:00:00Z He noted, for example, that the chemicals used by Bond "are not of the sort that an ordinary person would associate with instruments of chemical warfare." U.S. top court tosses woman's chemical weapons conviction 2014-06-02T04:00:00Z So developed his fateful strategy: Train and equip al-Nusra to wage serious chemical warfare, then stage a gas attack to be pinned on Assad. Barack Obama pulls a George W. Bush: Lies, misinformation and chemical weapons 2014-04-10T23:00:00Z Reporting it, he said, would have required summoning chemical warfare specialists, known as a technical escort unit, and adding 12 to 24 hours to the job. The Secret U.S. Casualties of Iraq’s Abandoned Chemical Weapons 2014-10-14T04:00:00Z The Science of Game of Thrones: for example, consider wildfire as chemical warfare. Physics Week in Review: April 5, 2014 2014-04-05T09:55:01Z Her idea was that cuckoo nestlings engage in a form of chemical warfare with predators. Animal behaviour: Paying guests 2014-03-20T12:04:10Z Modern chemical warfare was pioneered by the Germans on the battlefields of World War One. German prosecutors probe firms for Syria chemical weapons links 2014-03-19T15:36:17Z Though she didn’t say so in the book, her own treatment for breast cancer involved a radical mastectomy and intense chemical warfare to stop the invader. Raw Data: A Tumor, the Embryo’s Evil Twin 2014-03-17T20:26:20Z If documenting chemical weapons delayed the destruction of explosive weapons that were killing people each week, or left troops vulnerable while waiting for chemical warfare specialists to arrive, then reporting chemical weapons endangered lives. The Secret U.S. Casualties of Iraq’s Abandoned Chemical Weapons 2014-10-14T04:00:00Z Hordes of insects threaten the survival of plants, which respond with chemical warfare. Matter: Battle for Survival May Yield the Rain Forest’s Diversity 2014-01-02T19:01:01Z Inspectors also confirmed the destruction of hundreds of empty artillery shells and rocket warheads designed for chemical warfare. Syria blamed for missed deadline on chemical arsenal 2013-12-30T23:55:30Z He added that if the U.N. fails to act, it will show itself unable to enforce a basic international rubric against chemical warfare. U.S., Russia swap accusations over Syria 2013-09-24T21:15:34Z Modern chemical warfare began on the battlefields of World War One, pioneered by the Germans. Germany sold Syria chemicals with military potential: government 2013-09-18T16:03:28Z It turned red — indicating sulfur mustard, the chemical warfare agent designed to burn a victim’s airway, skin and eyes. The Secret U.S. Casualties of Iraq’s Abandoned Chemical Weapons 2014-10-14T04:00:00Z “I suspect some casualties would be unavoidable,” said Stephen Johnson, a former British Army chemical warfare expert who served two tours of duty in the Iraqi desert. Chemical Disarmament Hard Even in Peacetime 2013-09-11T02:20:03Z But if Assad feels like he can use chemical warfare “with impunity,” Kerry said, “he will never come to a negotiating table.” Assad vs. Kerry 2013-09-09T16:11:00Z “Our government supports the objective of ensuring that there can be no impunity for the first use of chemical warfare in the 21st century,” Mr. Hague said in his joint appearance with Mr. Kerry. Kerry Says Syria Should Hand Over All Chemical Arms 2013-09-09T12:29:15Z This is Iran’s unambiguous position as a victim of chemical warfare. The Lede: Iran’s Foreign Minister Opens a Twitter Channel to the West 2013-09-05T22:51:38Z Had the techs been burned a few years earlier, the military medical system, which had prepared before the invasion for chemical warfare casualties, might have recognized their wounds. The Secret U.S. Casualties of Iraq’s Abandoned Chemical Weapons 2014-10-14T04:00:00Z Peskov also reiterated that the United States had failed to produce convincing proof that Assad, who is backed by Russian arms, and his forces had resorted to chemical warfare. Pressure grows on Obama over Syria at G20 summit 2013-09-05T17:14:17Z In Beijing, Foreign Ministry spokesman Hong Lei reiterated that any party resorting to chemical warfare should accept responsibility for it but said unilateral military actions violate international law and would complicate the conflict. China backs Russia over Syria at G20 summit 2013-09-05T09:17:10Z Security Council and there was proof Assad's forces had resorted to chemical warfare. Syria dispute set to overshadow G20 talks on economy 2013-09-04T20:54:31Z Obama says a strike is necessary both to deter Assad from additional use of chemical warfare and to keep other governments and extremist groups from contemplating such attacks. Obama, in Stockholm, says that on Syria, ‘the international community cannot be silent’ 2013-09-04T14:16:00Z By mid-2008, as incidents with mustard shells accumulated, ordnance disposal techs suspected one area had become a principal source of the weapons: Al Muthanna State Establishment, the former nexus of Iraq’s chemical warfare program. The Secret U.S. Casualties of Iraq’s Abandoned Chemical Weapons 2014-10-14T04:00:00Z In principle, Washington was strongly opposed to chemical warfare, a practice outlawed by the 1925 Geneva Protocol. History lesson: When the United States looked the other way on chemical weapons 2013-09-04T10:02:12Z Most seemed convinced that Syria had engaged in chemical warfare. Obama and aides confront skeptical Congress on Syria strike 2013-09-02T00:50:32Z Make no mistake -- this has implications beyond chemical warfare. Text of President Obama’s Remarks on Syria 2013-08-31T20:02:20Z And while failure to intercept a conventional missile “could be tolerable,” he says, the equation changes when biological and chemical warfare is brought into the picture. For Turkey, U.S. Missile Strikes in Syria Aren't Enough 2013-08-31T05:05:28Z A colonel visited from the Aberdeen Proving Ground, an Army chemical warfare center, to discuss lab results. The Secret U.S. Casualties of Iraq’s Abandoned Chemical Weapons 2014-10-14T04:00:00Z Humanity drew it decades ago, 170-some countries supporting the convention on not using chemicals -- chemical warfare.” History lesson: When the United States looked the other way on chemical weapons 2013-09-04T10:02:12Z The Syrian regime maintains a stockpile of numerous chemical agents, including mustard, sarin, and VX and has thousands of munitions that can be used to deliver chemical warfare agents. White House report on Syrian government’s use of chemical weapons 2013-08-30T18:05:00Z Weapons experts note that investigations into charges of chemical warfare can at times prove difficult because nerve agents can resemble other chemicals, notably insecticides. Chemical Attack Evidence Lasts Years, Experts Say 2013-08-27T20:35:10Z While evidence of chemical warfare could bolster an argument for intervention at the United Nations in the face of likely Russian and Chinese opposition, Western leaders and the Arab League have already declared Assad guilty. U.S., allies prepare for probable military strike on Syria 2013-08-28T00:09:03Z "Because they are non persistent agents, they dissipate very quickly," said Hamish de Bretton-Gordon, a former head of Britain's military counter-nuclear, biological and chemical warfare force and now a private contractor. Nerve agent rockets seen behind Syria strike: experts 2013-08-23T17:39:14Z It all looks like it could be an attack with a chemical warfare agent, but it’s impossible to rule out other possible causes.” Syrian Opposition Says Deadly Chemical Attack Kills Hundreds 2013-08-21T14:35:32Z His alien facility undoubtedly shared many of its characteristics with the very real chemical warfare establishment at Porton Down. Nightmare visions: 1984 to V for Vendetta 2013-06-14T11:03:56Z In response, the United Nations sent an investigative team that reported clear evidence of chemical warfare. Chemical Attack Evidence Lasts Years, Experts Say 2013-08-27T20:35:10Z In the 1940s, the compound became a popular additive in chicken feed and has been used in chemical warfare. ‘King of Poisons’ recounts the fascinating history of arsenic 2013-06-10T17:17:13Z "The size of the rocket is a big deal," says Steve Johnson, a former British Army chemical warfare expert and now a visiting fellow at the forensics Department of Cranfield University. Nerve agent rockets seen behind Syria strike: experts 2013-08-23T17:39:14Z Besides overshadowing its neighbours, buckthorn also engages in chemical warfare. Invasive species: Thorny questions 2013-05-23T15:05:16Z "The two main driving forces for research are military - people want to be able to detect chemical warfare agents - and environmental monitoring." Robots sniff out body stench 2013-05-08T16:06:24Z Graham Pearson, the establishment’s director general at the time, said the detection showed that “samples collected from appropriate locations can provide evidence of the presence of chemical warfare agents over four years after the attack.” Chemical Attack Evidence Lasts Years, Experts Say 2013-08-27T20:35:10Z The Syrian regime has leveled this charge before, as have the Russians, but American officials said they did not believe that the rebels had access to chemical warfare agents. Questions and Answers on Syria and the U.S. 2013-05-06T18:03:30Z “It’s not a smoking gun, at least so far,” said Keith Ward, an expert on chemical warfare who worked for the Department of Homeland Security and the Navy and is now advising Human Rights Watch. U.S. Unsure of Chemical Arms Use by Syria 2013-04-25T01:09:47Z He worked on antidotes to chemical warfare agents and then for the western region of the Royal Ordnance Factories. Percy White 2013-01-16T16:54:41Z Some riders refused to join the chemical warfare that cycling became. Column: Lance Armstrong, exceptional? Phooey! 2013-01-15T22:59:09Z “If adequate samples are collected, there’s a high probability that they will find conclusive evidence of exposure to chemical warfare agents.” Chemical Attack Evidence Lasts Years, Experts Say 2013-08-27T20:35:10Z They may face chemical warfare from neighboring lichens, as well as the menace of a hard rain. Studying Seemingly Immortal Lichens, in a Place for the Dead 2012-12-31T19:13:21Z Experts on chemical warfare said the administration’s methodical approach was warranted. U.S. Unsure of Chemical Arms Use by Syria 2013-04-25T01:09:47Z Bacteria and fungi compete for food and often do so using chemical warfare. The Garden of Our Neglect: How Humans Shape the Evolution of Other Species 2012-07-05T19:45:00.447Z Now a coveted residential ZIP code, the area in Northwest Washington was briefly a center of chemical warfare research, a frantic response to Germany’s weapons. Hunt Zeros in on the Mystery of an Old Site Called Hades 2012-03-17T17:24:08Z For several hours, all-out biological and chemical warfare ensues. Bark beetles, aided by climate change, are devastating U.S. pine forests 2011-12-05T15:18:54Z The Chief of the Chemical Warfare Service has supervision over the production of chemical warfare materials as well as defensive appliances for protection against such warfare. Government in the United States National, State and Local 2011-11-16T03:00:28.590Z Syrian government forces could have used riot-control gas that, while extremely powerful, does not qualify as a chemical warfare agent, like sarin gas. U.S. Unsure of Chemical Arms Use by Syria 2013-04-25T01:09:47Z And Indian Township owns a company, Creative Apparel, which provides jobs for more than 300 people producing chemical warfare suits for the military. Maine tribe?s loss on casino question illustrates how reservations look for other income 2011-11-13T17:06:38Z It also declared more than 3,500 unfilled aerial bombs designed for use with chemical warfare agents such as sulfur mustard and three chemical weapons production facilities. Libyan chemical weapons stockpile intact: inspectors 2011-11-04T14:02:27Z This chemical warfare may be increasing the pressure on struggling reef communities worldwide, researchers say. Seaweed With a Deadly Touch 2011-10-17T20:00:00Z It is currently used to make herbicide and was also used in chemical warfare during World War One. U.S. report faults DuPont in worker's 2010 death 2011-07-07T16:48:39Z A Casio digital diary he was carrying when he was arrested “contained references to military chemical warfare agents, and their effects on humans,” according to the classified assessment. In Dossier, Portrait of Push for Post-9/11 Attacks 2011-04-26T03:29:07Z "The marsh is still waging chemical warfare several inches below the surface," said Christopher M. Reddy, a chemist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute in Massachusetts, who helped supervise Culbertson's research. In gulf oil spill's long reach, ecological damage could last decades 2010-06-06T04:00:00Z Organophosphates were originally developed for chemical warfare, and they are known to be toxic to the nervous system. ADHD in kids tied to organophosphate pesticides 2010-05-17T14:04:00Z There was no combatting the destructive rays and chemical warfare of the Moon men. Astounding Stories of Super-Science, December 1930 It is perhaps true, as some critics appear to think, that the development of war in the air and of chemical warfare has made questions of strategic frontiers in general less important than heretofore. The Geneva Protocol One of the men in the gang had served in the chemical warfare division of the A.E.F. overseas. The Boy Ranchers in Death Valley or Diamond X and the Poison Mystery The next changes were wrought by startling advances in motor transport, signal communications, chemical warfare, tanks, aviation, and mass production. Artillery Through the Ages A Short Illustrated History of Cannon, Emphasizing Types Used in America Lighting did not have the glamor of flying or the novelty of chemical warfare, but it progressed greatly in certain directions and served well. Artificial Light Its Influence upon Civilization Besides, as the Germans held, chemical warfare favors the army that is most intelligent, resourceful and disciplined and the nation that stands highest in science and industry. Creative Chemistry Descriptive of Recent Achievements in the Chemical Industries We can only make passing reference to the development of the training and experimental grounds which formed such an important part in assisting decisions on chemical warfare policy. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war The direct significance of bromine for chemical warfare must be borne in mind. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war In connection with chemical warfare, it is of interest to review the Hussite siege of Castle Karlstein, near Prague, in the first quarter of the fifteenth century. Artillery Through the Ages A Short Illustrated History of Cannon, Emphasizing Types Used in America By employing this substance Germany departed from her usual caution and violated one of the first principles of chemical warfare. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war No doubt the science of chemical warfare is in its infancy and every foresighted power has concealed weapons of its own in reserve. Creative Chemistry Descriptive of Recent Achievements in the Chemical Industries Success in chemical warfare is largely dependent on secrecy, which means achieving production in the shortest possible time, and this is particularly important at the commencement of hostilities. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war But the Treaty of Versailles contains an admission of the importance of chemical warfare for the future. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war One of the main trends in chemical warfare was the development of devices which would give long-range chemical effects without a complicated form of projector, or with none at all. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war As a result, they developed the phenomenal chemical warfare arsenal of Edgewood. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war We must continue our studies of what is known as chemical warfare. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war But had chemical warfare been a strongly developed and accepted method of war before the outbreak of hostilities, would we then have been prepared? The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Twenty years or more under the regime of a forceful economic policy, not without its sinister aspects, prepared the ground by weakening us in the concentrated chemical warfare which, ensued. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Incidentally, it also throws a further sidelight upon the part played by Leverkusen in the chemical warfare campaign. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war The Element of Speculation.—It is of considerable interest to Introduce an element of speculation into our discussion of chemical warfare. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Chemical Tactics and Strategy.—Two basic military conceptions come to our assistance in attempting to characterise types of chemical warfare development. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war It continued to do so during the rest of the war, but was later associated with a large number of British university chemical and scientific departments in pursuing a huge programme of chemical warfare research. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Any new chemical warfare development capable, under a given system of individual protection, of successfully attacking the hitherto protected individual, may be termed strategic. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Thus we regard the first introduction of cloud gas by Germany, or their use of mustard gas, as examples of strategic chemical warfare moves. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Any fundamental discovery of this sort, applicable to chemical warfare, is capable of strategic effects. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war The same classification can be applied to the protective as to the offensive side of chemical warfare. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Conclusion.—We have shown how, during the war, chemical warfare proved its surprise value and how manufacture figured repeatedly as a critical factor. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war The "Alert Gas Zone."—The development of the "gas alert" idea has definite interest for the future of chemical warfare. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war If, then, the Government of any country desires to provide its chemical factories with suitable subjects for chemical warfare production, these can be produced under ANY international arrangements, however prohibitive. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war We refer to poison gas or chemical warfare. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war A recent visit to America revealed the considerable publicity and public interest surrounding chemical warfare, strengthening my conviction that the facts, now noised abroad, should be presented in their proper setting. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Such an examination may reveal the basic forces which determined our inferior position in chemical warfare at the outbreak of war. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war The whole history of chemical warfare during the war was a struggle for this initiative, a struggle between gas protection and aggression. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Mustard gas provides a striking example of the organic way in which chemical warfare is bound up with the dye industry. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Safety demands strong organic chemical industries or cumbersome and burdensome chemical warfare establishments. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war It is, therefore, our intention to present a reasoned account of the development of poison gas, or chemical warfare, during the recent war. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war The tactical type of chemical warfare method involves the use of some new or old war chemical device in achieving a tactical objective which may, itself, form part of a larger scheme with strategic significance. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war In a recent Press utterance we find an appeal to prohibit chemical warfare and to "trust the general sentiment of the civilised world to say that the lesson has been learnt in that sense." The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Need for a Balanced View of Chemical Warfare.—The facts of chemical warfare have probably been less ventilated than those of any other important war development. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war We have already emphasised the question of design in chemical warfare, and its importance is borne out by the comparative failure of these German projectiles. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Dr. Albert, leaving Dr. Schweitzer a letter of appreciation, to which we have referred in connection with the Chemical Exchange, makes a very significant reference to chemical warfare. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Very few new substances which found valuable application during the war were revealed by chemical warfare research. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war This can only be interpreted as a frank realisation of the place of chemical warfare and of the need for serious international guarantees in the present situation. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war This looming menace, its share in the past and future of chemical warfare, and the fatal growth of the latter present questions demanding an imperative answer. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Each nation and any League of Nations must seriously face the question of the establishment of elaborate and complex chemical warfare organisations. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war If guarantees are forthcoming, internationally, removing this grave German chemical warfare threat through her manufacturing monopoly, then the need for a definite chemical striking force and organisation will be greatly reduced. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Special Attention Justified;—Special Value of American Opinion.—Various reasons prompt us to pay special attention to the development of chemical warfare by the United States of America. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war But if satisfactory guarantees were forthcoming it would be consistent with national safety to limit the chemical warfare equipment of each nation to what would actually represent a scientific military brain. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war There is hope of controlling this for a weapon like a tank, but it cannot be controlled for chemical warfare. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Research and training in chemical protection must be continued, and this can only be ensured by keeping abreast with offensive chemical warfare. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Preceding chapters have shown how chemical warfare has now become a normal, technical, and increasingly important part of the science of war. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war An important trend in chemical warfare was its growing independence of the normal weapons of war, and its special requirements when adapted for use with both the normal and newer types. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war What can be the guarantees for the limitation of chemical warfare? The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war The Treaty makers thought it necessary to give direct reference to chemical warfare. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Let us take a balanced view of the facts, realise the unique significance of chemical warfare and chemical industry, for war and disarmament, and act accordingly. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war It illustrates the possibility of development on these lines, but we must by no means disregard the atrocity of chemical warfare, and safeguards are required for the future. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Italians were alive to the importance of chemical warfare. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Supply Organisations.—What a marked contrast between the organisation required for German and Allied chemical warfare production! The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war It is no unfair criticism to state that hard facts rather than vision forced the importance of chemical warfare upon those responsible for munition production in the early stages of the war. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war The vicissitudes of trench warfare supply are too numerous and complicated to be dealt with here, but chemical warfare supply has suffered accordingly. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Nature of Chemical Warfare Research.—So, much has been vaguely said, and is vaguely known, about research in chemical warfare that a brief analysis will be of value. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war The above analysis can leave us with no doubt in our minds that the organic chemical industry is the logical place for efficient chemical warfare production. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war If we assume international arrangements for the limitation of other types of armament in the future, chemical warfare at once stands out as decisive. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war We thus have some idea of the importance of protection in chemical warfare and of the absolutely imperative need of deciding whether or no work on protection must go on. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war It must not be forgotten, also, that, at this period, chemical warfare supply organisation was experiencing certain critical changes which could not but reflect upon our efficiency. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Field Activities.—In a sense the development of chemical warfare organisations by the Americans was deprived of its promised success. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war One of the most significant possibilities in chemical warfare development is the arrival of this type of the compound, the highly lethal, highly persistent chemical. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war So long as there is any danger of other nations continuing these methods of warfare, research and experiment in chemical warfare must be pursued. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Whatever mistakes we may have made locally during the war, they are small compared with the big mistake which was responsible for our comparative failure in chemical warfare production. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war The American, trained for 300 years in meeting nature on her great plains and in her vast forests, was early appealed to by this side of chemical warfare. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war In the field of chemical warfare the relationship between war and peace production was even more intimate. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war The very nature of chemical warfare is such that great accuracy is not required, and simplification of production of the gas projector follows naturally. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Chlorine was a raw material for mustard gas and—practically every important substance employed in chemical warfare including bleaching powder. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Post-Armistice Developments.—But perhaps the most interesting and significant aspect of American chemical warfare development concerns what has occurred since the Armistice. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war I feel sure that the army appreciates the value of chemical warfare, and that it appreciates also the value of the chemists to chemical warfare. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war It is essential to study the offensive side of chemical warfare if we are to be prepared for defence. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war A period ensued of remarkably rapid and efficient assimilation of the best developments in allied chemical warfare. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war This move towards independence in the whole range of products involved is referred to elsewhere, owing to the manner in which it simplified German production for chemical warfare. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Increase in capacity was rendered necessary by chemical warfare developments. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Discussions on the Longworth Bill and on the new chemical warfare service have provided full ventilation for the facts of the case, in their proper setting. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war In the first place, chemical warfare is a complete science in itself. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war One great reason why chemical warfare will continue is that it fills a long-felt want on the part of the soldier, that of shooting successfully around a stump or rock. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war As a result, the history of chemical warfare becomes one of continual attempts, on both sides, to achieve surprise and to counter it by some accurate forecast in protective methods. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Peculiar Peace-Time Danger.—There can be no doubt therefore that the mere contact of two armies during war acts as a check against the decisive use of chemical warfare, except in the very early stages. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war But the technique of the German dye industry solved this as satisfactorily and as steadily as other chemical warfare problems, bringing its technical experience to bear on the different difficulties involved. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war We have already referred to the fluctuations in chemical warfare organisation for research and supply during the war. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war The preceding account of chemical warfare leaves the impression of a successful Allied struggle against persistently unfavourable circumstances. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Quite apart from the Government plants finally engaged in chemical warfare production, more than fifty plants were used in private organisations, of which a very high percentage were entirely new. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Few people realised the developments which chemical warfare would produce. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war More than this, as the use of chemical warfare becomes an organic part of operations, as it did during the war, these operations become correspondingly dependent upon conditions imposed by the chemical campaign. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war But what organisation was required for chemical warfare supply? The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war The close connection between the German dye industry and chemical warfare is now well recognised in official circles, and, to some extent, by the general public. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Allied chemical warfare organisations arose, to become an important factor in the later stages of the war. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Potential Production and Peace.—Enough has been said to show the general nature of the chemical warfare struggle. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war This, and the need to keep abreast of chemical warfare development—particularly in protection— are the chief lessons of the struggle for the chemical initiative. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war I have endeavoured to present the facts of chemical warfare as briefly yet as truly as possible, giving a glimpse of the war possibilities inherent in this branch of applied chemical science. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war These inherent possibilities of organic chemistry, flexibility in research and production, make chemical warfare the most important war problem in the future reconstruction of the world. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war We conclude from the above that whatever treaty or international arrangements exist for prohibiting chemical warfare, we can find no safeguard in practicable methods of control, and must find safety in some other measure. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war In the second place, chemical warfare is itself so overwhelmingly important that it is farcical to con-template any disarmament scheme which does not, first and foremost, tackle this question. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Thirdly, no nation ever held a more complete monopoly for any weapon than did Germany for chemical warfare. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Circumstances are to blame; the first open act of chemical warfare decided the matter. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war A good deal of abuse has been showered on chemical warfare methods by those who understand very little about them. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war If we felt that the announcement of an edict was sufficient to suppress chemical warfare we would gladly stimulate any public emotion to create such an edict. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Owing to certain technical peculiarities, which can be clearly revealed by examination of the facts, it is impossible to suppress chemical warfare in this way. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war It might have been expected, as they shared largely in production, that a considerable amount of chemical warfare research would occur at these works, but this was emphatically denied to Allied missions. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war With this brief sketch to clear the ground, we can embark more freely upon the account of chemical warfare which follows. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war In this way protective methods in chemical warfare may be the determining factor in some strategic campaign or tactical activity. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war The history of Allied gas organisation is one of the gradual recognition that chemical warfare represented a new weapon with new possibilities, new specific uses, and new requirements from the rear. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Further, when we realise that the production of explosives can be controlled and inspected during peace, but that no such control can exist for chemical warfare products, the significance for the future stands revealed. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Owing to efficient production, chemical warfare was an infinitely more flexible weapon in German hands than in ours. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war At this stage there was definite recognition of the absolute need of keeping chemical warfare research, design, and supply under one head. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war The Hartley report clearly revealed the importance of the German dye factories for chemical warfare production. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war The following pages, therefore, are an attempt to represent the salient points in the development of chemical warfare, its causes, results, and future. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Such an attempt cannot limit itself to merely British developments, and this is not a final detailed memoir of British chemical warfare. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Further, in considering the future, we examine another aspect of chemical warfare. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Vesicant or Blistering Compounds.—It was the introduction of the fourth, the vesicant class, which revealed, more than any other enemy move, the great possibilities inherent in chemical warfare. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war The peculiar significance of chemical warfare for the future is freely admitted in these utterances. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war The period of intensive chemical warfare may be regarded as the proof of the German experiment of 1915-1916. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war Movements of Personnel.—The movements of German chemical personnel give us a clue as to the main tendencies in their chemical warfare policy. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war We have seen how Germany created special formations for cloud attacks, but for a time practically abandoned them, throwing most of her chemical warfare production into shell. The Riddle of the Rhine; chemical strategy in peace and war |
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