| 单词 | carpel |
| 例句 | Stems might be fashioned from paper towels; carpels are made from toilet paper. A Designer Who Makes Impossibly Lifelike Flowers From Everyday Materials 2019-08-07T04:00:00Z The ovule, sheltered within the ovary of the carpel, contains the megasporangium protected by two layers of integuments and the ovary wall. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Most flowers carry both stamens and carpels; however, a few species self-pollinate. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The innermost floral parts are the carpels, which produce female gametophytes and, later, seeds. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Their seeds form in the carpel, a tubular structure that sticks up from the center of a flower and matures into a pod that holds seeds—peas or beans, for example—inside. Exquisite fossils unearthed in Inner Mongolia reveal how peas got their hard coat 2021-05-26T04:00:00Z He had carpel tunnel syndrome in his left hand, a bad shoulder and macular degeneration that made it hard for him to see the ball at address. It's time to remember Sam Snead - Golf Digest 2019-07-08T04:00:00Z At the center of the perianth is a vase-like structure called the carpel. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z As illustrated in Figure 14.25, the stigma, style, and ovary constitute the female organ, the carpel or pistil, which is also referred to as the gynoecium. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The carpels are fused into a broad base, forming an ovary where the female gametophytes are produced. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Their existence suggests not only where the second seed coat came from, but also how carpels came to be, as some of these cupules appear to have modified leaves that could have evolved into carpels. Exquisite fossils unearthed in Inner Mongolia reveal how peas got their hard coat 2021-05-26T04:00:00Z When she took time off for carpel tunnel surgery on her weapon hand — necessary to do her job — department officials accused her of medical malingering, she said, using leave time to be with her kids. Rapid-response legal network fights ‘dangerous retreats’ on women’s issues in Trump era 2017-10-22T04:00:00Z A flower may have one or more carpels, but the example shown has only one. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z A gynoecium may contain one or more carpels within a single flower. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The diameter of the carpel narrows into a stalk called the style. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Now, having a whole group of potential closest relatives with a variety of cupule structures, “gives us different ideas about where the carpel has come from,” Donoghue says. Exquisite fossils unearthed in Inner Mongolia reveal how peas got their hard coat 2021-05-26T04:00:00Z The stamens are very numerous, and are spirally arranged; and the carpels are variable in number, sessile or stipitate and slightly united at the base and dehisce by ventral suture. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z The narrow neck of the carpel, called the style, widens into a flat stigma at the top. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The megaspores and the female gametophytes are produced and protected by the thick tissues of the carpel. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Botanists sometimes call a single carpel or several fused carpels a pistil. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The carpel grabs the pollen and transfers it to a chamber called an ovary, where seeds develop. Exquisite fossils unearthed in Inner Mongolia reveal how peas got their hard coat 2021-05-26T04:00:00Z The flowers have 5 white or pale-rose, eventually greenish sepals, 15 to 18 lines in breadth; 8 to 13 tubular green petals containing honey; and 5 to 10 free carpels. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z The ovary is the wide part of the carpel. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z A long, thin structure called a style leads from the sticky stigma, where pollen is deposited, to the ovary enclosed in the carpel. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z What is the primary difference between a stamen and a carpel? Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Angiosperms evolved from gymnosperms, but how carpels and the second seed coat arose has been a big mystery. Exquisite fossils unearthed in Inner Mongolia reveal how peas got their hard coat 2021-05-26T04:00:00Z The surface by which one carpel joins another, as in the Umbelliferæ. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z The androecium is composed of stamens which cluster around the carpel. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The main parts of a flower are the sepals and petals, which protect the reproductive parts: the stamens and the carpels. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Either entirely of partially separate, as the carpels of a compound pistil; Ð opposed to syncarpous. Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 2012-03-24T02:00:23.513Z Fossils have yielded a few clues, but “nobody has been able to show where carpels come from,” says Michael Donoghue, a plant evolutionary biologist at Yale University who was not involved with the work. Exquisite fossils unearthed in Inner Mongolia reveal how peas got their hard coat 2021-05-26T04:00:00Z From the back of each carpel grows a wing, converting the fruit into two 1-seeded, at length separable samaras or keys. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z The carpel is the individual unit of the gynoecium and has a stigma, style, and ovary. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Its flowers are yellow, and have their petals distinct almost to the base, and its carpels are distinct. The Wild Flowers of California: Their Names, Haunts, and Habits 2012-02-17T03:00:37.163Z Composed of several florets within a common involucre, as in the daisy; or of several carpels formed from one flower, as in the raspberry. Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 2012-03-24T02:00:23.513Z D, Lunaria biennis, showing the septum after the carpels have fallen away. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 7 "Crocoite" to "Cuba" 2012-01-22T03:00:24.397Z Stamens and carpels numerous, styles becoming plumose or hairy tails, or naked and straight or jointed. b. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z A flower may have one or multiple carpels. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Its seed-vessels look like a group of fantastic, long-billed storks, and the long beaks of the carpels, as they separate from the central axis, begin to curl about any convenient object. The Wild Flowers of California: Their Names, Haunts, and Habits 2012-02-17T03:00:37.163Z Dioecious; flowers in the form of cones, except the female flowers of Cycas, which consist of a rosette of leaf-like carpels at the apex of the stem. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 7 "Gyantse" to "Hallel" 2011-12-26T03:00:11.613Z Gynoecium.—The pistil consists of a single carpel, opposite the pale in the median plane of the spikelet. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 3 "Gordon, Lord George" to "Grasses" 2011-11-13T03:00:13.177Z Pome usually of 5 carpels; each becomes incompletely 2-celled by a projection from its back; otherwise as Pyrus. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z A flower may have one or more carpels, but the example shown has only one. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Sepals, petals, and stamens indefinite, passing into each other; all coalescent below into the cuplike calyx-tube, on whose inner surface are borne the numerous carpels. The Wild Flowers of California: Their Names, Haunts, and Habits 2012-02-17T03:00:37.163Z Zamia, except that the ends of the stamens are flat, while the apices of the carpels are peltate. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 7 "Gyantse" to "Hallel" 2011-12-26T03:00:11.613Z Its outline, embracing the group of carpels, may be regular or irregular, long or short, cordate, wide or compressed; it may reach the eye or otherwise, and it frequently clasps that portion. American Pomology Apples 2011-10-03T02:00:29.477Z Fruit dry, capsular or follicular, the styles or tips of the carpels distinct. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z The narrow neck of the carpel, called the style, widens into a flat stima at the top. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Though the shrub is quite showy when in bloom, it is almost equally attractive when its carpels are beginning to redden. The Wild Flowers of California: Their Names, Haunts, and Habits 2012-02-17T03:00:37.163Z Similarly in the sporophylls of some cycads the bundles are endarch near the base and mesarch near the distal end of the stamen or carpel. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 7 "Gyantse" to "Hallel" 2011-12-26T03:00:11.613Z The number and nature of the divisions depend on the number of carpels and the extent to which their edges are folded inwards. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 3 "Frost" to "Fyzabad" 2011-08-15T02:00:28.473Z Fruit globular; the carpels not separating spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked prickles, each with 5 oil-tubes.—Perennial rather tall glabrous herbs, with few palmately-lobed or parted leaves, those from the root long-petioled. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z The ovary is the wide part of the carpel. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The beaks of its carpels are sometimes four inches long. The Wild Flowers of California: Their Names, Haunts, and Habits 2012-02-17T03:00:37.163Z The evidence afforded by normal and abnormal flowers appears to be in favour of the following interpretation: The peduncle is a shoot bearing two or more carpels. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 7 "Gyantse" to "Hallel" 2011-12-26T03:00:11.613Z This abortion may depend on the pressure caused by the development of certain ovules, or it may proceed from non-fertilization of all the ovules and consequent non-enlargement of the carpels. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 3 "Frost" to "Fyzabad" 2011-08-15T02:00:28.473Z Fruit separating when ripe into 2 carpels, one or both of them opening. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z A long, thin structure called a style leads from the sticky stigma, where pollen is deposited, to the ovary, enclosed in the carpel. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z In the first-mentioned case the terms carpel and pistil are synonymous. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 5 "Fleury, Claude" to "Foraker" 2011-04-03T02:00:20.883Z In Araucaria the cone-scale is regarded as consisting of a flat carpel, of which the placenta has not grown out into the scale-like structure. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 7 "Gyantse" to "Hallel" 2011-12-26T03:00:11.613Z Again, by the growth of the placenta, or the folding inwards of parts of the carpels, divisions occur in the fruit which did not exist in the ovary. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 3 "Frost" to "Fyzabad" 2011-08-15T02:00:28.473Z Fruit separating into 2 or 3 closed and indehiscent carpels; otherwise as n. 5. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z Pollination occurs when a pollen grain lands on the stigma, the flat structure at the top of the carpel. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The pistil is apocarpous, consisting of several distinct carpels, each with ovary, style and stigma. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 5 "Fleury, Claude" to "Foraker" 2011-04-03T02:00:20.883Z With Oranges.—Roast or bake a young duck as directed, and serve it with carpels of orange all around; and sprinkle some orange-juice all over just before serving it. Hand-Book of Practical Cookery for Ladies and Professional Cooks 2011-03-23T02:00:22.007Z The loculaments l correspond to the number of the carpels, which separate by splitting through the septa, s. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 3 "Frost" to "Fyzabad" 2011-08-15T02:00:28.473Z Fruit 3-lobed, dry and splitting into its 3 carpels when ripe. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z Although they vary greatly in appearance, all flowers contain the same structures: sepals, petals, carpels, and stamens. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z A pistil is usually formed by more than one carpel. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 5 "Fleury, Claude" to "Foraker" 2011-04-03T02:00:20.883Z When roasted or baked and dished, place carpels of oranges all around, and serve. Hand-Book of Practical Cookery for Ladies and Professional Cooks 2011-03-23T02:00:22.007Z In the former case they are either apocarpous, of one mature carpel or of several separate free carpels; or syncarpous, of several carpels, more or less completely united. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 3 "Frost" to "Fyzabad" 2011-08-15T02:00:28.473Z Tails of the carpels in fruit bearded inside, often spirally twisted. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z At the center of the perianth is a vase-like structure called the carpel. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The carpels may be arranged either at the same or nearly the same height in a verticil, or at different heights in a spiral cycle. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 5 "Fleury, Claude" to "Foraker" 2011-04-03T02:00:20.883Z To serve whole or in dice, or in pieces like carpels of oranges, those called Mercers and the like, are preferable, because they do not bruise so easily. Hand-Book of Practical Cookery for Ladies and Professional Cooks 2011-03-23T02:00:22.007Z In the genus Citrus, to which the orange and lemon belong, it is very common to meet with a separation of the carpels, so as to produce what are called horned oranges and fingered citrons. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 3 "Frost" to "Fyzabad" 2011-08-15T02:00:28.473Z Pistil of 3 several-ovuled carpels, united in the axis, their long styles lightly cohering. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z The androecium is composed of stamens which cluster around the carpel. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The number of carpels in a pistil is indicated by the Greek numeral. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 5 "Fleury, Claude" to "Foraker" 2011-04-03T02:00:20.883Z Boil gently till about two-thirds done, stirring now and then; add potatoes, peeled, quartered, and cut, as far as possible, of the shape of a carpel of orange. Hand-Book of Practical Cookery for Ladies and Professional Cooks 2011-03-23T02:00:22.007Z Each valve is formed by the halves of contiguous carpels. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 3 "Frost" to "Fyzabad" 2011-08-15T02:00:28.473Z Fruit ovoid to oblong, slightly flattened dorsally; carpel with 3 or 4 or all the ribs strongly winged; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z As illustrated in Figure 2, styles, stigmas, and ovules constitute the female organ: the gynoecium or carpel. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z This is seen in cases where the margins of the carpel do not unite, but remain separate, and consequently two placentas are formed in place of one. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 5 "Fleury, Claude" to "Foraker" 2011-04-03T02:00:20.883Z Peel the oranges; then divide the carpels and free them from the pith, and put them away in a warm place for a few hours; they may be left over night. Hand-Book of Practical Cookery for Ladies and Professional Cooks 2011-03-23T02:00:22.007Z In the pomegranate there is a peculiar baccate many-celled inferior fruit, having a tough rind, enclosing two rows of carpels placed one above the other. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 3 "Frost" to "Fyzabad" 2011-08-15T02:00:28.473Z Fruit oblong or ovate, flattened laterally if at all, glabrous; carpels with prominent equal acute ribs and broad intervals; oil-tubes 2–6 in the intervals, 6–10 on the commissure. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z Flower structure is very diverse, and carpels may be singular, multiple, or fused. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z In the order Scrophulariaceae one of the two carpels is posterior and the other anterior, whilst in Convolvulaceae the carpels are arranged laterally. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 5 "Fleury, Claude" to "Foraker" 2011-04-03T02:00:20.883Z Prunes.—Soak the prunes in tepid water, and when dry, hook them like carpels of orange, and finish in the same manner. Hand-Book of Practical Cookery for Ladies and Professional Cooks 2011-03-23T02:00:22.007Z It is formed of three carpels, surmounted by the calyx; the rind is thick and fleshy, and there are three or more seed-bearing parietal placentas, either surrounding a central cavity or prolonged inwards into it. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 3 "Frost" to "Fyzabad" 2011-08-15T02:00:28.473Z Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel, anatropous; albumen fleshy; embryo minute.—Leaves alternate, not toothed, marked with minute transparent dots, feather-veined. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z The carpels, which are the female reproductive structures, consist of the stigma, style, and ovary. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Frequently the margins of the carpels, which fold in to the centre, split there into two lamellae, each of which is curved outwards and projects into the loculament, dilating at the end into a placenta. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 5 "Fleury, Claude" to "Foraker" 2011-04-03T02:00:20.883Z In the large tropical genus Croton a pentamerous calyx and corolla are generally present, the stamens are often very numerous, and the female flower has three carpels. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 8 "Ethiopia" to "Evangelical Association" 2011-03-05T03:00:24.537Z The carpels, in place of bearing seeds, are sometimes changed into leaves, with lobes at their margins. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 3 "Frost" to "Fyzabad" 2011-08-15T02:00:28.473Z The recurving bases of the styles or tails of the carpels in fruit naked inside. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z What we've managed to document is that the whole flower is made - the sepals, petals, stamens and carpels - and at that stage there's no sign of the corona. Daffodil trumpets are 'new organ' 2011-02-28T20:20:59Z Thus, a symmetrical flower may have five sepals, five petals, five stamens and five carpels, or the number of any of these parts may be ten, twenty or some multiple of five. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 5 "Fleury, Claude" to "Foraker" 2011-04-03T02:00:20.883Z The carpels are united to form a 4- to 5-chambered ovary, which bears a simple elongated style ending in a capitate stigma; each ovary-chamber contains one to many ovules attached to a central placenta. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 7 "Equation" to "Ethics" 2011-02-27T03:00:31.973Z In the orange we occasionally find a supernumerary row of carpels produced, giving rise to the appearance of small and imperfect oranges enclosed within the original one; the navel orange is of this nature. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 3 "Frost" to "Fyzabad" 2011-08-15T02:00:28.473Z Mostly fleshy herbs, with symmetrical flowers, the usually distinct many-seeded carpels as many as the sepals. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z The well-known flower consists of a five-lobed calyx, five white petals, and from fifteen to twenty stamens round the single carpel. Wayside and Woodland Trees A pocket guide to the British sylva 2010-12-25T03:00:16.510Z As the seed develops from the ovule which has been fertilized by the pollen, the essential structures for seed-production are two, viz. the pollen-bearer or stamen and the ovule-bearer or carpel. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 5 "Fleury, Claude" to "Foraker" 2011-04-03T02:00:20.883Z Apocar�pous, in botany, a term applied to such fruits as are the produce of a single flower, and are formed of one carpel, or a number of carpels free and separate from each other. The New Gresham Encyclopedia. Vol. 1 Part 2 Amiel to Atrauli Occasionally a double fruit is produced, not by the incorporation of two flowers, but by the abnormal development of a second carpel in the flower. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 3 "Frost" to "Fyzabad" 2011-08-15T02:00:28.473Z Petals yellow, with nectariferous pit and scale; carpels thin-walled, striate, in an oblong head; scapose, spreading by runners. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z After fertilization the carpel enlarges to protect the seed, and becomes fleshy or woody, in the latter case a group of carpels forming the well-known cones of Pine or Fir. Wayside and Woodland Trees A pocket guide to the British sylva 2010-12-25T03:00:16.510Z In Cycas the carpels are ordinary leaves, with ovules upon their margin. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 5 "Fleury, Claude" to "Foraker" 2011-04-03T02:00:20.883Z There are two or three terms which primarily relate to the parts of a simple pistil or carpel, and are thence carried on to the compound pistil, viz.:— The Elements of Botany For Beginners and For Schools In Saxifraga a splitting for a short distance of the ventral sutures of the carpels takes place, so that a large apical pore is formed. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 3 "Frost" to "Fyzabad" 2011-08-15T02:00:28.473Z Styles 5 or more, tipped with capitate stigmas; the ripe fruit separating into as many 1-seeded carpels, which are closed, or commonly 2-valved at the top, and tardily separate from the axis. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z The ovary, of two carpels, is seated on a ring-like disk which secretes honey. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 2 "Bohemia" to "Borgia, Francis" When the carpels are united, as in the pear, arbutus and chickweed, the pistil becomes syncarpous. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 5 "Fleury, Claude" to "Foraker" 2011-04-03T02:00:20.883Z Pistil of a Saxifrage, of two simple carpels or pistil-leaves, united at the base only, cut across both above and below. The Elements of Botany For Beginners and For Schools The fruit, like the ovary, may be formed of a single carpel or of several. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 3 "Frost" to "Fyzabad" 2011-08-15T02:00:28.473Z The leaves and roots are drastic and poisonous!—Found occasionally with from 2 to 6 carpels! The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z Each carpel becomes divided by a median constriction in four portions, each containing one ovule; the style springs from the centre of the group of four divisions. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 2 "Bohemia" to "Borgia, Francis" As the placenta is formed on each margin of the carpel it is essentially double. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 5 "Fleury, Claude" to "Foraker" 2011-04-03T02:00:20.883Z In such a case the placent� are naturally axile, or all brought together in the axis or centre; and the ovary has as many Dissepiments, or internal Partitions, as there are carpels in its composition. The Elements of Botany For Beginners and For Schools They are well 256 seen in the order Euphorbiaceae, where there are usually three such carpels, and the fruit is termed tricoccus. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 3 "Frost" to "Fyzabad" 2011-08-15T02:00:28.473Z Fruit depressed, separating at maturity into as many 1-seeded and indehiscent round kidney-shaped blunt carpels as there are styles. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z In some orders the parts are numerous, chiefly in the case of the stamens and the carpels, as in the buttercup and other members of the order Ranunculaceae. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 4 "Diameter" to "Dinarchus" When the pistil consists of several separate carpels, or is apocarpous, there are generally separate placentas at each of their margins. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 5 "Fleury, Claude" to "Foraker" 2011-04-03T02:00:20.883Z For these are the contiguous and coalescent walls or sides of the component carpels. The Elements of Botany For Beginners and For Schools The term anthocarpous has also been applied as indicating that the floral envelopes as well as the carpels are concerned in the formation of the fruit. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 3 "Frost" to "Fyzabad" 2011-08-15T02:00:28.473Z Stems procumbent from a deep biennial root; leaves round-heart-shaped, on very long petioles, crenate, obscurely-lobed; petals twice the length of the calyx, whitish; carpels pubescent, even.—Waysides and cultivated grounds; common. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z Opposite each carpel is a small scale which functions as a nectary. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" The grooves usually indicate the divisions between the carpels and correspond to the dissepiments. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 5 "Fleury, Claude" to "Foraker" 2011-04-03T02:00:20.883Z When such pistils ripen into pods, they often separate along these lines into their elementary carpels. The Elements of Botany For Beginners and For Schools Hence what in common language are called the seeds of the strawberry, rose and fig, are in reality ripe carpels. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 3 "Frost" to "Fyzabad" 2011-08-15T02:00:28.473Z G. mólle, L. Like the last; more pubescent; flowers dark purple; stamens 10; carpels transversely wrinkled, seed slightly striate.—Occasionally spontaneous. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z The order is closely allied to Saxifragaceae, from which it is distinguished by its fleshy habit and the larger number of carpels. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" The divisions of the stigma mark the number of carpels which compose the pistil. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 5 "Fleury, Claude" to "Foraker" 2011-04-03T02:00:20.883Z One of the scales or carpels of the last, removed and more enlarged, the inside exposed to view, showing a pair of ovules on its base. The Elements of Botany For Beginners and For Schools They are formed of one or several carpels. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 3 "Frost" to "Fyzabad" 2011-08-15T02:00:28.473Z A dry dehiscent fruit composed of more than one carpel; the spore-case of Hepaticæ, etc. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z The parts of the flower are in fives in calyx, corolla and stamens, followed by two carpels which unite to form a superior ovary. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 3 "Convention" to "Copyright" The pistil consists of several carpels, which are elevated on a stalk or gynophore prolonged from the receptacle. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 5 "Fleury, Claude" to "Foraker" 2011-04-03T02:00:20.883Z In the Yew, and in Torreya and Gingko, the gynœcium is reduced to extremest simplicity, that is, to a naked ovule, without any visible carpel. The Elements of Botany For Beginners and For Schools When composed of several united carpels, two types of dehiscence occur—a longitudinal and a transverse. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 3 "Frost" to "Fyzabad" 2011-08-15T02:00:28.473Z Plants with alternate entire leaves and perfect flowers, having the general characters of Chenopodiaceæ, but usually a several-celled ovary composed of as many carpels united in a ring, and forming a berry in fruit. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z The flowers are arranged in axillary or terminal clusters; they have no petals, but white or coloured, often very large sepals, and an indefinite number of stamens and carpels. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 4 "Cincinnatus" to "Cleruchy" The style of a single carpel, or of each carpel of a compound pistil, may also be divided. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 5 "Fleury, Claude" to "Foraker" 2011-04-03T02:00:20.883Z The typical or true drupe is of a single carpel. The Elements of Botany For Beginners and For Schools In these cases each valve consists of a half of each of two contiguous carpels. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 3 "Frost" to "Fyzabad" 2011-08-15T02:00:28.473Z Ovary of 5–12 carpels, united in a ring, with as many short separate styles, in fruit forming a depressed globose 5–12-celled berry, with a single vertical seed in each cell. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z In the Cucurbitace� several highly important characters have varied, such as the sessile position of the stigmas on the ovarium, the position of the carpels within the ovarium, and its projection out of the receptacle. The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, Volume II (of 2) Thus in Campanula a five-cleft stigma indicates five carpels; in Bignoniaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Acanthaceae, the two-lobed or bilamellar stigma indicates a bilocular ovary. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 5 "Fleury, Claude" to "Foraker" 2011-04-03T02:00:20.883Z Dehiscent Fruits, or Pods, are of two classes, viz., those of a simple pistil or carpel, and those of a compound pistil. The Elements of Botany For Beginners and For Schools When the fruit is mature and the seeds are ripe, the carpels usually give way either at the ventral or dorsal suture or at both, and so allow the seeds to escape. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 3 "Frost" to "Fyzabad" 2011-08-15T02:00:28.473Z Fruit somewhat fleshy, wrinkled, of 3–4 indehiscent carpels united at base. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z Calyx, segments of the, converted into carpels, ii. The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, Volume II (of 2) Sometimes, however, as in Gramineae, the stigma of a single carpel divides. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 5 "Fleury, Claude" to "Foraker" 2011-04-03T02:00:20.883Z Carpophore, the stalk or support of a pistil extending between its carpels, 113. The Elements of Botany For Beginners and For Schools The term simple is applied to fruits which are formed by the ovary of a single flower, whether they are composed of one or several carpels, and whether these carpels are separate or combined. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 3 "Frost" to "Fyzabad" 2011-08-15T02:00:28.473Z Pod separating into 3 1-seeded carpels, which split elastically into 2 valves. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z Cucumber, variation in number of carpels of, i. The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, Volume II (of 2) I am not going to confuse you by giving you too many hard words at first, words like corolla, carpel, style, stigma, and the like. Every Girl's Book Gynobase, a depressed receptacle or support of the pistil or carpels, 114. The Elements of Botany For Beginners and For Schools The style s appears to arise from the base of the carpels, enlarged. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 3 "Frost" to "Fyzabad" 2011-08-15T02:00:28.473Z Fertile flowers in catkins, consisting of numerous open spirally imbricated carpels in the form of scales, each scale in the axil of a thin persistent bract; in fruit forming a strobile or cone. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z At the same time the fused carpels enclosing the ovules enlarge to form the pod. Mendelism Third Edition Her nature had flowered: sun and breeze and dew had worked their miracle of form and fragrance and colour, the ripened carpels waited, conscious of the crown of tall golden-powdered anthers bending overhead. The Dop Doctor Mericarp, one carpel of the fruit of an Umbelliferous plant, 121. The Elements of Botany For Beginners and For Schools The order is nearly allied to the buttercup order in having the parts of the flowers all free and arranged in regular succession below the ovary which consists of only one carpel. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 3 "Banks" to "Bassoon" Capsule short, 2-celled, twin, laterally flattened, separating at maturity from a persistent base into 2 carpels, which open loculicidally, few-seeded.—Chiefly herbs, with opposite leaves united by stipules, and the flowers spiked in one-sided cymes. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z Fruit much higher than the calyx, of 10–20 cells or carpels which are broad, compressed, hairy, the walls united toward the center, each containing 2–3 seeds. The Medicinal Plants of the Philippines The strawberry is, therefore, not, properly speaking, a fruit; it is a fleshy receptacle, bearing the fruit on it, which fruit is, in fact, the ripe carpels. Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, No. 462 Volume 18, New Series, November 6, 1852 A Carpophore is a prolongation of receptacle or axis between the carpels and bearing them. The Elements of Botany For Beginners and For Schools It is, however, in the carpels that this separation occurs most frequently. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Capsule splitting when ripe into 3–6 carpels, which separate from a persistent central axis.—Perennials, with rush-like, fleshy leaves, below sheathing the base of the wand-like naked and jointless scape. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z Five united carpels, kidney-shaped, bristling with short stiff hairs, containing solitary seeds. The Medicinal Plants of the Philippines It has many stamens, arranged like those of the strawberry; and the pistil is composed, as that is, of a number of carpels rising out of a central receptacle. Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, No. 462 Volume 18, New Series, November 6, 1852 Also a cluster of distinct carpels may, in ripening, be consolidated or compacted, so as practically to be taken for one fruit. The Elements of Botany For Beginners and For Schools When these organs appear under the guise of leaves, as they often do, their margins are disunited, so that the carpel becomes flat or open. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Pome containing 2–5 papery or cartilaginous carpels. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z Fruit of 5 carpels, thin, twisted on themselves in spirals, forming a cone, pubescent, of a greenish-brown color, each containing a single row of angular seeds. The Medicinal Plants of the Philippines Abortive stamens, rudimentary floral envelopes and undeveloped carpels, are of the most frequent occurrence. Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection A Series of Essays Aggregate, when a cluster of carpels of the same flower are crowded into a mass; as in raspberries and blackberries. The Elements of Botany For Beginners and For Schools Dialysis of the carpels.—In the case of the carpels this disunion is more frequent than in the stamens. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Fruit dry, twin, of 2 indehiscent 1-seeded carpels.—A slender procumbent herb, with square stems, lanceolate pungent leaves in whorls of 4–6, and small subsessile blue or pinkish flowers surrounded by a gamophyllous involucre. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z Seed vessel dry, with thin envelope bristling with stiff hairs; 3 carpels each containing a seed. The Medicinal Plants of the Philippines The fruits are composed of two seedlike dry carpels, each containing a single seed, and usually separating when ripe. Culinary Herbs: Their Cultivation Harvesting Curing and Uses The Follicle is a fruit of a simple carpel, which dehisces down one side only, i. e. by the inner or ventral suture. The Elements of Botany For Beginners and For Schools It frequently happens in conjunction with this separation of the carpels one from the other, that a lack of union manifests itself between the margins of the individual carpels themselves. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Also, instead of a perigynous disk, there are usually little scales on the receptacle, one behind each carpel. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z Seed vessel, 3 carpels each with one seed. The Medicinal Plants of the Philippines These form the divisions of the carpels where the fruit can be cut open with a sharp knife, though requiring a considerable exertion of strength. The Castaways This divides the capsule into its component carpels, which then open by their ventral suture. The Elements of Botany For Beginners and For Schools The disjunction or dialysis of the carpels, for instance, frequently renders axile placentation marginal. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Formed by crowding together all the carpels of the same flower; as in the blackberry. Handbook of the Trees of New England As already stated, the ovules, instead of being borne on open carpels, are enclosed in a cavity formed by a single closed carpel or several united carpels. Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses Remove the peel from four oranges and then separate the carpels and cut with a sharp scissors into pieces. Mrs. Wilson's Cook Book Numerous New Recipes Based on Present Economic Conditions Commissure, the line of junction of two carpels, as in the fruit of Umbellifer�. The Elements of Botany For Beginners and For Schools In other cases the carpels are entirely absent and their place is supplied by a leafy shoot as in a species of Verbascum, which came under my own observation. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Abortive stamens, rudimentary floral envelope and undeveloped carpels are of the most frequent occurrence. Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 1 To the organ so formed the name “pistil” is usually applied, and this is known as “simple” or “compound,” as it is composed of one or of two or more carpels. Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses The fruit, upon which so much stress is laid in the study of the family, is compound, of two similar parts or carpels, each of which contains a seed. Scientific American Supplement, No. 829, November 21, 1891 Each component flower-leaf of a compound pistil is likewise a carpel. The Elements of Botany For Beginners and For Schools Doubtless, in many cases, this is merely a less perfect development of that change in which the axis protrudes beyond the carpels. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Series 2, Heteromerae, has generally a superior ovary, stamens as many as the corolla-lobes or more, and more than two carpels. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Part 1, Slice 1 B, section through the gynœcium, showing the numerous single carpels, × 3. Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses A carpel of uncut pile, of a pale blue, a silver lamp, and a Psyche glass, the ornaments silvered to correspond with the decorations of the chamber, complete the furniture. The Idler in France When a flower has two or more pistils, these of course are simple pistils, that is, separate carpels or pistil-leaves. The Elements of Botany For Beginners and For Schools About one fourth of the genera have numerous stamens or numerous carpels, or both, springing naturally from the thalamus. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants The flower may consist only of spore-bearing leaves, as in willow, where each flower comprises only a few stamens or two carpels. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Part 1, Slice 1 The individual flowers are very small and simple in structure, being often reduced to the gynœcium or andræcium, carpels and stamens being almost always in separate flowers. Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses It bears an applelike fruit, the carpels of which present a starlike figure when cut across. The Gutenberg Webster's Unabridged Dictionary Section S Then there is seldom much difficulty in ascertaining the number of carpels or pistil-leaves that compose it. The Elements of Botany For Beginners and For Schools It is separated into its constituent carpels; and these assume a leaf-like aspect, and are in the great majority of instances destitute of ovules. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants The carpel, or aggregate of carpels forming the pistil or gynaeceum, comprises an ovary containing one or more ovules and a receptive surface or stigma; the stigma is sometimes carried up on a style. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Part 1, Slice 1 The flowers usually have a calyx, and may have only stamens or carpels, or both. Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses When composed of one carpel a pistil is simple; when composed of several, it is compound. The Gutenberg Webster's Unabridged Dictionary Section P and Q A series of Saxifrages might be selected the gynœcium of which would show every gradation between two simple pistils, or separate carpels, and their complete coalescence into one compound and two-celled ovary. The Elements of Botany For Beginners and For Schools The fruit of the rose, the apple, the fig, and many others, is now generally admitted to be composed externally of the dilated end of the flower-stalk in which the true carpels become imbedded. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Series 3, Bicarpellatae, has generally a superior ovary and usually two carpels. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Part 1, Slice 1 The lower ones have all the parts of the flower entirely separate, and often indefinite in number; the higher have the gynœcium composed of two or more carpels united to form a compound pistil. Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses It somewhat resembles an apple, but differs in having many seeds in each carpel. The Gutenberg Webster's Unabridged Dictionary Section P and Q With two or more Cells and Axile Placent�, namely, with as many cells as there are carpels, that have united to compose the organ. The Elements of Botany For Beginners and For Schools A few additional references may here be given to papers where an increased number of carpels is described:—Engelmann, 'De Antholys,' § 17, p. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Sepals 5 to 7, petal-like, falling early; petals 5 to 6, inconspicuous, like club-shaped columns; stamens numerous; carpels few, the stigmatic surfaces curved. Wild Flowers Worth Knowing In this family the carpels, instead of being separate, are united into a large compound pistil. Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses While this is ripening, separate the mandarins into carpels. Ice Creams, Water Ices, Frozen Puddings Together with Refreshments for all Social Affairs Inside view of a separated scale or open carpel; one seed in place: 413, the other seed. The Elements of Botany For Beginners and For Schools If the adventitious carpels be exposed, they are covered with yellow rind, while those portions that are covered by the primary carpels are destitute of rind. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants The green berry-like fruit is formed of from fifteen to twenty tolerably long stalked separate carpels which inclose three to eight seeds arranged in two rows. Scientific American Supplement, No. 288, July 9, 1881 The innermost set consists of two carpels united into a compound pistil. Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses Stamens are sometimes replaced by open carpels with naked ovules arising from their edges and even from their whole inner surfaces. Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation The one perfect capsule, 3 1/2 inches in length, which was sent me, had likewise been developed from a single carpel. The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species In the St. Valery apple, already referred to, there is a second whorl of carpels above the first, a fact which has been made use of to explain the similar structure of the pomegranate. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Later, the five carpels make as many hairy, awl-tipped little pods within the reddish cup. Wild Flowers An Aid to Knowledge of Our Wild Flowers and Their Insect Visitors In this flower, the end of the flower axis is much enlarged, looking like the rose of a watering-pot, and has the large, separate carpels embedded in its upper surface. Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses This bud as a rule grows out after the fading away of the flower, bursting through the green carpels of the unripe fruit, and producing ordinarily a secondary raceme of flowers. Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation CUCUMBER, variation in number of carpels of. -supposed crossing of varieties of the. The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication — Volume 2 But in this place it is only necessary to allude to deviations from the number of carpels that are ordinarily found in the particular species under observation. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Corolla of 6 to 12 concave rounded petals in rows; stamens very numerous, short, with long anthers; carpels also numerous, and borne on the thick, green, elongated receptacle. Wild Flowers An Aid to Knowledge of Our Wild Flowers and Their Insect Visitors The carpels are usually more or less completely united into a compound pistil. Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses Stamens may unite into pairs, or carpels bear four stigmas. Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation In the Cucurbitaceae several highly important characters have varied, such as the sessile position of the stigmas on the ovarium, the position of the carpels, and the projection of the ovarium out of the receptacle. The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication — Volume 2 The lower swelling is entirely axial in these cases, as no trace of carpels is to be seen. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Fruit: In a head about 1 in. across, 12 to 15 erect hairy carpels, with spreading sharp beaks. Wild Flowers An Aid to Knowledge of Our Wild Flowers and Their Insect Visitors The flowers are usually five-parted with from five to thirty stamens, and usually numerous, distinct carpels. Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses The numbers of stamens, or of carpels are dependent on nutrition, but their fluctuation is not known to have any attraction for the visiting insects. Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation The number of carpels in the fruits of poppies becomes very small on the weak lateral branches, which are produced towards the autumn, as well as on crowded, and therefore on weakened individuals. Darwin and Modern Science The adjacent figure of a monstrous Delphinium taken from Cramer illustrates well the elongation of the floral axis and the apostasis of the carpels. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Nectar secreted on the sides of each of the many carpels invites a conscientious bee all around the center, on which she should alight to truly benefit her entertainer. Wild Flowers An Aid to Knowledge of Our Wild Flowers and Their Insect Visitors In the first the carpels are of the same number as the petals and sepals; in the second fewer. Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses The carpels of buttercups and columbines, the cells in the capsules of cotton and many other plants are variable in number. Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation In all the genera, except Cycas itself, the female fructifications are likewise cones, each carpel bearing two ovules on its margin. Darwin and Modern Science Abortion of the pistil, fruit, &c.—Traces of the carpels occur in many male flowers of unisexual plants, e.g. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Usually there are about fifteen rounded carpels that go to make up the Dutch, doll, or fairy cheeses, as the seed vessels are called by children. Wild Flowers An Aid to Knowledge of Our Wild Flowers and Their Insect Visitors In both cases the carpels are completely united, forming a single, compound pistil. Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses The largest heads have the brightest crowns, and the number of supernumerary carpels diminishes in nearly exact proportion to the size of the fruits. Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation In some cases in this sub-order, the calyx becomes detached from the carpels, so that the latter organs become more or less "superior," and distinct one from the other. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants A similar remark applies to the carpels and placentas. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Calyx of 3 sepals corolla of 3 deciduous petals; 6 or more stamens; many carpels in a ring on a small flat receptacle. Wild Flowers An Aid to Knowledge of Our Wild Flowers and Their Insect Visitors The petals are often more numerous than usual; the stamens variously changed, and the carpels sometimes absent; at other times, as in the instance figured in the adjacent woodcuts, figs. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants In the next few days this decision rapidly becomes visible, and the different parts of the normal stamens and the metamorphosed carpels soon become apparent. Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation Displacement of the placentas and ovules is a necessary result of many of the changes to which the carpels are subject. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Placentation.—Some botanists have considered the placentas to be portions of the carpel, and have compared the production of ovules on them to the formation of buds on the leaf of Bryophyllum. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Stamens 6 to 8, the filaments white; carpels 3 or 4, united at base, dangling. Wild Flowers An Aid to Knowledge of Our Wild Flowers and Their Insect Visitors The sole remaining carpel had a style and a stigma as perfect in appearance as though the pistil had been complete. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants I succeeded in making them very weak and slender, without being able to diminish the number of the supernumerary carpels. Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation Hitherto those instances have been considered in which either the carpels were absent, or the new bud proceeded from between the carpels. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Adhesion of petal, stamen and carpel, Cheiranthus Cheiri 36 14. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Sepals 5 to 7, petal-like, falling early; petals 5 or 6, inconspicuous, like club-shaped columns; stamens numerous carpels few, the stigmatic surfaces curved. Wild Flowers An Aid to Knowledge of Our Wild Flowers and Their Insect Visitors In some flowers of Rhododendron I have observed a similar condition of the ovules, which, moreover, in the primary flowers, were attached to the walls of the carpels—parietal placentation. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants It is a case exactly similar to that of the supernumerary carpels of the pistilloid poppy, and the deductions arrived at with that variety may be applied directly to double flowers. Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation In some of the instances of so-called proliferous pears the carpels would seem to be entirely absent, and the dilated portion of the axis to be alone repeated. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Adhesion of petal to stamen and open carpel. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent in fruit; 5 erect, short-lived petals, about the length of the sepals; stamens numerous; carpels numerous, inserted on a convex spongy receptacle, and ripening into drupelets. Wild Flowers An Aid to Knowledge of Our Wild Flowers and Their Insect Visitors Next in frequency to the calyx, the pistil is subjected to this change—the carpels in such a case being disunited and leaf-like. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants It may be asked whether such cases are not more properly referable to central prolification—whether the axis is not in such flowers terminated by two, rather than by one carpel? Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants In the flowers of the Rose the stamens exhibited almost every conceivable gradation between their ordinary form and that of the carpels, while some of the ovules contained pollen in greater or less abundance. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Here, then, it would appear that two segments of the perianth, two stamens, and one carpel were suppressed. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Calyx deeply, unevenly 5 or 6 parted, the larger divisions toothed; 5 petals falling early; numerous stamens; 5 to 10 carpels forming as many dry drupelets within the persistent calyx. Wild Flowers An Aid to Knowledge of Our Wild Flowers and Their Insect Visitors Change from hermaphroditism to unisexuality.—Many flowers ordinarily hermaphrodite as to structure, become unisexual by the abortion or suppression of their stamens, or of their carpels, as the case may be. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Specimens of Ranunculus bulbosus may be met with in which every flower is furnished with carpels, most of which have evidently been fertilised, although there are no perfect stamens in the flowers. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants The leaf-like organs sometimes seen at the apex of a cucumber would seem to support the view that there was really a calyx-tube in Cucurbitaceæ adherent to the carpels. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants The centre of these flowers is occupied by a two to five-celled pistil, between the carpels of which, not unfrequently, the stem of the plant projects, bearing on its sides bracts and rudimentary flowers. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants When the elastic carpels have ripened their seed, bang! go the little guns, scattering them far and wide. Wild Flowers An Aid to Knowledge of Our Wild Flowers and Their Insect Visitors In Primulaceæ, wherein ovular changes are very common, the leafy coat of the ovule would seem, from the nature of the placenta, to be independent of the carpel. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants The carpels were entirely absent in this case, and the place of the free central placenta was occupied by a circle of leaves, sometimes bearing imperfect ovules on their edges. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Caspary, in an elaborate paper on phyllomorphy occurring in Trifolium repens, figures foliaceous ovules springing from the edge of an open, leafy carpel. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Syncarpy.—In the preceding section it has been shown that the carpels, like other parts of the flower, are subject to be united together. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Some of these carpels, thus derived from the ovules, themselves bore secondary ovules on a marginal placenta, as shown in the sections at c, d, e. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Open leafy carpel of "green rose," with two deformed ovules. b. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants One of the most remarkable features in this plant is, that the carpels have often two ovules on their margins. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Moreover, the carpels in this variety are five in number instead of three. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants This union may either take place between the carpels of a single flower or between the pistils of different flowers. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants In these examples one of the carpels was apparently absent, and its place supplied by an anther. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Mohl remarks that the change of pistils into stamens is more common in monocarpellary pistils than it is in those which are made up of several carpels. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants These adventitious carpels frequently contain imperfect ovules and form a whorl above the normal ones. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants A similar formation of conical out-growths may frequently be met with in the fruits quite irrespectively of any disjunction of the carpels. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants In some cases of Syncarpy the fusion and interpenetration of the carpels is carried to such an extent that it is very difficult to trace on the outer surface the lines of union. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Sometimes this increase in the number of carpels is due to pure multiplication, without any other change. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants The double cocoa-nut affords an illustration of the development of two carpels out of three, one only generally arriving at perfection. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Here there was a row of adventitious carpels between the stamens and pistils, the backs of the carpels being turned towards the axis of the flowers. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants These axes are further supposed to bear imperfect flowers, of which the additional carpels are the only traces, but this explanation seems forced. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants I have seen an instance of this kind in a plum in which there were two carpels in the same flower, the one being partially fused to the other. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Moquin relates an instance in Polygala vulgaris where there was but a single carpel, a condition analogous to that which occurs normally in the allied genus Mozinna. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Reseda luteola occasionally occurs with two carpels only, while Aconites, Delphiniums, Nigellas, and Pæonies frequently experience a like diminution in their pistil. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Elongation of the thalamus, placenta, &c.—In some plants, as in Magnolia or Myosurus, the thalamus becomes much elongated, and bears the carpels disposed spirally around it. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants In most places the flowers and carpels are apt to become more or less abortive, while the leaves are luxuriant; while, in dry places, the foliage is small, but the flowers are more perfect. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants A division of the individual carpels occurs very frequently when those organs become more or less leafy, as in Trifolium repens, and other plants to be hereafter mentioned. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants Some of the gourds afford good illustrations of this, the upper part of the carpels in these fruits projecting beyond the axial portion. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants It has been shown that the ovular coats may themselves become carpels, and that ovules may be developed upon ovules, p. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants The carpels of the latter are wholly coalescent as in a pear, while those of the upper verticil are only partially coherent or sometimes quite distinct. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants The number of ovules in each carpel of the superior row varies greatly, and they are often, but not always, inserted in two longitudinal ranks, as is constantly the case in the lower carpels. Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants |
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