| 单词 | Carboniferous |
| 例句 | The absence of anything to see on Venus led some scientists to the curious conclusion that the surface was a swamp, like the Earth in the Carboniferous Period. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Perhaps if one less dragonfly had drowned in the Carboniferous swamps, the intelligent organisms on our planet today would have feathers and teach their young in rookeries. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Calder estimates that the fossil is from the end of the Carboniferous period and into the Permian period. Woman on beach finds fossil from unknown animal likely older than dinosaurs 2022-09-02T04:00:00Z The preponderance of fossilized spore plants dating to the swampy Carboniferous, it’s now realized, caused “preservation bias,” meaning accepted theories might be skewed. Thor Hanson’s ‘The Triumph of Seeds’: new life, tiny package 2015-04-03T04:00:00Z Texas’ ancient outcrops record broad swaths of the last 300 million years, including Carboniferous coal swamps, dinosaur-filled floodplains and Cenozoic savannas. A Fossil Dream as Big as Texas 2023-07-17T04:00:00Z The tall club mosses, horsetails, and tree-like ferns that flourished in the swampy forests of the Carboniferous period gave rise to large deposits of coal throughout the world. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z They are the survivors of a large group of plants, known as Arthrophyta, which produced large trees and entire swamp forests in the Carboniferous. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z There the ancient inhabitants of a balmy estuary that covered the area more than 300 million years ago, during the Carboniferous period, are entombed in ironstone nodules. Was the Tully Monster a Fish, a Worm, a Giant Slug with Fangs? 2023-04-19T04:00:00Z The Paleozoic strata of the Rockies also include Ordovician, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian sedimentary rocks. Physical Geology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Davies says it’s unlikely that there were huge swarms of Arthropleura during the Carboniferous Period; there were fewer of all types of animals at that time. Fossil sets a record for largest land-based invertebrate 2022-01-11T05:00:00Z This led to the widespread distribution of tetrapods during the early Carboniferous period. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Three hundred million years ago, seedless plants dominated the landscape and grew in the enormous swampy forests of the Carboniferous period. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z During the Carboniferous, forests proliferated over the planet and hosted communities of invertebrates, which fed the amphibious vertebrates that were just emerging onto land. Earth’s Biodiversity Bursts Do Not Follow Expected Pattern 2021-01-14T05:00:00Z Fifteen different Paleozoic formations, ranging in age from Ordovician to Carboniferous, are shown in Figure 21.10. Physical Geology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z During the last decade of her life, Clack increasingly turned her attention back to the Carboniferous tetrapods. Jennifer Clack (1947–2020) 2020-04-21T04:00:00Z Seed plants resembling modern tree ferns became more numerous and diverse in the coal swamps of the Carboniferous period. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z These forests gave rise to the extensive coal deposits that gave the Carboniferous its name. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z They calculated that the ancestral moth emerged some 300 million years ago, at the end of the Carboniferous era, well before the oldest known moth fossil, which is only 200 million years old. How the Butterfly Discovered Daylight 2019-10-21T04:00:00Z Carbonate rocks of Devonian and Carboniferous age have been pushed 80 km to the east and thrust over top of Cretaceous mudstone. Physical Geology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z They look set to revolutionize our understanding of the early diversification of tetrapods by filling in the wide morphological gap between very primitive ones, such as Acanthostega, and the more modern tetrapods of the Carboniferous. Jennifer Clack (1947–2020) 2020-04-21T04:00:00Z They dominated the landscape of the Carboniferous, growing into tall trees and forming large swamp forests. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z They dominated the landscape of the Carboniferous period, growing into tall trees and forming large swamp forests. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The early Carboniferous was such a time of evolutionary experimentation, in fact, that some animals technically classified as tetrapods lost their limbs. Dawn of the Crunch 2019-06-16T04:00:00Z Most of the Paleozoic rocks in this basin, which range in age up to the Carboniferous, have marine affinities, although there are important evaporites as well. Physical Geology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Later we ascend from the forests of the Carboniferous period to the wastelands of the Anthropocene. Underland by Robert Macfarlane review – a dazzling journey into deep time 2019-05-08T04:00:00Z The single genus Equisetum is the survivor of a large group of plants, known as Arthrophyta, which produced large trees and entire swamp forests in the Carboniferous. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z I was thinking maybe plants in the Carboniferous era took up the carbon dioxide and deposited it into the ground. The Planet Has Seen Sudden Warming Before. It Wiped Out Almost Everything. 2018-12-07T05:00:00Z The standing hypothesis was that the contraction of lush Carboniferous forests, and the move from swampier conditions to more arid climates in the Permian, isolated various vertebrate species. When Protomammals Ruled Earth 2018-08-12T04:00:00Z By the late Carboniferous, trees had evolved from earlier plants, and reptiles had evolved from amphibians. Physical Geology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The Permian was the end of the Carboniferous period, which means “coal-bearing.” Burning coal may have caused Earth’s worst mass extinction | Dana Nuccitelli 2018-03-12T04:00:00Z It starts with the Cambrian period, followed by the Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The Carboniferous era preceded this extinction by 50 million years. The Planet Has Seen Sudden Warming Before. It Wiped Out Almost Everything. 2018-12-07T05:00:00Z Drawing from information archived in the Paleobiology Database, Dunne and coauthors looked at pinpoints on the map for 476 tetrapod species that lived from the Carboniferous through the early Permian. When Protomammals Ruled Earth 2018-08-12T04:00:00Z The rocks at Bears Ears reach back even further than at Grand Staircase-Escalante, right into the woodland world of the Carboniferous, 320mya. Why are Palaeontologists suing Trump? | Elsa Panciroli 2017-12-13T05:00:00Z Many large coal deposits were created in the Carboniferous, including in Asia. Burning coal may have caused Earth’s worst mass extinction | Dana Nuccitelli 2018-03-12T04:00:00Z When they re-emerge, in what is called the Lower Carboniferous period, they do, indeed, live up to their potential. New fossils illuminate the route that led ultimately to human beings 2016-12-08T05:00:00Z Then came the Carboniferous Period and a brief but severe ice age. Pulling the lever for doomsday: How Donald Trump changed everything 2016-12-07T05:00:00Z First, Dunne and coauthors write, the Carboniferous rainforests didn’t truly collapse. When Protomammals Ruled Earth 2018-08-12T04:00:00Z The fossils are therefore from the Upper Carboniferous or Pennsylvanian period, which is often called the “Coal Age,” since much of the world’s coal originates from deposits of organic material laid down during that time. Giant Millipede Fossils May Reveal New Species 2016-09-28T04:00:00Z The rest are conifers, cycads, ferns and so on, whose heydays were back in times like the Carboniferous or the Jurassic, before flowering plants began taking over everything during the Cretaceous. Botany at bay 2016-05-12T04:00:00Z FOR 60m years of Earth’s history, a period known to geologists as the Carboniferous, dead plants seemed unwilling to rot. The rock that rocked the world 2016-01-18T05:00:00Z However, some 300 million years ago, during earth’s Carboniferous period, researchers know that earth’s oxygen levels peaked at some 31 percent. Oxygen's Ancient Rise Still One Of Earth's Biggest Mysteries 2013-09-01T00:50:00Z Fossil fuel burning puts back into the atmosphere the carbon dioxide – and the warmth – locked away in the Carboniferous period and buried for 300 million years. Soils Cannot Lock Away Black Carbon 2013-04-26T17:15:14.607Z Giant dragonflies roamed the Carboniferous period, around 300 million years ago. Dragonflies keeping their eyes on the prize 2013-01-21T14:45:05.930Z Dense, dark, and damp populated by strange trees, giant dragonflies, and sluggish tetrapods resting on rotting logs -a diorama can be found in almost every museum and is short-hand for the Carboniferous tropics. Plant Paleoart Through the Ages 2012-11-23T21:45:05.437Z Not all coal is Carboniferous but, as the chart shows, the spike in coal accumulation then was far higher than anything which happened subsequently. The rock that rocked the world 2016-01-18T05:00:00Z The 60-million-year-long Carboniferous period—when the bulk of the world's coal deposits were laid down and atmospheric CO2 levels declined—ended roughly 300 million years ago. White Rot Fungi Slowed Coal Formation 2012-06-28T18:45:00.200Z Both Heteropterous and Homopterous genera have been described from the Carboniferous, but the true nature of some of these is doubtful. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 3 "Helmont, Jean" to "Hernosand" 2012-04-14T02:00:23.707Z It is, however, possible that this erosion was merely local, for in other places there seems to be a complete passage from the Carboniferous to the Permian. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 4 "Hero" to "Hindu Chronology" 2012-04-04T02:00:56.447Z The climate and therefore the environment of the Carboniferous swamp was not so monotonous as we like to think – there were phases of inundation followed by phases of drought. Plant Paleoart Through the Ages 2012-11-23T21:45:05.437Z Yet the abundance of Carboniferous coal is a puzzle. The rock that rocked the world 2016-01-18T05:00:00Z Their remains are found in the Devonian and Carboniferous deposits. Directions for Collecting and Preserving Insects 2012-03-28T02:00:31.483Z On its south-eastern margin the county just reaches the Carboniferous Limestone cliffs of the Wye Valley near Ross. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 3 "Helmont, Jean" to "Hernosand" 2012-04-14T02:00:23.707Z It is probable that many of these Carboniferous insects might be referred to the Isoptera, while others would fall into the existing orders to which they are allied, with some modification of our present diagnoses. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 4 "Hero" to "Hindu Chronology" 2012-04-04T02:00:56.447Z Despite being common in most reconstructed Carboniferous landscapes, Lepidodendron was a plant limited in its geographical and temporal range. Plant Paleoart Through the Ages 2012-11-23T21:45:05.437Z Altogether, then, the abundant coal of the Carboniferous does not seem to be the result of lackadaisical fungal effort. The rock that rocked the world 2016-01-18T05:00:00Z The age of Coal Plants, or Acrogens, or the Carboniferous age. Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 2012-03-24T02:00:23.513Z Glacial deposits, chiefly sand and gravel, are found in the lower ground along the river-courses, while caves in the Carboniferous Limestone have yielded remains of the hyena, cave-lion, rhinoceros, mammoth and reindeer. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 3 "Helmont, Jean" to "Hernosand" 2012-04-14T02:00:23.707Z From the Trias of Colorado, Scudder has described cockroaches intermediate between their Carboniferous precursors and their present-day descendants, while the existence of endopterygotous Hexapods is shown by the remains of Coleoptera of several families. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 4 "Hero" to "Hindu Chronology" 2012-04-04T02:00:56.447Z Adapted to a wet environment, it became extinct during the late Carboniferous when the climate became drier, replaced by other, smaller clubmoss-species. Plant Paleoart Through the Ages 2012-11-23T21:45:05.437Z They think the Carboniferous coal measures were a consequence of continental drift. The rock that rocked the world 2016-01-18T05:00:00Z Here, a coral reef flourished sometime in the Carboniferous, roughly 330 million years ago. M lange et Trois: A Trip Across Subduction Zone Madness 2012-03-07T22:15:00.213Z CULM, in geology, the name applied to a peculiar local phase of the Carboniferous system. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 8 "Cube" to "Daguerre, Louis" 2012-01-31T03:00:17.257Z We have undoubted fossil evidence that winged insects lived in the Devonian and became numerous in the Carboniferous period. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 4 "Hero" to "Hindu Chronology" 2012-04-04T02:00:56.447Z “Carboniferous.”—Whilst the affinities of the southern coalfield of Queensland are mesozoic, a northern field, of even larger extent, has a distinct fauna more resembling the Pal�ozoic Carboniferous areas of Europe. Early Days in North Queensland 2012-01-24T03:00:29.987Z The trees of the Carboniferous were not like those of today. The rock that rocked the world 2016-01-18T05:00:00Z Labyrinth′odon, a race of extinct gigantic amphibians found in the Permian, Carboniferous, and Triassic strata, so called from the mazy pattern exhibited on a transverse section of the teeth of some genera. Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary (part 2 of 4: E-M) 2012-01-11T03:00:23.770Z The Carboniferous rocks of the Cumbrae belong to the lower part of the Calciferous Sandstone series with the accompanying volcanic zone. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 8 "Cube" to "Daguerre, Louis" 2012-01-31T03:00:17.257Z Carboniferous rocks form the remainder of the county. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 7 "Gyantse" to "Hallel" 2011-12-26T03:00:11.613Z The Museum of Comparative Zoölogy has a large collection of these ancient vertebrates, and there is a considerable number of fine teeth and spines of Carboniferous sharks in the United States National Museum. Animals of the Past 2011-11-16T03:00:27.497Z Indeed, the very name Carboniferous alludes to this fact. The rock that rocked the world 2016-01-18T05:00:00Z Slowly, then, the mountains sank beneath the level of the sea, and in the Carboniferous Period—about the time of the formation of the coal-beds—sediments began to bury the ancient mountains. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 3 "Gordon, Lord George" to "Grasses" 2011-11-13T03:00:13.177Z They seem to be of older date than the Carboniferous lavas of Little Cumbrae and south Bute. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 8 "Cube" to "Daguerre, Louis" 2012-01-31T03:00:17.257Z The Carboniferous Limestone series which succeeds the Calciferous Sandstone consists of a middle group of sandstones, shales, coals and ironstones, with a limestone group above and below. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 7 "Gyantse" to "Hallel" 2011-12-26T03:00:11.613Z In this article he also advocated the freshwater origin of the Old Red Sandstone, and discussed the relations of that formation, and of the Devonian, to the Silurian and Carboniferous. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 2 "Gloss" to "Gordon, Charles George" 2011-10-31T02:00:28.703Z Carboniferous and Devonian beds are also found south-east of the Bohemian massif, where lies the extensive coal-field of Silesia. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 7 "Geoponici" to "Germany" 2011-09-26T02:00:25.313Z The range of the Graptolites in time extends from the Cambrian to the Carboniferous. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 3 "Gordon, Lord George" to "Grasses" 2011-11-13T03:00:13.177Z The strata met with in the Great and Little Cumbrae belong to the Upper Old Red Sandstone and Carboniferous systems. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 8 "Cube" to "Daguerre, Louis" 2012-01-31T03:00:17.257Z It is not uncommon in certain Carboniferous formations to find coniferous and other trunks embedded in sandstone. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 6 "Geodesy" to "Geometry" 2011-09-19T02:00:10.473Z He was distinguished for his researches on the Carboniferous and Cretaceous rocks and fossils of Saxony, and in particular for those relating to the fauna and flora of the Permian or Dyas formation. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 5 "Gassendi, Pierre" to "Geocentric" 2011-09-02T02:00:20.450Z And they found that channel formations in the rock—a signature of modern rivers—didn’t appear until the Carboniferous period, when tree-like plants evolved. Modern Rivers Shaped By Trees 2011-08-24T21:15:00.450Z Geology.—The east of this county lies in the Carboniferous Limestone plain, with domes of Old Red Sandstone rising near Dunmore and Mount Bellew. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 4 "G" to "Gaskell, Elizabeth" 2011-08-24T02:00:20.690Z The interesting geological feature of these islands is the development of Lower Carboniferous volcanic rocks. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 8 "Cube" to "Daguerre, Louis" 2012-01-31T03:00:17.257Z There are at least traces of land and shore-lines in the Carboniferous period. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 6 "Geodesy" to "Geometry" 2011-09-19T02:00:10.473Z Carboniferous or Mountain Limestone, which in places is upwards of 1,000 feet thick, and full of fossils. Sea-Weeds, Shells and Fossils 2011-08-20T02:00:11.557Z They extend back beyond the Carboniferous, where they occur as hyphae, &c., preserved in the fossil woods, but the best specimens are probably those in amber and in siliceous petrifactions of more recent origin. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 3 "Frost" to "Fyzabad" 2011-08-15T02:00:28.473Z In the Carboniferous they are continued by smaller and more regular organisms of the genus Loftusia,5 and this genus seems to extend without marked change up to the Eocene Tertiary. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z In Great Cumbrae the intrusive rocks mark four periods of eruption, three of which may be of Carboniferous age. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 8 "Cube" to "Daguerre, Louis" 2012-01-31T03:00:17.257Z Now, during the Carboniferous period, it cannot be denied that we have every requisite for supporting vegetable life, and the most undeniable evidence of its existence by the fossiliferous preservation of near 500 species. The Bible: what it is 2011-05-31T02:00:29.687Z The horizontal sheets of rock beneath the broad central portion of the Prairie plains belong to the Carboniferous system and contain highly valuable seams of bituminous coal. North America 2011-05-05T02:00:20.027Z The shell of Endothyra, a form only known to us by its abundance in Carboniferous and Triassic strata, is largely composed of calcite and is sometimes perforated. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 6 "Foraminifera" to "Fox, Edward" 2011-04-22T02:00:08.637Z Fig. 40 represents a form found at the base of the Siluro-Cambrian, and Fig. 41 shows forms characteristic of the Carboniferous Limestone. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z Devo�nian System, in geology, a name originally given to rocks in Devonshire and Cornwall, intermediate between the Silurian and Carboniferous strata, and consisting of sandstones, calcareous slates and limestones, &c. The New Gresham Encyclopedia Volume 4, Part 1: Deposition to Eberswalde 2011-04-14T02:00:57.977Z Who, having examined the fossils of the Carboniferous beds, can fail being struck with amazement at the clear and distinct tracing of leaves and forms of the most delicate articulation and structure? The Bible: what it is 2011-05-31T02:00:29.687Z In the Carboniferous rocks of Pennsylvania and neighbouring States to the south and west, layers of ferrous carbonate, formed when there was an excess of organic matter present, termed black-band ore and kidney ore, occur. North America 2011-05-05T02:00:20.027Z Above this horizon Foraminifera are more abundant as constituents, partial or principal of calcareous rocks, the genus Endothyra being indeed almost confined to Carboniferous beds. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 6 "Foraminifera" to "Fox, Edward" 2011-04-22T02:00:08.637Z Carboniferous. a, b, Exteriors. c, Interior, showing spirals. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z Upper Lough Erne is a typical meandering lake of the limestone lowland, with outliers of higher Carboniferous strata forming highlands north-east and south-west of it. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 3 "Fenton, Edward" to "Finistere" 2011-03-14T03:01:00.580Z Everywhere the chief folding seems to have occurred before the deposition of the highest beds of the Upper Carboniferous, which lie unconformably upon the folded older beds. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 8 "Ethiopia" to "Evangelical Association" 2011-03-05T03:00:24.537Z The earliest date at which land plants seem to have been sufficiently abundant to furnish material for coal-beds was the Carboniferous period. North America 2011-05-05T02:00:20.027Z THE abundant life of the Carboniferous period was succeeded by a vast cycle of dry and bitter ages. A Short History of the World 2011-03-04T03:01:03.147Z This type of animal, entering on the stage in full force in the Older Cambrian, continues under many forms through the whole Palæozoic age, dying out finally in the Carboniferous. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z Following the Old Red rocks conformably are the Carboniferous formations which occupy the remainder of the county, and are well exposed on the coast and in the numerous quarries. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 3 "Fenton, Edward" to "Finistere" 2011-03-14T03:01:00.580Z The formation of this Carboniferous range was followed in northern Europe by a second continental period somewhat similar to that of the Old Red Sandstone, but the continent extended still farther to the south. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 8 "Ethiopia" to "Evangelical Association" 2011-03-05T03:00:24.537Z In rocks of Carboniferous age in Michigan, other extensive beds of salt and gypsum have been discovered. North America 2011-05-05T02:00:20.027Z They are more various, it is true, than are the few surviving members of the order of the amphibia which once in the Carboniferous period ruled the world. A Short History of the World 2011-03-04T03:01:03.147Z Figs. 77 and 78 show a few of the forms of the Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z The Carboniferous rocks include, at the base, the Calciferous Sandstone series of dark shales with thin limestones, sandstones and coals. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 3 "Fenton, Edward" to "Finistere" 2011-03-14T03:01:00.580Z Towards the close of the Carboniferous period the third great mountain chain was formed. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 8 "Ethiopia" to "Evangelical Association" 2011-03-05T03:00:24.537Z Since the Carboniferous period coal has been found at many horizons in the sedimentary rocks, and peat is being accumulated at the present day. North America 2011-05-05T02:00:20.027Z This Carboniferous age, this age of the amphibia, was an age of life in the swamps and lagoons and on the low banks among these waters. A Short History of the World 2011-03-04T03:01:03.147Z A few Carboniferous Fungi have recently been discovered, but there are no known Lichens or Mosses. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z There were also many intrusive sheets of dolerite and basalt forced into the lower Carboniferous rocks, and these now play an important part in the scenery of the county. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 3 "Fenton, Edward" to "Finistere" 2011-03-14T03:01:00.580Z Devonian, the geological age between the Silurian and Carboniferous. A Manual of the Antiquity of Man 2011-02-21T03:00:07.080Z The most valuable of the coal deposits are of Carboniferous age, and lie to the east of the Rocky Mountains. North America 2011-05-05T02:00:20.027Z The Carboniferous formation is the chief repository of coal in Britain. Geology 2011-02-20T03:00:12.660Z Thus the family of the Equisetaceæ culminated 106in the Carboniferous, and thenceforth descended gradually in the succeeding ages, leaving the comparatively humble Mares’-tails and Scouring Rushes as its present representatives. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z Later, in Permian times, eastern Fife was the seat of further volcanic action, and great numbers of “necks” or vents pierce the Carboniferous rocks; Largo Law is a striking example. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 3 "Fenton, Edward" to "Finistere" 2011-03-14T03:01:00.580Z In the former direction only the Calciferous Sandstone series is represented, and in the latter all the Carboniferous divisions are well developed. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 10 "Echinoderma" to "Edward" 2011-01-19T03:00:19.027Z The Carboniferous and Devonian sandstones, usually of a gray colour, of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and neighbouring States, are largely used in the cities of the interior portions of the United States. North America 2011-05-05T02:00:20.027Z The fauna and flora of the Permian, which is partly a marine and partly a fresh-water formation, are allied, upon the whole, to those of the Carboniferous, but offer at the same time many contrasts. Geology 2011-02-20T03:00:12.660Z Similar teeth have been found by Moore and others in the Carboniferous of England, and by Newberry in Carboniferous shales in Ohio. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z Lower Carboniferous sandstone and limestone occur on the north of Lower Lough Erne. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 3 "Fenton, Edward" to "Finistere" 2011-03-14T03:01:00.580Z The underlying Millstone Grit and Carboniferous Limestone series with its middle-coal-bearing group rise from underneath the Coal-Measures, forming parallel bands curving round the basin. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 10 "Echinoderma" to "Edward" 2011-01-19T03:00:19.027Z In the marshes in which forests grew and died during the Carboniferous period, there were piled, one upon another, layers of vegetation that hardened into coal; this coal sank slowly beneath a deepening sea. Twentieth Century Socialism What It Is Not; What It Is: How It May Come 2011-01-17T03:00:51.213Z In the hilly district of Weardale and Teesdale the Carboniferous Limestone series prevails; this is a succession of thick beds of limestone with intervening sandstones and shales. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 8 "Dubner" to "Dyeing" 2010-12-26T03:00:17.840Z The Carboniferous, indeed, very specially abounds in small Ganoids, though there are many large and formidable species. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z Working especially at the Carboniferous and Permian rocks of the north of England, he studied also the Drift deposits of Lancashire, and made himself familiar with the geology of the country around Manchester. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Slice 7 "Bible" to "Bisectrix" 2010-12-20T17:12:05.780Z The Coal Measures and the coal-bearing group of the Carboniferous Limestone series contain numerous valuable coals and ironstones, and there still remains a large field for development. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 10 "Echinoderma" to "Edward" 2011-01-19T03:00:19.027Z Devonian and Carboniferous fossils have been found in several places in the Anti-Taurus. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 7 "Arundel, Thomas" to "Athens" The ice which radiated from the Dumbartonshire Highlands moved south-east and east towards the central plain of Carboniferous rocks. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 8 "Dubner" to "Dyeing" 2010-12-26T03:00:17.840Z It is interesting to observe that these old-fashioned fishes had culminated before the advent of air-breathing Vertebrates, which appear for the first time in the Carboniferous. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z Here there is an ascending sequence from the Calciferous Sandstone, through the Carboniferous Limestone with thin coals formerly worked, to the Coal Measures, the strata being inclined at high angles to the north. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 6 "Armour Plates" to "Arundel, Earls of" The Pentland Hills, formed of older Palaeozoic deposits, appear as a prominent ridge, throwing off the Carboniferous beds to the north-west and south-east. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 10 "Echinoderma" to "Edward" 2011-01-19T03:00:19.027Z There is again a floor of folded Archean rocks overlaid by nearly horizontal strata of Lower Palaeozoic age, but these are followed by marine beds belonging to the Carboniferous period. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 7 "Arundel, Thomas" to "Athens" At the S.E. limit of the Sanquhar Coalfield there are patches of the Carboniferous Limestone series, but towards the N. these are overlapped by the Coal Measures which thus rest directly on the Silurian platform. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 8 "Dubner" to "Dyeing" 2010-12-26T03:00:17.840Z The Land-snails known as yet in the Carboniferous are limited to five or six species, belonging to four genera, all American and related to existing American forms. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z Contemporaneous volcanic rocks, belonging to three stages of the Carboniferous formation, occur in Arran. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 6 "Armour Plates" to "Arundel, Earls of" As for Holothuroidea, the fossil evidence allows us to say no more than that the class existed in early Carboniferous times, if not before. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 10 "Echinoderma" to "Edward" 2011-01-19T03:00:19.027Z From the Upper Carboniferous onward, however, no marine deposits are known; and, as in Siberia, plant bearing beds are met with. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 7 "Arundel, Thomas" to "Athens" At Closeburn and Barjarg there are beds of marine limestone, associated with sandstones and shales which probably represent marine bands in the Carboniferous Limestone series. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 8 "Dubner" to "Dyeing" 2010-12-26T03:00:17.840Z It is not improbable that they subsequently declined, as we know of none between the Carboniferous and the Jurassic, and they do not seem to have improved up to the modern period. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z The Carboniferous Limestone beneath it and around it is red-brown instead of grey, and is famous for its richness in fish remains. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 5 "Arculf" to "Armour, Philip" Later on he investigated the Carboniferous, Devonian and Silurian formations. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 4 "Aram, Eugene" to "Arcueil" The Trilobites are known only as fossils, mostly Silurian and prae-Silurian; a few are found in Carboniferous and Permian strata. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 3 "Apollodorus" to "Aral" The Upper Old Red Sandstone forms a narrow strip on the south side of the Silurian tableland, resting unconformably on the Silurian rocks and passing upwards into the Carboniferous formation. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 8 "Dubner" to "Dyeing" 2010-12-26T03:00:17.840Z The insects of the Carboniferous as yet known, belong to three out of the ten or more orders into which the class is divided. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z A long period of coral seas succeeded, when coral reefs flourished over what was to be England; and their remains formed the Carboniferous Limestone of Derbyshire and the Mendip Hills. The Geological Story of the Isle of Wight It is undoubtedly a further puzzle that some of the Carboniferous cryptogams which did not bear real seeds, yet simulated them, a habit not easily explained on evolutionary principles. The Old Riddle and the Newest Answer They became extinct in Palaeozoic times, and are chiefly found in the Upper Silurian, though extending upwards as far as the Carboniferous. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 3 "Apollodorus" to "Aral" Along this line these Upper Red sandstones and shales are overlaid by a thin zone of volcanic rocks which point to contemporaneous volcanic action in this region at the beginning of the Carboniferous period. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 8 "Dubner" to "Dyeing" 2010-12-26T03:00:17.840Z Fig. 131.—Abdominal part of a Carboniferous Scorpion.54 We know too little of the spiders and scorpions of the Carboniferous to say more than that they closely resemble modern forms. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z After the long Carboniferous period came to an end followed periods in which great formations of red sandstone were made,—the Permian, and the New Red Sandstone or Trias. The Geological Story of the Isle of Wight The Carboniferous system in Brazil presents itself under two facies, the one marine and the other terrestrial. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" Matthew, and another genus from the French Carboniferous by C. Brongniart. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 3 "Apollodorus" to "Aral" The coal-seams of the Rowanburn field have been chiefly wrought, and in view of their exhaustion bores have been sunk to prove the coals 664 beneath the red sandstone of upper Carboniferous age. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 8 "Dubner" to "Dyeing" 2010-12-26T03:00:17.840Z It may be well to remark, in closing this chapter, how many new forms of life, air-breathing and otherwise, make their first appearance in the Carboniferous, and have continued to prevail until now. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z You can see the streaks of basalt, which we know lie in horizontal layers, and rest on vertical strata of the Carboniferous and Triassic age.” Unexplored! Eruptive rocks occur in the Devonian and Carboniferous beds, but there is no evidence of volcanic activity since the Palaeozoic epoch. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" Apparently related to the Opiliones are two extinct groups, the Anthracomarti and Phalangiotarbi, which are not known to have survived the Carboniferous period. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 3 "Apollodorus" to "Aral" In the tract along the Solway Firth they repose on the folded and eroded edges of the Carboniferous strata, and when traced westwards to the Dumfries basin they rest directly on the Silurian platform. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 8 "Dubner" to "Dyeing" 2010-12-26T03:00:17.840Z The Eocene mammals, like the Carboniferous amphibians, the Mesozoic reptiles, and the Cretaceous forests, appear to spring full-grown from the earth, and this at nearly the same time in every part of the northern hemisphere. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z In southern Bolivia Cambrian and Ordovician beds form the greater part of the eastern Andes, but farther north the Devonian and Carboniferous are extensively developed, especially in the north-eastern ranges. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 2 "Bohemia" to "Borgia, Francis" In the basin of the Lower Amazon the Carboniferous beds lie within the Devonian synclinal and crop out on both sides of the river next to the Devonian bands. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" In viewing the changes in the endocranium of Carboniferous and Permian coelacanths, it would be well to consider the mechanical relationship of the loss of the basipterygoid processes to the effect on swallowing prey. A New Genus of Pennsylvania Fish (Crossoperygii, Coelacanthiformes) from Kansas On top of the Devonian lies the "Carboniferous" series, which complete the series of the primary period. Nature's Miracles, Volume 1 Familiar Talks on Science—World-Building and Life. Earth, Air and Water. The Lithistids have been recognised in the Upper Silurian and Carboniferous, and continuing upward to the Cretaceous, there become vastly numerous, while their 52modern representatives are by no means few. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z The Palaeozoic beds have yielded fossils of Cambrian, Ordovician, Devonian and Carboniferous age. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 2 "Bohemia" to "Borgia, Francis" The former appears to be almost unfossiliferous, the latter has yielded a rich marine fauna, which belongs to the top of the Carboniferous or to the Permo-carboniferous. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" The principal folding took place at the close of the Carboniferous period, and was contemporaneous with that of the old Hercynian chain of Belgium, &c. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 7 "Cerargyrite" to "Charing Cross" On the south side of this axis of older rocks, we reach Carboniferous shale and limestone at Lough Sheelin, and here enter on the great central plain. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 5 "Cat" to "Celt" Other forms, like that represented in Fig. 39a, are very characteristic of the Carboniferous. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z A bone bed has also been observed at the base of the Carboniferous limestone series in certain parts of the south-west of England. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 2 "Bohemia" to "Borgia, Francis" The beds are homotaxial with the Karharb�ri series of India, and represent either the top of the Carboniferous or the base of the Permian of Europe. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" This term is generally understood to mean the same as the Coal Measures, or Carboniferous group. Principles of Geology or, The Modern Changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants Considered as Illustrative of Geology In the western Carpathians the inner zone consists of a foundation of Carboniferous and older rocks, which were folded and denuded before the deposition of the succeeding strata. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 4 "Carnegie Andrew" to "Casus Belli" Yet these noble representatives of the Crustaceans became extinct in the Carboniferous. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z Although coal is thus essentially a product of Carboniferous age, it must not be concluded that this mineral is found in no other geological formation. Coal and What We Get from It Again, at the summit of the Carboniferous series, both the rocks and their fossil contents merge gradually into those of the succeeding Permian 310 system, as in Russia, Bohemia, the Saar region and Texas. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 3 "Capefigue" to "Carneades" The province of New Brunswick exhibits approximately parallel but subordinate ridges, with wide intervening areas of nearly flat Silurian and Carboniferous rocks. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 2 "Camorra" to "Cape Colony" There was also, especially in the Carboniferous age, an abundant and luxuriant vegetation. The Origin of the World According to Revelation and Science We shall find, however, that in the Upper Silurian, fishes made their appearance, and in the Carboniferous amphibian reptiles, and that, before the close of the Palæozoic, vertebrate life in 85these forms had become predominant. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z It is from such evidence that our knowledge of the Carboniferous flora has been chiefly derived. Coal and What We Get from It The Coal-Measures and Millstone Grit are usually grouped together in the Upper Carboniferous, the Carboniferous Limestone series constituting the Lower Carboniferous. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 3 "Capefigue" to "Carneades" In New Brunswick the Carboniferous rocks occupy a large area, but the coal seams so far developed are thin and unimportant. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 2 "Camorra" to "Cape Colony" Some of the forms reckoned as specific in the Devonian and Carboniferous formations may be really derivative races. The Origin of the World According to Revelation and Science The Carboniferous age was, even more emphatically than the Devonian, an age of Acrogens and Conifers. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z Although in some parts of the world coal seams of pre-Carboniferous age often reach the dignity of workable thickness, the coal worked in this country is entirely of Carboniferous date. Coal and What We Get from It From England, Carboniferous rocks can be followed across northern and central France, into Germany, Bohemia, the Alps, Italy and Spain. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 3 "Capefigue" to "Carneades" These afford the clearest evidences of glaciation on a great scale in early Carboniferous times. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 2 "Camorra" to "Cape Colony" Farther, we find that even in the Carboniferous period scarcely any plants of the higher orders flourished, and there was a preponderance of the lower forms of the vegetable kingdom. The Origin of the World According to Revelation and Science The Ferns of the Carboniferous, like those of the Devonian, presented both gigantic forms like those of the tree-ferns of the modern tropics, and delicate herbaceous species, and these in great profusion. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z Woody fibre contains a large quantity of this element, and the carbon of coal is thus accounted for; it was accumulated during the growth of the plants of the Carboniferous period. Coal and What We Get from It Our modern diminutive “horse-tails” with scaly leaves were represented in the Carboniferous period by gigantic calamites, often with a diameter of 1 to 2 ft. and a height of 50 to 90 ft. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 3 "Capefigue" to "Carneades" Until the fourth decade of the 19th century all stratified rocks older than the Carboniferous had been grouped by geologists into a huge and indefinite “Transition Series.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" We have this principle exemplified in the Carboniferous flora, by the magnitude of its arborescent club-mosses, and the vast variety of its gymnosperms. The Origin of the World According to Revelation and Science Another curious, and till recently little understood, group of Carboniferous trees is that known as Cordaites, which existed already in some of its species in the Devonian. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z But in addition to this, we have a large amount of coal at workable depths under formations of later geological age than the Carboniferous, such as the Permian formation of northern and central England. Coal and What We Get from It Breaks in the Stratigraphic Sequence.—The sequence of Carboniferous strata is not everywhere one of unbroken continuity. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 3 "Capefigue" to "Carneades" The region is entirely composed of Carboniferous rocks, the system which transcends all others in the value of its economic minerals. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 4 "England" to "English Finance" Beds of a higher Carboniferous zone are retained in synclinals near Rush. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 7 "Drama" to "Dublin" Lower Carboniferous, New Brunswick. a, Outline. b, c, d, Sculpture of scales magnified. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z Small as is the legacy of nitrogen bequeathed to us from the Carboniferous period, we see that it sums up to a considerable annual addition to our industrial resources. Coal and What We Get from It Life of the Carboniferous Period.—We have seen that in the Carboniferous rocks there are two phases of sedimentation, the one marine, the other continental; corresponding with these there are two distinct faunal facies. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 3 "Capefigue" to "Carneades" One such outcrop of Carboniferous Limestone in the south forms the Mendip Hills; another of the Coal Measures increases the importance of Bristol, where it stands at the head of navigation on the southern Avon. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 4 "England" to "English Finance" Small Carboniferous outliers on the summits of the great cliff of Slieve League show the former extension of these strata. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 6 "Dodwell" to "Drama" The Sharks in the Carboniferous increase in number and importance. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z The Western coal-fields belong to the period following the Carboniferous Age. Earth and Sky Every Child Should Know Easy studies of the earth and the stars for any time and place Farther south in the Donetz basin the coals only appear at the close of the Lower Carboniferous. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 3 "Capefigue" to "Carneades" Where the Coal Measures reach the sea at Whitehaven, there are coal-mines, and the hematite of the Carboniferous Limestones has given rise to the active ironworks of Barrow-in-Furness, now the largest town in the district. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 4 "England" to "English Finance" Thus the Carboniferous limestones of various parts of Britain pass into dolomites along lines of joint, fissure or fault, or occasionally along certain bedding planes. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 6 "Dodwell" to "Drama" Their microscopic structure approaches to that of the dentine of such Carboniferous fishes as Diplodus. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z Folded amongst the schists are Strips of Upper Carboniferous beds similar to those of the west coast. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 4 "Coquelin" to "Costume" Hence vertical sections of the Carboniferous formations of Britain differ greatly according to the districts in which they are taken. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 3 "Capefigue" to "Carneades" Crossfell and the neighbouring hills are formed from masses of Carboniferous Limestone, which received its popular name of Mountain Limestone from this fact. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 4 "England" to "English Finance" The original contributions of Conybeare formed the principal portion of this edition, of which only Part I., dealing with the Carboniferous and newer strata, was published. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 3 "Convention" to "Copyright" In the Carboniferous formation we again meet with plant-remains and beds of true coal in the Arctic regions. Island Life Or the Phenomena and Causes of Insular Faunas and Floras Another synclinal of Carboniferous Limestone runs from Millstreet through Lismore, and the Blackwater has worn out an easy course along it. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 4 "Coquelin" to "Costume" In the Eurasian land area the greatest thickness of Carboniferous rocks is in the west; in North America it is in the east. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 3 "Capefigue" to "Carneades" The outer rim of the Welsh area contains a broken series of coal-fields, where patches of Carboniferous strata come to the surface on the edge of the New Red Sandstone plain. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 4 "England" to "English Finance" The clay-ironstone nodules or sphaerosiderites are very abundant in some Carboniferous shales, and have served in some places as iron ores. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 7 "Columbus" to "Condottiere" It was not until Devonian and Carboniferous times that the plants became very abundant, as far as the geological records go. The Christian View of the Old Testament Cork city lies on the north slope and in the floor of a larger synclinal, and the Yellow Sandstone, which forms the passage-beds from the Old Red Sandstone to the Carboniferous, appears near the city. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 4 "Coquelin" to "Costume" Oil and gas are of importance in the Lower Carboniferous Pocono sandstone of West Virginia and in the Berea grit of Ohio, where brine also occurs. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 3 "Capefigue" to "Carneades" The great coal-field on the south is a perfect example of a synclinal basin, the Millstone Grit and Carboniferous Limestone which underlie the Coal Measures appearing all round the margin. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 4 "England" to "English Finance" Coleoptera can be traced back farther in time than any other order of insects with complete transformations, if the structures that have been described from the Carboniferous rocks of Germany are really elytra. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 6 "Cockaigne" to "Columbus, Christopher" Not until he reached a depth which he could correlate to the Late Carboniferous age on Earth did fossils reappear. Student Body The folded series, culminating originally in Upper Carboniferous strata, was worn down, perhaps as far back as Permian times, until it possessed a fairly uniform surface. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 4 "Coquelin" to "Costume" In the Lower Carboniferous rocks of Scotland intercalated volcanic rocks are strikingly abundant, and now form an important feature in the geology of the southern portion of that country. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 3 "Capefigue" to "Carneades" The Carboniferous rocks of the centre form a soil which produces rich pasture under the heavy rainfall and remarkably mild and equable temperature, forming a great cattle-raising district. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 4 "England" to "English Finance" Hydrocarbons, such as petroleum, bitumen, paraffin, &c., are also found occasionally in coal, but more generally in the associated sandstones and limestones of the Carboniferous formation. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 5 "Clervaux" to "Cockade" In the Late Carboniferous forest on Earth, there had been creatures like the omnivore, the primitive mammal from which all others had evolved. Student Body Then the Old Red Sandstone again rises as an undulating upland through the centre of the county, with a few synclinal patches of Carboniferous Shale and Limestone caught in on its back. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 4 "Coquelin" to "Costume" Glacial deposits certainly do exist in the Permo-carboniferous formations, which are described under that head, but in the true Carboniferous system glaciation may be taken as not proven. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 3 "Capefigue" to "Carneades" The volcanic outbursts which followed became feebler in the Devonian and Carboniferous periods and ceased with the Permian. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 4 "England" to "English Finance" Many of the clays which pass under this designation belong to the Carboniferous period, and are found underlying seams of coal. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 4 "Cincinnatus" to "Cleruchy" The Palaeozoic formations of China, excepting only the upper part of the Carboniferous system, are marine, while the Mesozoic and Tertiary deposits are estuarine and freshwater or else of terrestrial origin. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 2 "Chicago, University of" to "Chiton" After another anticlinal of Old Red Sandstone, the Carboniferous Slate occupies most of the country southward, with occasional appearances of the basal Coomhola Grits and of the underlying Old Red Sandstone along anticlinals. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 4 "Coquelin" to "Costume" The highland drops westward to the valley of the Barrow, Carlow and Bagenalstown lying on Carboniferous Limestone, which here abuts upon the granite. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 3 "Capefigue" to "Carneades" A large part of N. Devon is occupied by the Culm shales, limestones and grits of Carboniferous age. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 4 "England" to "English Finance" Laminated clays of this sort are generally known as shales; they occur in many formations but are very common in the Carboniferous. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 4 "Cincinnatus" to "Cleruchy" Geology.—The rocks entering into the geological structure of the Cheviots belong to the Silurian, Old Red Sandstone and Carboniferous systems. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 1 "Châtelet" to "Chicago" On its eastern slope a narrow broken band of the Old Red, or what may be a conglomeratic basement bed of the Carboniferous Limestone series, crops up along the Vale of Clwyd and in Eglwyseg. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 2 "Demijohn" to "Destructor" Thickness of Carboniferous Rocks.—The great variety of conditions under which the sediments and limestones were formed naturally produced corresponding inequalities in the thickness. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 3 "Capefigue" to "Carneades" Compared with the rugged and picturesque scenery of the Lower Carboniferous rocks, that of the Coal Measures is, as a rule, featureless and monotonous. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 4 "England" to "English Finance" Close to the river Devon south of Dollar the Vicars Bridge Limestone, which there marks the top of the Carboniferous Limestone series, rises from beneath the Millstone Grit. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 4 "Cincinnatus" to "Cleruchy" Towards the south and east the volcanic pile is overlaid by Carboniferous strata, thus indicating a prolonged interval of denudation. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 1 "Châtelet" to "Chicago" The principal structural feature is the broad anticline, its axis running north and south, which has brought up the Carboniferous Limestone; this uplifted region is the southern extremity of the Pennine Range. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 2 "Demijohn" to "Destructor" About 700 species of Carboniferous fish have been described largely from teeth, spines and dermal ossicles. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 3 "Capefigue" to "Carneades" Perhaps the most interesting is the Carboniferous volcano of Brent Tor near Tavistock. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 3 "Destructors" to "Diameter" The Carboniferous Limestone forms a barren terraced country, often devoid of soil, through the Burren in the north, and extends to the estuary of the Fergus and the Shannon. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 4 "Cincinnatus" to "Cleruchy" Geology.—With the exception of a small area of Carboniferous rocks on the eastern border, and a small patch of Lower Lias near Audlem, the whole country is occupied by Triassic strata. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 1 "Châtelet" to "Chicago" Certainly of the climate earlier than the Carboniferous it is very risky to say anything definite. The Meaning of Evolution The animals preserved in the continental type of Carboniferous deposit naturally differ markedly from the fossil remains of the purely marine portions of the system. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 3 "Capefigue" to "Carneades" Tin occurs in the granite of Dartmoor, and along its borders, but rather where the Devonian than where the Carboniferous rocks border the granite. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 3 "Destructors" to "Diameter" They are very ancient—more ancient than the Carboniferous period, for instance, for no trees could stand the furious storms that must have been prevalent at this time. Pioneers of Science The oldest rock exposed in the county is the small faulted anticline of Carboniferous limestone at Astbury, followed in regular succession eastward by the shale, and thin limestones and sandstones of the Pendleside series. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 1 "Châtelet" to "Chicago" Suffice it to say that the scientist now believes that out of the lungfish of the Devonian came the amphibians of the Carboniferous period. The Meaning of Evolution The close of the early Carboniferous period was marked by an augmentation of the orogenic movements. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 3 "Capefigue" to "Carneades" The corals were abundant individually and varied in form; and they are so distinctive of the period that no Devonian species has yet been found either in the Silurian or in the Carboniferous. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 3 "Destructors" to "Diameter" The strata which in the south overlie the yellow bed of the Holoptychius represent the Carboniferous period, the overlying strata in the north represent the Oölitic one. The Cruise of the Betsey or, A Summer Ramble Among the Fossiliferous Deposits of the Hebrides. With Rambles of a Geologist or, Ten Thousand Miles Over the Fossiliferous Deposits of Scotland The ancient fishes seem to have received their fullest development during the Carboniferous period. The Testimony of the Rocks or, Geology in Its Bearings on the Two Theologies, Natural and Revealed It is quite possible that up to and including the time of the Carboniferous, plants were all evergreen. The Meaning of Evolution This movement commenced in the central and western part of the continent and continued throughout the whole Carboniferous period. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 3 "Capefigue" to "Carneades" In later periods these rocks have suffered considerable movement and metamorphism, as in the Harz, Devonshire and Cornwall, and in the Belgian coalfields, where they have frequently been thrust over the younger Carboniferous rocks. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 3 "Destructors" to "Diameter" The greater number of the productive coal deposits of the United States are of Carboniferous age, and the distribution of sediments of this age is pretty well understood from general geologic mapping. The Economic Aspect of Geology It has been shown, too, by Sir Roderick Murchison, that the supposed Silurian plants of Oporto are in reality Carboniferous, and owe their apparent position to a reverse folding of the strata. The Testimony of the Rocks or, Geology in Its Bearings on the Two Theologies, Natural and Revealed Just as this coastal region to-day is covered with salt marshes, so the whole internal sea of the Carboniferous period was converted into a great swamp. The Meaning of Evolution The fossil plants connect this group with the coal-measures; the marine fossils have, to some extent, a Carboniferous limestone aspect. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 3 "Capefigue" to "Carneades" There is an unquestionable passage of the uppermost Devonian rocks of Russia into the base of the Carboniferous system. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 3 "Destructors" to "Diameter" The high-grade coals of the eastern and central United States are found in rocks of Carboniferous age. The Economic Aspect of Geology In older geological periods they were not less common; for example, in the Carboniferous in Scotland. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 3 "Banks" to "Bassoon" In the north, Carboniferous beds are present, and the Trias and the Jura take a considerable part in the formation of the chain. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 2 "Baconthorpe" to "Bankruptcy" The abundance of corals in some of the Carboniferous seas and possibly also the large size of some of the Productids and foraminifera may be taken as evidence of warm or temperate waters. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 3 "Capefigue" to "Carneades" It is probable, however, that much that is now classed as Devonian in Canada will prove on fossil evidence to be Carboniferous. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 3 "Destructors" to "Diameter" The very name Carboniferous originated in the fact that the rocks of this geologic period contain productive coal beds in so many parts of the world. The Economic Aspect of Geology The Carboniferous strata of the central low ground form a great basin traversed by faults, all the subdivisions of the system being represented save the Millstone Grit. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 1 "Austria, Lower" to "Bacon" If born in winter, we should believe in summer as we now believe in the heats of the Carboniferous era. Essay on the Creative Imagination In Britain the Carboniferous limestone series is 2000-3500 ft. thick; in the Ural mountains it is over 4500 ft.; the Culm in Moravia is credited with the enormous thickness of over 42,000 ft. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 3 "Capefigue" to "Carneades" The second fragment of geological history preserved in the Salt Range is very much younger, beginning with rocks which were formed in the later part of the Carboniferous period. The Panjab, North-West Frontier Province, and Kashmir The coal measures of Great Britain, of Germany, Belgium, and northern France, of Russia, and the largest coal beds of China are all of Carboniferous age. The Economic Aspect of Geology Round the north and north-east margin there is a great development of volcanic rocks—lavas, tuffs and agglomerates—belonging to the Calciferous Sandstone series, and passing upwards into the Carboniferous Limestone. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 1 "Austria, Lower" to "Bacon" It is too low to be in the Carboniferous.” The Bishop of Cottontown A Story of the Southern Cotton Mills The fronds of some of these Carboniferous ferns are almost identical with those of living species. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 3 "Capefigue" to "Carneades" Smooth boles ascended inconceivably toward a brightening sky, trees bizarre as the forests of the Carboniferous age. Pygmalion's Spectacles The important Kentucky deposits occur as impregnations of Carboniferous sandstones at the base of the Coal Measures of that state. The Economic Aspect of Geology The Carboniferous period has been so named because at that time the climate and features of the earth in many places favored the growth of dense and heavy vegetation. The Western United States A Geographical Reader No oil left, no coal left—if Mars ever had a Carboniferous Age—and no water-power—just the driblets of energy they can get from the sun. Valley of Dreams To the south the scarps and moorlands of the Carboniferous Limestone and Millstone Grit form the north-western rim of the South Wales coalfield. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 3 "Capefigue" to "Carneades" The Carboniferous period was marked by a mild moist climate and a luxuriant vegetation in the swampy low grounds. The Outline of Science, Vol. 1 (of 4) A Plain Story Simply Told The Leadville ores occur as replacements and vein-fillings in a gently faulted and folded Carboniferous limestone, in deposits of a general tabular shape, parallel to the bedding but with very irregular lower surfaces. The Economic Aspect of Geology The larger part of the coal in the eastern United States was formed during the Carboniferous period. The Western United States A Geographical Reader Gneiss and granite occur; Ordovician fossils have been found in the Upper Shan States, and Carboniferous fossils in Tenasserim and near Moulmein. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Part 4 "Bulgaria" to "Calgary" Several hollows and pipes in the carboniferous limestone about Orme’s Head contain clays and sands of mixed origin, including Upper Carboniferous, Triassic and drift materials. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 3 "Capefigue" to "Carneades" Each age has had its giants, and those of the Carboniferous were Amphibians called Labyrinthodonts, some of which were almost as big as donkeys. The Outline of Science, Vol. 1 (of 4) A Plain Story Simply Told The Rocky Mountains are composed chiefly of palaeozoic sediments ranging in age from the Cambrian to the Carboniferous, with subordinate infolded areas of Cretaceous which hold coal. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Part 3 "Brescia" to "Bulgaria" The plain has a slightly undulating floor of Carboniferous limestone; the groups of hills are mostly formed of older rocks, which break through the level limestones. The Sunny Side of Ireland How to see it by the Great Southern and Western Railway Near the base of the volcanic series intrusive igneous rocks of Carboniferous age appear in the form of sills and bosses, as, for instance, the oval mass of olivine-basalt on Suidhe Hill. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Part 4 "Bulgaria" to "Calgary" These were found in an ancient fissure filled with rocks of Comanchic age, traversing the Carboniferous strata in which the coal seam lay, and with them were skeletons of other extinct reptiles of smaller size. Dinosaurs With Special Reference to the American Museum Collections In the Permian period the warm moist climate of most of the Carboniferous period was replaced by severe conditions, culminating in an Ice Age which spread from the Southern Hemisphere throughout the world. The Outline of Science, Vol. 1 (of 4) A Plain Story Simply Told Those whose location was clearly given are merely "rock houses" or recesses in the Carboniferous conglomerate bluffs bordering the east fork of White River. Archeological Investigations Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 76 The present district forms a marked contrast, being largely composed of Carboniferous limestone. The Sunny Side of Ireland How to see it by the Great Southern and Western Railway We have now arrived at the secondary rocks, of which the lowest group is the Carboniferous Formation, so called from its remarkable feature of numerous interspersed beds of coal. An Expository Outline of the "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation" With a Notice of the Author's "Explanations:" A Sequel to the Vestiges They flourished in the Carboniferous period, when the enormous beds of coal were formed, a space of time that occupied many millions of years. Among the Mushrooms A Guide For Beginners With this was associated a waning of the Carboniferous flora, and the appearance of a new one, consisting of ferns, conifers, ginkgos, and cycads, which persisted until near the end of the Mesozoic era. The Outline of Science, Vol. 1 (of 4) A Plain Story Simply Told Crossing the Ohio River from the southern Indiana cave region, the counties of Kentucky lying in the belt of lower Carboniferous limestone were next visited. Archeological Investigations Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 76 As the name indicates, the walls are vividly colored and represent the uncertain line which separates the Carboniferous strata from the Triassic rocks. Cave Regions of the Ozarks and Black Hills If, then, man wants free carbon he can best get it by charring wood in a kiln or digging up that which has been charred in nature's kiln during the Carboniferous Era. Creative Chemistry Descriptive of Recent Achievements in the Chemical Industries —A discovery bearing on the flora of the Carboniferous epoch and the formation of petroleum. Scientific American Supplement, No. 443, June 28, 1884 In the Carboniferous forests there were also land-snails, representing one of the minor invasions of the dry land, tending on the whole to check vegetation. The Outline of Science, Vol. 1 (of 4) A Plain Story Simply Told Turning to the Vertebrata, the only palæozoic Elasmobranch Fish of which we have any complete knowledge is the Devonian and Carboniferous Pleuracanthus, which differs no more from existing Sharks than these do from one another. Lay Sermons, Addresses and Reviews Here the cañon walls are in Carboniferous Limestone with a pleasing variety of color in the strata, and the erosion-carving not overdone, the most notable piece being the Knife-blade. Cave Regions of the Ozarks and Black Hills Upper Carboniferous marine deposits succeeded; and, in fact, there was no important discontinuity in the deposits in this area from Panjal times till the early Tertiaries. The Birth-Time of the World and Other Scientific Essays A girl's education should contain at least as much serious instruction on the relation of the family to Society as it does on the relation of the Carboniferous Age to the making of the globe. The Business of Being a Woman As Amphibians had their Golden Age in the Carboniferous period we may fitly use this opportunity of indicating the advances in evolution which the emergence of Amphibians implied. The Outline of Science, Vol. 1 (of 4) A Plain Story Simply Told Ages, Palæozoic, 92; Mesozoic or Secondary, 93, 94; Cenozoic or Tertiary, 93; Coal or Carboniferous, 94. The Doctrine of Evolution Its Basis and Its Scope The character of the organic world still retained a general resemblance to that of the Carboniferous epoch. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 12, No. 70, August, 1863 Deposits continued to be formed in this area till middle Carboniferous times. The Birth-Time of the World and Other Scientific Essays In the seas of the Carboniferous time, we notice that the ancient life of the earth is passing away. Young Folks' Library, Volume XI (of 20) Wonders of Earth, Sea and Sky The Nautiloids began in the Cambrian, reached their golden age in the Silurian, and began to decline markedly in the Carboniferous. The Outline of Science, Vol. 1 (of 4) A Plain Story Simply Told Following the fishes, the amphibia arose during the coal age or Carboniferous, usurping the proud position of the lower vertebrate class. The Doctrine of Evolution Its Basis and Its Scope Among Vertebrates, the Fishes still resemble those of the Carboniferous epoch, belonging principally to the Selachians and Ganoids. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 12, No. 70, August, 1863 These early mountains, however, were sufficiently worn out and depressed by Carboniferous times to receive the deposits of that age laid down on the up-turned edges of the older rocks. The Birth-Time of the World and Other Scientific Essays These marks of decay in the marine life continue into the beds just after the Carboniferous, known as the Permian, which are really the last stages of the coal-bearing period. Young Folks' Library, Volume XI (of 20) Wonders of Earth, Sea and Sky The great forests of the Carboniferous epoch now exists as beds of coal. The Outline of Science, Vol. 1 (of 4) A Plain Story Simply Told Silurian It will be noticed by those who have any knowledge of geological divisions, that in this diagram I consider the Carboniferous epoch as forming a part of the Secondary age. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 12, No. 69, July, 1863 A fossil spider has been found in the Carboniferous, and scorpions in the Upper Silurian rocks of Scotland, Sweden, and the United States. Darwinism (1889) And to Carboniferous succeeded Permian, Triassic, Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous sediments all laid down in conformable sequence. The Birth-Time of the World and Other Scientific Essays In the Carboniferous or coal-bearing age, we have the second great change in the character of the life on the earth. Young Folks' Library, Volume XI (of 20) Wonders of Earth, Sea and Sky The Carboniferous period—Relations of Carboniferous rocks to Devonian—The Carboniferous Limestone or Sub-Carboniferous series—The Millstone-grit and the Coal-measures—Life of the period—Structure and mode of formation of Coal—Plants of the Coal. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science For many years I myself adopted the latter of these two views, and associated the Carboniferous epoch with the Palæozoic age. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 12, No. 69, July, 1863 Myriapoda have been found abundantly in the Carboniferous and Devonian formations; but all are of extinct orders, exhibiting a more generalised structure than living forms. Darwinism (1889) Through the "windows" in the deep-cut rocks of the Swiss valleys we see the older Carboniferous Alps looking out, revisiting the sun light, after scores of millions of years of imprisonment. The Birth-Time of the World and Other Scientific Essays In this Carboniferous time, however, we have very extensive sheets of rocks which were formed in swamps in the way shown in the earlier part of this book. Young Folks' Library, Volume XI (of 20) Wonders of Earth, Sea and Sky Generalised section of the Carboniferous rocks of the North of England. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science We left America at the close of the Carboniferous epoch, when the central part of the United States was already raised above the water. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 12, No. 69, July, 1863 The Amphibia, represented by the extinct labyrinthodons, appear first in the Carboniferous rocks, and these peculiar forms became extinct early in the Secondary period. Darwinism (1889) The age of the Alleghany chain is not yet positively determined, but it was probably raised at the close of the Carboniferous epoch. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 12, No. 71, September, 1863 When with the changing time we pass to the beds known as the Triassic, which were made just after the close of the Carboniferous time, we find the earth undergoing swift changes in its life. Young Folks' Library, Volume XI (of 20) Wonders of Earth, Sea and Sky In other cases, as in some of the beds of the Carboniferous limestone in the North of England, where the limestone is highly "arenaceous," there is a modification of the oolitic structure. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science We have, however, remains enough to establish unquestionably the fact of their existence in the Carboniferous period, and to show us that the type of Articulates was already represented by all its classes. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 11, No. 67, May, 1863 We now come to the true flowering plants, and we first meet with monocotyledons in the Carboniferous and Permian formations. Darwinism (1889) We left America at the close of the Carboniferous epoch. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 12, No. 71, September, 1863 But even so, myriads of fish and other animals existed before the Devonian and Carboniferous plant age. Creation and Its Records There are many places—to take a single example—where one may see the the Silurian rocks, the Devonian, and the Carboniferous rocks succeeding one another regularly, and in their proper order. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science There were a great variety of the Selachians in the Carboniferous period. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 11, No. 67, May, 1863 The recent discovery of Coleoptera in the Carboniferous shows, however, that the preceding limits are not absolute, and will probably soon be overpassed. Darwinism (1889) This list of beds might be further curtailed for all practical purposes of the geologist, and the three great divisions of the system would thus stand:— Upper Carboniferous, or Coal-measures proper. The Story of a Piece of Coal What It Is, Whence It Comes, and Whither It Goes The rocks chiefly to be met with at Port Western are analogous to those of the Carboniferous series. Discoveries in Australia, Volume 1. With an Account of the Coasts and Rivers Explored and Surveyed During The Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, in the Years 1837-38-39-40-41-42-43. By Command of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. Also a Narrative Of Captain Owen Stanley's Visits to the Islands in the Arafura Sea. There are, however, many more localities in which one would find the Carboniferous rocks resting unconformably upon the Silurians without the intervention of any strata which could be referred to the Devonian period. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science Before leaving the Carboniferous period, let us see what territory the United States has conquered from the Ocean during that time. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 11, No. 67, May, 1863 It is, indeed, wonderful that the mode of growth of animals which died out in the Carboniferous period should be better known to us than that of many living types. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 11, No. 66, April, 1863 Carboniferous rocks abut against the flanks of the Ural Mountains, along the sides of which they extend for a length of about a thousand miles, with inter-stratifications of coal. The Story of a Piece of Coal What It Is, Whence It Comes, and Whither It Goes The rocks of this period are well developed in the Catskill mountains, and extend south and west under the Carboniferous formation. The Gutenberg Webster's Unabridged Dictionary Section C In this case, when the land was again submerged, the Carboniferous rocks, or any younger formation, might be deposited directly upon Silurian strata. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science For instance, in the Carboniferous period we have only Cryptogams, Ferns, Lycopodiacae, and Equisetaceae. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 11, No. 67, May, 1863 Even in the Carboniferous period but few are to be found: they had their day in the Silurian and Devonian ages. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 11, No. 66, April, 1863 This is of upper Carboniferous age, and contains an aggregate of 60 feet of coal. The Story of a Piece of Coal What It Is, Whence It Comes, and Whither It Goes The oldest rocks which have yet been identified 1 in Afghanistan occur along the axis of the main watershed, and have been referred to the Carboniferous. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 In no case, however, do we ever find the Devonian resting upon the Carboniferous, or the Silurian rocks reposing on the Devonian. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science Trees of this description are found in the Carboniferous marshes, standing erect and perfectly preserved, with trunks a foot and a half in diameter, rising to a height of many feet. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 11, No. 67, May, 1863 In the geological succession, these Ophiurans follow the Crinoids, being introduced at about the Carboniferous period, and perhaps earlier. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 10, No. 57, July, 1862 The whole area has been subjected to forces which have produced foldings and flexures in the Carboniferous strata after deposition. The Story of a Piece of Coal What It Is, Whence It Comes, and Whither It Goes The Devonian and Carboniferous formations are well represented in the north and south and in northern Angola. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 No one, however, can doubt the importance and reality of the Devonian series as an independent system of rocks to be intercalated in point of time between the Silurian and the Carboniferous. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science In the Carboniferous period we begin to find perfectly preserved specimens of the Ganoids, and the adjoining wood-cut represents such a one. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 11, No. 67, May, 1863 An experienced geologist will not fail to refer to their proper horizon a group of coals of Carboniferous age any more than those of the Cretaceous or Tertiary. Scientific American Supplement, No. 362, December 9, 1882 The first, or lowest, group of the secondary rocks is called the Carboniferous Formation, from the remarkable feature of its numerous interspersed beds of coal. Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation During the whole of the time—-Carboniferous to Rhaetic—that this great accumulation of freshwater beds was taking place, the interior of the continent must have been undergoing depression. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 The Upper Old Red graduates upwards conformably into the Carboniferous series. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science These were the inland seas of the Carboniferous period. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 11, No. 67, May, 1863 Fire damp and choke-damp, common names for the gases mentioned above, are produced in large quantities in the mines where Tertiary or Cretaceous lignites, or Carboniferous coals or anthracites are mined. Scientific American Supplement, No. 362, December 9, 1882 Turning to the Vertebrata, the only palaeozoic Elasmobranch Fish of which we have any complete knowledge is the Devonian and Carboniferous Pleuracanthus, which differs no more from existing Sharks than these do from one another. Discourses Biological and Geological Essays In both a successive series of continental deposits, ranging from the Carboniferous to the Rhaetic, rests on an older base of crystalline rocks. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 In no country in the world, probably, is there a finer or more complete exposition of the strata intervening between the Silurian and Carboniferous deposits than in the United States. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science Next comes the Carboniferous forest, with still pools of water lying between the Fern-trees, which, much as they affect damp, swampy grounds, seem scarcely able to find foothold on the dripping earth. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 11, No. 67, May, 1863 He amasses wealth and influence because he is in control of the Carboniferous age and the human need of light and heat. The Warriors It is divided into four long periods, the Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 The rock in which the Liege caverns occur belongs generally to the Carboniferous or Mountain Limestone, in some few cases only to the older Devonian formation. The Antiquity of Man No completely natural line can thus be indicated, dividing the Devonian in this region from the Silurian on the one hand, and the Carboniferous on the other hand. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science The adjoining wood-cut represents a characteristic Crinoid of the Carboniferous age. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 11, No. 67, May, 1863 In Carboniferous times there was a gigantic dragon-fly, measuring more than two feet in the expanse of wings. Time and Change We find in the Carboniferous period fossilised remains of five-toed amphibia, the oldest terrestrial, air-breathing vertebrates. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 Examples are also given by Mr. Davidson of species which pass from the Devonian into the Carboniferous, and from that again into the Permian rocks. The Antiquity of Man In the Devonian period, there is an intermediate state of things, the genus Chonetes being continued in new and varied types, and the Carboniferous Produdœ being represented by many forms of the allied group Productella. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science The subjoined wood-cut represents a characteristic Chambered Shell of the Carboniferous age. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 11, No. 67, May, 1863 A certain fish appearing in the Devonian as a small fish of seven centimetres in length, becomes in the Carboniferous era a creature twenty-seven centimetres in length. Time and Change No geologist has ever had ocular proof that the vast rocks that compose our Carboniferous or Jurassic or Cretaceous strata were really deposited in water. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 The table-land in that region, composed of Carboniferous and Devonian rocks, is about 450 feet high, and is not overspread with loess. The Antiquity of Man I. The Carboniferous, Sub-Carboniferous, or Mountain Limestone Series constitutes the general base of the Carboniferous system. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science These were the lords of the forests all over the world in the Carboniferous period. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 11, No. 67, May, 1863 Yosemite is carved out of the most majestic and enduring of all rocks, granite; the Grand Canon is carved out of one of the most beautiful, but perishable, red Carboniferous sandstone and limestone. Time and Change Great beds of conglomerate occur at the bottom of the Carboniferous, in various parts of Scotland, which it is difficult to believe are other than ancient morainic débris. Ragnarok : the Age of Fire and Gravel The earliest fossil land plants as yet discovered are found in the Devonian series, and they gradually increase till, in the Carboniferous strata, they attain the extreme abundance which gave rise to the coal measures. Story of Creation as Told By Theology and By Science The Millstone Grit.—The highest beds of the Carboniferous Limestone series are succeeded, generally with perfect conformity, by a series of arenaceous beds, usually known as the Millstone Grit. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science The Carboniferous marshes were not without their reptilian inhabitants; but they were Reptiles of the lowest class, the so-called Amphibians, those which are hatched from the egg in an immature condition, undergoing metamorphosis after birth. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 11, No. 67, May, 1863 There may have been as much matter in a state of vital organization in Carboniferous or in Cretaceous times as in our own, but there is certainly more now than in early Palaeozoic times. Time and Change With few exceptions the Carboniferous strata rest on those of the Devonian without any marked unconformity; the one period passed quietly into the other, with no great physical disturbances. The Elements of Geology The earliest known reptile is found in the Carboniferous strata. Story of Creation as Told By Theology and By Science As regards the life of the Carboniferous period, we naturally find, as has been previously noticed, great differences in different parts of the entire series, corresponding to the different mode of origin of the beds. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science I would add in connection with this subject that I believe a large number of animals found in the Carboniferous deposits, and referred to the class of Reptiles, to be Fishes allied to Saurians. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 11, No. 67, May, 1863 In the vegetable world this process, in many cases, at least, has been reversed, and the huge treelike club-mosses and horsetails of Carboniferous times have dwindled in our time to very insignificant herbaceous forms. Time and Change The Carboniferous peat swamps were of vast extent. The Elements of Geology The huge reptiles in the jungle of the Carboniferous era passed out of existence. The Dawn of Canadian History : A Chronicle of Aboriginal Canada Hence we have already a very extensive acquaintance with the plants of the Carboniferous period; and our knowledge on this subject is Page 161 daily undergoing increase. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science That such was the case we can hardly doubt, after the facts revealed by recent investigations of the Carboniferous deposits. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 11, No. 67, May, 1863 Some of the larger structures show all the strata from the cap of light Carboniferous limestone at the top to the gray Cambrian sandstone at the bottom. Time and Change This area subsided during the Carboniferous period to a depth of nearly ten thousand feet. The Elements of Geology The granite of Dartmoor, in Devonshire, says Sir H. De la Beche, has intruded itself into the Carboniferous slate and slaty sandstone, twisting and contorting the strata, and sending veins into them. The Student's Elements of Geology Amongst the "Cryptogams," there is no more striking or beautiful group of Carboniferous plants than the Ferns. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science It is, however, with the Carboniferous age that we have to do at present, and I will not anticipate the coming chapters of my story by dwelling now on the aspect of the later periods. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 11, No. 67, May, 1863 In climbing back, my eye, now sharpened by my geologic reading, dwelt frequently and long upon the horizon where that cross-bedded Carboniferous sandstone joins the Carboniferous limestone above it. Time and Change On the north the subsidence in this area was comparatively slight, for the Carboniferous strata scarcely exceed two thousand feet in thickness. The Elements of Geology The principal effect of subterranean movements during the Tertiary Period seems to have consisted in the upheaval of hypogene formations of an age anterior to the Carboniferous. The Student's Elements of Geology So far as is certainly known, all the true trees of the Carboniferous formation were Conifers, allied to the existing Pines and Firs. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science Species of these genera occur in the Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous strata of Europe. Volcanic Islands Up and up I climbed across the sandstone steps, across the limestone, the conglomerate, the slate, up into Carboniferous times. Time and Change The three regions just mentioned include the chief Carboniferous coal fields of North America. The Elements of Geology The granite of Cornwall is probably of the same date, and, therefore, as modern as the Carboniferous strata, if not newer. The Student's Elements of Geology One of the most interesting of the British Carboniferous forms Fig. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science It is, he thinks, conceivable that there existed a vegetation on the Carboniferous mountains of which no traces have been preserved in the rocks. More Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 2 I refer only to one Glacial period as affecting the distribution of organic beings; I did not wish even to allude to the doubtful evidence of glacial action in the Permian and Carboniferous periods. More Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 1 The antique forms of the earlier Carboniferous amphibians continue, but with many new genera and a marked increase in size. The Elements of Geology In each of the two countries a very similar series of geological changes has occurred at two distinct epochs— in Wexford, before the Devonian strata were deposited; in Cornwall, after the Carboniferous epoch. The Student's Elements of Geology Mr Henry Brady, lastly, has shown that we have in the Nummulina Pristina of the Carboniferous Limestone of Namur a genuine Fig. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science The two separate walls, one above the other, on the top of the Canyon, as seen in the arms of the amphitheatre at El Tovar, are the other two wide members of this Carboniferous period. The Grand Canyon of Arizona; how to see it This family, now so restricted, was until recently believed to have been one of the most important groups of Palaeozoic plants, especially during later Carboniferous and Permian times. Darwin and Modern Science On the Great Plains beyond the Missouri River the Carboniferous strata pass under those of more recent systems. The Elements of Geology They contain Calamites and other plants which agree generically with Carboniferous forms. The Student's Elements of Geology The Sea-lilies are so abundant in the Carboniferous rocks, that it has been proposed to call the earlier portion of the period the "Age of Crinoids." The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science In the East, in England, and in other parts of Europe, vast marshes existed in this period, and the rank vegetation of these marshy areas formed the coal-beds, with which the Carboniferous there abounds. The Grand Canyon of Arizona; how to see it Sphenophyllum was evidently much specialised; the only other known genus is based on an isolated cone, Cheirostrobus, of Lower Carboniferous age, with an extraordinarily complex structure. Darwin and Modern Science This rich flora reached its climax in the Carboniferous, and it will be more convenient to describe its varied types in the next chapter. The Elements of Geology The fossils are numerous, and comprise about 150 species of mollusca, a fifth of which pass up into the overlying Carboniferous rocks. The Student's Elements of Geology The Carboniferous Sea-urchins, like the modern ones, possessed movable spines of greater or less length, articulated to the exterior of the shell; and these structures are of very common occurrence in a detached condition. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science Nearly everything in the way of strata has been planed down to the Carboniferous rocks. The Grand Canyon of Arizona; how to see it Late in the succeeding Carboniferous period appear shells with a truly ammonoid complexity of sutures, and in the Permian their number and variety cause them to form a striking element of the marine faunas. Darwin and Modern Science On the whole the Carboniferous seems to have been a time of subsidence in the West. The Elements of Geology Carboniferous Group, subdivisions of the. — flora. — limestone, thickness of. —, marine fauna of the. The Student's Elements of Geology All the Carboniferous Decapods hitherto discovered resemble the existing Lobsters, Prawns, and Fig. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science There is a remarkable difference in the appearance and the material of which these Carboniferous strata are formed, and those of the East and Europe. The Grand Canyon of Arizona; how to see it Judged by either standard the Horsetails and Club Mosses of the Carboniferous were higher than those of our own day, and the same is true of the Mesozoic Cycads. Darwin and Modern Science Cockroaches infested the swamps, and one hundred and thirty-three species of this ancient order have been discovered in the Carboniferous of North America. The Elements of Geology See Shells. —, longevity of species of. — of Hallstadt beds. —, value of, in classification. — of the Carboniferous. The Student's Elements of Geology A fossil Scorpion from the Coal-measures of Bohemia. in the Carboniferous period of Scorpions differing but very little from existing forms. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science It is only by the fossils found that the periods to which the various strata belong are determined, and the fossils, millions of which abound in the upper limestone, are clearly of the Carboniferous epoch. The Grand Canyon of Arizona; how to see it Williamson appears to have been the first to recognise the presence, in the Carboniferous flora, of plants combining the characters of Ferns and Cycads. Darwin and Modern Science Most of the Carboniferous amphibians were shaped like the salamander, with weak limbs adapted more for crawling than for carrying the body well above the ground. The Elements of Geology Folding and denudation of Nova Scotia Carboniferous rocks. The Student's Elements of Geology Sigillariœ, a Carboniferous Myriapod. a, A specimen, of the natural size; b, Anterior portion of the same, enlarged; c, Posterior portion, enlarged. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science All these strata, from the rim down, are said to be in the Upper and Lower Carboniferous Systems. The Grand Canyon of Arizona; how to see it "Jupiter is evidently passing through a Carboniferous or Devonian period such as existed on earth, though, if consistent with its size, it should be on a vastly larger scale," said the doctor. A journey in other worlds A romance of the future The Carboniferous amphibians had five- toed feet, the primitive type of foot, from which their descendants of higher orders, with a smaller number of digits, have diverged. The Elements of Geology A large portion of the trees of the Carboniferous period belonged to this genus, of which as many as 28 species are enumerated as British. The Student's Elements of Geology The lower groups of the Mollusca are abundantly represented in the marine strata of the Carboniferous series by Polyzoans Fig. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science We have first, therefore, to consider the evolution of the plant, and see how it increases in form and number until it covers the earth with the luxuriant forests of the Carboniferous period. The Story of Evolution Thus it is now generally admitted that the great coal-fields of the Carboniferous age are the result of the growth in situ of the plants which compose coal, and that these grew on vast Fig. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science The Carboniferous was the age of lycopods and amphibians, as the Devonian had been the age of rhizocarps and fishes. The Elements of Geology Judging from Belgian data, he might have concluded that this class of vertebrata was of extreme rarity in the Carboniferous seas; whereas the investigation of other countries has led to quite a different result. The Student's Elements of Geology The Productœ of the Carboniferous are not only exceedingly abundant, but they have in many instances a most extensive geographical range, and some species attain what may fairly be considered-gigantic dimensions. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science The latter part of the Devonian and earlier part of the Carboniferous were remarkable for their great expanses of shallow water and low-lying land. The Story of Evolution Taken as a whole, the Crustacean fauna of the Devonian period presents many alliances with that of the Upper Silurian, but has only slight relationships with that of the Lower Carboniferous. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science As the Carboniferous period drew toward its close the sea gradually withdrew from the eastern part of the continent. The Elements of Geology We have seen that the Carboniferous strata are surmounted by the Permian and Trias, both originally included in England under the name "New Red Sandstone," from the prevailing red colour of the strata. The Student's Elements of Geology All the Carboniferous Amphibians belong to a group which has now wholly passed away—namely, that of the Labyrinthodonts. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science The monarch of the Carboniferous forest is the Amphibian. The Story of Evolution Overlying the Devonian formation is the great and important series of the Carboniferous Rocks, so called because workable beds of coal are more commonly and more largely developed in this formation than in any other. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science Gymnosperms, akin to the cycads, were also present in the Carboniferous forests. The Elements of Geology The mass of red and brown sandstone in these mountains is estimated at not less than 10,000 feet, clearly intercalated between the Carboniferous and Silurian strata. The Student's Elements of Geology One of the largest, and at the same time most characteristic, forms of the Carboniferous series, is the genus Anthracosaurus, the skull of which is here figured. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science As the period proceeds, remains are found in great abundance, and we see that there must have been a vast and varied population of the Amphibia on the shores of the Carboniferous lagoons and swamps. The Story of Evolution They are amongst the commonest and most characteristic of the Carboniferous Fig. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science The Carboniferous jungles extended over parts of Europe and of Asia, as well as eastern North America, and reached from the equator to within nine degrees of the north pole. The Elements of Geology The British Carboniferous mollusca enumerated by Mr. Etheridge comprise 653 species referable to 86 genera, occurring chiefly in the Mountain Limestone. The Student's Elements of Geology This name was given them because they contain a good deal of red sandstone, and because they are superior to the Carboniferous rocks, while the Old Red Sandstone is inferior. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science On them, as on all other Carboniferous life, a great trial is about to fall. The Story of Evolution They commence their existence, so far as known, in the Devonian period, but they attain their maximum in the Carboniferous; and—unlike the Lepidodendroids—they are not known to occur in the Permian period. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science Unlike modern amphibians, with their slimy skin, the Carboniferous amphibians wore an armor of bony scales over the ventral surface and sometimes over the back as well. The Elements of Geology In this reform they were aided by a suggestion of Mr. Lonsdale, who, after studying the Devonshire fossils, perceived that they belonged to a peculiar palaeontological type of intermediate character between the Carboniferous and Silurian. The Student's Elements of Geology On the other hand, the Sigillariods of the Coal seem to have finally disappeared at the close of the Carboniferous period. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science The Trilobite, once the master of the seas, slowly yields to the stronger competitors, and the latter part of the Carboniferous period sees the last genus of Trilobites finally extinguished. The Story of Evolution Carboniferous. fragments, the external surface of which is covered with rounded pits or shallow tubercles, each of which has a little pit or depression in its centre. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science The somber forests of the earlier Carboniferous, with their gigantic club mosses, were now replaced by forests of cycads, tree ferns, and conifers. The Elements of Geology The monotonous character of the Carboniferous flora might be explained by imagining that we have only the vegetation handed down to us of one set of stations, consisting of wide swampy flats. The Student's Elements of Geology The Conifers of the Permian period are numerous, and belong in part to Carboniferous genera. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science The first, at the close of the Carboniferous period, is the subject of this chapter. The Story of Evolution Hardly less characteristic of the Carboniferous than the above is the great group of simple "cup-corals," of which Clisiophyllum is the central type. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science The Carboniferous system is so named from the large amount of coal which it contains. The Elements of Geology The Carboniferous strata forming the highest member of the series, and containing beds of coal, can be shown to be of shallow-water origin, or even sometimes to have originated in swamps in the open air. The Student's Elements of Geology So far, therefore, as at present known, all the characteristic genera of the Rugose Corals of the Carboniferous had become extinct before the deposition of the limestones of the Middle Permian. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science In other words, as far as the present study is concerned, we need only regard the climate of the Devonian and Carboniferous periods. The Story of Evolution Detached plates and spines of these are far from rare in the Carboniferous deposits; but anything like perfect specimens are exceedingly scarce. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science The absence of tuffs and lavas among the Carboniferous strata of North America shows that here volcanic action was singularly wanting during the entire period. The Elements of Geology The first of these, having an E.N.E. direction, took place at the close of the Carboniferous period. The Student's Elements of Geology The latter genus is nearly allied to the Archœocidaris of the Carboniferous, so that this Permian form belongs to a characteristically Palæozoic type. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science It is, further, not questioned that the temperature of the earth fell in the latter part of the Carboniferous age, and that the cold reached its climax in the Permian. The Story of Evolution The Carboniferous Sea-urchins agree with those of the present day in having the body enclosed in a shell formed by an enormous number of calcareous plates articulated together. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science Insects had now become exceedingly abundant, and the Carboniferous forests swarmed with the ancestral types of dragon flies,—some with a spread of wing of more than two feet,— May flies, crickets, and locusts. The Elements of Geology Upon the whole, it is evident that the Permian plants approach much nearer to the Carboniferous flora than to the Triassic; and the same may be said of the Permian fauna. The Student's Elements of Geology The genus Ceratites, though principally Triassic, has recently been recognised in strata of Carboniferous age in India. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science We shall, however, find them much advanced in the next period, and must conclude that the selection acted very effectively among their thousand Carboniferous species. The Story of Evolution The most characteristic Carboniferous Brachiopods, however, belong to the family of the Productidœ, of which the principal genus is Producta itself. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science The Carboniferous was so called from the large amount of coal which it was found to contain in Great Britain and continental Europe. The Elements of Geology Not one of these is common to rocks newer than the Palaeozoic, and the brachiopods are the only group which have furnished species common to the more ancient or Carboniferous rocks. The Student's Elements of Geology |
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