| 单词 | zikkurat |
| 例句 | The name E-kur was used at Nippur, by extension, to denote the entire sacred precinct which contained the zikkurat or staged tower, the great court where worshippers assembled, shrines and other minor structures. The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations Complementing in a measure, the cosmological associations that have been noted in connection with the zikkurat, the papakhu of Marduk was regarded as an imitation of a cosmical 'sacred chamber.' The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The centre of these buildings was the great /zikkurat/, or temple-tower, square on its plan, and with the sides facing the cardinal points. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria To the north on a conical-shaped hill rose a tower that recalled the Babylonian zikkurat. Beasts, Men and Gods The zikkurat and the basin together would thus become living symbols of the current cosmological conceptions. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The astronomical association and cosmological symbolism of the zikkurat become more and more evident when all evidence concerning it is carefully sifted. The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations The zikkurat was surrounded by a varying number of shrines that were used as places of assembly for worshippers. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The thought of adding a symbol of the apsu belongs, accordingly, to the period when this view of the zikkurat was generally recognized. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In the numerous astronomical reports that we have, there is not a single reference from which one could conclude that the observations reported were made from the top of a zikkurat. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Within the temple area and bordering on it there were smaller shrines, while in front of the zikkurat there was a large open place, where the pilgrims who flocked to the sacred city, congregated. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The significance of the zikkurat, or seven-staged tower, has already been discussed. The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations Besides the zikkurats and shrines, there were smaller structures used as dwellings for the priests and temple officials, for storehouses, for the archives, and as stalls for the animals to be used in the sacrifices. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria It will be apparent that such a view of the papakhu is the result of theological speculation, and is not due, as is the conception of the zikkurat, to popular beliefs. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria We are safe, therefore, in estimating the number of temples, zikkurats, and smaller shrines in Babylonia and Assyria to have reached high into the hundreds. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The outcome of this ideal was the so-called staged tower, known as the zikkurat. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The zikkurat itself being an attempt to reproduce the shape of the earth, the representation of the ‘apsu’ would suggest itself as a natural accessory to the temple. The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations Some centuries later we find Bur-Sin repairing the zikkurat and adding a shrine near the main structure. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria At no time does any special stress appear to have been laid upon the number of stories of which the zikkurat was to consist. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The sacrifices which formed the essential feature of worship were brought, not at the top of the zikkurat, but on altars that were erected at the base. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The name 'house of oracle' given to the zikkurat at Nippur is a valuable indication of the special sanctity that continued to be attached to the staged tower. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The zikkurat and the basin together would thus become the living symbols of the current cosmological conceptions. The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations The earliest altars were made of the same material as the zikkurats and sanctuaries. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The zikkurat always had a special name of its own. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The base of this zikkurat, which may be regarded as a specimen of the tower in its most elaborate form, was a quadrangular mass 272 feet square and 26 feet high. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria No doubt, as the towers increased in height, other variations were introduced—as, e.g., in the proportions of the stories—without interfering with the essential principle of the zikkurat. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The two most famous zikkurats of seven stages were those in Babylon and Borsippa, opposite Babylon. The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations The zikkurat itself being, as we saw, an attempt to reproduce the shape of the earth, the representation of the 'apsu' would suggest itself as a natural accessory to the temple. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The two most famous of the zikkurats of seven stages were those in Babylon and in Borsippa, opposite Babylon. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria It by no means follows from the names borne by the zikkurats at Lagash and Uruk that they actually consisted of seven stories. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria These kings, especially the latter, devote much time and energy in rebuilding the zikkurat and in erecting various buildings connected with the temple administration. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria |
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