| 单词 | Weismann |
| 例句 | In total, Weismann had serially removed the tails of 901 animals. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Weismann had proposed a radical alternative: perhaps hereditary information was contained exclusively in sperm and egg cells, with no direct mechanism for an acquired characteristic to be transmitted into sperm or eggs. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z In 1883, with rather grim determination, the German embryologist August Weismann had performed an experiment that directly attacked Darwin's gemmule theory of heredity. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Weismann had surgically excised the tails of five generations of mice, then bred the mice to determine if the offspring would be born tailless. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Weismann called this hereditary material germplasm and argued that it was the only method by which an organism could generate another organism. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z There are many people paying close attention to the contest, among them Max Weismann, who frequented the Pump Room at least three nights a week for nearly 50 years. The legendary Pump Room retains its name 2011-06-24T14:17:00Z I thought Jordan Weismann’s recent Slate piece about the percentage of “grievously bad” teachers in California was a particularly nice example of the form. In 'How Not to Be Wrong' Jordan Ellenberg makes math meaningful 2014-06-18T04:00:00Z How he discovered the organ: Weismann got his first taste of the power of the organ when he started singing in the choir of his local Catholic church. From players, pipes and pedals, a celestial song 2016-07-29T04:00:00Z The musical about the reminiscences of two couples, all former members of the “Weismann Follies” who reunite on the eve of their theater’s demolition, features the now-classic Sondheim songs “Broadway Baby” and “Too Many Mornings.” ArtsBeat: 'Follies' Returns to Broadway With Kennedy Center Cast 2011-06-29T16:43:36Z “This raises the obvious question of whether videotapes were destroyed in the interim,” wrote attorney Anne Weismann, Finders Keepers’ lawyer. Treasure hunters: Did FBI destroy video of Civil War gold? 2022-03-18T04:00:00Z During a Follies reunion at the decrepit Weismann Theater, on the night before it will be razed to make room for a parking lot, the two couples meet up and promptly disintegrate. What Makes ‘Follies’ a Classic? 7 Answers and 1 Big Problem. 2021-03-31T04:00:00Z Weismann asked a judge to order the FBI to explain the discrepancy in the number of video files it says it has. Treasure hunters: Did FBI destroy video of Civil War gold? 2022-03-18T04:00:00Z Weismann asked the judge to require the government to accelerate its production of records. Treasure hunters: Did FBI destroy video of Civil War gold? 2022-03-18T04:00:00Z By 2012, Weismann and Karikó led a team that showed that mRNA, introduced into mice, could prompt the temporary production of red blood cells. Scientists whose work on mRNA paved the way for first COVID-19 vaccines win Nobel Prize 2023-10-02T04:00:00Z Andrew Weismann, a former federal prosecutor who served on special counsel Bob Mueller's team, added that Alan Weisselberg's guilty plea last month in Manhattan is a significant piece of evidence for the prosecution. "Art of the steal": Experts say Trump pleading the 5th in NY AG probe backfired — now he's "screwed" 2022-09-21T04:00:00Z The trail-cam image was included in a legal filing late Friday by lawyer Anne Weismann, who represents Finders Keepers in its Freedom of Information Act lawsuit against the government. Sanctions sought against FBI over Civil War gold dig videos 2022-06-13T04:00:00Z Anne Weismann, a lawyer for Finders Keepers, cast doubt on the FBI report’s credibility. FBI records on search for fabled gold raise more questions 2022-05-28T04:00:00Z Weismann added that if the Justice Department doesn't investigate, "given how flagrant these violations appear to be, it would basically be saying there is no accountability under the statute." Trump’s White House toilet was repeatedly “clogged” with documents: Maggie Haberman book 2022-02-10T05:00:00Z "There’s been a pattern of behavior by the FBI that’s been very troubling," said Anne Weismann, who represents Finders Keepers. Pennsylvania treasure hunters sue for records on FBI's Civil War-era gold dig 2022-01-05T05:00:00Z “From the outset, it seems as if the FBI is doing everything it can to avoid answering the question of whether they actually found gold,” Weismann said. Treasure hunters sue for records on FBI’s Civil War gold dig 2022-01-05T05:00:00Z The photo “suggests either the FBI has falsely claimed to have no other responsive videotapes or the FBI illegally destroyed responsive videotapes in an effort to circumvent the FOIA’s disclosure requirements,” Weismann wrote. Sanctions sought against FBI over Civil War gold dig videos 2022-06-13T04:00:00Z “It does not read like one would expect,” said Weismann, a former Justice Department lawyer. FBI records on search for fabled gold raise more questions 2022-05-28T04:00:00Z Without the aide’s assistance, Weismann’s mother would end up accidentally pausing the video or turning off the device. In the pandemic, technology has been a lifesaver, connecting them to the outside world. But others don’t have this access. 2020-07-31T04:00:00Z "From the outset, it seems as if the FBI is doing everything it can to avoid answering the question of whether they actually found gold," Weismann said. Pennsylvania treasure hunters sue for records on FBI's Civil War-era gold dig 2022-01-05T05:00:00Z “There’s been a pattern of behavior by the FBI that’s been very troubling,” said Anne Weismann, who represents Finders Keepers. Treasure hunters sue for records on FBI’s Civil War gold dig 2022-01-05T05:00:00Z Weismann indicated in court documents that the Justice Department opposes both requests. Sanctions sought against FBI over Civil War gold dig videos 2022-06-13T04:00:00Z Her mother, the former Julia Weismann, was a composer and pianist; her father, Alfred Kerr, was a prominent essayist, critic and radio broadcaster with a socialist bent. Judith Kerr, refugee from Nazi Germany who wrote ‘The Tiger Who Came to Tea,’ dies at 95 2019-05-23T04:00:00Z Prosecutor Andrew Weismann replied that they plan on submitting the "factual underpinnings" of their allegations before the next hearing. Manafort judge sets tentative hearing over allegations ex-Trump adviser violated plea deal 2018-12-11T05:00:00Z “Victims in areas like Walton, Florence and rural communities are pretty isolated, and it’s very difficult for them and extremely dangerous when they’re trying to flee,” Womenspace CEO Julie Weismann said. Woman, now homeless, struggles to recover from knife attack 2018-10-20T04:00:00Z It’s sequestered behind what biologists call the Weismann barrier, named for August Weismann, the German biologist of the 19th and early 20th centuries who defined the concept. The Scientist Who Scrambled Darwin’s Tree of Life 2018-08-13T04:00:00Z The other thing Weismann said she likes about the class is the cost. Minnesota boxing class combines kickboxing, Latin music 2018-07-02T04:00:00Z "Our only bias is that Google is not transparent enough," Weismann says. Emails show Google’s close relationship with the White House 2016-08-10T04:00:00Z Though they strongly disagree with the ruling, neither Fitton nor Weismann are willing to wholly condemn Garland. Judge Garland Shielded White House Visitor Logs From Disclosure 2016-03-18T04:00:00Z The team at the Weismann Institute are continuing their work with a huge year-long study now into how people can improve their gut microbes. Why do people put on differing amounts of weight? - BBC News 2016-01-25T05:00:00Z Bacteria cannot cross that barricade, the Weismann barrier — so said the skeptical view — to insert bits of their own DNA into animal genomes. The Scientist Who Scrambled Darwin’s Tree of Life 2018-08-13T04:00:00Z Anne Weismann, interim executive director of Committee for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, told Whispers. Aaron Schock’s Fall Comes as No Surprise to Government Watchdogs 2015-03-20T04:00:00Z “All of these are hot-button issues,” says Anne Weismann, interim executive director of Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington. Mammoth Transparency Bill Returns Amid Scandals, Secrecy 2015-03-19T04:00:00Z Weismann says it seemed Garland genuinely believed the president’s able to maintain necessary confidentiality was at stake. Judge Garland Shielded White House Visitor Logs From Disclosure 2016-03-18T04:00:00Z Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, or CREW, asked for the probe in a letter from Anne Weismann, its interim executive director and chief counsel. Rep. Aaron Schock under fire for 'Downton Abbey' office redo 2015-02-03T05:00:00Z The group’s interim executive director, Anne Weismann, says the payout after Sanford took office violates a prohibition on congressional members accepting gifts. Group files ethics complaint against SC Rep. Sanford 2015-01-12T05:00:00Z “They’ve been dragging their feet from the outset, and it’s been enormously frustrating,” said Anne Weismann, CREW’s chief counsel. White House plans to require federal agencies to provide details about drones Organist Russell Weismann performs on the church’s newly restored pipe organ. Religion events from around the Washington area 2014-02-23T05:46:42Z If unwanted genes are lost, the possibility exists that it is the progressive loss of different genes that itself determines the specialization of cells, as August Weismann originally proposed in 1892. Transplanted Nuclei and Cell Differentiation, by Sir John B. Gurdon 2012-10-09T23:45:00.177Z This burning question between Weismann and his opponents, involving the serious problem of heredity, will remain unsettled till a long series of observations supply material for judgment. Pioneers of Evolution from Thales to Huxley With an Intermediate Chapter on the Causes of Arrest of the Movement 2012-04-26T02:00:14.960Z Weismann has shown that an actual series of organic forms might be drawn up in which the formation of germ-cells begins at stages successively more remote from the first division of the egg-cell. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 3 "Helmont, Jean" to "Hernosand" 2012-04-14T02:00:23.707Z This connexion was not at first recognized and the true nature of imaginal disks was not at first perceived, even by Weismann, to whom their discovery in Diptera is due. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 4 "Hero" to "Hindu Chronology" 2012-04-04T02:00:56.447Z L. A. Weismann, Harry Snow, Harry Dewitt, and C. J. Burnett of the office force at once prepared to care for the injured. Chicago's Awful Theater Horror 2012-03-28T02:00:25.877Z But Weismann's investigations have shown us that climate plays a large part in their development. A Review of the Systems of Ethics Founded on the Theory of Evolution 2012-03-17T02:01:00.033Z Spencer said, "We cannot arbitrarily assume that wherever a missing organ has to be reproduced there exists the needful supply of determinants representing that organ," but Weismann made no such arbitrary assumption. Herbert Spencer 2012-02-29T03:00:20.773Z Weismann’s Theory of the Germ-plasm.—A living being takes its individual origin only where there is separated from the stock of the parent a little piece of the peculiar reproductive plasm, the so-called germ-plasm. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 3 "Helmont, Jean" to "Hernosand" 2012-04-14T02:00:23.707Z If such transmission does not occur, a far simpler hypothesis based on the lines of Weismann’s “continuity of the germ-plasm” is sufficient to account for the facts. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 9 "Dagupan" to "David" 2012-02-11T03:03:39.807Z Such a method not only robs the process of any “reducing” value in Weismann’s sense, but is in serious conflict with the chromosome-individuality hypothesis. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 8 "Cube" to "Daguerre, Louis" 2012-01-31T03:00:17.257Z And it is to be remarked that even Weismann has gradually parted from his original theory, recognizing more and more clearly the element of adaptation in inheritance. A Review of the Systems of Ethics Founded on the Theory of Evolution 2012-03-17T02:01:00.033Z The idea of germinal selection has been elaborated with great subtlety by Prof. Weismann. Herbert Spencer 2012-02-29T03:00:20.773Z The germ-plasm resides in the nucleus of cells, and Weismann identifies it with the nuclear material named chromatin. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 3 "Helmont, Jean" to "Hernosand" 2012-04-14T02:00:23.707Z Thus said Weismann and his Neo-Darwinian followers; and thus quickly repeated the men who saw in this philosophy exactly the needed foundation and sustaining pillars for their own militaristic philosophy. The Unpopular Review, Number 19 July-December 1918 2012-01-09T03:00:24.167Z The undivided, i.e. unripe, chromosomes are therefore incapable of utilizing the mitotic mechanism for such a transverse fission as Weismann originally postulated. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 8 "Cube" to "Daguerre, Louis" 2012-01-31T03:00:17.257Z Or, if we leave out of account this analogy and begin with sexual propagation, the problem, on Weismann's theory, is very nearly as difficult. A Review of the Systems of Ethics Founded on the Theory of Evolution 2012-03-17T02:01:00.033Z A Digression.—Here we must digress a little to compare Spencer's conception of physiological or constitutional units with Weismann's conception of the Germ-Plasm. Herbert Spencer 2012-02-29T03:00:20.773Z The nuclear divisions are what Weismann calls “differentiating” or heterogeneous divisions. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 3 "Helmont, Jean" to "Hernosand" 2012-04-14T02:00:23.707Z Weismann says: "Behind the co-operating forces of Nature, we must admit a Cause ... inconceivable in its nature, of which we can only say one thing with certainty, that it must be theological." Feminism and Sex-Extinction 2011-11-11T03:00:29.100Z It may here be remarked that, in his essay on the Influence of Isolation, Professor Weismann fails to distinguish between the two kinds of isolation. Darwin, and After Darwin (Vol 3 of 3) Post-Darwinian Questions: Isolation and Physiological Selection 2011-10-18T02:00:18.363Z As we have said, Weismann has gradually come to admit some influence of the environment on the germ-plasm. A Review of the Systems of Ethics Founded on the Theory of Evolution 2012-03-17T02:01:00.033Z Thanks, largely, to Weismann, the second view has prevailed over the first, for which there is little factual basis. Herbert Spencer 2012-02-29T03:00:20.773Z It is to be noticed that Weismann’s conception of the processes of ontogeny is strictly evolutionary, and in so far is a reversion to the general opinion of biologists of the 17th and 18th centuries. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 3 "Helmont, Jean" to "Hernosand" 2012-04-14T02:00:23.707Z In point of fact, however, Darwin is as clear and decided on these points as Weismann. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z Much more to the point are certain cases which were adduced long ago by Weismann in his essay previously considered. Darwin, and After Darwin (Vol 3 of 3) Post-Darwinian Questions: Isolation and Physiological Selection 2011-10-18T02:00:18.363Z Yet, in assuming Weismann's theory, Wallace asserts: "Whatever other causes have been at work, Natural Selection is supreme, to an extent which even Darwin himself hesitated to claim for it." A Review of the Systems of Ethics Founded on the Theory of Evolution 2012-03-17T02:01:00.033Z According to Lessona's Law, which Weismann has elaborated, regeneration tends to occur in those organisms and in those parts of organisms which are in the ordinary course of nature most liable to injury. Herbert Spencer 2012-02-29T03:00:20.773Z In the later elaboration of his theory Weismann has admitted the possibility of some direct modification of the germ-plasm within the body of the individual acting as its host. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 3 "Helmont, Jean" to "Hernosand" 2012-04-14T02:00:23.707Z Must it not have been for the sake of rearing this enormous structure of speculation that Weismann has adopted the assumption of Continuity as absolute? Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z The school of Weismann maintain that it is the only cause; and therefore deem it worse than useless to search for further causes. Darwin, and After Darwin (Vol 3 of 3) Post-Darwinian Questions: Isolation and Physiological Selection 2011-10-18T02:00:18.363Z This course is the more imperative, as in his recent magnum opus on the germplasm Weismann has propounded a theory of evolution wrought with the greatest care and acuteness, and totally irreconcilable with my conclusions. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z According to Weismann's theory, which is now well-established, the process of development internally is a much more continuous one than the external changes would indicate. Butterflies Worth Knowing 2011-08-10T02:00:15.887Z Hertwig’s View.—The chief modern holder of the rival view, and the writer who has put together in most cogent form the objections to Weismann’s theory, is Oscar Hertwig. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 3 "Helmont, Jean" to "Hernosand" 2012-04-14T02:00:23.707Z Those biologists who of late years have been led by Weismann to adopt the opinions of Wallace, represent as anti-Darwinian the opinions of other biologists who still adhere to the unadulterated doctrines of Darwin. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z For Weismann's theory supposes that all changes of specific type must have their origin in variations of a continuous germ-plasm. Darwin, and After Darwin (Vol 3 of 3) Post-Darwinian Questions: Isolation and Physiological Selection 2011-10-18T02:00:18.363Z Weismann laid hold of this idea, but transmuted it to fit in with his original theory of the germplasm. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z Weismann says two boys ages 16 and 17 were arrested. KABC-TV reporter hit in hand with pellet from BB gun during live report in Southern California 2011-07-31T10:06:08Z Almost every side of zoology has contributed to the theory of evolution, but of special importance are the facts and theories associated with the names of Gregor Mendel, A. Weismann and Hugo de Vries. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 1 "Evangelical Church Conference" to "Fairbairn, Sir William" 2011-07-16T02:00:16.387Z Presumably many other persons must have entertained similar misgivings touching the inheritance of acquired characters long before the publication of Weismann's first essay upon the subject in 1883. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z What, then, is the explanation of this apparent inconsistency on Weismann's part? Darwin, and After Darwin (Vol 3 of 3) Post-Darwinian Questions: Isolation and Physiological Selection 2011-10-18T02:00:18.363Z Weismann calls this the germplasm, so altering the previous connotation of the word. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z In dealing with heredity the position of Weismann and others, that acquired characters cannot be inherited, needs a short examination. Degeneracy Its Causes, Signs and Results 2011-05-02T02:00:17.657Z Determinants, in biology, the name applied by Weismann to hypothetical particles contained in the nuclei of germ-cells, which determine the existence and nature of the various parts of the body of the embryo. The New Gresham Encyclopedia Volume 4, Part 1: Deposition to Eberswalde 2011-04-14T02:00:57.977Z Weismann's theory of heredity, then, agrees with its predecessors which we are considering in all the following respects. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z Most living biologists, however, hold with Weismann that only germinal variations, i.e. variations in the substances of the germ-cells, are heritable. The New Gresham Encyclopedia Volume 4, Part 2: Ebert to Estremadura 2011-04-14T02:00:56.200Z From the point of view of cells, I believe myself compelled to raise several objections to most important bases of Weismann's germplasm theory. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z One of the stock arguments of the Weismann school is drawn from results of the Jewish rite of circumcision. Degeneracy Its Causes, Signs and Results 2011-05-02T02:00:17.657Z The following experiments were still more fatal to the theories of Roux and of Weismann. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 3 "Electrostatics" to "Engis" 2011-02-06T03:00:53.093Z The following diagram will serve to give a clearer view of the sundry parts of Professor Weismann's system of theories, as well as of their relations to one another. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z If this be not true, then history and biology are alike false; then Darwin and Spencer, Hæckel and Weismann, Mendel and Pearson, have lived and laboured in vain. The Color Line A Brief in Behalf of the Unborn 2011-01-30T03:00:15.907Z For convenience of exposition these may be divided into two groups: Objections to the hypothesis of differentiating division; objections to Weismann's doctrine of determinants. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z Weismann’s admission of the inheritance of a tuberculous habit must logically, from the standpoint of degeneracy, be regarded as destroying his claims. Degeneracy Its Causes, Signs and Results 2011-05-02T02:00:17.657Z Clemson starter Scott Weismann allowed a run, three hits and two walks over five innings before the interruption. Clemson leads Oklahoma, 6-1, when play resumes Wednesday 2010-06-23T04:04:00Z Now, this may be made more clear by briefly comparing Weismann's theory with those of Darwin and of Galton. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z With regard to the machinery of reproduction the essay is remarkable for containing what is practically identical with Weismann’s continuity of the germ-cell, and Galton’s priority is acknowledged by that author. Rustic Sounds and Other Studies in Literature and Natural History A corner-stone of Weismann's theory is his assumption of nuclear divisions which are differentiating. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z Indeed, Weismann has been forced to that reductio ad absurdum in science, narrowly limited definitions, in order to maintain his position. Degeneracy Its Causes, Signs and Results 2011-05-02T02:00:17.657Z They must ignore the fundamental principle of Causation, from which we started our present enquiry, and in consequence it is impossible that their systems should, as Professor Weismann says, satisfy our intellectual needs. The Old Riddle and the Newest Answer On the other hand, however, Weismann has himself dealt with the phenomena of instinct in animals, though not, I think, in man—if we except his brilliant essay on music. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z But, as Weismann remarks, Nägeli's phyletic force is conceived as a thoroughly scientific mechanical principle. A Mechanico-Physiological Theory of Organic Evolution Proof of this fundamental assumption may be sought in vain in Weismann's writings. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z In his later work Weismann has practically abandoned the essential basis of his position by admitting that maternal nutrition may play a part in determining variation. Degeneracy Its Causes, Signs and Results 2011-05-02T02:00:17.657Z As Professor Weismann has from time to time during the last quarter of a century frankly altered some of his positions, this deliberate summing up of his mature conclusions is very valuable. Astronomical Discovery All this I now mention in order to show that the issue which Weismann has raised since Darwin's death was expressly contemplated during the later years of Darwin's life. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z On the important subject of adaptation in general Nägeli is almost diametrically opposed to Darwin and Weismann. A Mechanico-Physiological Theory of Organic Evolution Here, then, Weismann himself points out that what in other places he has attempted to represent as a necessary conclusion is but one of two alternatives. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z Weismann has no doubt about the inheritance of a “tuberculous habit whose peculiarities are certainly transmissible.” Degeneracy Its Causes, Signs and Results 2011-05-02T02:00:17.657Z I ought to add, in view of the apparently improbable event of the doctrine of Weismann becoming in its absolute form the accepted doctrine of biologists, that of course it only concerns the material organism. St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans, Vol. II A Practical Exposition However, it is but fair to state what Weismann himself has made of this fact. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z Nägeli assigns to the principle of utility a very limited sphere; Weismann regards adaptation as all-powerful. A Mechanico-Physiological Theory of Organic Evolution It will be found that characters totally contradictory are ascribed to Weismann's idioplasm. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z In his concluding chapter, after a discussion of the theories of Darwin, Nägeli, and Weismann, he postulates, for variation, heredity, and species-formation in particular, “forces other than physico-chemical,” “let us call them frankly psychical.” Naturalism And Religion To this I reply:—This is no doubt the view which Professor Weismann has made more or less prevalent. St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans, Vol. II A Practical Exposition Certain criticisms, however, have been urged by Weismann against the interpretation of Brown-S�quard's facts as evidence in favour of the transmission of acquired characters. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z The part in which the essential nature of the organism is contained is localized in the nucleus and hence might properly be designated as nucleoplasm, as Weismann suggests. A Mechanico-Physiological Theory of Organic Evolution Weismann and Roux themselves have used these objects to support their view that, at the first cleavage, nuclei with different qualities are formed. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z The most characteristic representative, however, of the modern school of unified and purified Darwinism is not Haeckel, but the Freiburg zoologist, Weismann. Naturalism And Religion It was in my undergraduate days that we met, and ere the half-hour struck we were quarrelling felicitously over Weismann and the neo-Darwinians. The Kempton-Wace Letters First, with regard to Brown-S�quard's results other than the production of transmitted epilepsy, Weismann allows that the hypothesis of microbes can scarcely apply. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z At the end of the last century Weismann injected a new idea into our views concerning the origin of variations. A Critique of the Theory of Evolution In the face of such facts there seems nothing left for the theory of Weismann but to endow every cell with accessory germplasm to prepare it for unforeseen events. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z What distinguishes Weismann, and makes him especially useful for our present purpose of coming to an understanding in regard to the theory of selection is, that his views are unified, definite and consistent. Naturalism And Religion Subsequently, Weismann and others reinterpreted Darwin's theory and strengthened its main propositions, abandoning the Lamarckian theory of use and disuse. History of Human Society And so it seems to Weismann, who accordingly quotes these instincts in support of his views. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z Use and Disuse From Lamarck to Weismann The second of the four great historical explanations appeals to a change not immediately connected with the outer world, but to one within the organism itself. A Critique of the Theory of Evolution And here we come round again to the original observations from which Weismann set out. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z Here the whole riddle of the theory of epigenesis, which Weismann wished to do away with as a mystery, is repeated a thousand times and made more difficult. Naturalism And Religion In revising the MS. of my lecture on “Weismann’s Theory of Heredity” for publication, I found the following sentence, referring to Johannes Mueller. The Art of Lecturing Revised Edition Strong evidence in favour of Weismann's views does, however, at first sight seem to be furnished by social hymenoptera in other respects. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z To Weismann more than to any other single individual should be ascribed the disfavor into which this view has fallen. A Critique of the Theory of Evolution From his own experience, and from his study of the observations made by others, he has been led to doubt the validity of apparently fundamental parts of Weismann's conception. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z What is there, for instance, in Weismann's ingenious biophor-theory that can be called specifically biological, and not borrowed from other parts of the scientific system? Naturalism And Religion The opposition of the old Lutheran party of other parts of Germany produced controversies which continued till about 1720; for an account of which, see Weismann, Mem. History of Free Thought in Reference to The Christian Religion Indeed, I quite agree with Weismann that the whole of this line of evidence is practically worthless; and for the following reasons. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z The more philosophical thinkers, like Spencer, Darwin, Haeckel, Michael Foster, August Weismann, and many others, believe that such "intermediate units must exist, whether or not the microscope reveals them to view." A History of Science, Volume 5(of 5) Aspects Of Recent Science His second line of argument against Weismann leads to a similar conclusion. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z Weismann is so far right, he admits, from his materialistic premisses when he starts with preformations. Naturalism And Religion The materials for the condition of Germany at the beginning of the last century, antecedently to the introduction of the new influences which created rationalism,42 are conveyed in Weismann, Introductio in Memorabilia Eccl. History of Free Thought in Reference to The Christian Religion Such is the principle which Weismann calls Panmixia, because, by the withdrawal of selection from any particular part, promiscuous breeding ensues with regard to that part. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z For clearly the fact that the separated egg-cells grow into complete individuals shows that Weismann's theory, according to which one of the cells contained only body plasm, the other only germ plasm, is quite untenable. A History of Science, Volume 5(of 5) Aspects Of Recent Science Weismann has practised this art in the true spirit of a virtuoso, and has elaborated it into a novel mode of biological investigation. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z To this must be added what Weismann himself readily admits and expressly emphasises. Naturalism And Religion On the theologians of this period see Weismann, Introd. in Memorabilia Eccles. History of Free Thought in Reference to The Christian Religion But, as the research is still in progress, the school of Weismann may fairly say that it would be premature to discuss its theoretical bearings. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z In keeping these two classes separate, we should only be following Weismann’s example, who denies altogether that acquired qualities are ever heritable. My Autobiography A Fragment It is true that Weismann regards his almost countless germinal particles as being held together in an architectural structure of almost inconceivable complexity. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z Because of the abundance of evidential facts Weismann does not go into any detailed proof of evolution. Naturalism And Religion It is to nature what in Weismann's theory the germ plasm is to the somatic cell. Monophysitism Past and Present A Study in Christology Starting with the evidence in favour of the so-called Lamarckian factors, we have to begin with the Indirect—and this without any special reference to the theories, either of Weismann or of others. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z What the cause of these constant and inconstant peculiarities may be, not even Weismann has yet been able to explain satisfactorily. My Autobiography A Fragment But in that I could not deal with Weismann's work, which appeared simultaneously, and, moreover, in a text-book it was impossible to do more than sketch my views. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z Exactly as Weismann predicted the striping of the hawk-moth caterpillars and the human os centrale, Goethe predicted the formation of the skull from modified vertebræ, and the premaxillary bone in man. Naturalism And Religion From Weismann's point of view his hereditary determinants remain pathologically deviated. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study All the "hard words" which I have written against Weismann's system of theories have reference to those parts of it which go to constitute the Y-like structure of the diagram. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z Some scientists, such as Weismann and others, have therefore denied, and I believe rightly, that any acquired characters, whether physical or mental, can ever be inherited by children from their parents. My Autobiography A Fragment In this respect Weismann has amended his original proposition that the germ-cells were immortal, like unicellular organisms. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z He criticises very severely all attempts to carry the Darwinian principle of explaining adaptations into internal and minute details, arguing against Roux's “Struggle of Parts” and Weismann's “Germinal Selection.” Naturalism And Religion Thus, Weismann demonstrated the production of degenerate individuals in ants when certain coleoptera were introduced in their nest, the ants being fond of the secretion of the large glandular hairs of the coleoptera. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study Rather do I agree with Weismann that further investigation is needed in order to establish such an important conclusion on the basis of so unusual a class of facts. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z What was it Weismann said about acquired characteristics? Dreamers of the Ghetto As every cell or group of cells which corresponds to determinants has a definite position in the body, Weismann infers that the determinants are definitely placed in the germplasm, and form an ordered, complicated community. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z Weismann's theory involved the conception of a sharp cleavage between the general body tissues or somatoplasm and the reproductive glands or germplasm. Mendelism Third Edition We must first eliminate the question of the phenomena of blastophthoria, which we shall consider next, and which Weismann was, I think, the first to comprehend, without giving them the name. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study Now, be it remembered, I am only adducing this case in illustration of the elusiveness of Weismann's theory. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z For the history of research in this field, the student is referred to treatises upon genetics and evolution and to the works of Lamarck, Darwin, DeVries, Weismann, and Mendel. Introduction to the Science of Sociology These ids are bodies containing all the determinants necessary to build up the individual of a species, and correspond to what Weismann previously called ancestral plasms. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z As this conception ran counter to the possibility of the inheritance of "acquired characters," Weismann challenged the evidence upon which it rested and showed that it broke down wherever it was critically examined. Mendelism Third Edition This well-established fact seems in favor of Weismann and against the heredity of acquired characters. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study The facts of karyokinesis are generally claimed by the school of Weismann as making exclusively in favour of continuity as absolute. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z After waiting for some time, Weismann removed it, when the birds soon attacked the seeds. The Beauties of Nature and the Wonders of the World We Live In To take an example: Weismann's hypothesis requires that when the egg first divides into two, the germplasm should divide into two halves, each containing only one half of the total assemblage of determinants. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z All the agencies recognized in modern evolution tend to elevation only through differentiation, and even the “eternal cell” of Weismann fails in explaining permanency of form through any physical transmission. The New Avatar and The Destiny of the Soul The Findings of Natural Science Reduced to Practical Studies in Psychology According to Weismann, each ide is subdivided into "determinants" from which each part of the body is derived, being potentially predetermined in them. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study Taking this evidence in order of date, we have first to mention that on which the school of Weismann has hitherto been satisfied almost exclusively to rely. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z See for example the sagacity which Spencer and Weismann now display. The Will to Believe : and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy Weismann attaches the greatest importance to the distinction. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z As Weismann suggests, the inherited portion of the change could only be ascertained by comparing the bones, &c., of wild and tame ducks similarly reared. Are the Effects of Use and Disuse Inherited? An Examination of the View Held by Spencer and Darwin Let us suppose, Weismann justly says, that in the Samoan Islands there were born a child having the singular and extraordinary genius of Mozart. Essay on the Creative Imagination They appear to have concluded that because I have criticized unfavourably a considerable number of Weismann's theories, I have shown myself hostile to his entire system. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z It is well known how Weismann was led, by his hypothesis of the continuity of the germ-plasm, to regard the germinal cells—ova and spermatozoa—as almost independent of the somatic cells. Creative Evolution This chain of ideas, made sharp and definite by Weismann, has recurred again and again in theoretical biological literature in a vague way. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z In no case, as Weismann points out, is the original mutilation of the nervous system ever transmitted. Are the Effects of Use and Disuse Inherited? An Examination of the View Held by Spencer and Darwin There was a Weismann tide, now nearly at dead water; there was an anti-vitalistic tide, now ebbing fast. Science and Morals and Other Essays This is the Panmixia of Professor Weismann and his followers; but the phrase regression to mediocrity through the cessation of selection appears to me preferable. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z He was a scientist, yet he was of a nation that had produced Goethe as well as Weismann and his heart was quick to respond to truth, shot with the rainbow tints of vision. Still Jim Our conception of the nature of these causes, and of their place of origin, is diametrically opposed to Weismann's. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z Weismann likens them to successive offshoots thrown up by a long underground root or sucker. Are the Effects of Use and Disuse Inherited? An Examination of the View Held by Spencer and Darwin Mr. Darwin, following Weismann, long ago pointed out that there are two main factors in all Evolution—the nature of the organism and the nature of the conditions. Natural Law in the Spiritual World The same has to be said of Weismann's Essay on Music, where much that I have here said is anticipated. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z Neither Nägeli nor Weismann, neither De Vries nor Roux, has done this. Evolution in Modern Thought How does Weismann attempt to reconcile his hypothesis of differentiating division with these facts? The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z Weismann has given it the name of Panmixia,—all individuals being equally free to survive and commingle their variations, and not merely selected or favoured individuals. Are the Effects of Use and Disuse Inherited? An Examination of the View Held by Spencer and Darwin The second main division of the book is taken up with a very searching and detailed criticism of Weismann. At the Deathbed of Darwinism A Series of Papers I will give only one further example to show the elusiveness of Weismann's theory, and the consequent impossibility of finding any cases in nature which will satisfy the conditions of proof which the theory imposes. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z I may say that Spencer's controversy over use-inheritance with Weismann, entered into after he was sixty, seems to me in point of quality better than any other part of his work. Memories and Studies According to Weismann, this is possible, because the egg contains many, sometimes as many as a hundred, ids, each of which is a combination representing the species. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z Panmixia, however, as Weismann has shown, would probably be the most important factor in causing blindness. Are the Effects of Use and Disuse Inherited? An Examination of the View Held by Spencer and Darwin On the contrary after it had at first received a general tacit recognition and was postulated by Lamarck, Darwin and Haeckel, it was denied by Weismann. At the Deathbed of Darwinism A Series of Papers Whether or not we accept Weismann's views, it will here be convenient to employ his terminology, since this will serve to convey the somewhat important distinctions which it is now my object to express. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z It is this element in Roux's theories that puts them so far in advance of those of Weismann. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Weismann believes that in an egg, while it is preparing for its first division, the ids are arranged in two groups—an active army and a reserve army. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z Weismann's theory is clear, simple and convenient, but incomplete; for, unlike Darwin's theory of pangenesis, it scarcely attempts any real explanation of the extremely complex potentialities possessed by the reproductive elements. Are the Effects of Use and Disuse Inherited? An Examination of the View Held by Spencer and Darwin Eimer speaks of the impotence of natural selection, Weismann of its omnipotence. At the Deathbed of Darwinism A Series of Papers And this leads me to a second oversight in Professor Weismann's statement, which is of more importance than the first. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z Roux's needle-experiment aroused much interest, especially as Weismann's theory of heredity was then being keenly discussed. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Between somatic cells and reproductive cells Weismann places a gulf that cannot be bridged. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z Thus according to savages death is not a natural necessity, 84; similar view held by some modern biologists, as A. Weismann and A. R. Wallace, 84-86. The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead, Volume I (of 3) The Belief Among the Aborigines of Australia, the Torres Straits Islands, New Guinea and Melanesia In its formation struggle for existence and natural selection are entirely excluded, neither can find any application whatever even according to the newer exposition of Weismann. At the Deathbed of Darwinism A Series of Papers Let us now turn to Weismann's view of degeneration. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z It is to be found in the preface which he wrote to Professor Weismann’s Studies in the Theory of Descent, published in 1882. Selections from Previous Works and Remarks on Romanes' Mental Evolution in Animals According to Weismann, cells cannot pass from the one category to the other. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z This does not necessarily show advanced evolution; August Weismann long ago pointed out that music is a primitive accomplishment. Applied Eugenics In a very distinct and severe manner he gives expression to his opposition to his former friend Weismann. At the Deathbed of Darwinism A Series of Papers The only additional fact that has hitherto been published by the school of Weismann is the result of Weismann's own experiment in cutting off the tails of mice through successive generations. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z I could find no able discussion upon the whole subject in Professor Weismann’s book. Selections from Previous Works and Remarks on Romanes' Mental Evolution in Animals Though Weismann associates with germ-tracks the idea that germplasm travels along them, proof of this has yet to be brought forward. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z The immortality, as Weismann pointed out, is not of the kind attributed by the Greeks to their gods, who could not die because no wound could destroy them. Applied Eugenics Weismann declares that 'the authenticity and genuineness of the Epistles have been demonstrated clearly and solidly' by Pearson and others, so that no valid objections remain affecting the main question. Essays on the work entitled "Supernatural Religion" Finally, let it be noted that no part of the foregoing argument is to be regarded as directed against the principle of what Professor Weismann calls "continuity." Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z Professor Weismann has at least convinced scientific people of this: that the characters acquired by a parent are rarely, if ever, transmitted to its offspring. Certain Personal Matters In his doctrine of immortality, Weismann has not concerned himself with the two implications—individuality and indivisibility. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z Such are the fundamental principles of Mendelism; but on them was early grafted a theoretical structure due mainly to the German zoölogist, August Weismann. Applied Eugenics Led by the German biologist, Weismann, they would thrust the Lamarckians, with their hypothesis of use-inheritance, clean out of the field. Anthropology If it ever should be accomplished, Professor Weismann's elaborate theory of evolution will have had its bases removed. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z Dr. Weismann has published a very long and learned memoir, fraught with the best German erudition and prolixity, upon this highly interesting and obscure subject. Falling in Love With Other Essays on More Exact Branches of Science According to Weismann, one immortal organism gives rise to several immortal organisms, but, as these are subject to destruction by external agents, the separate individuals are mortal. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z These little rods of easily stained material, which are found in every cell of the body, were picked out by Professor Weismann as the probable carriers of heredity. Applied Eugenics He will smile, perhaps, when I tell him that Weismann cut off the tails of endless mice, and, breeding them together, found that tails invariably decorated the race as before. Anthropology The theory, as formulated by Weismann, is that the distinction is not only great but absolute, or, in other words, that in no case and in no degree can any acquired character be ever inherited. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z Weismann points out that natural selection favours early and abundant reproduction. The Birth-Time of the World and Other Scientific Essays In my view, what Weismann has tried to express by the word 'immortality' is no more than the continuity of the process of development. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z In August Weismann's words, the development of a function in offspring begins at the point where it began in his parents, not at the point where it ended in them. Applied Eugenics Only, as Weismann's school would say, the required variation is in this case spontaneous, that is, comes entirely of its own accord. Anthropology In one of his papers Weismann says that if there be any truth in the Lamarckian doctrine of the transmission of acquired characters, it ought to follow that the human infant should speak by instinct. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z Weismann, 71, 72; proved nuclei of egg contains, essential factors, 71, 145, 148. The Doctrine of Evolution Its Basis and Its Scope Weismann has united his doctrine of determinants with his assumption of a differentiating division. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z The reverse of this experiment also was attempted by Weismann. The Life-Story of Insects Weismann holds, that organisms resulting from the union of two cells are more variable than those produced out of a single one. Anthropology For it may well appear that I ought first to have dealt with the validity of Weismann's postulate, and not till then to have considered the system of theories which he has raised upon it. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z Weismann and his followers have proved that a peculiar substance in the nuclei of the egg and its daughter-products contains the essential factors of development, whatever these may be. The Doctrine of Evolution Its Basis and Its Scope Notwithstanding so correct a declaration, Weismann himself, in his doctrine of determinants, has fallen into the error he himself has exposed. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z The experiments of Weismann just sketched in outline show at least that the same principle holds for our northern butterflies. The Life-Story of Insects I had the same general idea as Weismann, but not that beautiful suggestion of the duration of life, in each case, being the minimum necessary for the preservation of the species. Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 2 So much, then, for the relations of Weismann's system of theories to one another. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z Experiments dealing with the phenomena of heredity in pure and mixed breeds have largely confirmed Weismann's doctrine, and they have prepared the way for a deeper investigation of the marvelous process of biological inheritance. The Doctrine of Evolution Its Basis and Its Scope The error in Weismann's doctrine of determinants may be made clearer by an analogy. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z This essay, in which Professor Weismann's theories are criticised, is reprinted from the Contemporary Review, and comprises a forcible presentation of Mr. Spencer's views upon the general subject indicated in the title. Collected Essays, Volume V Science and Christian Tradition: Essays I see however it does contain the germ of Weismann's argument as to duration of life being determined by the time of securing continuance of the species.—Yours faithfully, A.R. Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 2 Yet, to hear or to read some of the followers of Weismann, one can only conclude that, prior to his publications on the subject, they had never thought about it at all. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z It remained for Weismann to identify this theoretical substance with a specific part of the cell, namely, the deeply staining substance, or chromatin, contained in the nucleus of every cell. The Doctrine of Evolution Its Basis and Its Scope For these an explanation cannot be expected on the lines of Weismann's doctrine of determinants, as that implies a fundamentally erroneous assumption. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z Before the appearance of Weismann's work, the germ-cells, which bear somehow or other the hereditary characters that appear in the offspring, were supposed to be produced directly from the body of the parent. Recent Developments in European Thought In fact, all the main features of Weismann's views seem to be here anticipated, and I think he ought to have the credit of it. Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 2 My own opinion has always been the same as that of Mr. Galton; and my belief is that eventually both Weismann and his followers will gravitate into it. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z This theory, defined as it is by Weismann, has but recently come before us, and some time must elapse before all the consequences which it entails will be evident. Scientific American Supplement, No. 810, July 11, 1891 This structure of the germplasm Weismann attributes to the operation of selection. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z Others again have reverted towards the older belief in the inherited effects of environment—a belief which, in spite of the arguments of Weismann and his followers, has never been without its supporters. Recent Developments in European Thought I think you will find the paper very suggestive, even supplying some points overlooked by Weismann.—Yours faithfully, A.R. Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 2 In any impartial survey it should be seen that while the facts are fairly interpretable on Weismann's theory, they are by no means proof thereof. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z But there is one direction which I have for some time followed, and indeed began to think out long before Weismann's remarkable work showed the importance of this matter. Scientific American Supplement, No. 810, July 11, 1891 But are the alternatives really only as Weismann suggests? The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z Weismann attempted a beginning of this over thirty years ago, but the detailed knowledge of the facts was then insufficient. Recent Developments in European Thought My dear Mr. Poulton,—Many thanks for sending me Weismann's additional Essays,21 which I look forward to reading with much pleasure. Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 2 It is one merit of Galton's theory, as against Weismann's, that it does not dogmatically exclude the possible interruption of continuity on some occasions and in some degree. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z Weismann has recently directed attention to this point. Scientific American Supplement, No. 810, July 11, 1891 In this respect it differs from Weismann's doctrine of determinants, as that is a closed system, finding within itself a formal explanation of all development. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z There is thus, according to Weismann, nothing to direct variation to certain organs, or to guide and combine the variations of these organs along certain lines, except natural selection. The Whence and the Whither of Man A Brief History of His Origin and Development through Conformity to Environment; Being the Morse Lectures of 1895 Weismann's treatment of the subject is merely begging the question.—Yours faithfully, A.R. Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 2 Weismann meets these by adducing the case of neuter insects, which have been already considered at sufficient length. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z The seeds of death do not lie, as Weismann appears to assume, in the differentiation of the cells of the higher animals. Scientific American Supplement, No. 810, July 11, 1891 Spencer, Herbert, controversy with Weismann on polymorphism in insects, 125. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z Weismann would announce, with emphasis, The egg; Darwin would say, The owl. The Whence and the Whither of Man A Brief History of His Origin and Development through Conformity to Environment; Being the Morse Lectures of 1895 Darwin had no opportunity during his lifetime of considering this question, which was raised later in an acute form by Weismann. Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 2 Therefore it is difficult to understand the object of Weismann's experiment. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z Even more important is the significance of the "polar bodies," as explained by Weismann in one of his Essays; since, if his interpretation of them be correct, variability is a necessary consequence of sexual generation. Darwinism (1889) But the momentous issues involved in the problem of heredity, and the great interest excited by Dr. Weismann's theories, make it desirable that a full translation should appear. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z The germ-plasm is, according to Weismann, a very peculiar, complex, stable substance, continuous from generation to generation since the first appearance of life on the globe. The Whence and the Whither of Man A Brief History of His Origin and Development through Conformity to Environment; Being the Morse Lectures of 1895 Weismann's view as to "possible variations" and "impossible variations" on p. Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 2 But since that time the course of Darwinian speculation has been greatly influenced by the writings of Weismann, who, among other respects in which he out-darwins Darwin, maintains the doctrine of utility as universal. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z Poulton, seen some of the proofs of the forthcoming translation of Weismann's Essays on Heredity, in which he sets forth an explanation very similar to that here given. Darwinism (1889) The chief differences between my views and those of Weismann have now become clearer and more tangible than ever. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z The fundamental proposition of Weismann's theory, that heredity is due to continuity of germ-plasm, seems to contain important truth. The Whence and the Whither of Man A Brief History of His Origin and Development through Conformity to Environment; Being the Morse Lectures of 1895 I have been reading Weismann's last book, "The Germ Plasm." Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 2 Doubtless the followers of Weismann will repudiate this line of argument, if not as entirely worthless, at all events as too questionable to be of much practical worth. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z Galton supposes the sexual elements in the offspring to be directly formed from the residue of the stirp not used up in the development of the body of the parent—Weismann's "continuity of the germ-plasm." Darwinism (1889) Weismann believes himself to have established a fundamental distinction between unicellular and multicellular organisms. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z And yet Nägeli, and especially Weismann, have had so marked an influence on modern thought that we cannot afford to neglect their theories. The Whence and the Whither of Man A Brief History of His Origin and Development through Conformity to Environment; Being the Morse Lectures of 1895 I was delighted with your account of Prichard's wonderful anticipation of Galton and Weismann! Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 2 I have now given my reasons for rejecting this lower estimate on the one band, and what seems to me the extravagant estimate of Weismann on the other. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z He discusses the supposed heredity of effects produced by use or disuse, and explains them much in the same manner as does Weismann. Darwinism (1889) In this matter I agree with Weismann, as, indeed, with De Vries and others, and I consider that the course taken by Naegeli has made his position untenable. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z On the whole Osborne's verdict would seem just: The Neo-Lamarckian theory fails to explain heredity, Weismann's theory does not explain evolution. The Whence and the Whither of Man A Brief History of His Origin and Development through Conformity to Environment; Being the Morse Lectures of 1895 His facts and arguments are really useful ones, and I should think Weismann must be delighted to have such a supporter come from the grave. Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 2 Indeed, according to Weismann's theory of germ-plasm, the chances must be infinitely against the change being an adaptive one. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z Weismann is a biologist, and is mostly concerned with the application of the theory to explain variation and instinct, and to the further development of the theory of evolution. Darwinism (1889) Moreover, he has used the conditions that exist among the state-forming insects as a strong argument against Weismann's doctrine of determinants. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z It is still less possible to do any justice in a few words to Weismann's theory. The Whence and the Whither of Man A Brief History of His Origin and Development through Conformity to Environment; Being the Morse Lectures of 1895 He was equally clear as to Selection, and had he been a zoologist and traveller he might have anticipated the work of both Darwin and Weismann! Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 2 The oversights which have led to Weismann's extremely high estimate have already been stated. Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility 2011-10-16T02:00:14.153Z Mr. Galton's theory, although it attracted little attention, appears to me to be substantially the same as that of Professor Weismann. Darwinism (1889) In this case, as in many others that I have pointed out, Weismann makes his usual mistake. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z To explain this Weismann went back to the unicellular protozoa. The Whence and the Whither of Man A Brief History of His Origin and Development through Conformity to Environment; Being the Morse Lectures of 1895 The third I did not realise till I read Weismann, I have never seen the sufficiency of normal variability for the modification of species more strongly or better put than in your letters to Bates. Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 2 It was only Solomon Weismann, who asked for warm water, lint, and a quantity of old linen. The Missing Bride This latter view Weismann holds to be the correct one, and, on this theory, heredity depends on the fact that a substance of special molecular composition passes over from one generation to another. Darwinism (1889) Hydromedusæ, a group of invertebrate animals, the typical members of which are branched colonies of polyps: Weismann's investigations on, viii, xii. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z Weismann's explanation of this change of germ-plasm into somatoplasm is very ingenious, and depends upon his theory of the structure of the germ-plasm; and this latter theory forms the basis of his theory of evolution. The Whence and the Whither of Man A Brief History of His Origin and Development through Conformity to Environment; Being the Morse Lectures of 1895 But this, as Darwin, Weismann, Kerner, Lloyd-Morgan, and even Huxley have seen, has nothing whatever to do with the basic mysteries of life—growth, etc. etc. Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 2 Jenny shared her vigil by nodding in an easy chair; and Solomon Weismann, a young medical student, by sleeping soundly on the wooden settee in the hall. The Missing Bride Weismann, whose theory of heredity will, if established, strike at the very root of the arguments of the first three of the writers above referred to. Darwinism (1889) The germplasm resides in the nucleus of cells, and Weismann identifies it with the nuclear material which microscopists have named chromatin, on account of the avidity with which it absorbs certain dyes. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z Of late Weismann has modified and greatly improved this portion of his theory. The Whence and the Whither of Man A Brief History of His Origin and Development through Conformity to Environment; Being the Morse Lectures of 1895 My dear Mr. Poulton,—I returned you the two first of Weismann's essays, with a few notes and corrections in pencil on that on "Duration of Life." Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 2 Dr. Solomon Weismann was next called to the stand, and corroborated the testimony of the last witness. The Missing Bride The researches of Dr. Weismann illustrate this progressive adaptation. Darwinism (1889) Each id of germplasm is supposed by Weismann to be composed of minor pieces, arranged in a complicated fashion that is the result of the past history of the species. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z The isolation and independence of the germ-cells, which Weismann postulates as opposing this, can hardly be as great as he thinks. The Whence and the Whither of Man A Brief History of His Origin and Development through Conformity to Environment; Being the Morse Lectures of 1895 Weismann's "Studies in the Theory of Descent" " 86 " Müller's "Difficult Cases of Mimicry" XXVII. Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 2 Dr. Solomon Weismann seemed dreadfully downhearted as he entered. The Missing Bride As pointed out in Chapter I, biologists have accepted Weismann's theory of a continuous germplasm, and that this germplasm, not the body, is the carrier of inheritance. Taboo and Genetics A Study of the Biological, Sociological and Psychological Foundation of the Family Determinates, the smallest parts of an organism which vary independently, and which are supposed by Weismann to be represented in the germplasm by special pieces, 23, 25. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z The book concludes with a brief notice of the modern theories of heredity and variation advanced by Nageli and Weismann. The Whence and the Whither of Man A Brief History of His Origin and Development through Conformity to Environment; Being the Morse Lectures of 1895 Or it might be held, on the basis of Weismann's doctrine, that the germ-plasm has been directly modified by the environment. Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 1 The Evolution of Modesty; The Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity; Auto-Erotism Weismann has emphasized this idea in his doctrine of "panmixia," or the withdrawal of selection, which always results in degeneration. Q. E. D., or New Light on the Doctrine of Creation Consider, for example, how Weismann set to work on that subject. Back to Methuselah This transfer of germplasm from the egg to the sexual cell occurs in orderly fashion, along prescribed series of cells which Weismann has called the germ-tracks. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z But Weismann's argument rests not merely upon any difficulty or impossibility of the transmissibility of acquired characteristics. The Whence and the Whither of Man A Brief History of His Origin and Development through Conformity to Environment; Being the Morse Lectures of 1895 That Professor Weismann recognizes the vital importance to his own theory of the question whether or no mutilations can be transmitted under any circumstances, is evident from a passage on p. The Humour of Homer and Other Essays It is to Weismann that we owe precise and definite conceptions, if not of the nature of heredity, at least of the details of the process. Hormones and Heredity And yet Weismann began to investigate the point by behaving like the butcher's wife in the old catch. Back to Methuselah In this matter Weismann has assumed a position which leads to peculiar consequences. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z In Nägeli's theory initial tendency is overwhelmingly dominant; in Weismann's, natural selection is almighty. The Whence and the Whither of Man A Brief History of His Origin and Development through Conformity to Environment; Being the Morse Lectures of 1895 On the other hand, the temptation to adopt Professor Weismann’s view must have been overwhelming to one who had been already inclined to minimize the effects of use and disuse. The Humour of Homer and Other Essays Weismann saw no possibility of changes induced by any sort of stimulation in the soma affecting the gametes in such a way as to be redeveloped in the soma of the next generation. Hormones and Heredity Weismann, Neo-Darwinist though he was, devoted a long passage in his History of Evolution to the Nature Philosophy of Lorenz Oken, published in 1809. Back to Methuselah Weismann's conception, therefore, implies that many of the lower multicellular organisms, having no somatic-cells, have no body. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z Furthermore, as Osborne has insisted, linear variations, or variations proceeding along certain single and well-marked lines, would seem inexplicable by, if not fatal to, Weismann's theory. The Whence and the Whither of Man A Brief History of His Origin and Development through Conformity to Environment; Being the Morse Lectures of 1895 Dr. Weismann and his followers say that these peculiarities are gained or inherited "from the common stock," but what that common stock is they do not explain. Five Lectures on Reincarnation In my opinion, those who, like Weismann, consider all taxonomic characters adaptive, are equally mistaken with Bateson and his followers, who regard all characters as mutational. Hormones and Heredity For Weismann's experiment upon the mice was a mere joke compared to the atrocities committed by other Darwinians in their attempts to prove that mutilations could not be transmitted. Back to Methuselah Driesch is right to regard these experiments as incompatible with Weismann's theory. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z Weismann's "Studies in the Theory of Descent" and subsequent papers. Beacon Lights of History, Volume 14 The New Era; A Supplementary Volume, by Recent Writers, as Set Forth in the Preface and Table of Contents Since 1884 the chief opponent has been August Weismann, who has rendered the greatest service in the development of Darwin's theory of selection. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 Now we know from the labors of Weismann that acquired characteristics are not inherited, but only congenital, or inborn characteristics. Sociology and Modern Social Problems And yet Weismann was not a born imbecile. Back to Methuselah Weismann decides boldly—but again without bringing forward proof—in favour of the former interpretation. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z On the one hand, Weismann has rejected the Lamarckian factors,--the effect of use and disuse upon organs, and the transmissibility of acquired characters. Beacon Lights of History, Volume 14 The New Era; A Supplementary Volume, by Recent Writers, as Set Forth in the Preface and Table of Contents His patriotic proclivity, his hostility to national costumes other than English, his preference for uncoloured complexions—this one may understand; but his aesthetic instinct is a problem for Weismann. Without Prejudice On the other hand, the temptation to adopt Professor Weismann’s view must have been overwhelming to one who had been already inclined to minimise the effects of use and disuse. Essays on Life, Art and Science A vital conception of Evolution would have taught Weismann that biological problems are not to be solved by assaults on mice. Back to Methuselah No one has doubted the fact, and Weismann himself recognises that division, among unicellular organisms, is always doubling. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z Professor Weismann on the effects of isolation in the development of species. The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication — Volume 1 I am, however, glad to find that Prof. Weismann has some faith in this principle. More Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 2 That Professor Weismann recognises the vital importance to his own theory of the question whether or no mutilations can be transmitted under any circumstances, is evident from a passage on p. Essays on Life, Art and Science Weismann then gravely drew the inference that acquired habits cannot be transmitted. Back to Methuselah In this Weismann finds the most convincing proof of the omnipotence of natural selection, and, I venture to add, for the omnipotence of his doctrine of determinants. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z An author is never a fit judge of his own work, and I should dislike extremely pointing out when and how Weismann's conclusions and work agreed with my own. More Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 1 This is the same Weismann who rendered so many important services to Russia, during the last war with the Turks. The Life and Adventures of Baron Trenck, Volume 1 Weismann's demand for facts in support of the main proposition revealed at once that none having real cogency could be produced. Darwin and Modern Science It was a mere piece of one-eyedness; and it was Darwin who put out Weismann's humane and sensible eye. Back to Methuselah It is true that Weismann holds his own explanation to be the only conceivable explanation. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z A study of the works of Darwin, Weismann, DeVries, etc., shows us indubitably that no authority asserts the inheritance of great alterations appearing for the first time in an individual. Criminal Psychology; a manual for judges, practitioners, and students Weismann says that the individual modification, by use in walking, is not inherited, but those young are favoured which have at birth a variation in the strength of the stem of the fin. The Story of Evolution Neither Nageli nor Weismann, neither De Vries nor Roux, has done this. Darwin and Modern Science If Weismann really thought that cats act thus without any consciousness or any purpose, immediate or ulterior, he must have known very little about cats. Back to Methuselah For the different individuals in the insect states may be explained in a third way—in a way overlooked by Weismann. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z Each determinant, according to Weismann, is composed of a number of ultimate living pieces, the biophores, which are the active agents that direct the functions of a mature cell, ix, 22. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z In the facts themselves there is nothing whatever to decide whether this evolution took place on the lines suggested by Weismann, or on the lines suggested by Lamarck and accepted by Darwin. The Story of Evolution The experiments of Dorfmeister, Weismann, Merrifield, Standfuss, and Fischer, on seasonal dimorphism and the aberration of colour in butterflies have so often been discussed in biological literature that a short reference to them will suffice. Darwin and Modern Science To fix this chronology, let me repeat the story told by Weismann of the July revolution in Paris in 1830, when the French got rid of Charles the Tenth. Back to Methuselah I am glad that the same answer has been made to Weismann's All-sufficiency of Natural Selection by two biologists, Herbert Spencer and Emery, simultaneously with mine. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z |
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