| 单词 | villein |
| 例句 | It wasn’t his fault — a villein only gets what the lord lets him keep, and our lord was tightfisted. Good Masters! Sweet Ladies!: Voices from a Medieval Village 2007-07-24T00:00:00Z When you think about the matter, it’s as good as any sermon, For the villeins feed the miller, and the miller feeds the vermin. Good Masters! Sweet Ladies!: Voices from a Medieval Village 2007-07-24T00:00:00Z If a villein inherited enough strips of land to support his family, or if he was lucky enough to serve an honest and generous lord, he might live in relative comfort. Good Masters! Sweet Ladies!: Voices from a Medieval Village 2007-07-24T00:00:00Z But the arms, shoulders and heads would be those of villeins, and the blows which rang, without removing many limbs, would be exchanged by the iron nobility. The Once and Future King 1958-01-01T00:00:00Z That being said, not all villeins were as unfortunate as Pask’s father. Good Masters! Sweet Ladies!: Voices from a Medieval Village 2007-07-24T00:00:00Z Even the villeins could go: their duty to God was more important than their ties to the lord of the manor. Good Masters! Sweet Ladies!: Voices from a Medieval Village 2007-07-24T00:00:00Z A villein who ran away and lived in town for a year and a day gained his freedom. Good Masters! Sweet Ladies!: Voices from a Medieval Village 2007-07-24T00:00:00Z A villein’s fate depended on the land he worked and the temperament of the lord he served. Good Masters! Sweet Ladies!: Voices from a Medieval Village 2007-07-24T00:00:00Z Only neither the villein nor the farm labourer starved, when the master was a man like Sir Ector. The Once and Future King 1958-01-01T00:00:00Z The Duke, on Busch’s authority, sent for several rustics and villeins, who brought a long bench and broke open the door. Medieval English Nunneries c. 1275 to 1535 2012-04-27T02:00:38.817Z At the latter date besides seventy-three villeins, bordars and serfs there were forty cervisarii, a species of unfree tenants who rendered their custom in the form of beer. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 3 "Helmont, Jean" to "Hernosand" 2012-04-14T02:00:23.707Z Not in free and common socage, but in this amphibious subordinate class of villein socage. Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 2012-03-24T02:00:23.513Z A villein who rendered menial service for his cottage; a cottier. Webster's Unabridged Dictionary (2nd 100 Pages) 2012-03-24T02:00:19.387Z In the times of the Carolingians the small and scattered towns and villages of western Europe, particularly of France, were inhabited mainly by serfs and villeins, i.e., by a dependent rather than an independent population. A Source Book of Medi?val History Documents Illustrative of European Life and Institutions from the German Invasions to the Renaissance 2012-03-23T02:00:40.930Z The farm was cultivated partly by the work of these hired servants, partly by the services owed by the villeins. Medieval English Nunneries c. 1275 to 1535 2012-04-27T02:00:38.817Z And there can be no doubt that it was used in the same sense for the possession of a villein.' Villainage in England Essays in English Mediaeval History 2012-02-15T03:00:35.553Z The villein was in a much happier state than the ceorl. Legal Lore Curiosities of Law and Lawyers 2012-01-17T03:00:20.443Z The pariahs laboured for the Brahmins, the helots for the Spartans, the slaves for the Romans, the villeins for their feudal lords. Froth 2011-12-28T03:00:38.123Z The class of free labourers had for the most part succeeded to the old class of villeins. Knowledge is Power: A View of the Productive Forces of Modern Society and the Results of Labor, Capital and Skill. 2011-12-24T03:08:00.833Z A body of the villeins had entrenched themselves at North Walsham. Curious Church Customs and Cognate Subjects 2011-12-02T03:00:21.090Z "At least I shall be paid in songs," answered the villein. Aucassin & Nicolette And Other Mediaeval Romances and Legends 2011-11-24T03:00:40.487Z “Villeinage is to hold part of the demesnes of any lord entrusted to hold at his will by villein services to improve for the advantage of the lord.” Legal Lore Curiosities of Law and Lawyers 2012-01-17T03:00:20.443Z The drenges were pure villeins—doubtless Saxons kept in a state of the vilest slavery, being granted by the lords of the manor, with a piece of land, like so many oxen. Bygone Cumberland and Westmorland 2011-11-01T02:00:23.027Z These slaves, or villeins, as is the case in Russia and Poland at the present day, differed in the degree of the oppression which was exercised towards them. Knowledge is Power: A View of the Productive Forces of Modern Society and the Results of Labor, Capital and Skill. 2011-12-24T03:08:00.833Z Are you not thirsty, my brother, with the thirst of a baron, of a victor, I will not say of a villein? Flemish Legends 2011-10-10T02:00:21.467Z "Tell me these secrets," said the villein, "and I will open my hand." Aucassin & Nicolette And Other Mediaeval Romances and Legends 2011-11-24T03:00:40.487Z But all this is largely comparative, and our estimate of the advantages enjoyed by the villein must depend upon whether we view it by the standards of the time, or by modern standards. Legal Lore Curiosities of Law and Lawyers 2012-01-17T03:00:20.443Z If ever thou dost, thou’lt find that there’s never a villein or thrall in England but would prefer himself as master to the kindest and best of lords that ever lived.” Cedric, the Forester 2011-08-17T02:00:29.077Z Some, called "villeins in gross," were at the absolute disposal of the lord—transferable from one owner to another, like a horse or a cow. Knowledge is Power: A View of the Productive Forces of Modern Society and the Results of Labor, Capital and Skill. 2011-12-24T03:08:00.833Z And the son of a villein was not to be ordained without his lord’s leave. The English Church in the Middle Ages 2011-08-01T02:00:14.773Z The villein opened his hand, and the bird flew to a place of surety. Aucassin & Nicolette And Other Mediaeval Romances and Legends 2011-11-24T03:00:40.487Z Now, as we have seen, copyholders in ancient times belonged to the class of villeins or bondsmen, and held, at the will of the lord, lands of which the lord himself was alone feudally possessed. Legal Lore Curiosities of Law and Lawyers 2012-01-17T03:00:20.443Z On the other hand, I do not believe that, in the more prosperous villein households at all events, the level of domestic comfort was so low as has sometimes been represented. Household Administration Its Place in the Higher Education of Women 2011-07-20T02:00:13.547Z The nobility complained that the villeins refused to perform their accustomed services; and that corn remained uncut upon the ground. Knowledge is Power: A View of the Productive Forces of Modern Society and the Results of Labor, Capital and Skill. 2011-12-24T03:08:00.833Z As primate of the English Church, he was the spiritual head of the nation, of English villeins as well as of Norman barons. The English Church in the Middle Ages 2011-08-01T02:00:14.773Z "You say well," said the villein, "but at least knew I the two other proverbs." Aucassin & Nicolette And Other Mediaeval Romances and Legends 2011-11-24T03:00:40.487Z In this way arose a manor, of which it will be seen the tenants formed two classes, the freeholders and the villeins. Legal Lore Curiosities of Law and Lawyers 2012-01-17T03:00:20.443Z The Boldon Book, unfortunately, since its aim is to define the relations between the villeins and their lord, does not tell us whether he superintended the bees belonging to his fellow tenants. Household Administration Its Place in the Higher Education of Women 2011-07-20T02:00:13.547Z But the villein frowned in anger: "That knew I already," quoth he. Tales from the Old French 2011-07-09T02:00:12.200Z From that book, we learn that over the greater part of England, villeins, cottars or bordars, and slaves made up the whole of the population of the country apart from the governing classes. Education in England in the Middle Ages Thesis Approved for the Degree of Doctor of Science in the University of London 2011-06-30T02:00:33.287Z But the villein grew impatient, and urged him to pay his ransom. Aucassin & Nicolette And Other Mediaeval Romances and Legends 2011-11-24T03:00:40.487Z The stocks and the whipping-post, which stood in front of every castle, were the commonest instruments in use for the punishment of the ceorl and villein who displeased their masters. Legal Lore Curiosities of Law and Lawyers 2012-01-17T03:00:20.443Z I see no reason to doubt that some at least of the villein households were provided with coarse coverings for bed and table. Household Administration Its Place in the Higher Education of Women 2011-07-20T02:00:13.547Z "Thereto I pledge you all my faith," the bird made answer; and forthright the villein let him go. Tales from the Old French 2011-07-09T02:00:12.200Z We have just referred to the custom that villeins were not allowed to send their children to school without the consent of their lords. Education in England in the Middle Ages Thesis Approved for the Degree of Doctor of Science in the University of London 2011-06-30T02:00:33.287Z The villein frowned with anger, and answered that he knew it well. Aucassin & Nicolette And Other Mediaeval Romances and Legends 2011-11-24T03:00:40.487Z And he further adds that “In manors of ancient demesne there were pure villeins of blood and of tenure, who might be ousted of their tenements at the will of their lord.” Legal Lore Curiosities of Law and Lawyers 2012-01-17T03:00:20.443Z A common custom for a villein was that his best beast go to his lord as heriot and his second best beast go to the parish priest as mortuary. Our Legal Heritage June 2011 (Sixth) Edition 2011-06-03T02:00:23.737Z Now it was the wont of the villein, who was master there, to come twice each day to hear this sweetness. Tales from the Old French 2011-07-09T02:00:12.200Z At Harrow in 1384, a villein was deprived of his horse for sending his son to school without license. Education in England in the Middle Ages Thesis Approved for the Degree of Doctor of Science in the University of London 2011-06-30T02:00:33.287Z When the villein heard this thing he beat upon his breast, he tore his raiment, and disfigured his face with his nails, crying out that he was wretched and undone. Aucassin & Nicolette And Other Mediaeval Romances and Legends 2011-11-24T03:00:40.487Z Now for each of these classes a separate court was held—for the freeholders a Court Baron; for the villeins another called a Customary Court. Legal Lore Curiosities of Law and Lawyers 2012-01-17T03:00:20.443Z The roturiers, or villeins who were not in a state of thraldom, were already a numerous class not only in the towns but in the country. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 8 "France" to "Francis Joseph I." 2011-05-27T02:00:16.463Z "Yet shall I have many a song of this capture," quoth the villein; "before, ye served according to your own will, but now shall ye serve after mine." Tales from the Old French 2011-07-09T02:00:12.200Z There was here also a goodly number of the humbler ranks; for, according to old Saxon law, not only freemen, but even villeins and churls had the right of representatives at the witanagemot, or council. The Last of the Vikings 2011-05-09T02:00:04.200Z The villein, who was lord of this domain, walked every day within his garden to hearken to the bird. Aucassin & Nicolette And Other Mediaeval Romances and Legends 2011-11-24T03:00:40.487Z The survey was made by commissioners, who collected the information in each district from a sworn jury consisting of sheriffs, lords of manors, presbyters, bailiffs, villeins—all the classes, in short, interested in the matter. The New Gresham Encyclopedia Volume 4, Part 1: Deposition to Eberswalde 2011-04-14T02:00:57.977Z And some declare that these men are of the noblest birth recorded, for they have ever been of the lineage of knights without admixture of villein blood. The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea Vol. II 2011-04-05T02:00:10.813Z Could you brand us as villeins and serfs, know ye not What fierce, sullen hatred lurks under the scar? Songs and Ballads of the Southern People 1861-1865 2011-03-06T03:00:22.800Z Down each side of the hall also there were side tables, where the housecarles and villeins fed. The Last of the Vikings 2011-05-09T02:00:04.200Z Then the villein came forth, and mounting quickly, joyously seized him in his hand. Aucassin & Nicolette And Other Mediaeval Romances and Legends 2011-11-24T03:00:40.487Z The extent, tenure, value, and proprietorship of the land in each district, the state of culture, and in some cases the number of tenants, villeins, serfs, &c., were the matters chiefly recorded. The New Gresham Encyclopedia Volume 4, Part 1: Deposition to Eberswalde 2011-04-14T02:00:57.977Z The time of the appearance of the Gypsies is coeval with the universal liberation and escape of the villeins. Cannibals all! or, Slaves without masters 2011-03-06T03:00:21.020Z The villeins, as hard hit as their masters, resented the tightening of old duties, which in some cases had already been commuted for small money rents during the prosperous years preceding the plague. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 5 English History 2011-02-12T03:00:32.473Z These garlic-bred swine have no more regard for the person of a prince than for a scurvy villein. The Last of the Vikings 2011-05-09T02:00:04.200Z You mock me," cried the villein, "and do wrong to the faith you plighted with me. Aucassin & Nicolette And Other Mediaeval Romances and Legends 2011-11-24T03:00:40.487Z The manorial accounts were kept with precision and detail, and we are told that a skilled official could estimate to the utmost farthing the value of the services due from the villein to his lord. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 10 "Echinoderma" to "Edward" 2011-01-19T03:00:19.027Z Contrast their situations with that of the old villeins, and see then whether our theory of British liberty and the British constitution be true, or that of Blackstone. Cannibals all! or, Slaves without masters 2011-03-06T03:00:21.020Z The landowners found thousands of the crofts on which their villeins had been wont to dwell vacant, and could not fill them with new tenants. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 5 English History 2011-02-12T03:00:32.473Z And then, into the bargain, every snarling villein elects to be king over his own starveling crew, and there would be a king for every rood of land in England. The Last of the Vikings 2011-05-09T02:00:04.200Z By my head," answered the villein, "I am a fairer scholar than you think. Aucassin & Nicolette And Other Mediaeval Romances and Legends 2011-11-24T03:00:40.487Z Game belongs to all—to the villein as to the nobleman. The Blacksmith's Hammer, or The Peasant Code A Tale of the Grand Monarch 2011-01-18T03:00:14.120Z They took toll for the shortest journeys, sold our own flour in common mills, from all men required villein service. Six Women and the Invasion 2011-01-18T03:00:13.193Z The villein must sue in his lord’s manorial courts, but he is also subject to the royal courts of hundred and shire. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 5 English History 2011-02-12T03:00:32.473Z But if thou and thy vassals return, and accept these terms, ye shall be entitled to my protection as my vassals and villeins. The Last of the Vikings 2011-05-09T02:00:04.200Z Sire, the villein demands twenty sous for his ox. Aucassin & Nicolette And Other Mediaeval Romances and Legends 2011-11-24T03:00:40.487Z The inheritance of property, also, was secured by law to the villeins. Pictures of German Life in the XVIIIth and XIXth Centuries, Vol. I. Not all these privileges were enjoyed by all boroughs; some very meagre releases of seignorial rights accompanied the lord’s charter which created a borough and made burgesses out of villeins. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 3 "Borgia, Lucrezia" to "Bradford, John" If a villein purchased or inherited land, the lord might seize it; if he accumulated stock, its possession was equally precarious. View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 It was “an economic unit,” the estate of a lord on which there were associated the lord with his demesne, tenants free of service, and villeins and others, tenants by service. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 8 "Chariot" to "Chatelaine" A knight is free to kill a defenceless villein, but to cross steel with one is to disgrace himself. The Iron Pincers or Mylio and Karvel A Tale of the Albigensian Crusades On the other hand, the right of the landed proprietor over the inheritance of villeins existed to the greatest extent. Pictures of German Life in the XVIIIth and XIXth Centuries, Vol. I. Among these servants were also villeins, the descendants of the peasants who had acknowledged no master but the king and a little earlier not even a king. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State Hence Sir E. Coke argues that villeins are included in the 29th article of Magna Charta: "No freeman shall be disseised nor imprisoned." View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 Hence the lord, through the manor-court, required an indemnity or fine if a child, for instance, left the manor; and similarly, if a villein died, his widow might have to remarry or pay a fine. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 8 "Chariot" to "Chatelaine" One of the noblemen in the audience draws his sword, and passing it over to the Seigneur of Bercy, says: "Avenge the affront, kill the villein as you would a dog!" The Iron Pincers or Mylio and Karvel A Tale of the Albigensian Crusades Generally, even in the eighteenth century, freemen with little or no land of their own, preferred being received as villeins on some great landed property. Pictures of German Life in the XVIIIth and XIXth Centuries, Vol. I. The cultivation of the soil and all kind of manual labor were carried on by the vassals, or villeins, who formed the mass of the people. Some Specimens of the Poetry of the Ancient Welsh Bards The law incapacitating a villein from acquiring property, placed, one would imagine, an insurmountable barrier in the way of his enfranchisement. View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 England, the mode of enfranchising villeins is said to have been thus prescribed by a law of William the Conqueror. Dissertation on Slavery With a Proposal for the Gradual Abolition of it, in the State of Virginia The serfs, the villeins and the town plebs were almost alone the victims of the scourge. The Infant's Skull Or The End of the World. A Tale of the Millennium And in fact the free peasants were scarcely less burdened with new service than those who had been the villeins of the old time. Pictures of German Life in the XVIIIth and XIXth Centuries, Vol. I. The Knight could no more ride abroad in his panoply of steel, feared and unopposed by a rabble of villeins and serfs. Some Specimens of the Poetry of the Ancient Welsh Bards By such means a large proportion of the peasantry before the middle of the fourteenth century had become hired labourers instead of villeins. View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 England, the presenting the villein with free arms, seems to have been the symbol of his restoration to all the rights which a feudatory was entitled to. Dissertation on Slavery With a Proposal for the Gradual Abolition of it, in the State of Virginia The population consisted of eight families, or, as the return puts it, five bordars and three villeins. The Annals of Willenhall The second burden on the villeins was the tax on change of property by death or transfer; the heriot and fine on alienation. Pictures of German Life in the XVIIIth and XIXth Centuries, Vol. I. Of course, we have out-islanders, who may be villeins; but we give them the benefit of the doubt, which is impossible with Helen of Vailima; our blot, our pitted speck. The Works of Robert Louis Stevenson - Swanston Edition Vol. 25 (of 25) Britton, however, a little after Bracton, says that in an action the villein is answerable to all men, and all men to him. p. View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 To make men serfs and villeins it is indispensably necessary to make them brutes.... Shelley, Godwin and Their Circle A villein, or serf, was to all intents and purposes a slave, at the absolute disposal of the lord, except that he could not be detached from the soil on which he was born. The Annals of Willenhall When the great proprietors drew their ponds and could not sell the fish, the villeins were obliged to take them, in proportion to their means, at a fixed rate. Pictures of German Life in the XVIIIth and XIXth Centuries, Vol. I. Gentry and simple, lord and villein, were indeed combined in exploitation of earth's resources, but coöperation was in the background, mastery in the fore. The Ethics of Coöperation In Gissing manor, 39 E. III., the jury present, that W. G., a villein by blood, was a rebel and ungrateful toward his lord, for which all his tenements were seized. View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 Over the villeins presided the Bailiff, who kept strict watch to see that they performed their work punctually. Browning's England A Study in English Influences in Browning While the bordar, or cottager, was resident in the manor more or less on sufferance, the villein was there of right, and was in that sense the superior of the bordar. The Annals of Willenhall He was also in the habit of using the stick to the villeins when they were at work. Pictures of German Life in the XVIIIth and XIXth Centuries, Vol. I. Free craftsmen in the towns found mutual support in gilds, when as yet the farm laborer or villein had to get on as best he could unaided. The Ethics of Coöperation How could a villein in gross be lower than this? View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 Crowds of villeins or peasants were no match for disciplined fighting men. The Saracen: The Holy War The entire population of the county was purely agrarian, the villeins and boors altogether numbering about 2,800; or on an average of one labourer to each 167 acres of land registered in Domesday Book. The Annals of Willenhall The number of cattle that villeins were permitted to keep was frequently prescribed to them according to the extent of their holdings. Pictures of German Life in the XVIIIth and XIXth Centuries, Vol. I. Question, 'Does the villein pass to the grantee as a villein in gross, or as a villein appendant to that acre?' Notes and Queries, Number 82, May 24, 1851 A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc Even where they were sold along with land, unless it were a manor, they would, as has been observed before, have been villeins in gross. View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 The landlords in many places now declared the bargain to have been unfair, and compelled the villeins to render once more the old bodily service. A Student's History of England, v. 1 (of 3) From the earliest times to the Death of King Edward VII The whole body of villeins and serfs were under absolute dominion of the Feudal Lords. History of Woman Suffrage, Volume I Undoubtedly there was already in the sixteenth century, in the provincial ordinances, a humane provision, which prohibited the nobles from striking their villeins; but in the two following centuries this prohibition was little attended to. Pictures of German Life in the XVIIIth and XIXth Centuries, Vol. I. In deciding upon a motion made in arrest of judgment, Holt, C.J., said,—"As soon as a negro comes into England he is free: one may be a villein in England, but not a slave." Notes and Queries, Number 82, May 24, 1851 A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc Manumissions were often, no doubt, gratuitous; in some cases the villein seems to have purchased his freedom. View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 The court-rolls which testified to the villeins' services were burnt, and lawyers and all others connected with the courts were put to death without mercy. A Student's History of England, v. 1 (of 3) From the earliest times to the Death of King Edward VII We need not describe how the rising tide of change gradually broke up the system in this country and left the old-time villein a free but often a landless and property less man. Progress and History It was under Frederick the Great that the inheritance and rights of property of villeins were first secured to them in most of the provinces of the kingdom of Prussia. Pictures of German Life in the XVIIIth and XIXth Centuries, Vol. I. In England a spirit of discontent agitated the whole body of the villeins, who remained in almost the same situation in which we left them at the Norman Conquest. The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 07 But this income was comparatively free from taxation, and its expenditure lightened by the services of his villeins. View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 Great noblemen, whose right to the services of their villeins had been denied, now made common cause with the great churchmen. A Student's History of England, v. 1 (of 3) From the earliest times to the Death of King Edward VII Yeoman is from eō, pronounced yo, i. e. free, worthy, respectable, as opposed to the terms villein, serf, &c.; so that yeoman means a freeman, a respectable person. Notes and Queries, Number 210, November 5, 1853 A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc. The children also of villeins were subject to compulsory service. Pictures of German Life in the XVIIIth and XIXth Centuries, Vol. I. The villeins, by their union and perseverance, contrived to intimidate their lords, and set at defiance the severity of the law. The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 07 After the tremendous insurrection of the villeins in 1382 a parliament was convened to advise about repealing the charters of general manumission, extorted from the king by the pressure of circumstances. View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 No baron, indeed, takes part in the pilgrimage, and the villein class is represented by the reeve, who was himself a person in authority, the mere cultivator of the soil being excluded. A Student's History of England, v. 1 (of 3) From the earliest times to the Death of King Edward VII The monasteries were the first to give personal freedom to the villeins, and the first to commute for money payments the vexatious services which worried the best men and maddened the worst. The Quarterly Review, Volume 162, No. 324, April, 1886 If the child of a villein entered into a trade or any other occupation, a sum had to be paid to the authorities for a letter of permission. Pictures of German Life in the XVIIIth and XIXth Centuries, Vol. I. At the head of forty thousand horse he published proclamations, revoking the charters of manumission which he had granted, commanding the villeins to perform their usual services, and prohibiting illegal assemblies and associations. The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 07 No man was a villein in the eye of law, unless his master claimed him: to all others he was a freeman, and might acquire, dispose of, or sue for property without impediment. View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 The villein gave his strength to plough and reap for his lord, in return for the land which he held from him. A Student's History of England, v. 1 (of 3) From the earliest times to the Death of King Edward VII "Faithfully he strove," says his monastic eulogist, "with the villeins of Bury for the rights of his house." Stray Studies from England and Italy The price which the villein had to give for the emancipation of himself and his family varied extremely, according to the period and the district. Pictures of German Life in the XVIIIth and XIXth Centuries, Vol. I. It is said that the term was applied by the lords of the manor to their villeins or serfs, in derision of their awkwardness and patient endurance of their lot. The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 07 But there was a class of persons, sometimes inaccurately confounded with villeins, whom it is more important to separate. View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 In later days they made use of a class of men known as bondmen or villeins. A Student's History of England, v. 1 (of 3) From the earliest times to the Death of King Edward VII The monasteries owned the land, and the rentals paid by the fiefs and villeins went into the church treasuries. Little Journeys to the Homes of the Great - Volume 11 Little Journeys to the Homes of Great Businessmen But this was an unusually favourable rate for the villein. Pictures of German Life in the XVIIIth and XIXth Centuries, Vol. I. Or the alleged villein might himself sue out a writ of libertate probanda: and until trial of the case the lord could not seize the alleged villein. The Journal of Negro History, Volume 5, 1920 As all men were free or villeins, so all lands were held by a free or villein tenure. View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 In point of fact, it was the feudal system of the Old World transported to the New; with the exception that the manorial lords were monks, and the villeins savage men. The Death Shot A Story Retold He sat in the guest-chamber, with the Prior and his Buckinghamshire bailiff, to whom he was issuing instructions with respect to some cottages to be built for the villeins on one of his estates. A Forgotten Hero Not for Him Liber homo: frank home; a capital thing for him—but how about the villeins? A Budget of Paradoxes, Volume I Note that the Negroes are "Hereditaments and Real estate," as were the villeins—a rule wholly different from that of the French law. The Journal of Negro History, Volume 5, 1920 As a villein might be enfeoffed of freeholds, though they lay at the mercy of his lord, so a freeman might hold tenements in villenage. View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 His right to the land, in fact, was not freehold, but tenure by villein socage. The Philippine Islands We no longer talk of villeins and carles; both have become sadly perverted in their meaning, although the dictionary still allows the latter to mean 'a strong man.' The Book-Hunter at Home The class of villeins had disappeared, and the law regarding them was abolished in the reign of Charles II. Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, No. 448 Volume 18, New Series, July 31, 1852 They are regarded as impure and were the serfs or villeins of the Kunbis, attached to the land. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India—Volume I (of IV) While some of the more fortunate villeins crept up into property as well as freedom under the name of copyholders, the greater part enfranchised themselves in a different manner. View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 The so-called Reformation of Kaiser Sigismund dealt especially with the peasantry—the serfs and villeins of the time; that attributed to Friedrich was mainly concerned with the rising population of the towns. German Culture Past and Present Fines are in all cases to be proportionate to the magnitude of the offense, and even the villein or rustic is not to be deprived of his necessary chattels. The Handy Cyclopedia of Things Worth Knowing A Manual of Ready Reference A powerful aristocracy was constituted, which owned estates and had them cultivated by serfs or villeins. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Part 3 "Brescia" to "Bulgaria" The last article declared that neither serfs nor the sons of villeins were to be ordained without the consent of the lord on whose land they were born. The Rise of the Democracy In one case, indeed, that of unmolested residence for a year and a day within a walled city or borough, the villein became free, and the lord was absolutely barred of his remedy. View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 In 1491 the oppressed and plundered villeins of Kempten revolted, but the movement was quelled by the Emperor himself after a compromise. German Culture Past and Present In England these tenants were chiefly of three kinds—the villeins, the cottiers, the serfs. Mediaeval Socialism The kings, to encourage the boroughs, granted them this privilege, that any villein who had lived a twelvemonth in any corporation, and had been of the guild, should be thenceforth regarded as free. The History of England in Three Volumes, Vol.I., Part B. From Henry III. to Richard III. Good people, things will never go well in England, so long as goods be not kept in common, and so long as there be villeins and gentlemen. The Rise of the Democracy Indeed the statute de donis must have operated very injuriously to prevent the enfranchisement of villeins regardant, who were entailed along with the land. View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 Luther's jackal, the "gentle" Melanchthon, specially signalized himself by urging on the feudal barons with Scriptural arguments to the blood-sucking and oppression of their villeins. German Culture Past and Present The villeins themselves sought to procure enfranchisement, and the right to hire themselves out to their lords, or to any master they might choose. Mediaeval Socialism Yet in the Middle Ages a villain, or "villein," was merely a serf or labourer bound to work on the land of a particular lord. Stories That Words Tell Us First there was the lord; secondly, his free tenants; and thirdly, the villeins or serfs. The Customs of Old England In strictness of law, a fine from the villein for the sake of enfranchisement was nugatory, since all he could possess was already at his lord's disposal. View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 After Jan's birth Bockel married the woman and bought her her freedom from the villein status that was hers by heredity. German Culture Past and Present But for the most part the villein took the law into his own hands, left his manor, and openly sold his labour to the highest bidder. Mediaeval Socialism Another word in which the "villeins" and "knaves" and "churls" seem to have their revenge on the "upper classes" is surly. Stories That Words Tell Us The villein had no capital, and was simply an instrument, like the cattle of which he had charge, in the working of the estate. The Customs of Old England This was consonant to the customs of some other countries, some of which went further, and treated such a person for ever as a villein. View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 Just so, the serf or villein of the Middle Ages enjoyed certain customary rights which attached him to the soil and assured him at the least—save in case of famine—of daily bread. Socialism and Modern Science (Darwin, Spencer, Marx) The lord on whose manor the tenant had heretofore dwelt had preferential claim to his labour, and could threaten with imprisonment every refractory villein. Mediaeval Socialism Scholastic quibblings upon words; reiterated commonplaces about spring; the brutal contempt for villeins; the frequent employment of hymn-rhythms and preoccupation with liturgical phrases—these show that the Wandering Scholars were creatures of their age. Wine, Women, and Song Mediaeval Latin Students' songs; Now first translated into English verse Predial services, on the other hand, might be rendered as well by free tenants as by villeins. The Customs of Old England And Sir Robert Cotton maintains without hesitation that villeins are not within the 29th section of Magna Charta, "being excluded by the word liber." View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 One can imagine the bold bad baron who set up a gallows to overawe his villeins comforting objectors with the remark that after all it was merely a framework—quite useless without a rope. Punch, or the London Charivari, Vol. 159, 1920-11-03 From 1351 the masters' preferential claim to the villeins of their own manor disappears, or is greatly limited. Mediaeval Socialism The lowest class of tenants were the common agricultural laborers called villeins,—a name derived from the Latin villa, meaning a country house or farm. The Leading Facts of English History From vills we may naturally turn to those who in ancient days—the word has another meaning now—were named after them villeins. The Customs of Old England Blackstone expresses himself inaccurately when he says the villein in gross was annexed to the person of the lord, and transferable by deed from one owner to another. View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 Castles were built of huge strength, and served as nests of plunderers, who preyed on travellers and made war on each other, grievously tormenting one another's "villeins"—as the peasants were termed. History of France He strove to fly, but he was betrayed by his own servants, judged in rude mockery of the law by villein and bondsman, condemned and killed. History of the English People, Volume II The Charter, 1216-1307; The Parliament, 1307-1400 These villeins, or serfs, held small pieces of land on condition of performing labor for it. The Leading Facts of English History Bishops and nobles claimed and secured at Runnymede the rights not of baron and churchman only but those of freeholder and merchant, of townsman and villein. History of the English People, Volume I Early England, 449-1071; Foreign Kings, 1071-1204; The Charter, 1204-1216 By this means indeed a villein regardant would become a villein in gross, but all villeins were alike liable to be sold by their owners. View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 It was injudicious to press for the strict performance of villein services, lest the villein should turn recalcitrant and leave his holding. The History of England From the Accession of Henry III. to the Death of Edward III. (1216-1377) The demands of the Parliament that education should be denied to the sons of villeins was refused. History of the English People, Volume II The Charter, 1216-1307; The Parliament, 1307-1400 On the above plan the fields of tenants—both those of villeins and of "sokemen," or tenants who paid a fixed rent in money or service—are marked by the letters A, B, C, etc. The Leading Facts of English History Around it lay the lord's demesne or home-farm, and the cultivation of this rested wholly with the "villeins" of the manor. History of the English People, Volume I Early England, 449-1071; Foreign Kings, 1071-1204; The Charter, 1204-1216 A passage in another local history rather seems to indicate that some kind of delinquency was usually alleged, and some ceremony employed, before the lord entered on the villein's land. View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 The lord preferred to commute his villein's service into a small payment. The History of England From the Accession of Henry III. to the Death of Edward III. (1216-1377) In the country the free labourers found allies in the villeins whose freedom from manorial service was questioned. History of the English People, Volume II The Charter, 1216-1307; The Parliament, 1307-1400 In time the villeins generally obtained the privilege of paying a fixed money rent, in place of labor, and their condition gradually improved. The Leading Facts of English History The "villein," in the strict sense of the word, was bound only to gather in his lord's harvest and to aid in the ploughing and sowing of autumn and Lent. History of the English People, Volume I Early England, 449-1071; Foreign Kings, 1071-1204; The Charter, 1204-1216 It is not only evident that small freeholders were always numerous, but we are, perhaps, greatly deceived in fancying that the occupiers of villein tenements were usually villeins. View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 The praepositus or reeve, an office obligatory on every holder of a certain small quantity of land; a sort of foreman nominated from among the villeins, and to a certain extent representing their interests. A Short History of English Agriculture The Constable of Hertford, an old foe of the townsmen, boasted that spite of bolts and bars he would enter the place and carry off four of the best villeins captive. History of the English People, Volume II The Charter, 1216-1307; The Parliament, 1307-1400 No amercement to touch the necessary means of subsistence of a free man, the merchandise of a merchant, or the agricultural tools of a villein; earls and barons to be amerced by their equals. 23-34. The Leading Facts of English History But these services and the time of rendering them were strictly limited by custom, not only in the case of the ceorl or villein but in that of the originally meaner "landless man." History of the English People, Volume I Early England, 449-1071; Foreign Kings, 1071-1204; The Charter, 1204-1216 This identity of condition between the villein regardant and in gross appears to have been, even lately, called in question, and some adhere to the theory which supposes an inferiority in the latter. View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 The position of the villein under the feudal system is most complicated. A Short History of English Agriculture Good people," cried the preacher, "things will never be well in England so long as goods be not in common, and so long as there be villeins and gentlemen. History of the English People, Volume II The Charter, 1216-1307; The Parliament, 1307-1400 This latter class, under the Norman name of villeins, became numerous after the Norman Conquest in the eleventh century. The Leading Facts of English History Slaves in the Carolinas and Virginias answered to the vassals and villeins of England. History of the Negro Race in America From 1619 to 1880. Vol 1 Negroes as Slaves, as Soldiers, and as Citizens The villein regardant might be severed from the manor, with or without land, and would then become a villein in gross. View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 But if the position of the lords was severely affected by the great pestilence that of the villeins was also. A Short History of English Agriculture Manumissions and exemptions which had passed without question were cancelled on grounds of informality, and labour services from which they held themselves freed by redemption were again demanded from the villeins. History of the English People, Volume II The Charter, 1216-1307; The Parliament, 1307-1400 He states that after the Irish manner, he made all the tenants of his land villeins. The Land-War In Ireland (1870) A History For The Times They traced their claims from the most ancient feudal times, when the lord was as much bound to maintain his villein in gross, as the villein was to work for the lord. International Miscellany of Literature, Art and Science, Vol. 1, No. 3, Oct. 1, 1850 The servitude of all villeins was so complete that we cannot conceive degrees in it. View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 No one but the lord was allowed to keep them, and they were one of the chief grievances of the villeins, who saw their seed devoured by these pests without redress. A Short History of English Agriculture "Faithfully he strove," says the monastic chronicler, "with the villeins of Bury for the rights of his house." History of the English People, Volume II The Charter, 1216-1307; The Parliament, 1307-1400 He gave an Irishman 'a groat' to bring him into the way, yet he led him, like a villein, directly out of the way, and so left him in the lurch. The Land-War In Ireland (1870) A History For The Times They made slaves of the Saxons themselves whom they decreed villeins and bondsmen. Thrift I have, however, been informed that in valuations under escheats in the old records a separate value is never put upon villeins; their alienation without the land was apparently not contemplated. View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 The economic position of the villeins, the administration of the demesne, and the whole organization of the manor were revolutionized. A Short History of English Agriculture The landlords were claiming new services, or forcing men who looked on themselves as free to prove they were no villeins by law. History of the English People, Volume II The Charter, 1216-1307; The Parliament, 1307-1400 The whole point about the villein was that he was a tenant at least as permanent as a peasant. The New Jerusalem What more would you do, had he given her to a villein, to a caitiff, to a slave? The Decameron, Volume II It was one of the Combwich villeins -- a fisher of the name of Elgar. A Thane of Wessex The villein was bound to the lord, and no lord would willingly surrender his services. A Short History of English Agriculture The poorer villeins and the free labourers had long since banded together in secret conspiracies which the wealthier villeins supported with money. History of the English People, Volume II The Charter, 1216-1307; The Parliament, 1307-1400 One point must still be noticed which distinguishes England from other European countries; that the law recognises no distinction of class among freemen who stand between the peers and villeins. The World's Greatest Books — Volume 11 — Ancient and Mediæval History All Christian people, Jews, Saracens, emperors, princes, kings, dukes, counts, viscounts, vavassors and all other nobles with clergy, citizens and villeins, small and great, daily give their minds to composing and singing.... The Troubadours Villenage, in feudal times the condition of a "villein," one of the lowest class in a state of menial servitude. The Nuttall Encyclopædia Being a Concise and Comprehensive Dictionary of General Knowledge We cannot wonder that the poor villeins were profoundly discontented. A Short History of English Agriculture The new colleges which were being founded at the Universities at this moment closed their gates upon villeins. History of the English People, Volume II The Charter, 1216-1307; The Parliament, 1307-1400 It was not impossible for villeins to purchase freedom. The World's Greatest Books — Volume 11 — Ancient and Mediæval History That method of ennobling a man by land got to be a way, at that time the only way, by which a churl or a villein could become a nobleman or even be emancipated. Popular Law-making “A mere English villein, little better than a valet of the camp!” were the exclamations around. More Bywords There was, too, a new spirit abroad in this century of disorganization and reform, which stirred even the villeins with a desire for better conditions of life. A Short History of English Agriculture Ever since the accession of Edward the Third the townsmen and the villeins of their lands around had been at war with the abbot and his monks. History of the English People, Volume II The Charter, 1216-1307; The Parliament, 1307-1400 Below the gentle class were freemen, and the remainder of the population were serfs or villeins. The World's Greatest Books — Volume 11 — Ancient and Mediæval History And money could yet be only got from the barons, the nobility, or at least the landed gentry, because the people, the agricultural laborers or serfs, villeins, owned no land. Popular Law-making The poet reckons "twenty thousand horsemen armed at all points, and more than two hundred thousand villeins and peasants, not to speak of burghers and clergy." A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 2 Fitzherbert probably referred more to villein status, which continued longer than villein tenure. A Short History of English Agriculture The dearth of commerce whether in goods or in men led gradually to the conversion of the unfree laborers from slaves into serfs or villeins attached for generations to the lands on which they wrought. American Negro Slavery A Survey of the Supply, Employment and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the Plantation Regime The process by which the villein became a hired labourer is obscure and an attempt was made to check it by the Statute of Labourers at the time of the Black Death. The World's Greatest Books — Volume 11 — Ancient and Mediæval History All England was used to sumptuary laws, laws regulating the price of commodities, and villeins still existed. Popular Law-making The villein took the cruel blow without wince or cry, as one to whom stripes are a birthright and an inheritance. The White Company It seems very curious to the modern mind that the villein, a man who farmed about 100 acres of land, should have been in such a servile condition. A Short History of English Agriculture And Scipio's son, the thunderbolt of war, Horror of Carthage, gave his bones to earth, Like to the lowliest villein in the house. On the Nature of Things In that singular structure, the feudal system, which rose like a pyramid from the villeins, or slaves attached to the soil, to the monarch who crowned the edifice, the, Jews alone found no proper place. The World's Greatest Books — Volume 11 — Ancient and Mediæval History Peasanthood was the condition of the agricultural laborer; it was skilled labor that made him free—neither peasant, peon, nor villein. Popular Law-making The talk of laborer, woodman and villein in the inn had all pointed to the wide-spread mutiny, and now his brother's name was spoken as though he were the very centre of the universal discontent. The White Company The holding of the villein did not admit of partition by sale or descent, it remained undivided and entire. A Short History of English Agriculture Why, if thou cause thy folk to crop some villein's ears, So, evil falls, and a fool foretells the truth. The Poems of Sidney Lanier Of course, we have out-islanders, who MAY be villeins; but we give them the benefit of the doubt, which is impossible with Helen of Vailima; our blot, our pitted speck. Vailima Letters I say Christianity, not ecclesiasticism; for the priests and bishops were themselves large proprietors, and as such often persecuted the villeins. What is Property? "Nay," said I, "there shall be no villeins in England." A Dream of John Ball; and, a king's lesson The custom of stocking the tenants' land was a very ancient one: the lord had always found the oxen for the plough teams of the villeins. A Short History of English Agriculture A portion of the manor, generally about a third, constituted the lord's demesne, which, though sometimes separate, usually consisted of strips intermingled with those of his villeins. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 Said Bull: "How much worse do we than the chapmen by his debtor, and the lord of the manor by his villein?" The Well at the World's End: a tale And Felden, a stranger, with three villeins and one very great cart, deposits on it one engine of iron and brass and a small iron mill of four feet, and a broad strap of leather. Traffics and Discoveries The same privileges were extended to the cities, but the serfs or villeins had no part in them; the nobility of England had not yet learnt to consider them worthy of regard. Cameos from English History, from Rollo to Edward II Owing to the dearth of labourers for hire, and the loss of many of the services of their villeins, the lords found it very hard to farm their demesne lands. A Short History of English Agriculture Below the villeins in the social scale came the cottiers possessing smaller holdings, sometimes only a garden, and no oxen. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 It is as I have told thee, that here be no freemen who work afield, nay, nor villeins either. The Well at the World's End: a tale And Mangles, the builder, with two villeins, constructs the floor for the same, and a floor of new brick with wires for the small mill. Traffics and Discoveries The power still flourishes, only it is the villein who takes tithe of his lord. Charlotte's Inheritance There, in the period 1272-1307, there were many free tenants as well as villeins, and the holdings of the latter were small, usually only 5 acres. A Short History of English Agriculture It thus formed part of the common farm and was cultivated by the villeins and their oxen under the superintendence of a bailiff. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 Next to the villeins were the bordarii, who lived in bords or cottages, i.e. boarded or wooden huts, and ranked as a lower grade of villeins. English Villages Here Reinbert has one villein and four cottars with one plough—and wood for six hogs and two fisheries of sixpence and a mill of ten shillings—unum molinum—one mill. Traffics and Discoveries Do I then show love to the Saints and give God honour, Lord Abbot, by helping you swing your villeins? The Forest Lovers The rest of the tenants were villeins or cottagers, thirteen of the former and eight of the latter. A Short History of English Agriculture This change led to the gradual disappearance of tenants in villeinage—the villeins and cottiers—and the rise on the one hand of the small independent farmer, on the other of the hired labourer. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 These villein tenants were in two classes, the geburs, or villeins proper, who held the yardlands, and the cottiers, who had smaller holdings. English Villages The landed nobility though, unused to providing education for their villein tenants and serfs, were averse to supplying the deficiency by any form of general taxation. The History of Education; educational practice and progress considered as a phase of the development and spread of western civilization It was exactly this which she was not very ready to give, for though she knew nothing of his villeins, she knew much of the Abbot, and was of many minds concerning him. The Forest Lovers In the thirteenth century the labour services of the villeins were stricter than in the eleventh. A Short History of English Agriculture Besides, lad, your English villein differs from your French serf. A March on London There are six villeins, four borderers with three ploughs. English Villages In time it became common, as it did in our Southern States before the Civil War, for nobles in dying to set free a certain number of their serfs and villeins. The History of Education; educational practice and progress considered as a phase of the development and spread of western civilization A ditch-full of witches could not bring such tokens to a villein. The Forest Lovers On this manor, as on others, some of the villeins, in spite of the many disadvantages under which they lay, managed to accumulate some little wealth. A Short History of English Agriculture At present the condition of the common people, who are but villeins and serfs, is well-nigh unbearable. A March on London The villeins were men who tilled their lord’s land, and in return for certain services had holdings under him. English Villages In Anglo-Saxon times every two villeins were required to maintain one of these dogs for the purpose of reducing the number of wolves and other wild animals. Dogs and All about Them As a security against rebellion, a new oath of fealty was required from every man, whether earl or villein, fugitives and outlaws were to be more sharply sought after, and felons punished with harsher cruelty. Henry the Second He hearkened to the cries and the tidings, the plaints and the burdens, raised by those villeins whose granges and bields were pillaged for the sustenance of his foes. Arthurian Chronicles: Roman de Brut The freemen, tenants, villeins, slaves, are laboring and deriving sustenance from arable land, meadow, common pasture, wood, and water. The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 05 (From Charlemagne to Frederick Barbarossa) Sometimes they tell us of the old common lands which used to be farmed by the villeins and borderers, and of the strange way in which they used to manage their farming. English Villages "Thieves, rogues and murderers, branded felons, runaway serfs and villeins—" "'Tis well," said Beltane, "so shall they be my comrades henceforth." Beltane the Smith The serfs, or villeins, were the laborers who cultivated the ground. General History for Colleges and High Schools The villeins lurked in the woods from his wrath. Arthurian Chronicles: Roman de Brut Nay, even within our frontiers may be found Some that owe villein service to a lord, A race of bonded serfs from sire to son. Wilhelm Tell The position of the villeins and cottiers has changed considerably since the days of William the Norman. English Villages Tresilian worked so well that he is said to have strung up a dozen villeins to a single beam in Chelmsford because he had no time to have them executed regularly. The Emancipation of Massachusetts Besides these were the villeins or villani, or natives, as they were called. The Coming of the Friars The comparatively simple organization of feudal society broke down under the stress of these changes; a middle class, consisting of neither lords nor villeins, was needed to cope with industry and commerce. The History of England - a Study in Political Evolution It was therefore paid only by villeins, for the nobles served in person, and the clergy by substitute, if at all. The Eve of the French Revolution The inhabitants were actually little better than villeins or serfs, and were entirely at the mercy of their feudal lord. The Corporation of London, Its Rights and Privileges To the people, the villeins, the common rank and file, does no interest attach? Pagan Papers Let a villein be ever so shrewd or enterprising or thrifty, there was no hope for him to change his state, except by the special grace of the lord of the manor. The Coming of the Friars The appearance of emancipated villeins side by side with earls and prelates in the great council of the realm is the most significant fact of thirteenth-century English history. The History of England - a Study in Political Evolution It was sometimes said that the noble paid with his blood, the villein with his money. The Eve of the French Revolution Should these peasants—these villeins—be bold, and see the descendant of the 'bravest of knights,' the daughter of the house of Ribaumont, afraid? The Chaplet of Pearls She left to the lord his rights over the villeins, on condition that he would molest the city no more and would become co-burgher. Mutual Aid; a factor of evolution His father, however, was still a villein, liable to all the villein services, and belonging to the manor and the lord, he and all his offspring. The Coming of the Friars Decay of manorial system: emancipation of villeins: growth of industry and towns. 1377-1399. The History of England - a Study in Political Evolution If a villein who had fled from his lord remained a year and a day unclaimed upon the King’s demesne lands, or in any privileged town, he became free. Sir Thomas More, or, Colloquies on the Progress and Prospects of Society "It is Blind Hal's child, Sir Robert!" exclaimed a serving-brother in black, coming eagerly forward; "the villeins on the green told me the poor knave was distraught at having lost his child in the throng!" The Prince and the Page; a story of the last crusade The Anguissola were his family, and their honour was his honour, since as a villein he had no honour of his own. The Strolling Saint; being the confessions of the high and mighty Agostino D'Anguissola, tyrant of Mondolfo and Lord of Carmina in the state of Piacenza Of course these burdens pressed very heavily at times, and the services of the villeins were vexatious and irritating under a hard and unscrupulous lord. The Coming of the Friars Thus, besides the feudal lords and the class of villeins, there was formed everywhere a third class, that of arts and trades. Irish Race in the Past and the Present The courts decided that a tenant having a lease could not be a villein during its term, for if his labour were at the command of another how could he undertake to pay rent? Sir Thomas More, or, Colloquies on the Progress and Prospects of Society Men died, and women and children, the baron of the castle, the franklin on the farm, the monk in the abbey and the villein in his wattle-and-daub cottage. Sir Nigel After them rode yet more knights, squires, tenants of various degree, and servants, surrounded by a great number of peasantry and villeins, who walked and ran with their women folk and children. The Brethren But there were other serious inconveniences about the condition of the villein or native. The Coming of the Friars The distinction between lords and villeins, so marked in all other countries, remained at the end as it was at the beginning of the contest, a thing unknown in the island. Irish Race in the Past and the Present So would it be if the villein were to flee before his hoe by which he gains his livelihood, and with which he toils. Cliges; a romance There will no longer be servants or masters, or villein or lord. Mauprat As far back as they could look, they saw only the tyranny of one class and the degradation of another,—Frank and Gaul, knight and villein, gentleman and roturier. Miscellaneous Writings and Speeches — Volume 2 And now I must return to the point from which I wandered when I began to speak of the free tenants and the "villeins." The Coming of the Friars English villeins on the land of the barons were subjugated into a condition of servitude and became "tied to the land" so that they could not leave the land without their lord's permission. Our Legal Heritage But learn from me, whom fortune hath made thy judge, that no more for serf and villein, than for knight and noble, are such instruments the engines of law, or the tests of truth. Rienzi, Last of the Roman Tribunes He was hind and hireling to a villein, and he had lost one of the villein’s oxen. Letters on Literature From magnate to baron, from workman to villein, from publicist to court agent and retainer, will be changes of state and function so slight as to elude all but the keenest eyes.” War of the Classes They became villeins, in short—serfs bound to the soil by a living wage. The Iron Heel However, the free man still had a place in court proceedings which the unfree villein did not. Our Legal Heritage Senator of Rome," said he, "these instruments are for serfs and villeins. Rienzi, Last of the Roman Tribunes They also made the decision of whether or not a person was a villein or free. Our Legal Heritage The villeins of the cities and towns who do unskilled work and are unprotected by organization. War of the Classes For that matter, the professional men and the artists are at this present moment villeins in everything but name, while the politicians are henchmen. The Iron Heel Escaped villeins, poor people, and traders without land migrated to towns to live, but were not citizens. Our Legal Heritage The only people distinguishable as Anglo-Saxon by their look and speech were manor villeins who worked the farm land, who composed over half the population. Our Legal Heritage If a villein purchase lands, and the lord enter, he shall enjoy the land as his own. Our Legal Heritage The villeins of the cities and towns, more or less regularly employed, who do skilled work and are partially protected by organization. War of the Classes I spoke of the professional men and the artists as villeins. The Iron Heel The arable land was alloted to the villeins in strips to equalize the best and worst land and their distance from the village where the villeins lived. Our Legal Heritage But if the villein alienates before the lord enters, he alienation is good. Our Legal Heritage Although the villeins could not buy their freedom or be freed by their lord, they became less numerous because of the preference of landowners for tenants motivated to perform work by potential loss of tenure. Our Legal Heritage The villeins of the manorial estates, of the great farms, the mines, and the forests. War of the Classes The free coerl of the older days became the bonded villein. Our Legal Heritage The villein regarded his bed area as the safest place in the house, as did people of all ranks, and kept his treasures there, which included his farm implements. Our Legal Heritage The villeins, who worked the farm land as their ancestor ceorls had, now were so bound to the land that they could not leave or marry or sell an ox without their lord's consent. Our Legal Heritage |
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