| 单词 | vertebrate |
| 例句 | “Interesting. It’s difficult to observe if it’s chemiluminescent vertebrate or bioluminescent bacteria.” The Last Cuentista 2021-10-12T00:00:00Z “First by size. Then I decided to go by class of vertebrate.” Landscape with Invisible Hand 2017-09-12T00:00:00Z The body plans of vertebrates depend on this property: if hemoglobin’s capacity to deliver oxygen to distant sites was disrupted, our bodies would be forced to be small and cold. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z We have a genetic predisposition for same old-same old that dates back to the earliest vertebrates. Challenger Deep 2015-04-15T00:00:00Z To begin with, they are the oldest of all land vertebrates. A Walk in the Woods 1997-11-01T00:00:00Z There are vertebrates, to be sure, but not many. The Amber Spyglass 2000-10-10T00:00:00Z Like the wheel trees themselves, and the way their bodies are formed—they’re not vertebrates, they don’t have a spine. The Amber Spyglass 2000-10-10T00:00:00Z Dinosaurs, birds, reptiles and even mammals are known as amniotes, a branch of the vertebrate family tree that evolved approximately 300 million years ago, Wiemann said. Chicken and egg question goes back to ancient times, but there’s a simple answer 2020-03-24T04:00:00Z We share the diving reflex with other air-breathing vertebrates. Need a quick stress-reliever? Try one of these surprising science-based strategies. 2021-09-07T04:00:00Z “As an organization, we made a decision that we felt vertebrate fossils belonged in museums,” Jessica M. Theodor, the society’s president, said in an interview. Dinosaur Skeleton Sells for $12.4 Million at Christie’s 2022-05-12T04:00:00Z “It is just stunning,” said Hans-Dieter Sues, curator of vertebrate paleontology at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington. Dinosaur Skeletons Headed to Auction, Not Museum 2013-07-29T22:33:04Z The statute states that the term “animal” includes “every living vertebrate in the classes Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia except humans.” North Carolina animal abuse laws don’t cover fish; man who abandoned pet sees charges dropped, DA says 2019-04-10T04:00:00Z The amateur collectors often bring roadkill or animals that their cats killed, says Matson, the museum’s curator of and head of vertebrate zoology. Behind taxidermy display halls are lots of donors of (unsolicited) dead animals 2016-12-21T05:00:00Z “We may need a forklift for our T. rex skull,” Meredith Riven, the Burke’s collections manager of vertebrate paleontology, said during a recent visit to the museum. How to move a museum: The Burke, and treasured objects from its rarely seen vaults at the UW, get a new home 2019-02-14T05:00:00Z Now a vertebrate paleontologist at Chicago, the Moroccan-German scientist was a doctoral student at University College Dublin, when he began the quest. Spinosaurus aegyptiacus revealed to be first semiaquatic dinosaur 2014-09-11T04:00:00Z David A. Burnham, a preparator in vertebrate paleontology at a University of Kansas museum, who is also identified as having studied Shen, explained in the report how he calculated the “bone density” figure. Christie’s Pulls T. Rex From Auction, Citing Need for ‘Further Study’ 2022-11-20T05:00:00Z Most of a cephalopod’s neurons are not clustered in a centralized brain, as in vertebrates, but located in the arms, which seem to have some degree of autonomy. Exploring the origins of consciouness, cephalopod and human, with Peter Godfrey-Smith in 'Other Minds' 2016-12-02T05:00:00Z As Harris writes, “thousands of different insects and hundreds of vertebrates need Asteraceae and the habitats they create.” Sunflowers: The garden’s late-summer stars 2018-08-20T04:00:00Z Pterosaurs were Earth's first flying vertebrates, with birds and bats appearing much later. Stunning fossil eggs provide insight on ancient flying reptiles 2014-06-05T04:00:00Z You see, most vertebrates, or animals with a backbone, need a male and a female to produce a baby. This lizard has no dad — here’s how 2019-06-28T04:00:00Z Why was your discovery of the oldest vertebrate embryo so important to evolutionary history? Secrets of T-rex sex! 2012-10-28T00:30:00Z Special sensors allow the mosquito to detect the plume, a sign that a living vertebrate is near. The Getaway: Getting the Jump on Mosquitoes 2014-04-01T20:18:56Z With three field stations in Croatia, the Adriatic Dolphin Project focuses on the research and conservation of large marine vertebrates, including a local population of bottlenose dolphins. 5 Volunteer Travel Options in Europe 2016-09-24T04:00:00Z But a very small portion of female vertebrates are able to produce an offspring all on their own. This lizard has no dad — here’s how 2019-06-28T04:00:00Z Thus the chick provides us with a key model for understanding the development of early embryos for all vertebrates, including humans. Genetic modification: glow-in-the-dark lifesavers or mutant freaks? 2010-08-07T23:05:00Z He firmly anchors his investigation in cephalopods because “Cephalopods and smart vertebrates are independent experiments in the evolution of the mind.” Exploring the origins of consciouness, cephalopod and human, with Peter Godfrey-Smith in 'Other Minds' 2016-12-02T05:00:00Z A new record was set for the smallest vertebrate animal by a Lilliputian frog with an average body length of only 7.7mm. New to nature special: the top 10 new species 2013-05-24T17:00:02Z There’s been a lot published lately in leading journals about the origin of jawed vertebrates. Secrets of T-rex sex! 2012-10-28T00:30:00Z Many birds, being among the most mobile of vertebrates, take to the wing and fly south to find warmth. Humans may notice a chill in the air 2012-09-29T23:05:01Z The Science team report that their own classification of vertebrate assemblages "exhibits some interesting similarities with Wallace's original classification, as well as some important differences". The Malay Archipelago by Alfred Russel Wallace – review 2013-01-11T07:00:21Z Until now, it was assumed that such receptors only occur in bony vertebrates. Evolution of taste: Early sharks were able to perceive bitter substances 2023-11-13T05:00:00Z Humans and other bony vertebrates experience bitterness thanks to taste 2 receptors, or T2Rs, which are proteins that transmit taste information to the brain. Ancient sharks may have pioneered the ability to taste bitterness in food 2023-11-12T05:00:00Z The researchers found that about 19 percent of the 14,669 species face the threat of extinction, including 27 percent of plants, 24 percent of invertebrates, and 18 percent of vertebrates. A fifth of European Red List flora and fauna species may be at risk of extinction 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z Researchers are flocking to download a revised tree of life for ray-finned fishes, which account for half the living vertebrate species and 97% of all living fish. News at a glance: Fish family tree, AI safety research, and open access’ next steps 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z Asclepias produce potent steroids called cardenolides “that can disrupt the life functions of vertebrate animals unlucky enough to feed on them,” he adds. Why milkweeds, once blossoming, attract lots of life 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z Sigrun Korsching summarizes that 'the extent to which this function has been conserved is astonishing, i.e. through the entire evolution of vertebrates.' Evolution of taste: Early sharks were able to perceive bitter substances 2023-11-13T05:00:00Z But scientists had never found T2Rs in cartilaginous vertebrates such as sharks and rays. Ancient sharks may have pioneered the ability to taste bitterness in food 2023-11-12T05:00:00Z Instead, their body plan develops from the genes that acorn worms and vertebrates use to develop their heads. Starfish are walking heads with their buttholes pointed to the sky, study reveals 2023-11-03T04:00:00Z "We were able to show that fishing cats have retained many genes for detecting waterborne odorants, which is a pretty rare trait in terrestrial vertebrates," he said. New secrets about cat evolution revealed 2023-11-02T04:00:00Z What the study found is that starfish have cells corresponding to a vertebrate’s head in their middle and in the centers of their five “arms” with tail-coded cells on the perimeter. Scientists find that the bodies of starfish are all head and no torso 2023-11-02T04:00:00Z "The problem with starfish is there is nothing on a starfish anatomically that you can relate to a vertebrate," said Lowe. Where is a sea star's head? Maybe just about everywhere 2023-11-01T04:00:00Z That led many to assume these receptors had evolved after their lineage split from the bony vertebrates. Ancient sharks may have pioneered the ability to taste bitterness in food 2023-11-12T05:00:00Z About 500 million years ago, vertebrates were jawless marine creatures with tails but no paired fins, and numerous, paired gill arches. Where did shoulders come from? Ancient fish reveal joint’s evolution 2023-11-01T04:00:00Z “The lamprey fossil record, compared with records of other vertebrate groups, must be among the least complete,” says University of Chicago paleontologist Michael Coates, who was not involved with the study. This 160-million-year-old fish gouged out its victims’ flesh 2023-10-31T04:00:00Z No cells in starfish showed a genetic pattern corresponding to a vertebrate’s trunk or torso. Scientists find that the bodies of starfish are all head and no torso 2023-11-02T04:00:00Z Often formed by microbes living in water, methylmercury is the most bioavailable form of mercury that is highly toxic to vertebrates. Amphibians have one more thing to worry about--mercury 2023-10-30T04:00:00Z The first vertebrate bitterness receptors, he argues, likely detected either internal or external substances, then gradually evolved to do both. Ancient sharks may have pioneered the ability to taste bitterness in food 2023-11-12T05:00:00Z The vertebrate shoulder, they conclude, arose in part from ancestral fishes’ gill arches, curved supports encircling the throat. Where did shoulders come from? Ancient fish reveal joint’s evolution 2023-11-01T04:00:00Z "These are, of course, the sorts of regulations that apply to every single vertebrate animal study conducted in the USA." Is it ethical to experiment on octopuses? Why some scientists question how we test these animals 2023-10-27T04:00:00Z More than 400 vertebrate species have gone extinct in the last 100 years, and nearly a million plant and animal species are currently threatened with extinction, the U.N. report says. U.N. report warns of catastrophic climate tipping points. California is nearing several 2023-10-26T04:00:00Z The protein the researchers investigated in this study forms the lattices of the proverbial bridge, which has a section found in humans, mice, and most other vertebrates suggesting it is critical for assembly. Why do some men not produce sperm? 2023-10-20T04:00:00Z Huabin Zhao, an ecologist at the Wuhan University, agrees with the paper’s conclusion that bitterness tasting probably arose before the split between bony and cartilaginous vertebrates. Ancient sharks may have pioneered the ability to taste bitterness in food 2023-11-12T05:00:00Z What's more, the list is far from complete: roughly a third of all vertebrates and vascular plants in the U.S. are vulnerable to extinction, says Bruce Stein, chief scientist at the National Wildlife Federation. Can We Save Every Species from Extinction? 2023-10-20T04:00:00Z "These are, of course, the sorts of regulations that apply to every single vertebrate animal study conducted in the USA," Crook pointed out. Is it ethical to experiment on octopuses? Why some scientists question how we test these animals 2023-10-27T04:00:00Z "The genomic data confirms that blood feeding evolved very early, before some vertebrate groups, like mammals and birds, were flourishing on Earth," Wiegmann said. Study elucidates evolution of mosquitoes and their hosts 2023-10-18T04:00:00Z And according to the National Wildlife Federation, roughly one third of all vertebrates and vascular plants are in danger of vanishing. Protecting Plants and Animals at Risk Must Start before They Need the Endangered Species Act 2023-10-18T04:00:00Z It likely first evolved in vertebrates roughly 460 million years ago, when sharks and other cartilaginous fishes separated from bony vertebrates like ourselves, researchers report today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Ancient sharks may have pioneered the ability to taste bitterness in food 2023-11-12T05:00:00Z Now 500 species strong—each inhabiting a particular niche within the lake—this group’s evolution represents “the most rapid radiation event known among vertebrates,” says Nare Ngoepe, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Bern. Study of 17,000 years of fish fossils reveals rapid evolution 2023-10-04T04:00:00Z "But in general, consistent with my stance that experimentation on vertebrate animals is ethically wrong and scientifically unhelpful, it is my stance that experimentation on invertebrate octopuses is ethically wrong and scientifically unhelpful." Is it ethical to experiment on octopuses? Why some scientists question how we test these animals 2023-10-27T04:00:00Z Goswami is an evolutionary biologist at the Natural History Museum in London who studies large-scale patterns of evolution in vertebrate animals through time. Cats Are Perfect. An Evolutionary Biologist Explains Why 2023-10-04T04:00:00Z Snakes are fascinating creatures, forming about one-eighth of vertebrate animals found on land. Insights into early snake evolution through brain analysis 2023-09-29T04:00:00Z "Within the entire vertebrate fossil record on the planet, this had only been previously reported in two dinosaur fossils, including one of Tyrannosaurus rex," Dr. Cadena pointed out, referring to the ancient DNA. A turtle time capsule: DNA found in ancient shell 2023-09-28T04:00:00Z We have the vertebrate nervous system in common. What an orphan owl taught an ecologist about bird intelligence 2023-10-01T04:00:00Z “This is what one might expect to see in trees, but not vertebrates,” said Loren Reiseberg, a geneticist at the University of British Columbia. Meet ‘Dogxim,’ the world’s first known dog-fox hybrid—and a genetic oddity 2023-09-27T04:00:00Z Do any other vertebrate groups measure up to cats in this way? Cats Are Perfect. An Evolutionary Biologist Explains Why 2023-10-04T04:00:00Z Because the shapes, sizes, and configurations of certain brain regions in vertebrates are strongly influenced by how they move, the scientists were able to infer how this “first snake” got around. This peek inside a snake’s brain suggests the first ones didn’t live entirely underground 2023-09-26T04:00:00Z "Based on research with the mouse chameau gene, we believe that similar mechanisms may also exists in vertebrates such as mice and humans" says Imhof. Sometimes beneficial, sometimes damaging: The double role of the enzyme chameau 2023-09-20T04:00:00Z Adults live inside a vertebrate host—fish, cats, or people, for example—and then release eggs into the environment. ‘Mind-boggling’ sea creature spotted off Japan has finally been identified 2023-09-21T04:00:00Z A 455-million-year-old fossil fish provides a new perspective on how vertebrates evolved to protect their brains, a study has found. Prehistoric fish fills 100 million year gap in evolution of the skull 2023-09-20T04:00:00Z The report doesn’t look at all wild animals, only vertebrates – animals with a backbone. WWF Report: Wildlife Numbers Have Dropped Sharply 2022-10-17T04:00:00Z What makes these trackways particularly interesting is that paleontologists have found only a single vertebrate body fossil in the Chuckanut rocks. 'Spirit Whales and Sloth Tales' tracks Washington fossils and their stories 2023-09-15T04:00:00Z Spines are unique to vertebrate animals, and the spinal vertebrae don’t carry some of the proteins often thought of as characteristic of bones. Newfound Stem Cell Might Explain How Breast Cancer Spreads to the Spine 2023-09-14T04:00:00Z More than 20,000 species have been discovered as adult worms living inside vertebrates, but their juvenile larval forms are unknown, Poulin says. ‘Mind-boggling’ sea creature spotted off Japan has finally been identified 2023-09-21T04:00:00Z But it just wouldn't surprise me to find out that among vertebrates it exists. Do animals feel shame or are they faking it? An expert unmasks what dogs and cats may really feel 2023-09-10T04:00:00Z None is from Africa, where about 1500 vertebrate species have eponyms, many reflecting the continent’s history of imperialism. Should beetles be named after Adolf Hitler? 2023-09-05T04:00:00Z “This is the first study to look at the structure of where light detection is in the skin of a vertebrate animal,” Schweikert says. How a Color-Changing Hogfish Knows whether Its Skin Is White, Brown or Polka-Dotted 2023-08-22T04:00:00Z For many vertebrates, this pouch serves multiple developmental roles, including holding, well, yolk, the nutrient-rich liquid that helps nourish the embryo. Three organs in one? Researchers unscramble mysterious roles of human yolk sac 2023-08-16T04:00:00Z Just as trees contain rings that can be counted to determine their ages and growth histories, bones contain rings that record a vertebrate animal's age and its rate and duration of growth. How Sauropod Dinosaurs Became the Biggest Land Animals Again and Again 2023-08-15T04:00:00Z Compared to wild predators that have roughly the same body size as us and have similar appetites, we capture or kill nearly 100 times as many vertebrate species, on average. About 1 in 3 vertebrate species is used, eaten or traded by humans, study finds 2023-07-26T04:00:00Z These awkward vertebrates had the beginnings of limbs that allowed them to trundle around, and subsequent generations evolved to become the tetrapod species we see today. Dolphins and Whales Will Never Evolve Back into Land Animals 2023-07-17T04:00:00Z If so, “that would be the first example of such a cell outside the nervous system of a vertebrate.” How a Color-Changing Hogfish Knows whether Its Skin Is White, Brown or Polka-Dotted 2023-08-22T04:00:00Z They found we use or trade 14,663 species - about a third of all vertebrates - and are driving 39% of these towards extinction. Humans hundreds of times 'deadlier' than sharks 2023-06-30T04:00:00Z Modern-day vertebrates exhibit a variety of growth strategies. How Sauropod Dinosaurs Became the Biggest Land Animals Again and Again 2023-08-15T04:00:00Z Yet of the 121 types of vertebrates eaten by the so-called killer whales, humans also consume 83 of them — along with 10,337 others in the ocean alone. About 1 in 3 vertebrate species is used, eaten or traded by humans, study finds 2023-07-26T04:00:00Z Tetrapods are vertebrates with four limbs and distinct digits — a group that includes amphibians, reptiles and mammals. Dolphins and Whales Will Never Evolve Back into Land Animals 2023-07-17T04:00:00Z The team’s analysis revealed that humans target some 15,000 vertebrate species, amounting to one third of all such species on Earth. Humans Are Predators of at Least One Third of All Vertebrate Species 2023-06-29T04:00:00Z This research “will undoubtedly have a transformative impact on snake and vertebrate biology,” says Todd Castoe, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Texas at Arlington who was not involved with the work. How did snakes lose their limbs? Mass genome effort provides clues 2023-06-19T04:00:00Z “It’s a fabulous specimen that is just exquisitely preserved,” said Xiaoming Wang, a vertebrate paleontologist at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. A Bear That Looked Like a Raccoon and Had a Dangerous Appetite 2023-06-18T04:00:00Z As a result, humans have access to a wider range of animal species than is typical for large vertebrates. About 1 in 3 vertebrate species is used, eaten or traded by humans, study finds 2023-07-26T04:00:00Z In line with what other researchers have observed in vertebrate creatures at play, young bees engaged more often with the balls than older ones. Do Insects Feel Joy and Pain? 2023-06-16T04:00:00Z They may get overshadowed by the earliest dinosaurs, he suggests, although they make up 90 percent of vertebrate fossils in some Triassic digs. The Sad Story Behind a Prehistoric Reptile’s ‘Grin’ 2023-06-16T04:00:00Z In vertebrates like crocodiles, one polar body can synthesize with the egg to make offspring. Why a crocodile’s ‘virgin birth’ isn’t a miracle 2023-06-10T04:00:00Z Without tongues, few if any terrestrial vertebrates could exist. How the tongue shaped life on Earth 2023-05-24T04:00:00Z The discovery came when he was CT scanning specimens for the openVertebrate Project, an effort to build a public online database of 20,000 vertebrate specimens from museum collections across the United States. Quite a Tail: A Mouse Has Been Hiding Its Armor All This Time 2023-05-24T04:00:00Z Researchers are often encouraged by funding agencies to work on insects rather than vertebrates in part because there are supposedly no ethics to consider. Do Insects Feel Joy and Pain? 2023-06-16T04:00:00Z The muscular system, in vertebrates, is controlled through the nervous system, although some muscles, like cardiac muscle, can be completely autonomous. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z As the scientists of the crocodile paper explained, what was once considered rare, parthenogenesis has now been documented across multiple vertebrate lineages. Why a crocodile’s ‘virgin birth’ isn’t a miracle 2023-06-10T04:00:00Z “The incredible variation in vertebrate tongue form is replete with astonishing examples of almost unbelievable adaptation,” says Kurt Schwenk, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Connecticut. How the tongue shaped life on Earth 2023-05-24T04:00:00Z The building blocks for osteoderms might be in the heads of vertebrates, Dr. Stanley said. Quite a Tail: A Mouse Has Been Hiding Its Armor All This Time 2023-05-24T04:00:00Z Often touted as a replacement for some or all the vertebrate meat in people's diets, insect farming is considered an environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional farming of livestock such as cattle or chickens. Do Insects Feel Joy and Pain? 2023-06-16T04:00:00Z The best-known extinct vertebrates are the dinosaurs, a unique group of reptiles, which reached sizes not seen before or after in terrestrial animals. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in humans and other vertebrates, and is made up of monomers of glucose. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z He has a broken ankle, cracked tibia, fractured back and three broken vertebrate in his neck, but that didn’t stop him from making the packed hospital room burst into laughter. After 60-foot fall, hiker ‘asked God to send angels.’ Then the Scouts showed up 2023-05-17T04:00:00Z It addresses a variety of invasive species, including both plants and animals, but specializes in vertebrates — such as rats. Rats Are Finally Gone from This Vulnerable Island 2023-05-12T04:00:00Z The bulk of the industry does not actually seek to replace human consumption of vertebrate meat with insects. Do Insects Feel Joy and Pain? 2023-06-16T04:00:00Z Currently, a number of vertebrate species face extinction primarily due to habitat loss and pollution. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Animals such as earthworms, snails, insects, starfish, and vertebrates are all eucoelomates. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Sydney Crawley, a North Carolina State professor and extension specialist with expertise in insect and vertebrate pests, gave advice about how we can reclaim our homes. How to rid your house of ants (and prevent them from entering in the first place) 2023-05-04T04:00:00Z These events conspicuously occur before the evolution of major novelties like the spinal column in vertebrates, flowers in plants, and fermentation in yeast. Strawberries Have 8 Sets of Chromosomes to Thank for Their Survival 2023-05-04T04:00:00Z But even if replacing vertebrate meat was the goal, we need scientific evidence for what constitutes humane slaughtering methods and ethically defensible rearing conditions for insects. Do Insects Feel Joy and Pain? 2023-06-16T04:00:00Z In some terrestrial vertebrates, the tail also helps with balance, courting, and signaling when danger is near. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The kingdom of animals is informally divided into invertebrate animals, those without a backbone, and vertebrate animals, those with a backbone. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The Tully Monster’s segmentation extends in front of its eyes, an arrangement that is not seen in any vertebrate lineage, Mikami says. Was the Tully Monster a Fish, a Worm, a Giant Slug with Fangs? 2023-04-19T04:00:00Z Just two other vertebrate groups have achieved powered flight - the flying reptiles called pterosaurs and birds, both appearing way before bats. Oldest-known bat skeletons shed light on evolution of flying mammals 2023-04-13T04:00:00Z Now, it turns out that the evolution of the vertebrate eye got an unexpected boost—from bacteria, which contributed a key gene involved in the retina’s response to light. An ancient gene stolen from bacteria set the stage for human sight 2023-04-09T04:00:00Z One of the most significant developments in early vertebrate evolution was the development of the jaw, which is a hinged structure attached to the cranium that allows an animal to grasp and tear its food. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The vertebrates contain more than 60,000 described species, divided into major groupings of the lampreys, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Not all researchers were sold on the Tully Monster’s vertebrate status, however. Was the Tully Monster a Fish, a Worm, a Giant Slug with Fangs? 2023-04-19T04:00:00Z This is an evolutionarily ancient system found in humans and other vertebrates that produces natural cannabinoids such as THC and CBD. Research shows health effects of using marijuana and other drugs during development phases 2023-04-09T04:00:00Z Genes that seemed to have appeared first in vertebrates and had no predecessors in earlier animals were good candidates for having jumped across from bacteria, particularly if they had counterparts in modern microbes. An ancient gene stolen from bacteria set the stage for human sight 2023-04-09T04:00:00Z In adult vertebrates, the vertebral column replaces the notochord, which is only seen in the embryonic stage. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The skeletal system of mammals possesses unique features that differentiate them from other vertebrates. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z In an e-mail to Scientific American, ichthyologist Dahiana Arcila, curator of marine vertebrates at the University of California, San Diego’s Scripps Institution of Oceanography, noted the part played by technology in the discovery. Deepest Fish Discovered More Than 5 Miles below the Sea Surface 2023-04-07T04:00:00Z And nearly three dozen vertebrate species rely on oak habitats, many feeding on acorns dropped by the trees. Here's where California's remarkably wet year is bringing welcome recovery 2023-04-01T04:00:00Z In the vertebrate eye, when light hits a light-sensitive photoreceptor in the retina, vitamin A complexes become kinked, setting off an electrical pulse that activates the optic nerve. An ancient gene stolen from bacteria set the stage for human sight 2023-04-09T04:00:00Z Ostracoderms were vertebrate fishes encased in bony armor, unlike present-day jawless fishes, which lack bone in their scales. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z In other vertebrates, the teeth can be replaced throughout life. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Thomas Carr, a vertebrate paleontologist at Carthage College, is more dismissive. T. rex had lips, new study suggests 2023-03-29T04:00:00Z If the proposal is passed by parliament, Italian industry will not be allowed to produce food or feed "from cell cultures or tissues derived from vertebrate animals", the bill seen by Reuters said. Italy wages war on lab-grown food in drive to protect tradition 2023-03-28T04:00:00Z “I don’t think it had to happen” in order for vertebrates to see well, says Sönke Johnsen, a biologist at Duke University. An ancient gene stolen from bacteria set the stage for human sight 2023-04-09T04:00:00Z In mammals, the dentary bone joins the skull at the squamosal bone, while in other vertebrates, the quadrate bone of the jaw joins with the articular bone of the skull. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The earliest vertebrates that diverged from the invertebrate chordates were the jawless fishes. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z They found multiple cases in which thriving populations of certain species, particularly large vertebrates, through acts like foraging, burrowing, and trampling, increased an ecosystem's carbon storage capacity by as much as 250 percent. Want to sequester carbon? Save wild animals 2023-03-27T04:00:00Z Although the pigments are less useful in sunny habitats, they help many vertebrates, including humans, detect light in dim environments. Mutation behind night blindness in humans helps whale sharks see in the dark 2023-03-23T04:00:00Z Last year Gibbons published a study that found that around 30 percent of spider families consume vertebrates. Tiny Spider Fells Prey Many Times Its Size 2023-03-16T04:00:00Z Renal portal systems are present in all other vertebrates except jawless fishes. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z In all vertebrate organisms this is a closed-loop system, in which the blood is largely separated from the body’s other extracellular fluid compartment, the interstitial fluid, which is the fluid bathing the cells. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Descended from four-legged land animals, whales underwent one of the most dramatic transformations of any vertebrate group when they transitioned to life in the water. No One Knows How the Biggest Animals on Earth—Baleen Whales—Find Their Food 2023-03-14T04:00:00Z With few exceptions, researchers were required to use both males and females in studies of vertebrates and to analyze the data by sex. No, Female Mice Are Not More Erratic 2023-03-07T05:00:00Z Despite noble false widow spiders’ taste for large prey, Dunbar doubts the arachnids will ever pose a serious threat to vertebrates such as pygmy shrews. Tiny Spider Fells Prey Many Times Its Size 2023-03-16T04:00:00Z The physiology and biochemistry of different vertebrate species differ greatly. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z These unique vertebrate defenses interact with other defense systems inherited from ancestral lineages, and include complex and specific pathogen recognition and memory mechanisms. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z For them, survival means avoiding being trodden on by large vertebrates such as kangaroos, wombats or humans. Snakes Can Hear You Scream, New Research Reveals 2023-02-17T05:00:00Z With the emergence of Archaeoptreis, one of the earliest modern trees, our carbon dioxide-blanketed planet was transformed into a hospitable environment for other life forms, including vertebrates and ultimately humans, to develop and flourish. Why Patagonia — yes, that Patagonia — is rebooting a forgotten climate history classic 2023-02-10T05:00:00Z The spider then injects a potent concoction of neurotoxins that can paralyze small vertebrates such as pygmy shrews in a matter of minutes, Dunbar says. Tiny Spider Fells Prey Many Times Its Size 2023-03-16T04:00:00Z Veterinarians are also trained to perform surgery on many different vertebrate species, which requires an understanding of the vastly different anatomies of various species. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The vertebrate, including human, immune system is a complex multilayered system for defending against external and internal threats to the integrity of the body. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z A number of studies have shown that protected areas that target specific vertebrate — non-insect — populations are generally successful at safeguarding them from the impacts of human action, or inaction. More than 75% of global insect species not adequately protected 2023-02-07T05:00:00Z "They suggest that essential components of human self-recognition have evolved independently in different vertebrate classes with a separate evolutionary history." These are the only 8 animals that can recognize themselves in the mirror (besides humans) 2023-02-03T05:00:00Z Among noble false widow spiders, so far only adult females have been observed eating vertebrates. Tiny Spider Fells Prey Many Times Its Size 2023-03-16T04:00:00Z Glaciations then began to affect Pangaea’s climate, affecting the distribution of vertebrate life. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Figure 17.8 There are two main parts to the vertebrate immune system. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z These differences helped the two species cope with a warmer but still uniquely challenging Arctic environment, says study co-author Christopher Beard, a vertebrate paleontologist at the University of Kansas. Monkeylike Animals Once Lived in the Arctic, New Fossils Show 2023-01-25T05:00:00Z The Amazon is among the most biodiverse ecosystems on Earth, estimated to contain at least 10 percent of all the world’s plant and vertebrate animal species in one place. One Third of the Amazon Has Been Degraded by Human Activities 2023-01-27T05:00:00Z “It’s really refreshing to actually have a neurologist looking at paleontological data,” adds Stig Walsh, senior curator of vertebrate paleobiology at the National Museums Scotland, also not involved with the work. Some dinos may have been as brainy as modern primates, controversial study argues 2023-01-10T05:00:00Z The late Paleozoic was a time of diversification of vertebrates, as amniotes emerged and became two different lines that gave rise, on one hand, to mammals, and, on the other hand, to reptiles and birds. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The cestodes, or tapeworms, are also internal parasites, mainly of vertebrates. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Voracious army ants prey on many insect and vertebrate species and can travel about 1 kilometer a day, often in and out of dense forests that researchers cannot easily enter. Armed with air samplers, rope tricks, and—yes—ants, virus hunters spot threats in new ways 2023-01-05T05:00:00Z In most vertebrates, when blood cells bump into each other, it leads to coagulation. How a See-Through Frog Hides Its Red Blood From Predators 2022-12-22T05:00:00Z “Shonisaurus definitely occurs at other locations so the genus had a broad geographic range, and it is very reasonable that these large individuals traveled long distances, as most large marine vertebrates do today,” Kelley said. ‘Sea monster’ graveyard mystery solved? Fossils offer signs of 230-million-year-old migration. 2022-12-19T05:00:00Z Very few vertebrates undergo metamorphosis, but all the amphibians do to some extent. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The vertebrate species now living represent only a small portion of the vertebrates that have existed. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z A third of sharks, rays and related fish are at risk of extinction, making the group of species among the most threatened vertebrates in the world. U.S. will ban the sale of shark fins. Here’s why. 2022-12-15T05:00:00Z The experiment is believed to be the first attempt to relocate an endangered vertebrate species because of climate change. Your Tuesday Briefing: China’s Space Push 2022-12-12T05:00:00Z It is believed to be the first time researchers have tried to relocate a vertebrate species to a new habitat because of climate change. Can Australia Save a Rare Reptile by Moving It to a Cooler Place? 2022-12-12T05:00:00Z Although they are vertebrates, a complete lack of limbs leads to their resemblance to earthworms in appearance. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Ostracoderms, now extinct, were vertebrate fishes encased in bony armor, unlike present-day jawless fishes, which lack bone in their scales. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Rats, mice and birds are protected — along with fish, reptiles and all other vertebrates — by the Public Health Service Policy. What is ethical animal research? A scientist and veterinarian explain 2022-12-08T05:00:00Z Today, the Kap København deposit is replete with petrified stumps and other remnants of an ancient boreal forest, but just one vertebrate fossil has ever been uncovered there: a hare’s tooth. Lost world in northern Greenland conjured from DNA in ancient soil 2022-12-06T05:00:00Z Pumas, which inhabit large swaths of North and South America, alone overlap with over 12,000 terrestrial vertebrates. Opinion | Want to save the planet? Focus on wild cats. 2022-12-05T05:00:00Z While vertebrates like bats fly without feathers, birds rely on feathers and wings, along with other modifications of body structure and physiology, for flight. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z One of the most significant developments in early vertebrate evolution was the origin of the jaw, which is a hinged structure attached to the cranium that allows an animal to grasp and tear its food. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Recordings of more than 50 species of turtles and other animals help scientists reassess the origins of acoustic communication in vertebrates. 'Chatty Turtles' Flip the Script on the Evolutionary Origins of Vocalization in Animals 2022-12-02T05:00:00Z Several papers published in the 1990s and 2000s used these eels as a cornerstone of the inside-out idea, but later research suggested the structures were unique to the lineage and were unrelated to vertebrate teeth. Ancient Sawfish Help to Illuminate Our Teeth’s Scaly Origins 2022-12-02T05:00:00Z Among vertebrates — birds, fish, terrestrial — the basic ground plan includes two sets of appendages, upper and lower. Opinion | Why soccer is beloved around the world 2022-11-27T05:00:00Z The sternum of birds is larger than that of other vertebrates, which accommodates the large muscles required to generate enough upward force to generate lift with the flapping of the wings. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The vast majority of present-day fishes belong to this group, which consists of approximately 30,000 species, making it the largest class of vertebrates in existence today. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Freshwater turtles are one of the most endangered groups of vertebrates, with some being sold for thousands of pounds. Sharks and songbirds get new trade protections 2022-11-25T05:00:00Z Seeking to learn about the evolutionary origins of acoustic communication in vertebrates, the scientists recorded 53 species from four major clades — turtles, tuatara, caecilians and lungfish — to analyze what they heard. Talking turtles? A new study reveals that, in their own special way, turtles chat with each other 2022-11-09T05:00:00Z “Phosphorus was stolen by the vertebrates, the bony fishes,” said Petr Kraft, a paleontologist at Charles University in the Czech Republic and an author of the new report. The Sad Fate of the Ancient, Well-Shelled Mariners 2022-11-04T04:00:00Z Due to the fragility of bird bones, they do not fossilize as well as other vertebrates. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The cerebellum of birds is large compared to other vertebrates because of the coordination required by flight. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List lists 41% of amphibian species as being threatened with extinction, making them one of the most threatened vertebrate classes on Earth. Sharks and songbirds get new trade protections 2022-11-25T05:00:00Z "Acoustic communication, broadly distributed along the vertebrate phylogeny, plays a fundamental role in parental care, mate attraction and various other behaviours," the authors explain in their study. Talking turtles? A new study reveals that, in their own special way, turtles chat with each other 2022-11-09T05:00:00Z The vertebrates had seized control of phosphate, and nothing could stop them now. The Sad Fate of the Ancient, Well-Shelled Mariners 2022-11-04T04:00:00Z The vertebrate in Figure 1 is a shared ancestral character. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The vertebrate central nervous system contains the brain and the spinal cord, which are covered and protected by three meninges. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z But acoustic signals are probably the most widespread means of conversing among vertebrates. Vertebrates May Have Used Vocal Communication More Than 100 Million Years Earlier Than We Thought 2022-10-25T04:00:00Z "Acoustic communication, broadly distributed along the vertebrate phylogeny, plays a fundamental role in parental care, mate attraction and various other behaviours." Talking turtles? A new study reveals that, in their own special way, turtles chat with each other 2022-11-09T05:00:00Z He also wants to compare the sounds of land vertebrate and lungfish with those of other fish to see whether the acoustic evolutionary tree extends even further back in time. Animals may have begun to vocalize before anyone had ears to hear them 2022-10-25T04:00:00Z In return, ants discourage herbivores, both invertebrates and vertebrates, by stinging and attacking leaf-eating insects. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z This adaptation may allow leeches to swell when ingesting blood from host vertebrates. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z But research published today in Nature Communications reveals that at least 50 turtle species vocalize—and that several other types of cold-blooded vertebrates previously assumed to be silent do so, too. Vertebrates May Have Used Vocal Communication More Than 100 Million Years Earlier Than We Thought 2022-10-25T04:00:00Z They suggest that all vertebrates that breathe through their noses and use sound to communicate descended from a single ancestor 400 million years ago. Secret communication of sea animals discovered 2022-10-25T04:00:00Z The Living Planet Index concluded that monitored populations of wild vertebrates had declined on average by nearly 70 percent from 1970 to 2018. Your Friday Briefing: U.S. Inflation Keeps Soaring 2022-10-13T04:00:00Z In vertebrates, bone tissue is a type of connective tissue that supports the entire body structure. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z In vertebrates, the notochord is present during embryonic development, at which time it induces the development of the neural tube and serves as a support for the developing embryonic body. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The fact that these supposedly silent species all use sounds to communicate allowed researchers to trace vocalizations back to a common vertebrate ancestor that lived 407 million years ago. Vertebrates May Have Used Vocal Communication More Than 100 Million Years Earlier Than We Thought 2022-10-25T04:00:00Z He concluded that all acoustic communication in vertebrates descended from a single ancestor 400 million years ago, which was the Devonian period when most species lived under water. Secret communication of sea animals discovered 2022-10-25T04:00:00Z The assessment’s latest number, issued Wednesday by 89 authors from around the world, is its most alarming yet: From 1970 to 2018, monitored populations of vertebrates declined an average of 69 percent. Researchers Reported a Staggering Decline in Wildlife. Here’s How to Understand It. 2022-10-12T04:00:00Z The complex bodies and activities of vertebrates demand such supportive tissues. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Although in general we are most familiar with vertebrate animals, the vast majority of animal species, about 95 percent, are invertebrates. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z “This study is comprehensive,” she said, “and gives us a new perspective on how soft tissue preservation may have occurred in dinosaurs and more generally in land vertebrates.” ‘Dino Mummy’ Reveals There May Be More Skin in the Fossil Game 2022-10-12T04:00:00Z More than 360 kinds of animals have been found in occupied or abandoned burrows; the 60 vertebrate species include dusky gopher frogs,eastern indigo snakes and burrowing owls. Feds: Gopher tortoise not threatened over most of its range 2022-10-11T04:00:00Z Remember that this number is only about vertebrates: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish. Researchers Reported a Staggering Decline in Wildlife. Here’s How to Understand It. 2022-10-12T04:00:00Z All vertebrates have a coelom that helped them evolve complex organ systems. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z In some terrestrial vertebrates, the tail may also function in balance, locomotion, courting, and signaling when danger is near. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Both discoveries may change the timeline for when jawed vertebrates first emerged. How a Chinese fish fossil discovery rewrites the history of life's evolution 2022-10-01T04:00:00Z For Margaret Lewis, a vertebrate paleontologist at Stockton University and current vice president of SVP, the controversy over Myanmar amber has galvanized efforts to rethink ethical standards. Violent conflict in Myanmar linked to boom in fossil amber research, study claims 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z Jawed fish eventually crawled out of the seas millions of years ago and gave rise to the jawboning vertebrates we are today. Fossilized Fish Reveal Earliest Known Prequel of ‘Jaws’ 2022-09-28T04:00:00Z This adaptation possibly helps the leeches to elongate when they ingest copious quantities of blood from host vertebrates. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The best-known extinct vertebrates are the dinosaurs, a unique group of reptiles, reaching sizes not seen before or since in terrestrial animals. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The last paper describes the least complete fossil specimen out of the four, with just 23 teeth — still, enough information to identify the earliest direct evidence for jawed vertebrates like ourselves. How a Chinese fish fossil discovery rewrites the history of life's evolution 2022-10-01T04:00:00Z Rare pieces that preserve bits of vertebrates may go for up to hundreds of thousands of dollars. Violent conflict in Myanmar linked to boom in fossil amber research, study claims 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z The findings — which include beautifully preserved new species of early fish, the oldest-known vertebrate teeth and a lot of fish with armor — were published Wednesday across four papers in Nature. Fossilized Fish Reveal Earliest Known Prequel of ‘Jaws’ 2022-09-28T04:00:00Z According to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, more than 6,000 vertebrate species are classified as threatened. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Fishes were the earliest vertebrates, and jawless fishes were the earliest of these. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z They included a 63-year-old with diabetes and cerebral ischemia, a 35-year-old with a spinal fracture and artificial vertebrate, and sole caregivers to disabled people. Russian mobilization prompts backlash as Ukraine annexation effort plows ahead 2022-09-25T04:00:00Z Consider the animal kingdom, and just one division: vertebrates. Hysteria over common household mold is misplaced 2022-09-21T04:00:00Z Taken together, both sites push the origin of vertebrate jaws and teeth back by almost 14 million years. Fossilized Fish Reveal Earliest Known Prequel of ‘Jaws’ 2022-09-28T04:00:00Z The most conspicuous and familiar members of Chordata are vertebrates, but this phylum also includes two groups of invertebrate chordates. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Cestodes, or tapeworms, infect the digestive systems of primary vertebrate hosts. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z “Just like how all vertebrates have a backbone, all mollusks have a radula.” The ‘Alien Goldfish’ Finds a Home 2022-09-20T04:00:00Z Bird lungs are the most efficient lungs of any vertebrate and help the godwits’ performance in the thin atmosphere of higher altitudes. The Godwit’s Long, Long Nonstop Journey 2022-09-20T04:00:00Z “It’s an overused phrase, but I mean it: This promises to completely revolutionize our understanding of the earliest phase of jawed vertebrate evolution.” Fossilized Fish Reveal Earliest Known Prequel of ‘Jaws’ 2022-09-28T04:00:00Z The most conspicuous and familiar members of Chordata are vertebrates, but this phylum also includes two groups of invertebrate chordates. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The vertebrate defense systems, including those of humans, are complex and multilayered, with defenses unique to vertebrates. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Scientists in Australia have unearthed beautifully preserved fossilized hearts and other internal organs of ancient armored fish in a discovery that provides insight into the evolution of the bodies of vertebrates - including humans. Nepal landslide kills 14, 10 missing - officials 2022-09-17T04:00:00Z “A great deal of complexity occurred right at the beginning of our evolutionary history as jawed vertebrates,” says Kate Trinajstic, a paleontologist at Curtin University in Australia, who led the new research. The Oldest 3-D Heart from Our Vertebrate Ancestors Has Been Discovered 2022-09-15T04:00:00Z The most important chemical cue is the carbon dioxide that all vertebrates, including humans, release with each breath and through their skin. Why some people are mosquito magnets, and some are unbothered 2022-09-11T04:00:00Z This organism seems to be an intermediate form between cephalochordates and vertebrates. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z American research institutions are increasingly opting to subject their cephalopod studies to the same approval process as experiments on mice or other vertebrates. Octopuses Don’t Have Backbones — or Rights 2022-08-27T04:00:00Z A new study suggests that the dugong has become the first large vertebrate to go functionally extinct in China’s coastal waters, the result of a rapid population collapse there that began in the mid-1970s. A ‘Sea Cow’ That Evoked Mermaids Is Extinct in Chinese Waters, Study Finds 2022-08-26T04:00:00Z The organs are the oldest preserved in three dimensions in any jawed vertebrate. The Oldest 3-D Heart from Our Vertebrate Ancestors Has Been Discovered 2022-09-15T04:00:00Z Louis Jacobs, a vertebrate paleontologist and an emeritus professor of earth sciences at Southern Methodist University, saw the tracks on Saturday. The Latest Find as Water Levels Fall: Dinosaur Tracks in Texas 2022-08-24T04:00:00Z Fishes were the earliest vertebrates, with jawless species being the earliest and jawed species evolving later. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z “Whether or not pain experience exists in animals outside vertebrates is quite a controversial proposition,” Dr. Crook said. Octopuses Don’t Have Backbones — or Rights 2022-08-27T04:00:00Z This configuration is typical of skeletal muscles, bones, and joints in humans and other vertebrates. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z What do you know about the evolutionary divergences among vertebrates? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z These are the primitive ancestors of vertebrates - including humans. Mystery of half-billion year old creature with no anus solved 2022-08-17T04:00:00Z In vertebrates, olfactory receptor neurons reside on the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Another law, the Health Research Extension Act of 1985, governs the treatment of all vertebrate animals in research funded by the U.S. government. Octopuses Don’t Have Backbones — or Rights 2022-08-27T04:00:00Z For example, it is difficult to imagine a system with biceps muscles attached at the wrist that would be capable of the broad range of movement we vertebrates possess. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Analogous-Dolphins and fish are both vertebrates, thus they share an evolutionary history, causing them to have similar body shapes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Scientists killed hundreds of millions of them by introducing the myxoma virus — the deadliest vertebrate virus — but as Carl Zimmer wrote in June, the rabbits adapted and kicked off an evolutionary arms race. Your Tuesday Briefing: China’s New Military Drills Near Taiwan 2022-08-08T04:00:00Z As plants and ecosystems continued to grow and become more complex, vertebrates moved from the water to land. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z “This is both a highly contentious area and a highly scrutinized — and, I would argue, highly regulated — area” for vertebrates, Dr. Niemi said. Octopuses Don’t Have Backbones — or Rights 2022-08-27T04:00:00Z With striking horns in front of its eyes and a smaller set behind its eyes, “they would have looked pretty impressive,” Thomas Carr, a vertebrate paleontologist at Carthage College, said in an interview. Skeleton of a Gorgosaurus Sells at Auction for $6.1 Million 2022-07-28T04:00:00Z Homologous-Dolphins and fish are both vertebrates, thus they have a similar recent evolutionary history, causing them to have similar body shapes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z As the researchers report on Wednesday in Nature, these tiny loops inside the ears of vertebrates regulate critical functions such as balance, vision and motor control. New Evidence Emerges in Mystery of When Mammals Became Warm-Blooded 2022-07-20T04:00:00Z The presence of shoreline vegetation may have contributed to the movement of vertebrates onto land. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The definition of animals as “live, vertebrate” creatures is in another N.I.H. document called the Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Octopuses Don’t Have Backbones — or Rights 2022-08-27T04:00:00Z This change happened relatively suddenly, over less than 1 million years, says co-author Ricardo Araújo, vertebrate paleobiologist at the Institute for Plasmas and Nuclear Physics of the University of Lisbon’s Higher Technical Institute. Our ancestors became warm-blooded later than we thought 2022-07-20T04:00:00Z In jawed vertebrates, retroviral sequences or sequences that have been derived from them are a significant fraction of the whole genome. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z They discovered a large, 375-million-year-old fish closely related to land vertebrates. These Fins Were Made for Walking … and Then Swimming 2022-07-20T04:00:00Z One hypothesis suggests that the fins of aquatic vertebrates were used to maneuver through this vegetation, providing a precursor to the movement of fins on land and the development of limbs. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z In their review, Rosenheim and his colleagues pinpoint specific hormones—octopamine in invertebrates and epinephrine in vertebrates—that appear to be linked to increasing rates of cannibalism. Why some animals turn cannibal 2022-07-19T04:00:00Z By Darwin’s time, scientists knew that the bones in all vertebrate limbs resembled each other. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The ears of most vertebrate animals contain this cartilage as do portions of the larynx, or voice box. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Tiktaalik’s importance came into sharp focus when scientists put it on an evolutionary tree along with land vertebrates — known as tetrapods — and other tetrapod-like fish. These Fins Were Made for Walking … and Then Swimming 2022-07-20T04:00:00Z The jaws of other vertebrates are composed of more than one bone. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Although these cover only 2.3 percent of the Earth’s surface, 42 percent of the terrestrial vertebrate species and 50 percent of the world’s plants are endemic to those hotspots. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z In vertebrates, Hox genes direct the growth of the front and hind limbs. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z In vertebrates, cartilage is found in fetal bones, ears, and intervertebral discs, whereas bone is found in the skeleton. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Known as the father of vertebrate paleontology, Cuvier made significant contributions to the study of ancient life and taught at Paris’s Museum of Natural History. An Introduction to Geology 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z Other vertebrates possess only one middle ear bone, the stapes. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z For example vertebrate animals have many organ systems, such as the circulatory system that transports blood throughout the body and to and from the lungs; it includes organs such as the heart and blood vessels. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z Almost all living chordates are vertebrates; most of those are fishes. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Examples of herbivores, as shown in Figure 25.2 include vertebrates like deer, koalas, and some bird species, as well as invertebrates such as crickets and caterpillars. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Based on his study of large vertebrate fossils, he was the first to suggest species could go extinct. An Introduction to Geology 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z Other vertebrates are polyphyodonts, that is, their teeth are replaced throughout their entire life. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The complexity of the cerebrum is different across vertebrate species. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Fossil evidence shows that their ancestors diverged from vertebrate ancestors over 550 million years ago. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Birds have several unique physical differences from other vertebrates, and several pertain to how birds process food. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z An example of biologic precipitation from the vertebrate world is bone, which is composed mostly of a type of apatite, a mineral in the phosphate group. An Introduction to Geology 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z Mammalian brains have certain characteristics that differ from other vertebrates. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The cerebrum of the most primitive vertebrates is not much more than the connection for the sense of smell. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In terrestrial vertebrates, excretion is carried out mostly by the kidneys. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Octopi may have the most complicated of invertebrate nervous systems—they have neurons that are organized in specialized lobes and eyes that are structurally similar to vertebrate species. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The pterosaurs, the first vertebrate group to take flight, like the dinosaurs and mammals, start small in the Triassic. An Introduction to Geology 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z The optic lobes, located in the midbrain, are divided into two parts in mammals, whereas other vertebrates possess a single, undivided lobe. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z In the human vertebrate evolutionary past, stress was associated with the fight-or-flight response, largely mediated by the central nervous system and the adrenal medulla. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Most vertebrate kidneys cannot excrete concentrated salt, thus they cannot survive by drinking seawater. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z These neurons are not found in vertebrates but are found in insects where they stimulate muscles or glands. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z There are five groups of early mammals in the fossil record, based primarily on fossil teeth, the hardest bone in vertebrate skeletons. An Introduction to Geology 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z A 2019 United Nations report found that 1 million plant and animal species could go extinct within decades, and that at least 680 vertebrate species were driven to extinction since the 16th century. A ‘stock’ market for animals? Idea aims to protect threatened species. 2022-06-25T04:00:00Z As the vertebrate immune system evolved, the network of lymphatic vessels became convenient avenues for transporting the cells of the immune system. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Carnivorous invertebrates and vertebrates have short digestive tracts that produce meat-digesting enzymes, but lack enzymes that break down plant cellulose. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z As with vertebrates, muscles must cross a joint inside the exoskeleton. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Myxoma has killed hundreds of millions of rabbits, making it the most deadly vertebrate virus known to science, said Andrew Read, an evolutionary biologist at Pennsylvania State University. Think All Viruses Get Milder with Time? Not This Rabbit-Killer 2022-06-20T04:00:00Z Others don’t see a reason yet to abandon the theory that the acquisition of the mitochondrion was the spark that ignited the rapid evolution of eukaryotes — giving rise, eons later, to plants, animals, vertebrates, ourselves. Heated Debate Persists over the Origins of Complex Cells 2022-06-13T04:00:00Z Thymic involution has been observed in all vertebrate species that have a thymus gland. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z As terrestrial vertebrates evolved into larger and more active forms, their capillary networks became larger. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The radius and ulna also articulate with the carpal bones and with each other, which in vertebrates enables a variable degree of rotation of the carpus with respect to the long axis of the limb. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z “It’s absolutely the biggest carnage of any vertebrate disease,” he said. Think All Viruses Get Milder with Time? Not This Rabbit-Killer 2022-06-20T04:00:00Z For millions of years, the iguanas — up to five-feet-long and 15 pounds — were the largest vertebrates on this landscape. Endangered Anegada rock iguanas are being eaten like popcorn by cats 2022-06-04T04:00:00Z The team analyzed over 50 extinct and modern vertebrates from the collections of the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, including mammals, lizards, birds and 11 different non-avian dinosaurs. Dinosaurs Started Out Hot, Then Some of Them Turned Cold 2022-05-28T04:00:00Z Many invertebrates and some vertebrates can also reproduce asexually. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Circulatory systems in animals show a distinct pattern of evolution—from none in sponges and jellyfish to open circulatory systems characteristic of insects to closed circulatory systems with hearts, valves, and vessels in vertebrates. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Given that mammals are all part of the same class of vertebrates, the fact that some biologically male animals can lactate raises intriguing questions about evolution. A formula shortage has some wondering whether men can lactate. Experts say yes — but it's not easy 2022-05-28T04:00:00Z It’s likely that all vertebrates yawn spontaneously to regulate inner body processes. Why yawns are contagious—in all kinds of animals 2022-05-24T04:00:00Z This is one of the highest rates of any vertebrate group. Everything You Know about Shark Conservation Is Wrong 2022-05-24T04:00:00Z All terrestrial vertebrates—reptiles, birds, mammals, and the land stages of most amphibians—breathe with lungs. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z In all vertebrate organisms, as well as some invertebrates, this is a closed-loop system, in which the blood is not free in a cavity. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Given that mammals are all part of the same class of vertebrates, the fact that some biologically male animals can lactate raises intriguing questions about evolution. A formula shortage has some wondering whether men can lactate. Experts say yes — but it's not easy 2022-05-28T04:00:00Z Of the approximately 2 million species that have been identified on Earth, he reveals, from bacteria to large vertebrates, 1.1 million are insects. Where to find comfort in times of turmoil? The garden and the writers who love nature 2022-05-10T04:00:00Z The stakes are high: Germany’s animal protection laws, which together with EU regulations govern animal research, subject those who kill vertebrates without a proper reason to fines or up to 3 years in prison. Germany weighs whether culling excess lab animals is a crime 2022-05-04T04:00:00Z When mammals and most other vertebrates breathe, air moves in and out through the same air passages, and some stale, oxygen-poor air remains. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Most vertebrates and some invertebrates, like this annelid earthworm, have a closed circulatory system. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z On top of that, muscles in the songbird syrinx contract faster than any other vertebrate muscle, enabling millisecond-level temporal control. What Birds Really Listen for in Birdsong (It’s Not What You Think) 2022-05-04T04:00:00Z The group of fish that moved onto land gave rise to almost half of all vertebrates today, including all amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals and us. Started Out as a Fish. How Did It End Up Like This? 2022-04-29T04:00:00Z Germany’s debate over excess research animals was fueled in 2019 when a high court ruled that vertebrates can’t be killed simply because of economic reasons. Germany weighs whether culling excess lab animals is a crime 2022-05-04T04:00:00Z Most vertebrates with gills have a single-loop circulatory system with a single pump that forces blood around the body in one direction. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Figure 31.4 illustrates the basic circulatory systems of some vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z "Reptiles to many people are not charismatic and there's been a lot more focus on more furry, feathery species of vertebrates for conservation," said Dr Bruce Young of the international nature organisation, NatureServe. One in five reptiles is threatened with extinction 2022-04-27T04:00:00Z That era on Earth was a goofy time to be a vertebrate, according to Ben Otoo, a graduate student studying early tetrapods at the University of Chicago. Started Out as a Fish. How Did It End Up Like This? 2022-04-29T04:00:00Z “There’s a lot more focus on furrier, feathery species of vertebrates for conservation,” Young said, lamenting the perceived charisma gap. One-fifth of reptiles worldwide face risk of extinction 2022-04-27T04:00:00Z Similar structures, like the bones of vertebrate limbs, that are shared by species and inherited from a common ancestor are called homologous structures. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Hemoglobin is responsible for distributing oxygen, and to a lesser extent, carbon dioxide, throughout the circulatory systems of humans, vertebrates, and many invertebrates. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Despite their low publicity profile, the cold-blooded vertebrates play an essential role in the balance of life. One in five reptiles is threatened with extinction 2022-04-27T04:00:00Z The vertebrates that did venture on land were still getting their land legs. Started Out as a Fish. How Did It End Up Like This? 2022-04-29T04:00:00Z Collectively, mammals have the largest ratio of brain to body size among vertebrates, a fact that helps to explain their cognitive ability. Dimwitted Mammals Needed Muscle More Than Brains After Dinosaurs Died 2022-03-31T04:00:00Z Scientists noticed long ago that early developmental stages of many vertebrates look similar. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z This simplified phylogeny shows the currently accepted evolutionary history of vertebrates, which are part of the phylum Chordata. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z So she is convinced this communication system is an ancient one, likely to be found in all vertebrates. Could gut microbes regulate appetite and body temperature? 2022-04-13T04:00:00Z Scientists may never know exactly why fish like Tiktaalik and early tetrapods — vertebrates with four limbs — moved onto land, said Alice Clement, an evolutionary biologist and paleontologist at Flinders University in South Australia. Started Out as a Fish. How Did It End Up Like This? 2022-04-29T04:00:00Z They are aiming to add fish to the analysis, including a Greenland shark, which can live to over 400 years old and is the longest-living vertebrate in the world. Mutations across species reveal clues to ageing 2022-04-13T04:00:00Z Recent studies show that the same groups of embryonic cells develop in the same order in vertebrates to produce many homologous tissues and organs. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z In vertebrates, the lungs are relatively close to the heart in the thoracic cavity. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Similar calculations suggest that, each year, more than 350 million vertebrate animals are killed by traffic in the U.S. Roadkill Literally ‘Drives’ Some Species to Extinction 2022-04-12T04:00:00Z Looking out across the tree of vertebrate life shows that taking in and releasing air is more complex than it seems. How Boa Constrictors Breathe While Squeezing the Life Out of Their Prey 2022-03-24T04:00:00Z The Greenland shark is believed to be the longest living vertebrate, with some living up to 500 years. Rare Greenland shark was 100-year-old juvenile, post-mortem suggests 2022-03-18T04:00:00Z Many invertebrates and all vertebrates digest food as it passes through a tube called a digestive tract, which has two openings. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Birds, like other vertebrates, have closed circulatory systems in which blood remains within arteries, veins, and capillaries as it circulates. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z With the VGP partnership, we have been working to sequence about 10 vertebrate species. African effort to sequence continent’s biodiversity seeks $1 billion over 10 years 2022-03-15T04:00:00Z “But if we’re looking at all the major vertebrate groups, we basically all breathe using completely different systems.” How Boa Constrictors Breathe While Squeezing the Life Out of Their Prey 2022-03-24T04:00:00Z What makes them attractive as potential compass sensors is that they are the only known naturally occurring photoreceptors in any vertebrate that form radical pairs when they absorb blue light. How Migrating Birds Use Quantum Effects to Navigate 2022-03-15T04:00:00Z But new research is pointing to a different story, one in which asymmetrical gaits existed in our jawed ancestors living over 400 million years ago in ancient oceans, long before vertebrates moved onto land. Like Cheetahs, Ancient Ocean Creatures May Have Moved With a Gallop 2022-03-08T05:00:00Z This is opposed to the heart of vertebrates, such as humans, which does not spread throughout the length of the body. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The discovery might lead to a clearer model of how sleep evolved and developed among vertebrate animals. Sharks save energy with daytime naps 2022-03-08T05:00:00Z For Brazilian fossils, because there were so many papers, the researchers restricted their search to vertebrate and plant holotypes—specimens used to describe a new species. Institutions in the global north hoard fossils from Brazil, study says 2022-03-01T05:00:00Z But he also says it’s important to study archerfish and other piscine swimmers for their own sake, as they make up the majority of vertebrates alive today. Archerfish can distinguish animals from nonanimals—even if they’ve never seen them before 2022-03-01T05:00:00Z From a sample of 308 living species of jawed vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles and others, the team built a tree of evolutionary relationships between species. Like Cheetahs, Ancient Ocean Creatures May Have Moved With a Gallop 2022-03-08T05:00:00Z Why was it likely advantageous for insects to evolve an elongated heart as opposed to the centrally located heart of vertebrates? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z There is plenty of evidence of sleep in vertebrate animals, so it’s likely that sharks snooze, too. Sharks save energy with daytime naps 2022-03-08T05:00:00Z “It's just shocking to me how much of it is in Germany,” says Margaret Lewis, a vertebrate paleontologist at Stockton University in New Jersey. Institutions in the global north hoard fossils from Brazil, study says 2022-03-01T05:00:00Z Pterosaurs were the first vertebrates to fly, some 50 million years before birds. 'Superbly preserved' pterosaur fossil unearthed in Scotland 2022-02-22T05:00:00Z In 2020, a group of scientists compared the ACE2 receptors of hundreds of vertebrates, mostly mammals, with those of humans to determine which species the virus might infect. The Coronavirus Menagerie 2022-02-22T05:00:00Z Birds, like other vertebrates, have closed circulatory systems in which blood remains within arteries, veins, and capillaries as it circulates. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Kelly says confirmation of energy saving would be significant because sharks sit on one of the lowest branches of vertebrates’ evolutionary tree. Sharks save energy with daytime naps 2022-03-08T05:00:00Z A: Sour taste was likely present in ancient fish—they’re the earliest vertebrate animals that we know can sense sour. Pucker up! Why humans evolved a taste for sour foods 2022-02-11T05:00:00Z Olfactory receptors can be traced back hundreds of millions of years and are believed to be present in all vertebrates. Body Odor May Smell Worse to You Than Your Ancient Ancestors 2022-02-03T05:00:00Z It’s a dubious distinction in the fossil record: For the first time, a vertebrate has been found with fecal pellets where its brain once was. Why Did a Fish Have Fossilized Feces Where Its Brain Once Was? 2022-02-04T05:00:00Z Urea is the major byproduct of ammonia metabolism in vertebrate animals. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z As vertebrate animals have evolved and diversified into groups including reptiles, mammals, and birds, he says, the features and purposes of sleep have probably evolved and diversified, too. Sharks save energy with daytime naps 2022-03-08T05:00:00Z It belongs to a larger group of invertebrate animals that are closely related to all vertebrates: the tunicates. A Strange Creature Discards Genes to Make a Better Heart 2022-02-03T05:00:00Z They have by far the lowest metabolic rates and oxygen needs of any vertebrates. Junk DNA Deforms Salamander Bodies 2022-02-02T05:00:00Z There are a lot of weird vertebrates in the world—zippy hummingbirds, absurdly long-necked giraffes, bipedal apes—but some of the strangest are salamanders. Big Questions about Space, Time, Neandertals, Psychedelics and Reality 2022-01-18T05:00:00Z TLRs are present in invertebrates as well as vertebrates, and appear to be one of the most ancient components of the immune system. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Sharks could provide a model for what sleep looked like in some of the earliest vertebrates, leading to a better understanding of this process of sleep evolution. Sharks save energy with daytime naps 2022-03-08T05:00:00Z The researcher initially wanted to study the species Oikopleura dioica because, given its position on the evolutionary tree, it might reveal something about what the common ancestor of vertebrates looked like. A Strange Creature Discards Genes to Make a Better Heart 2022-02-03T05:00:00Z Fossils reveal when the major types of sound-production—and sound-detection—structures appeared in the forerunners of today’s invertebrate and vertebrate creatures. Fossils Reveal When Animals Started Making Noise 2022-01-10T05:00:00Z “This is an important moment in the battle for species conservation,” said Gerardo García, the zoo’s curator of lower vertebrates and invertebrates. Mexican fish extinct in wild successfully reintroduced 2022-01-02T05:00:00Z What is a likely reason to explain why vertebrate animals evolved an adaptive immune system rather than an innate system involving specific responses to specific pathogens? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Dr. Velez-Juarbe said he could not think of any other marine vertebrates that evolved large body sizes as quickly as the ichthyosaurs did. This Sea Lizard Had a Grand Piano-Size Head and a Big Appetite 2021-12-23T05:00:00Z But soon he discovered that this creature had lost a whole set of genes, including retinoic-acid-signaling genes that are essential for vertebrate heart and brain development. A Strange Creature Discards Genes to Make a Better Heart 2022-02-03T05:00:00Z This fact suggests they inherited it from their last common ancestor, which would mean the larynx is nearly as old as land vertebrates themselves, going back 300 million years or so. Fossils Reveal When Animals Started Making Noise 2022-01-10T05:00:00Z Octopuses - and other invertebrate cephalopods - are considered as sentient beings, but EU law covering farm animal welfare is only applied to vertebrates - creatures that have backbones. The world’s first octopus farm - should it go ahead? 2021-12-19T05:00:00Z An adaptive immune system requires an immense amount of information to be stored, which allows vertebrate cells to be able to mount specific responses to every pathogen. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z He ended up contacting University of Washington professor Gregory Wilson Mantilla, who’s also the Burke’s curator of vertebrate paleontology. Postscripts 2021: How a creepy ‘Chicken from Hell’ clawed its way into the Burke Museum’s menagerie 2021-12-19T05:00:00Z In vertebrate development, retinoic acid signaling specifies how an animal’s body is laid out front-to-back and determines which cells will make the heart, pharynx and brain. A Strange Creature Discards Genes to Make a Better Heart 2022-02-03T05:00:00Z Little is known about these early stages of vertebrate vocalization, not least because the larynx is made up of cartilage, which generally does not preserve well. Fossils Reveal When Animals Started Making Noise 2022-01-10T05:00:00Z They estimate that as many as 17 million vertebrates - including reptiles, birds and primates - died. Brazil wildfires killed an estimated 17 million animals 2021-12-16T05:00:00Z Invertebrates and vertebrates had a common ancestor, which had an innate immune system. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z They also found nine species of frogs, birds and other vertebrates. DNA in Air Can Catalog Hidden Insects All Around Us 2021-12-16T05:00:00Z But in Oikopleura, the researchers discovered that the embryo’s cells have their fates sealed very early in development, bypassing the sequential cell fate decisions that occur in the vast majority of vertebrates. A Strange Creature Discards Genes to Make a Better Heart 2022-02-03T05:00:00Z What we do know is that starting roughly 230 million years ago, during the Mesozoic era, vertebrate animals evolved a wide range of vocal abilities. Fossils Reveal When Animals Started Making Noise 2022-01-10T05:00:00Z The first buzzes from insects started around 250 million years ago, followed by vertebrates evolving the ability to produce and detect sounds, and then birds’ exquisite singing apparatuses. New Insights into Ancient Greece’s Planetary Motion Machine 2021-12-14T05:00:00Z After the two lineages diverged, the vertebrate line developed adaptive immunity, which continued to evolve in all vertebrates. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z All of these things are surprising, at least in theory, because scientists have learned to associate intelligence with vertebrates and a tendency to socialize. Scientists peered into an octopus' brain — and were astonished at what they saw 2021-11-23T05:00:00Z The result is the Map of Life, a freely available online repository of maps of species’ ranges that draws from 600 million observations worldwide of 44,351 species of vertebrates, plants, and insects. Satellites offer new ways to study ecosystems—and maybe even save them 2021-11-17T05:00:00Z The mammalian ear is unique, with three tiny bones in the middle ear, two of which are derived from bones that make up the jaw in most other vertebrates. Fossils Reveal When Animals Started Making Noise 2022-01-10T05:00:00Z In rare cases, vertebrates like certain kinds of fish and snakes are capable of the “virgin births.” California condors almost went extinct. Now, scientists say, they are capable of reproducing without males. 2021-11-05T04:00:00Z Invertebrates and vertebrates had a common ancestor, which had an innate immune system. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The process in which the brain develops what appear to be wrinkles is known as gyrification, and is associated with vertebrates whose highly evolved brains are capable of processing large quantities of complex information. Scientists peered into an octopus' brain — and were astonished at what they saw 2021-11-23T05:00:00Z Parthenogenesis, the process by which female animals produce embryos that have not been fertilized by sperm, is more common among vertebrate species like fish or lizards. Endangered California Condors Can Reproduce Asexually, Study Finds 2021-10-30T04:00:00Z In all tetrapods—the group that includes the first land vertebrates and their descendants—the primary vocalizations in the larynx are controlled predominantly by the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Fossils Reveal When Animals Started Making Noise 2022-01-10T05:00:00Z But others in the field are pushing for a much more inclusive view: that sleep evolved not with modern vertebrates as previously assumed, but perhaps a half-billion years ago when the first animals appeared. ‘If it’s alive, it sleeps.’ Brainless creatures shed light on why we slumber 2021-10-27T04:00:00Z After the two lineages diverged, the vertebrate line developed adaptive immunity, which continued to evolve in all vertebrates. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Using that information and their new research, they concluded that octopus intelligence evolved in ways similar to vertebrate animals — specifically, based on the need to accommodate their surroundings. Scientists peered into an octopus' brain — and were astonished at what they saw 2021-11-23T05:00:00Z Greg Wilson Mantilla, Burke Museum curator of vertebrate paleontology and UW biology professor, reunites with the Hell Creek Formation every summer — and has done so for over 20 years, since he was a student. UW paleontologists dug up 4 dinosaurs in Montana this summer — see the fossils emerge at the Burke Museum 2021-10-24T04:00:00Z Interestingly, the other vertebrate fliers of the Mesozoic, the pterosaurs, did not have a syrinx. Fossils Reveal When Animals Started Making Noise 2022-01-10T05:00:00Z If that’s true, sleep in humans, rodents, and other vertebrates is a highly evolved behavior—one adapted to each organism’s needs and lifestyle. ‘If it’s alive, it sleeps.’ Brainless creatures shed light on why we slumber 2021-10-27T04:00:00Z Invertebrates and vertebrates had a common ancestor, which had an adaptive immune system. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z That implies that they had a convergent evolutionary path towards developing intelligence despite having diverged from vertebrates long ago. Scientists peered into an octopus' brain — and were astonished at what they saw 2021-11-23T05:00:00Z Similar to the human brain, the vertebrate brain cannot be without oxygen for very long before irreversible damage occurs. What if humans didn't need to breathe? A study on algae's ability to oxygenate cells raises eyebrows 2021-10-23T04:00:00Z The evolution of echolocation in bats marked a major ecological revolution: vertebrates could now hunt insects on the wing in total darkness. Fossils Reveal When Animals Started Making Noise 2022-01-10T05:00:00Z Researchers have found that some vertebrates such as fishes and birds enlist red blood cells for defense—and even sic them on pathogens. Red blood cells may be immune sentinels 2021-10-19T04:00:00Z After the two lineages diverged, the vertebrate line developed innate immunity, which continued to evolve in all vertebrates. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z “If an arachnophobic person had their dreams come true, insects would become out of control, would go through boom and bust cycles like locusts and pretty soon, most land vertebrates would be extinct.” Sorry, Seattle area arachnophobes: spiders aren’t really coming inside for fall. They’ve been there all along! 2021-10-08T04:00:00Z “This is the first time in the history of Egyptian vertebrate paleontology to have an Egyptian team leading a documentation of a new genus and species of four-legged whale,” said Sallam. Egypt team identifies fossil of land-roaming whale species 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z At a time when vertebrates—the lineage that led to us—were little more than pinky-finger–size fish, radiodonts terrorized the Cambrian seas. This early ocean predator was a giant ‘swimming head’ 2021-09-08T04:00:00Z And a 2015 study of air monitors for pathogens in the Washington, D.C., area found traces of eDNA from many kinds of vertebrates and arthropods. DNA pulled from thin air identifies nearby animals 2021-07-20T04:00:00Z Invertebrates and vertebrates had a common ancestor, which had an adaptive immune system. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z For now, the bill focuses on vertebrates; animals with spines. The UK is considering animals’ feelings in a new animal welfare bill — so what do animals "feel"? 2021-07-08T04:00:00Z Then, like all vertebrates, the reptile pooped out what it could not absorb. Searching 230-Million-Year-Old Poop, Scientists Find a New Beetle 2021-06-30T04:00:00Z There are enforceable rules, for example, for experiments with human subjects, vertebrate animals, radioactive materials and lasers, but none for research with disease-causing organisms. Fight Over Covid’s Origins Renews Debate on Risks of Lab Work 2021-06-20T04:00:00Z They consistently detected animals—a total of 49 species of vertebrate. DNA pulled from thin air identifies nearby animals 2021-07-20T04:00:00Z After the two lineages diverged, the vertebrate line developed innate immunity, which continued to evolve in all vertebrates. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In Alabama, the bait box successfully blocked raccoons, possum, and other small vertebrates. How to poison a feral pig? It’s not easy 2021-05-23T04:00:00Z Most vertebrate animals have a pineal gland and they are widely considered to be essential parts of the biological machinery that enable us to sleep. How the pineal gland became an obsession for both spiritualists and sci-fi writers 2021-05-15T04:00:00Z It will apply to vertebrates, but not to cephalopods such as octopus and squid. Animal welfare plan unveiled by government 2021-05-11T04:00:00Z Others, like the immortal jellyfish and hydra, are potentially indefinite, because they have retained primordial powers of rejuvenation that have been relegated to pockets of stem cells in most adult vertebrates. How Long Can We Live? 2021-04-28T04:00:00Z While this process is common in invertebrate animals, it is rare in vertebrates. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z For nearly a century, scientists have investigated chemicals that can fell big, vertebrate pests — particularly feral swine. How to poison a feral pig? It’s not easy 2021-05-23T04:00:00Z "The pineal gland is present in most vertebrate, while the parietal eye is only present some lizards, the tuatara some frogs and salamander," Tosini explained to Salon. How the pineal gland became an obsession for both spiritualists and sci-fi writers 2021-05-15T04:00:00Z In this country, animal welfare regulations apply only to vertebrates—they use a backbone as a proxy for the complexity of an animal’s brain. Octopus ‘Teachers’ Demonstrate They Feel Emotional Pain 2021-04-23T04:00:00Z One of the many obstacles to these goals is the overwhelming complexity of aging in mammals and other vertebrates. How Long Can We Live? 2021-04-28T04:00:00Z Some vertebrate animals—such as certain reptiles, amphibians, and fish—also reproduce through parthenogenesis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z On the resulting maps, the researchers overlay current data about vertebrate biodiversity, threatened species, and protected areas, as well as government-recognized Indigenous areas. Just 19% of Earth’s land is still ‘wild,’ analysis suggests 2021-04-19T04:00:00Z "It shows that vertebrate life evolved opposed thumbs in a Jurassic forest, in China, through a small pterosaur." Pterosaurs with thumbs? Scientists say yes, a "monkeydactyl" once existed 2021-04-18T04:00:00Z With muscle physiology and bone strength typical of vertebrate animals and with a vaguely pterosaurlike quadrupedal build, 800 pounds is probably about the maximum such a creature could weigh while still being able to fly. How to Make a Hippogriff Fly and Other Flights of Fancy 2021-04-09T04:00:00Z This overall trade-off—vertebrates impacted less and invertebrates hit harder—has also been seen in a smaller study. Birds versus bees: These species are losing out in the great pesticide trade-off 2021-04-01T04:00:00Z The mesoderm that lies on either side of the vertebrate neural tube will develop into the various connective tissues of the animal body. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Larger vertebrates, like opossums, may emit bad smells to enhance the illusion that they are dead, and thus not tasty. The Power of Playing Dead 2021-03-07T05:00:00Z As the study's authors explain, pterosaurs were the first vertebrates to evolve to be able to performed powered flights. Pterosaurs with thumbs? Scientists say yes, a "monkeydactyl" once existed 2021-04-18T04:00:00Z “This study is one of surprisingly few that compellingly document sympatric speciation caught in the act” in vertebrates, says Martha Muñoz, an evolutionary biologist at Yale University who was not involved with the work. Tiny differences in plumage and song have split two nearly identical birds into different species 2021-03-25T04:00:00Z Together, the studies provide an emerging picture that may help explain how all vertebrates, including humans, move around. This rabbit walks on its ‘hands.’ Scientists think they’ve found the genetic reason why 2021-03-25T04:00:00Z Formation of vertebrate axis is another important developmental stage. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Known as diplogastrids, this family is rarely detected in vertebrates or marine ecosystems; they often develop parasitic or symbiotic relationships with insects. Manatees May Carry Half a Million Microscopic Hitchhikers 2021-02-25T05:00:00Z Genetically, “Everything necessary was already there” before vertebrates came ashore, nearly 400 million years ago. Fish had the genes to adapt to life on land—while they were still swimming the seas 2021-02-10T05:00:00Z Clearly, more research on how neonics potentially affect vertebrates is needed. These widely used insecticides may be a threat to mammals too 2021-02-05T05:00:00Z Finding such a small reptile raises interesting questions about the lower limits of body size in vertebrates. This tiny chameleon may be world’s smallest reptile 2021-02-01T05:00:00Z The mesoderm, located on either side of the vertebrate neural tube, develops into various connective tissues. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z “It’s always kind of a rare gift when we get soft tissues like this preserved,” said Armita Manafzadeh, a vertebrate paleontologist at Brown University who was not involved in the study. Finally in 3-D: A Dinosaur’s All-Purpose Orifice 2021-01-19T05:00:00Z This story, first published on 4 February, has been updated to include information on two additional papers using genomics to understand how vertebrates adapted to life on land. Fish had the genes to adapt to life on land—while they were still swimming the seas 2021-02-10T05:00:00Z According to Hennig, one of the reasons neonics were developed as insecticides is precisely because they don’t affect vertebrates in the same way—they attach to cell-surface receptors that are much less prevalent in vertebrates. These widely used insecticides may be a threat to mammals too 2021-02-05T05:00:00Z Apart from its cuteness, scientists say the discovery of yet another tiny chameleon species raises all sorts of questions about the limits of tininess in vertebrates. This tiny chameleon may be world’s smallest reptile 2021-02-01T05:00:00Z The mesoderm, located on either side of the vertebrate neural tube, develops into various connective tissues. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The first, about 532 million years ago, was when animal life burst on the scene, and the predecessors of today’s arthropods, vertebrates and many other creatures evolved. Earth’s Biodiversity Bursts Do Not Follow Expected Pattern 2021-01-14T05:00:00Z Finally, after the African lungfish split off from the lobe fins, the common ancestor of land vertebrates acquired other respiratory and locomotive refinements needed to live out of water. Fish had the genes to adapt to life on land—while they were still swimming the seas 2021-02-10T05:00:00Z Exactly how neonic-coated seeds affect growth, development, and organ function of vertebrates remains an open question. These widely used insecticides may be a threat to mammals too 2021-02-05T05:00:00Z “It’s a fascinating study” that reveals just how distinct dire wolves were, says Robert Dundas, a vertebrate paleontologist and expert on the animals at California State University, Fresno, who was not involved with the work. The legendary dire wolf may not have been a wolf at all 2021-01-13T05:00:00Z In all vertebrate multiple Hox clusters control the development of the body plan and they too show the sequential anterior to posterior arrangement in the genome. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The second, about 358 million years ago, occurred when some vertebrates evolved to live on land for the first time in their history. Earth’s Biodiversity Bursts Do Not Follow Expected Pattern 2021-01-14T05:00:00Z Rather than building new structures and genetic pathways just when vertebrates moved onto land, evolution apparently was thrifty, using existing genes to adapt to the opportunities offered by terrestrial habitats. Fish had the genes to adapt to life on land—while they were still swimming the seas 2021-02-10T05:00:00Z Lab studies have reported a slew of evidence that exposure to neonics is harmful to vertebrate animals. These widely used insecticides may be a threat to mammals too 2021-02-05T05:00:00Z With the help of Krister T. Smith, a vertebrate paleontologist at the Senckenberg Research Institute in Frankfurt, he set off looking for more like it. Pythons Slithered Through Europe Before Coiling Around the World 2020-12-20T05:00:00Z Collecting fossils from rock layers deposited prior to the Permian period that contain some early vertebrate bones. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z During the Carboniferous, forests proliferated over the planet and hosted communities of invertebrates, which fed the amphibious vertebrates that were just emerging onto land. Earth’s Biodiversity Bursts Do Not Follow Expected Pattern 2021-01-14T05:00:00Z Pterosaurs became Earth’s first flying vertebrates, with birds and then bats appearing much later. Scientists clarify origins of pterosaurs, the dinosaur era’s flying reptiles 2020-12-11T05:00:00Z They were as much a part of the Age of Reptiles as dinosaurs were, and they were the first vertebrates to fly by flapping. Pterosaur Origins Flap into Focus 2020-12-09T05:00:00Z Echinoderms lie just outside the vertebrate family tree and are probably the closest non-bony relatives of animals with backbones. When Same-Sex Mating Makes Reproductive Sense 2020-12-03T05:00:00Z Polypoidy is common in plants and occurs in invertebrate animals but is less common in vertebrates. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z “It suggests that the same molecules and pathways are likely to be reused for patterning of very different structures and at very different scales to form the intricate elements of the vertebrate anatomy.” How cats get their stripes 2020-12-02T05:00:00Z The skeletons will be gifted to the Raleigh museum’s vertebrate paleontology collection. North Carolina museum to get fossils of ‘dueling dinosaurs’ 2020-11-17T05:00:00Z Whether this paper settles the argument, Stephen Brusatte, a vertebrate paleontologist at the University of Edinburgh, said studying the feather continues to offer useful insights. First Fossil Feather Ever Found Belonged to This Dinosaur 2020-09-30T04:00:00Z For this reason, scientists often use this animal group as the evolutionary stand-in for a common ancestor of vertebrates. When Same-Sex Mating Makes Reproductive Sense 2020-12-03T05:00:00Z Your summary has revealed some similarities and differences among vertebrate erythrocyte and circulatory system structures. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z “There’s a reason the orifice for having babies is next to the anal orifice, in all vertebrates,” she says. Eating a tiny bit of mom’s poop could give C-section babies an immune ‘primer’ 2020-10-01T04:00:00Z As we learn more about the diverse and complex defence systems in bacteria, it might be tempting to consider these immune systems as mirroring those of vertebrates. Bacteria sting viral invaders 2020-09-27T04:00:00Z Michael Pittman, a vertebrate paleontologist at the University of Hong Kong and a co-author of the 2019 study, still thinks that the feather doesn’t fit, like a jigsaw puzzle piece in the wrong box. First Fossil Feather Ever Found Belonged to This Dinosaur 2020-09-30T04:00:00Z Our evolutionary paths diverged nearly twice as long ago as human’s did with any other vertebrate. An octopus 'love story' on Netflix has caused thoughts to run wild. Why? | Elle Hunt 2020-09-24T04:00:00Z Birds and butterflies – Although the common ancestor between vertebrates and insects lived even longer ago than the common ancestor between whales and fish, birds and butterflies both developed flight. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z “The sociality of bees is very different from what we understand as sociality in vertebrates.” Meet a Bee With a Very Big Brain 2020-09-15T04:00:00Z The Pantanal is home to roughly 1,200 vertebrate animal species, including 36 that are threatened with extinction. Burned jaguars, fire tornadoes: Blazes in Brazil wetland deliver climate warning 2020-09-14T04:00:00Z Average populations of nearly 4,400 mammals, amphibians, birds, fish and reptiles dropped by 68 percent since 1970, according to the World Wildlife Fund report, which is based on vertebrate monitoring projects around the world. Humans are decimating wildlife, and the pandemic is a sign, report says 2020-09-10T04:00:00Z The figures, the latest available, showed that in all regions of the world, vertebrate wildlife populations are collapsing, falling on average by more than two-thirds since 1970. Humans exploiting and destroying nature on unprecedented scale – report 2020-09-09T04:00:00Z Fibrocartilage comprises the intervertebral discs in vertebrate animals. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Brazeau said the new findings adds weight to the idea that the the ancestors of modern jawed vertebrates did not resemble “some kind of weirdo shark” as is often depicted in text books. Fossil upends theory of how shark skeletons evolved, say scientists 2020-09-07T04:00:00Z Today, the skull sits in Los Angeles, in the hands of one of the new study’s authors, Luis Chiappe, a vertebrate paleontologist at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Fossil Reveals ‘One of the Cutest Dinosaurs’ Ever Found 2020-08-27T04:00:00Z His colleague on the study, Christopher Brochu, a vertebrate paleontologist at the University of Iowa, said that the fossils showed how crocodilians were “not ‘living fossils’ that haven’t changed since the age of dinosaurs.” ‘Terror Crocodile’ the Size of a Bus Fed on Dinosaurs, Study Says 2020-08-13T04:00:00Z Latin America and the Caribbean recorded the most alarming drop, with an average fall of 94% in vertebrate wildlife populations. Humans exploiting and destroying nature on unprecedented scale – report 2020-09-09T04:00:00Z Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the animal and points of attachment for tendons. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Dr Daniel Field, a vertebrate palaeontologist at the University of Cambridge who was not involved in the work, welcomed the findings. Fossil upends theory of how shark skeletons evolved, say scientists 2020-09-07T04:00:00Z At that age, they’d be among the oldest tracks of animals that lay hard-shell eggs and the earliest evidence of vertebrate animals strolling in sand dunes, he wrote a research paper published this month. Rock fall at Grand Canyon reveals ancient animal footprints 2020-08-24T04:00:00Z "More significantly, they are among the oldest tracks on Earth of shelled-egg-laying animals, such as reptiles, and the earliest evidence of vertebrate animals walking in sand dunes," he said. Fossil footprints from 313 million years ago oldest ever found in Grand Canyon 2020-08-22T04:00:00Z “This is what we would expect for an animal where the parents do not provide food for their young,” the study's lead author, vertebrate paleontologist Joseph Frederickson, said in a statement. 'Jurassic Park' was wrong: Raptors didn't hunt in packs 2020-08-19T04:00:00Z Wild cats such as lions, shown in Figure 25.3a and tigers are examples of vertebrate carnivores, as are snakes and sharks, while invertebrate carnivores include sea stars, spiders, and ladybugs, shown in Figure 25.3b. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The development was thought so important, living vertebrates are divided into “bony vertebrates” and “cartilaginous vertebrates” as a result. Fossil upends theory of how shark skeletons evolved, say scientists 2020-09-07T04:00:00Z RNA viruses in today’s vertebrates are no different in reflecting the evolutionary history of their hosts. The Ocean Carries ‘Memories’ of SARS-CoV-2 2020-08-15T04:00:00Z Staggering environmental consequences were claimed, including greenhouse-gas emissions that were exceeded only by those in China, the United States, India, Russia and Japan, and the loss or displacement of more than one billion native vertebrates. Wildfires: Australia needs national monitoring agency 2020-08-11T04:00:00Z In vertebrates, or animals with backbones, tears are vital for vision, Dr. Oriá said. Could Owl and Crocodilian Tears Lead to a Cure for Your Dry Eyes? 2020-08-13T04:00:00Z For example, birds have a monogastric digestive system like most other vertebrates, but their digestive system structure differs from that of most other monogastric vertebrates. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The genome produced by Gemmell and co-workers is one of the largest vertebrate genomes published so far. Tuatara genome reveals diverse insights into a remarkable reptile 2020-08-04T04:00:00Z Agnolin, a researcher at the Argentine Museum of Natural Sciences’ laboratory of comparative anatomy and evolution of vertebrates, called the find a “biological rarity.” Ancient owl in Andes was a formidable predator — and a cannibal, report says 2020-07-30T04:00:00Z Now, several years and a few “Jurassic Park” movies later, Evan Johnson-Ransom is a vertebrate paleontologist completing his master’s degree at Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences. A Paleontologist’s Guide to Playing with Your Dinosaur-Obsessed Kid 2020-07-21T04:00:00Z H. Joseph Yost, a developmental geneticist at the University of Utah School of Medicine, studies how cells are assigned identities in vertebrate embryos. Antiabortion ethicists and scientists dominate Trump‘s fetal tissue review board 2020-07-31T04:00:00Z Compared to invertebrates, vertebrate nervous systems are more complex, centralized, and specialized. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z “Three thousand million native vertebrates is just huge. It’s a number so big that you can’t comprehend it,” he said. Almost 3 billion animals affected by Australian bushfires, report shows 2020-07-28T04:00:00Z It is intriguing that animals with such a strange system for perceiving their world belong to the major animal group that is the closest kin of vertebrates. The Brittle Star That Sees with its Body 2020-07-28T04:00:00Z A new study argues coconut production poses a threat to biodiversity—including vertebrates, arthropods, mollusks, and plants—five times greater than palm oil. Claim that coconut oil is worse for biodiversity than palm oil sparks furious debate 2020-07-17T04:00:00Z In addition, this miniaturization was likely a necessary precursor for the development of flight in vertebrates. ‘Tiny Bug Slayer’ Dinosaur Relative Would Fit in the Palm of a Hand 2020-07-14T04:00:00Z One interesting difference between the nervous systems of invertebrates and vertebrates is that the nerve cords of many invertebrates are located ventrally whereas the vertebrate spinal cords are located dorsally. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Sea squirts are more closely related to vertebrates — animals like humans with backbones — than you might expect from brainless blobs. This Ancient Sea Creature Builds Its Body With a Whisper, Not a Scream 2020-07-09T04:00:00Z Many vertebrates—including mammals—possess light receptors apart from their eyes. The Brittle Star That Sees with its Body 2020-07-28T04:00:00Z The fossil preserves in its fins bones comparable to the ones that make up our fingers, showing that digits evolved before vertebrates left the water. How a 380-Million-Year-Old Fish Gave Us Fingers 2020-06-17T04:00:00Z "The origin of pterosaurs, the first vertebrates capable of powered flight, is likely related to their ancestry among already-small-bodied early ornithodirans," the researchers wrote in the study. ‘Tiny Bug Slayer’ Dinosaur Relative Would Fit in the Palm of a Hand 2020-07-14T04:00:00Z There is debate among evolutionary biologists as to whether these different nervous system plans evolved separately or whether the invertebrate body plan arrangement somehow “flipped” during the evolution of vertebrates. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The rate of loss of biodiversity is faster than previously estimated, with 515 species of vertebrates now counting fewer than 1,000 members. Daily briefing: More than 500 species of vertebrates are on the brink of extinction 2020-06-02T04:00:00Z For comparison purposes, it's estimated that 543 species of land vertebrates went extinct in the entire 20th century. Animals and plants are going extinct at an 'unprecedented rate,' shocking study says 2020-06-02T04:00:00Z The extinction rate among terrestrial vertebrate species is significantly higher than prior estimates, and the critical window for preventing mass losses will close much sooner than formerly assumed — in 10 to 15 years. Mass Extinctions Are Accelerating, Scientists Report 2020-06-01T04:00:00Z These features are shared by all living jawed vertebrates, but are absent or achieved in a different way in jawless vertebrates, whose haemoglobin proteins are of more ancient origin. Extinct proteins resurrected to reconstruct the evolution of vertebrate haemoglobin 2020-05-19T04:00:00Z The ear ossicles are homologous to bones in a fish mouth: the bones that support gills in fish are thought to be adapted for use in the vertebrate ear over evolutionary time. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z |
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