| 单词 | Turgot |
| 例句 | Outside Turgot High School in Paris, small groups of students chatted and smoked after the end of their classes on a recent afternoon. Positive Test Rate of 11 Percent? France’s Schools Remain Open. 2020-11-30T05:00:00Z She was clearly a formidable character, not sparing the rod for her children, and "feared by people while they loved her", Turgot wrote. 'England's darling' and Scotland's saint - BBC News 2016-10-14T04:00:00Z Mr., 30.Transubstantiation, origin of belief in, 67.Turgot, Pioneers of Evolution from Thales to Huxley With an Intermediate Chapter on the Causes of Arrest of the Movement 2012-04-26T02:00:14.960Z Turgot had argued before the Sorbonne, only a few years previously, that a belief in the progress of the human race, so far from being incompatible with the doctrine of redemption, is its necessary consequence. The Catholic World; Volume I, Issues 1-6 A Monthly Eclectic Magazine 2012-04-05T02:00:40.207Z I have already had occasion to quote at the beginning of this paper his disclaimer of the honors conferred upon him by Turgot's famous Latin line. Inventors 2012-02-08T03:00:16.647Z Turgot long since observed that the value of a promise of future payment is different not only for different persons, but at different times. Principles of Political Economy, Vol. II 2012-01-25T03:00:34.150Z Her contemporary, Bishop Turgot, recorded that she summoned Church councils and argued for days against opponents of reform. 'England's darling' and Scotland's saint - BBC News 2016-10-14T04:00:00Z "The mass of mankind," says Turgot, "advances constantly towards an ever-growing perfection," and elsewhere: "Men taught by experience grow in ever greater measure and in a better sense humane." Morals and the Evolution of Man 2011-11-14T03:00:18.930Z About the same time he fell into the society of the Encyclopoedists, and allied himself with Helv�tius, d'Alembert, Turgot, and the rest of the philosophical party, who received the illustrious recruit with open arms. The Catholic World; Volume I, Issues 1-6 A Monthly Eclectic Magazine 2012-04-05T02:00:40.207Z That tendency to torpor, which, as Adam Smith and Turgot have maintained, is inherent in the system of endowments, fell upon Oxford in full measure. Oxford and Her Colleges 2011-11-02T02:00:09.560Z Turgot vindicates the interests of workmen against protective duties, for whom no compensation is possible, where one industry gains by its being favored in the same way that it loses when another is favored. Principles of Political Economy, Vol. II 2012-01-25T03:00:34.150Z Turgot regarded the colonial systems of the European countries as at once unfair to their dependencies and dangerous to the peace of the world. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 1 "Franciscans" to "French Language" 2011-10-22T02:00:29.487Z The king of France, Louis XVI., an autocrat if ever there was, had an excellent minister of finance in Turgot, a man of extraordinary foresight, of liberal judgment and of rare administrative ability. The History of Cuba, vol. 2 2011-10-11T02:01:01.423Z You remember that remark of Turgot's—that dear father loved to quote: "The greatest evils in life have their rise from things too small to be attended to." The Builders 2011-09-19T02:00:09.067Z At a later period of his life, Franklin describes to Turgot what he called his new stove. Benjamin Franklin; Self-Revealed, Volume II (of 2) A Biographical and Critical Study Based Mainly on his own Writings 2011-08-16T02:00:39.793Z In France the doctrine was represented by Turgot and Condorcet. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 1 "Evangelical Church Conference" to "Fairbairn, Sir William" 2011-07-16T02:00:16.387Z For two years Turgot was the reigning influence at the council board. The Colonization of North America 1492-1783 2011-07-06T02:00:47.077Z As Turgot intimated in his message, Spain was far more directly interested in the step taken by the British colonies and the possible effects it might have upon her own possessions. The History of Cuba, vol. 2 2011-10-11T02:01:01.423Z The Assembly also proclaimed the liberty of labour and industry, and suppressed the corporations of artisans and workmen, the jurandes and ma�trises, as Turgot had done. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 8 "France" to "Francis Joseph I." 2011-05-27T02:00:16.463Z It was still too early for a Fourth of August; but the queen’s victory was none the less vain, since Turgot’s ideas were taken up by his successors. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 7 "Fox, George" to "France" 2011-05-15T02:00:07.897Z Turgot, the famous Minister of Louis XVI, and President H�nault were among those who provided funds. The Lure of the Camera 2011-04-27T02:00:25.413Z Turgot's plans ran counter to the policy of Vergennes, the foreign minister, who desired to see his country take its place in the sun as the dictator of European politics. The Colonization of North America 1492-1783 2011-07-06T02:00:47.077Z Remember always the saying of Turgot, the great French economist, “It is not error which opposes the progress of truth: it is indolence, obstinacy, the spirit of routine, everything that favours inaction.” Practical Politics; or, the Liberalism of To-day 2011-04-19T02:00:17.257Z This school came into power with Turgot, who was appointed controller-general of the finances, and laid the foundations of many reforms. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 8 "France" to "Francis Joseph I." 2011-05-27T02:00:16.463Z Like Turgot he failed, and for the same reasons. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 7 "Fox, George" to "France" 2011-05-15T02:00:07.897Z He early gained a reputation for his writings on commerce, and his exposition of the theories of the physiocrats, and was employed by Turgot and Vergennes in the public service. The New Gresham Encyclopedia Volume 4, Part 1: Deposition to Eberswalde 2011-04-14T02:00:57.977Z It is always useful, therefore, to be reminded of the truth, so well stated by Turgot, that every kind of merchandise has the two properties of measuring value and transferring value. Readings in Money and Banking Selected and Adapted 2011-02-01T03:00:14.553Z By the Marquis of Condorcet we are informed, that this measure originated in the liberal and enlightened mind of that excellent citizen and statesman, M. Turgot. Narrative of the Voyages Round the World, Performed by Captain James Cook : with an Account of His Life During the Previous and Intervening Periods 2011-01-12T03:00:35.190Z Turgot suppressed the privileges of the ma�tres, who alone had been able to work on their own account, or to open shops and workshops, and thus proclaimed the freedom of labour, industry and commerce. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 8 "France" to "Francis Joseph I." 2011-05-27T02:00:16.463Z By the former Turgot hampered the great interests; by the second he thwarted the desires of courtiers not only of the second rank but of the first. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 7 "Fox, George" to "France" 2011-05-15T02:00:07.897Z France, too, had its guilds, but they were abolished by Turgot on the ground that the free right to labor was a sacred privilege of humanity. Colonial Homes and Their Furnishings 2011-01-11T03:00:35.147Z Two years later he was recalled to France by the advent of his friend Turgot to power. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 8 "Dubner" to "Dyeing" 2010-12-26T03:00:17.840Z If Turgot and the French reformers had had their way, the Revolution might have been averted, or at least mitigated. A Short History of English Liberalism 2010-12-22T15:03:38.007Z It was Turgot’s purpose to organize provincial and other inferior assemblies, whose chief business was to be the assessment of taxes. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 8 "France" to "Francis Joseph I." 2011-05-27T02:00:16.463Z He even believes that if he were engaged to go to Paradise this morning, he would pray for permission to remain on earth until half-past one, to receive the embrace promised him at the Turgots’.” The True Benjamin Franklin The great individualists from Locke to Turgot, Adam Smith and Bentham all repeated, in different language, a similar conception. The Acquisitive Society At the time Turgot wrote, Canada was a French possession; but his words are as applicable to this colony as to the United States. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 20, No. 119, September, 1867 This valuation, arising from the general estimate formed by society, constitutes what Adam Smith calls value in exchange; what Turgot calls appreciable value; and what we may more briefly designate by the term value. On The Principles of Political Economy, and Taxation It began by the conservative opposition offered by the parlement of Paris to Turgot’s reforms. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 8 "France" to "Francis Joseph I." 2011-05-27T02:00:16.463Z But Turgot, though not remarkable for the form of his writings, was the most original and influential writer of the liberal school in this department. A Short History of French Literature One day his minister, Turgot, entering his cabinet, found him seriously occupied. Paris From the Earliest Period to the Present Day; Volume 2 Good men in France became anxious for the future; Voltaire, in his distant retreat, gave a shriek of despair, and addressed to Turgot some remarkable verses entitled Épître à un Homme. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 20, No. 119, September, 1867 Other powerful colleagues, Turgot among them, declined to contribute further to a book which had acquired an evil fame. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 4 "Diameter" to "Dinarchus" The reason why the Marquis de Turgot selects a young aristocrat is because he feels certain that he cannot be tampered with. An Englishman in Paris Notes and Recollections Turgot's literary work is not extensive, and it is not distinguished by its style. A Short History of French Literature Another "foreign incident" is a duel at Madrid between Pierre Soulé, American minister to Spain, and M. Turgot; the latter crippled for life. The Scrap Book, Volume 1, No. 6 August 1906 Turgot, the philosopher and minister, saw in youth, with the vision of genius, that all colonies must at their maturity drop from the parent stem, like ripe fruit. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 20, No. 119, September, 1867 D’Alembert, Turgot and Voltaire, for whom he had great affection and veneration, and by whom he was highly respected and esteemed, contributed largely to the formation of his opinions. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 7 "Columbus" to "Condottiere" Turgot, the ablest and most far-seeing reformer then living, attempted to do for France what less gifted men were doing with success in Lombardy, and Tuscany, and Parma. The History of Freedom Putting Bossuet out of the question, Vico in Italy, Montesquieu and Turgot in France, are usually and rightly credited with the working out of this great conception. A Short History of French Literature He supported the parlements against the ministry, was especially active in his hostility to Turgot, and was suspected of aiding a rising which took place at Dijon in 1775. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 2 "Constantine Pavlovich" to "Convention" All that I intend is an introduction to Turgot's prophetic words relating to America. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 20, No. 119, September, 1867 The last well-founded hope of reforms that should probe deep enough to anticipate revolution had disappeared with Turgot. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 15, No. 91, May, 1865 Both Tocqueville and Turgot are said to have wavered on this point. The History of Freedom The writings of Montesquieu and Turgot themselves are not history—they are essays of lesser or greater length in historical philosophy. A Short History of French Literature The fogs and mists of Comte's portentous tomes are all derived, it has often been pointed out, from a few paragraphs of Turgot. The Origins and Destiny of Imperial Britain Nineteenth Century Europe Among the illustrious names of France there are few equal to that of Turgot. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 20, No. 119, September, 1867 The great minister, Turgot, baffled by the selfishness of the privileged classes, fell. Vigée Le Brun There are six Americans on a level with the foremost Europeans, with Smith and Turgot, Mill and Humboldt. The History of Freedom The light thrown in this fashion upon the social, moral, and intellectual characteristics of the time constitutes the chief value of all its historical literature, except the great philosophico-historical works of Montesquieu and Turgot. A Short History of French Literature And a fragment written by Turgot in his youth inspired something of the substance and even of the title of Condorcet's great Esquisse. The Origins and Destiny of Imperial Britain Nineteenth Century Europe One can study them in Seneca at the court of Nero, or in Turgot with Louis; not so well perhaps in Voltaire with Frederick. Five Stages of Greek Religion When Turgot became Minister of Marine, he gave Condorcet a post as Inspector of Canals; from this he was subsequently promoted to the Inspector of the Mint. Ancient and Modern Celebrated Freethinkers Reprinted From an English Work, Entitled "Half-Hours With The Freethinkers." Turgot had the ability to separate political economy from politics, law, and ethics. Principles Of Political Economy Abridged with Critical, Bibliographical, and Explanatory Notes, and a Sketch of the History of Political Economy Turgot, however, shared to the full the philosophe ideas of the time as to theological orthodoxy, and did not share the usual philosophe ideas as to concealment of his principles for comfort's sake. A Short History of French Literature Twenty years before, Turgot projecting a system of universal education in France, had promised to transform the nation in ten years. Shelley, Godwin and Their Circle That it is possible for France to borrow may be demonstrated; for at the time M. Turgot was removed, he was negotiating a loan here, and was likely to succeed, for sixty millions of guilders. The Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution, Vol. IX Turgot said, "He that has never doubted the existence of matter, may be assured he has no aptitude for metaphysical inquiries." Nature Three works of Turgot, on mining property, interest of money, and freedom in the corn-trade, bear a high reputation. Principles Of Political Economy Abridged with Critical, Bibliographical, and Explanatory Notes, and a Sketch of the History of Political Economy Voltaire, it is said, took Turgot's hexameters for prose, and the significance of this is the same whether the mistake, as is probable, was mischievous or whether it was genuine. A Short History of French Literature Louis XVI. proposed a plan of this sort to Turgot before the Revolution; but that minister, deeply embued with the principles of democracy, rejected it; and Neckar, following out his views, practically established universal suffrage. Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, Volume 58, Number 360, October 1845 Turgot declined: "You incessantly say we," he replied; "the public will soon say you; I do not wish to be so enrolled and classed." Memoirs To Illustrate The History Of My Time Volume 1 Dependent on the public favor, 80.Parallel between the Tudors and the C�sars not applicable, 81.Corruption not necessary to them, 209.Turgot, Critical and Historical Essays, Volume III (of 3) The honor of producing at once, Adam Smith, Quesnay and Turgot belongs to the eighteenth century. Principles Of Political Economy In France, reformers such as Turgot and the economists were in favour of an enlightened despotism, because the state meant a centralised power which might be turned against the aristocracy. The English Utilitarians, Volume I. From that time unbelief so far prevailed that even men who were not professed assailants, as Montesquieu, Condillac, Turgot, were estranged from Christianity. Lectures on the French Revolution One of them was the portrait of the King of France in its frame of four hundred brilliants, and the other was his own portrait with, perhaps, Turgot's famous inscription. True to His Home A Tale of the Boyhood of Franklin In this wise expressed himself one of the sage thinkers of the eighteenth century, Turgot. Essay on the Creative Imagination The Italian could not have made a more accurate statement of the case had he waited until after the dismissal of Turgot, which took place in May, 1776, much to the satisfaction of the court. An Introduction to the History of Western Europe The attempts of sovereigns like Frederick the Great in Prussia and Joseph the Second in Austria and the Netherlands were rivalled by the efforts of statesmen such as Turgot in France. History of the English People, Volume VIII Modern England, 1760-1815 Turgot, when he proclaimed that upward growth and progress is the law of human life, was studying to become a priest. Lectures on the French Revolution Illustrious in mathematical science, he was interested by Turgot in political economy, and took a part in the polemics of theology. A History of French Literature Short Histories of the Literatures of the World: II. The discontents of the people induced the king to dismiss him, and Turgot, for whom the people clamored, became prime minister. A Modern History, From the Time of Luther to the Fall of Napoleon For the Use of Schools and Colleges The new king almost immediately summoned Turgot, the ablest of the economists, and placed him in the most important of the government offices, that of controller general. An Introduction to the History of Western Europe Turgot was almost as much less vivacious than Condorcet, as Condorcet was less vivacious than Voltaire. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Turgot at once made the idea habitual and familiar, and it became a pervading force in thoughtful minds, whilst the new sciences arose to confirm it. Lectures on the French Revolution By Turgot for the first time the idea of progress was accepted as the ruling principle of history. A History of French Literature Short Histories of the Literatures of the World: II. It was the old dream of lofty minds from Plato down to Turgot. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 3 of 3) Essay 7: W.R. Greg: A Sketch Turgot was an experienced government official as well as a scholar. An Introduction to the History of Western Europe Turgot and Montesquieu are perhaps the only two eminent men in France during this part of the century, of whom the same defect might not be alleged. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet The abrupt transition seems to have been accomplished by Turgot without a struggle. Lectures on the French Revolution It will be observed, moreover, that Turgot was born half a generation after the first race of the speculative revolutionists. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot He can find no better answer than that of Turgot and the Economists. Diderot and the Encyclopædists Volume II. The French and English economists in the eighteenth century, like Turgot and Adam Smith, advocated the abolition of all restrictions, which they believed did far more harm than good. An Introduction to the History of Western Europe He was bitter and destructive with the bitterness of Voltaire; he was hopeful for the future with the faith of Turgot; and he was urgent, heated, impetuous, with a heavy vehemence all his own. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet The Encyclopædia, which was the largest undertaking since the invention of printing, came out at that time, and Turgot wrote for it. Lectures on the French Revolution We cannot tell how far the gulf between Turgot and the earlier band was fixed by the accident that he did not belong to their generation in point of time. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Again, in the case of the Encyclopædia, as we have also seen, Turgot as well as less eminent men bargained that their names should not be made public. Diderot and the Encyclopædists Volume II. Turgot felt that the vast amount spent in maintaining the luxury of the royal court at Versailles should be reduced. An Introduction to the History of Western Europe Perhaps we see him most characteristically in his correspondence with Turgot. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet He copied the manuscript, presented it to the minister as his own work, and sold another copy to the booksellers as the work of Turgot. Lectures on the French Revolution His stock was Norman, and those who amuse themselves by finding a vital condition of the highest ability in antiquity of blood, may quote the descent of Turgot in support of their delusion. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Turgot had been made controller-general in the months before Diderot’s return, and Turgot’s ministry was the last serious experiment in the direction of orderly reform. Diderot and the Encyclopædists Volume II. Turgot, Queen Margaret's friend and confessor, was the thirteenth bishop, and ruled from 1107-1115—the first bishop not of native birth. Scottish Cathedrals and Abbeys What Turgot loved in Condorcet was his ‘simplicity of character.’ Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet She had proved inferior to her position during the years of her prosperity, and had disgraced herself, even in her mother's eyes, by her share in the dismissal of Turgot. Lectures on the French Revolution The National Assembly and the Convention went to work exactly in the same stiff and absolute spirit as Turgot. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot A great enemy to indifference, a great friend to indulgence, said Turgot of himself; and perhaps it is what we should all do well to be able to say of ourselves. Diderot and the Encyclopædists Volume II. According to Turgot, Queen Margaret, after her marriage, founded a church "in that place where her nuptials were celebrated," and it was dedicated to the Holy Trinity in 1074. Scottish Cathedrals and Abbeys Voltaire had been dead these five years, and Turgot, too, was gone. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Learning from many, he became the disciple of none, and was thoroughly independent, looking beyond the horizon of his century, and farther than his own favourites, Rousseau, Adam Smith, and Turgot. Lectures on the French Revolution We have already said that the keyword to Turgot's political aims and social theory was not Pity nor Benevolence, but Justice. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Turgot, the friend of Franklin, objected to this, but M. Deslandes gave him plainly to understand that 'a government which should tolerate such misconduct would be detestable.' France and the Republic A Record of Things Seen and Learned in the French Provinces During the 'Centennial' Year 1889 An early church is said to have been built here in 1112 by Bishop Turgot, and subsequently dedicated by Bishop de Bernham to the Holy Trinity. Scottish Cathedrals and Abbeys And Turgot not only saw that there is a relation of cause and effect between successive states of society; he- 224 - had glimpses into some of the conditions of that relation. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet He derived the leading idea from his friend Turgot, and transmitted it to Comte. Lectures on the French Revolution Turgot's early passion for literature had made him seize an occasion of being introduced to even so moderately renowned a professor of it as Madame de Graffigny. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Captain Turgot had fitted them up a couple of bunks in a small room in which Pierre slept, and they were both far more comfortable than they had ever been in their lives. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure The wise Turgot, in a state paper marked by great ability, opposed French intervention, and proved his case. Benjamin Franklin Even in empirical explanations Turgot shows a- 225 - breadth and accuracy of vision truly surprising, considering his own youth and what we may venture to call the youth of his subject. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Turgot indeed had failed in office; but his reputation was not diminished, and the power of his name exceeded all others at the outbreak of the Revolution. Lectures on the French Revolution Turgot from first to last resisted the whole spirit of such protests. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Captain Turgot’s cottage was far superior to that of Jack’s father; and as for Bill, he had never before slept in so soft a bed. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure Turgot said so, and no man knew better than Turgot. Benjamin Franklin Turgot had declared that one age is bound to another by a chain of causation. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Franklin gave the sanction of an oracle to the constitution of his state, and Turgot was its vehement protagonist in Europe. Lectures on the French Revolution With Turgot this was not the result of mere sentimental brooding. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Captain Turgot was highly pleased, and called them “bons garçons,” and said he hoped that they would remain with him till the war was over, and as much longer as they liked. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure But de Vergennes was the coming man in France, and Turgot no longer had the influence or the popularity to which his ability entitled him. Benjamin Franklin For a further account of Turgot’s speculations, see article “Turgot” in the present volume. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet One was monarchy according to Turgot, the other was monarchy adapted to Rousseau; and the latter, for a time, prevailed. Lectures on the French Revolution Turgot had discovered that there was a law in the history of men, and he knew how this law limited and conditioned progress. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Captain Turgot was much afraid of losing them. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure Among Frenchmen, the mind instinctively recurs to the wise and virtuous Turgot. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 2, No. 14, December 1858 See also some curious words in a letter to Turgot, i. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Essay 3: Condorcet Yet all these fractions of opinion were called Liberal: Montesquieu, because he was an intelligent Tory; Voltaire, because he attacked the clergy; Turgot, as a reformer; Rousseau, as a democrat; Diderot, as a freethinker. Lectures on the French Revolution In 1750 Turgot, then only in his twenty-fourth year, was appointed to the honorary office of Prior of the Sorbonne, an elective distinction conferred annually, as it appears, on some meritorious or highly connected student. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot On that point Bill acknowledged that there was some doubt; either way, he would be very sorry for Captain Turgot. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure But it was the misfortune of Turgot to come into power at the beginning of the reign of Louis XVI. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 2, No. 14, December 1858 Yet we know that with Mr. Mill as with Turgot this deep distrust of sect was no hindrance to the most careful systematisation of opinion and conduct. Critical Miscellanies, Vol. 3 (of 3) Essay 2: The Death of Mr Mill - Essay 3: Mr Mill's Autobiography Later, he appointed Turgot, the most profound and thorough reformer of the century. Lectures on the French Revolution In this capacity Turgot read two Latin dissertations, one at the opening of the session, and the other at its close. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot As long, however, as there was a possibility of escaping, Captain Turgot resolved to persevere. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure Historians sometimes write as if Turgot were the only able and reforming minister of the century. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 1 of 3) Essay 1: Robespierre Those who have studied the character of one whom even the rigid Austin thought worthy to be called 'the godlike Turgot,' know both the nobleness and the rarity of this type. Critical Miscellanies, Vol. 3 (of 3) Essay 2: The Death of Mr Mill - Essay 3: Mr Mill's Autobiography Representation was new; and to every reader of Rousseau, of Turgot, or of Mably, it was an object of profound distrust. Lectures on the French Revolution In the first Discourse, Turgot considers the influence of Christianity first upon human nature, and secondly on political societies. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot When Dame Turgot and Jeannette heard what had occurred, they expressed their delight at seeing their young friends back. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure My eyes see only death in front of me, now that Turgot is gone. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 1 of 3) Essay 1: Robespierre The history of Durham, which is here quoted, was compiled by Turgot, prior of Durham, down to the year 1104, and continued to the year 1161 by Simeon. The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Principal Saints January, February, March Turgot, shortly after our Declaration of Independence, advised Louis Sixteenth that it was for the interest of France and Spain that the insurrection of the Anglo-American colonies should be suppressed. Memoir of the Life of John Quincy Adams. Turgot's eldest brother was to devote himself to civil administration, the next to be a soldier, and Turgot himself to be an ecclesiastic. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot “Well, messieurs,” said Dame Turgot, with perfect composure, “and what do you want here?” From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure Condorcet, the youngest of the intimates and disciples of Voltaire, of D'Alembert, of Turgot, was the first to sound bitter warning that Robespierre was at heart a priest. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 1 of 3) Essay 1: Robespierre The foundations of the new church were laid on 29th July 1093, the Bishop and Prior Turgot being present. Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Durham A Description of Its Fabric and A Brief History of the Espiscopal See Had pre-Revolutionary France listened to men like Turgot and backed them up all would have gone well. A Preface to Politics The affection of one biographer records how the pocket-money with which the young Turgot was furnished, used always instantly to disappear, no one knew how nor on what. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot The sergeant, however, was not to be deceived by Dame Turgot’s manner. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure This was a falsehood, for she had even sought to have Turgot thrown into the Bastille. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 1 of 3) Essay 1: Robespierre "She makes resources with a word or a smile; no minister, except perhaps Turgot, ever refused her anything." The Queen's Necklace But the beneficiaries of privilege, the Bourbon reactionaries, the short-sighted ultra-conservatives, turned down Turgot; and then found that instead of him they had obtained Robespierre. A Preface to Politics The only other illustrious European of this decade was Adam Smith, who was born in 1723, and between whose labours and some of the most remarkable of Turgot's there was so much community. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot “We might have found it more easy to make our escape if Madame Turgot had brought us back our French toggery; but still, for my part, I feel more comfortable-like in my own clothes.” From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure There was Turgot, and the school of the economists. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 3 of 3) Essay 8: France in the Eighteenth Century The competent expert more than ever was supreme, but he was influenced by great writers—Locke, Montesquieu, Turgot, Beccaria, Adam Smith. Lectures on Modern history He had written on all subjects, for every minister; especially Turgot. History of the Girondists, Volume I Personal Memoirs of the Patriots of the French Revolution The sum of the genealogical page is that Turgot inherited that position which, falling to worthy souls, is of its nature so invaluable, a family tradition of exalted courage and generous public spirit. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot It won’t do to return to the Turgots; we might be getting them into trouble. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure And it was not in Turgot's case only that this ineptitude wrought mischief. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 3 of 3) Essay 8: France in the Eighteenth Century Turgot, among others, favoured this solution, though he was an intendant himself. Life of Adam Smith This house, animated by the spirit of Turgot, made experiments in the details of its business with all the sciences, and by political economy with the loftiest problems of governments. History of the Girondists, Volume I Personal Memoirs of the Patriots of the French Revolution We have said that Turgot disdained to fight under a mask. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot The Turgots, at all events, would have as good a right to it as any one else, should the proper owners not be in existence. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure Louis' Minister of Finance, Turgot, was a trained economist and a man of very great ability. A Short History of France The Baron d'Holbach's weekly or bi-weekly dinners, at one of which it has been mentioned Smith had a conversation with Turgot, were, as L. Blanc has said, the regular states-general of philosophy. Life of Adam Smith Upright and well-informed, he called to him sterling honesty and clear intelligence in the person of Turgot. History of the Girondists, Volume I Personal Memoirs of the Patriots of the French Revolution It is at any rate certain that the union of profound benevolence with judgment, which this story prefigures, was the supreme distinction of Turgot's character. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot There was no risk, he was sure, of being discovered, and it would be very ungrateful to the Turgots to go away without trying to see them again. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure The other is from a very sensible man, a pure theorist, of the sect called the Economists, of which Turgot was considered as the head. Memoir, Correspondence, And Miscellanies, From The Papers Of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 2 Professor Thorold Rogers thinks the influences of Turgot's reasoning on Smith's mind to be easily perceptible to any reader of the Formation and Distribution of Wealth and of the Wealth of Nations. Life of Adam Smith Ministers acted as if they had been the colleagues of of =sic= the economist Turgot; but, when prices fell, the language was changed, and new regulations were made. An Inquiry into the Permanent Causes of the Decline and Fall of Powerful and Wealthy Nations. Designed To Shew How The Prosperity Of The British Empire May Be Prolonged The sensitive purity which Morellet notices, not without slight lifting of the eyebrow, remained with Turgot throughout his life. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Captain Turgot and the dame held up their hands, uttering various exclamations which showed their surprise, mixed with no little doubt as to whether Bill had not been dreaming. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure Turgot was a master of epigram,—as witness the terrible lines on Frederick of Prussia; but he was very prudent in conduct. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 12, No. 73, November, 1863 M. Turgot, a friend every way worthy of you, desired me to recommend this advice to you in a particular manner as his most earnest entreaty and opinion. Life of Adam Smith Mirabeau, Condorcet, Turgot and others have heard the call of Human Liberty. In the Days of Poor Richard In this respect Turgot's original purity of character withdrew him from the error of the time. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot “But if you have so much gold, you could purchase a good boat,” said Captain Turgot; “and that would be much better than making your voyage on a raft.” From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure Turgot did not live to enjoy the final triumph of the cause to which he had given such remarkable expression. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 12, No. 73, November, 1863 On the 27th of July Turgot writes Hume, mentioning that he had that day met Smith at Baron d'Holbach's, and they had discussed the Rousseau affair together. Life of Adam Smith By the Marquis of Condorcet we are informed, that this measure originated in the liberal and enlightened mind of that excellent citizen and statesman, Monsieur Turgot. A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels, Volume 17 Arranged in Systematic Order: Forming a Complete History of the Origin and Progress of Navigation, Discovery, and Commerce, by Sea and Land, from the Earliest Ages to the Present Time As Turgot had studied law as well as theology, no time was lost, and he formally entered the profession of the law as Deputy-Counsellor of the Procureur-Général at the beginning of 1752. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot The fact, however, was that Captain Turgot doubted very much the truth of Bill’s story. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure There, also, was Turgot, the greatest of all. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 12, No. 73, November, 1863 Voltaire always sneered at them till he came to know Turgot. Life of Adam Smith After Quesnay and his system, still holding honorable place, came Turgot; after Turgot, Adam Smith; and thenceforward halt is impossible, and economic science marches on with giant strides. Women Wage-Earners Their Past, Their Present, and Their Future Turgot, with a high sense of duty that probably seemed quixotic enough to the Controller-General, declined the preferment, on the very ground of the difficulty and importance of the task that he had already undertaken. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot “Then you give it to us, my young friend,” said Captain Turgot; “where is the difference?” From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure But the classical welcome of Turgot was partially anticipated,—at least in an unsuccessful attempt. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 12, No. 73, November, 1863 None of the famous men mentioned here were members of the sect except Turgot. Life of Adam Smith Turgot had not yet shown in practice the only right substitute. Diderot and the Encyclopædists (Vol 1 of 2) Turgot was one of the men to whom good government is a religion. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Captain Turgot did not quite understand Bill’s principles, though perhaps Jeannette and Pierre did. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure These verses seem to contain the very idea in the verse of Turgot. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 12, No. 73, November, 1863 One of these I obtained by the particular favour of Mr. Turgot, the late Controller-General of the Finances. Life of Adam Smith It has the loftiness, the refined austerity, the touching impressiveness of Tacitus's Agricola or Condorcet's Turgot, together with a certain grave sweetness that was almost peculiar to the Jansenist school of the seventeenth century. Diderot and the Encyclopædists (Vol 1 of 2) Turgot computed that 'the king's share' was as large as that of the proprietors; in other words, taxation absorbed one half of the net products of the land. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot He was sorry that he had not made more determined attempts to persuade Captain Turgot and Pierre to accompany him; for if anything should have happened to his companion, they would have assisted him. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure Besides the verse to which so much reference has been made, there is an interesting incident which attests the communion of ideas between them, if not the direct influence of Turgot. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 12, No. 73, November, 1863 Humanity, as an idea, was perhaps more easily apprehended in the days of Turgot and Condorcet than it is with us when the implements of a united mankind have been immeasurably augmented and improved. The Unity of Civilization He had known Turgot on intimate terms and visited Voltaire on Lake Geneva. Political Thought in England from Locke to Bentham The government listened to these representations, and conceded to the Generality about half of the remissions that Turgot had solicited. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot “I have been making inquiries as to what can be done for your friend Pierre Turgot,” he said. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure There are other verses which adopt the idea of Turgot. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 12, No. 73, November, 1863 It is very easy to talk of the benefits that might have been conferred on Ireland by such humanity and justice as was practised by Turgot in his administration of the Generality of Limoges. Handbook of Home Rule Being articles on the Irish question The same writer once before won the same prize by a eulogy on Turgot. International Miscellany of Literature, Art and Science, Vol. 1, No. 3, Oct. 1, 1850 Turgot was thoroughly awake to the necessity of penetrating public opinion. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Rayner hurried to the spot, when what was his surprise, as the light of the lantern fell on the countenance of the Frenchman last landed, to see Pierre’s father, Captain Turgot! From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure The earlier struggle was fitly pictured by the welcome of Turgot to Franklin. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 12, No. 73, November, 1863 The great Turgot was a friend and ardent admirer of M. de Gournay; and on his death wrote a pompous Eloge on him. Notes and Queries, Number 19, March 9, 1850 On the eve of the war, at the inauguration of Turgot's Monument, we set forth his ideas of liberty and humanity in opposition to the German realpolitik. New York Times, Current History, Vol 1, Issue 1 From the Beginning to March, 1915 With Index There is one other reservation, as Turgot found out in 1775, when he had been transferred to a greater post, and the clergy had joined his bitterest enemies. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Captain Turgot offered to try; but when he saw the intermediate space through which he would have to pass covered with masses of wreck, he acknowledged that it would be impossible to succeed. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure But where is the Turgot who has predicted, that, in the course of Nature, the great Republic must be broken, in order to found a new power on the corner-stone of Slavery? The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 12, No. 73, November, 1863 One of the wisest French statesmen of that day, Turgot, held that it was to the interest of France that the colonies should not achieve their independence. The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783 When no one yet believed it, that great economist and statesman, Turgot, said: "America one day will be free." Final Report of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission Besides encouraging the destruction of noxious beasts, Turgot did something for the preservation of beasts not noxious. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot The pumps were kept going on board the Thisbe during the whole passage, when the Frenchmen, at the instigation of Captain Turgot, volunteered to work them. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure In these words the Neapolitan said as much as Turgot. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 12, No. 73, November, 1863 Turgot is even a more imposing figure than Burke himself. Burke It is equally present in the works of Montesquieu and Turgot. The World's Greatest Books — Volume 12 — Modern History Turgot prevailed upon the Council of State to withdraw the cases from the local jurisdiction; the proceedings against the lenders were annulled, and the institution of similar proceedings forbidden. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot “Thank you, sir,” said Rayner; and he hurried below to tell Captain Turgot to get ready. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure Words are sometimes things; but never were words so completely things as those with which Turgot welcomed Franklin. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 12, No. 73, November, 1863 In Turgot, on the other hand, we discern something of the isolation, the sternness, the disdainful melancholy of Tacitus. Burke It was the study of English institutions by such men as Montesquieu and Turgot, Voltaire and Rousseau, that gave shape and direction to the French Revolution. The Beginnings of New England Or the Puritan Theocracy in its Relations to Civil and Religious Liberty It needed all the firmness and all the circumspection of which Turgot was capable, to overcome the difficulties which the strong forces of ignorance, prejudice, and greediness raised up against him. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot After the first greetings were over, and he had introduced Captain Turgot, he inquired after Pierre, expecting, through not seeing him, that he was still unable to leave his room. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure At first it was anonymous; but it was attributed sometimes to D'Alembert and sometimes to Turgot. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 12, No. 73, November, 1863 On one side Turgot shared the conservatism of Burke, though, perhaps, he would hardly have given it that name. Burke There was the brilliant and witty mathematician, Dalembert; there was the grave and noble statesman, Turgot; there was the psychologist, Condillac; there was the light, good-humoured Marmontel; there was the penetrating and ill-fated Condorcet. Landmarks in French Literature One of the most interesting of the measures to which Turgot resorted in meeting the destitution of the country, was the establishment of the Charitable Workshops. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Rayner’s first duty was to see Captain Turgot and Pierre on board the cartel. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure Beyond all doubt, Turgot is one of the most remarkable intelligences which France has produced. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 12, No. 73, November, 1863 It is not error, said Turgot, which opposes the progress of truth; it is indolence, obstinacy, and the spirit of routine. Burke Mr. Turgot, he said, had recommended in the National Assembly of France the gradual abolition of the Slave-trade. The History of the Rise, Progress and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave Trade by the British Parliament (1808) Volume II Turgot's policy in this matter is more instructive as to the social state of France, than it may at first sight appear. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Many others echoed the sentiment, and cheered Rayner, who, after he had sent many kind messages to Madame Turgot and Jeannette, hurried down the side and returned on board the frigate. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure The character of Turgot shows how naturally he sympathized with the Colonies struggling for independence, especially when represented by a person like Franklin. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 12, No. 73, November, 1863 Turgot, she confessed, was an honest man, but he was also a 'sot animal.' Books and Characters French and English The Parliaments were re-established, and soon verified all the predictions of Turgot by conduct more factious and violent than ever. Letters of Horace Walpole — Volume II This post Turgot only held for a couple of months; he was then preferred to the great office of Controller-General. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot His explanation soon satisfied them, and jumping up, Madame Turgot and Jeannette took their hands, and began pouring out in voluble language their welcomes. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure But the verse of Turgot was not alone in its testimony. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 12, No. 73, November, 1863 Turgot was, indeed, a very singular hero with whom to open the career of literary Jacobin. Studies in Literature Turgot, the great Finance Minister—indeed, the greatest statesman that France ever produced—resisted it with powerful arguments, but Louis yielded to the influence of his consort. Letters of Horace Walpole — Volume II Turgot demanded the suppression of this declaration of intolerance. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Pierre joined them, and in a short time Captain Turgot himself came in. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure Turning now to the poem itself, we shall see how completely the verse of Turgot finds its prototype there. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 12, No. 73, November, 1863 Burke, Austin, Mill, Turgot, Comte—what strange sponsors for the "theories and principles of the Terror"! Studies in Literature This noble concern for the wants of others, as well as his rare gifts of intellect, had gained young Turgot devoted friends. A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 Turgot saw very early that this is not so. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Sooner than he expected he reached the bay near which the Turgots’ cottage was situated. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure The earlier struggle was predicted by Turgot, who said, that, in the course of Nature, colonies must drop from the parent stem, like ripe fruit. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 12, No. 73, November, 1863 That Turgot, for example, was the only man that ever lived who might have done more for society than he was allowed to do, and spared society a cataclysm? On Compromise "It is quite encouraging," wrote M. Turgot to one of his friends, "to have to serve a king who is really an honest and a well-meaning man." A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 This quality marks the distinction, in respect of the treatment of history, between Turgot, and both Bossuet and the great writers of history in France and England in the eighteenth century. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Jeannette would have accompanied him part of the way, but she had to remain at home to receive Captain Turgot and Pierre. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure Several years before the French revolution, Turgot, who had been one of the unsuccessful ministers of finance of Louis XVI, had preached the novel doctrine of "economic liberty." The Story of Mankind This idea took firm hold upon human thought, and in the following centuries such men as Lessing and Turgot gave new force to it. History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom I see nothing but death for me to look forward to, now that M. Turgot is out of office. A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 Moreover, Turgot expressly admits the ever-present wants of society to be the stimulating agents, as well as the guides, of scientific energy. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Bill felt very unwilling to go away without wishing their friends the Turgots good-bye. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure Therefore he called for Turgot, to be his Minister of Finance. The Story of Mankind He could not even retain his reforming ministers, Malesherbes and Turgot. The Psychology of Revolution M. Turgot had aroused Louis XVI.'s scruples upon this subject. A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 Perhaps, however, we understand Turgot's position in Limousin best, by comparing it to that of the Chief Commissioner of some great district in our Indian Empire. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot In the meantime, Bill was hurrying on towards the Turgots’ cottage. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure This made Turgot the best hated man at the court of Versailles. The Story of Mankind The writings of the reforming ministers of Louis XVI., those of Turgot, for instance, are animated by quite another spirit. The Psychology of Revolution Turgot and de Malesherbes were entertaining him with a project which conceded to Protestants the civil status. A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 Though he respected the writings of Rousseau and confessed his obligations to them, Turgot abhorred declamation. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot “What is it all about?” asked Captain Turgot. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure Turgot lived in a country which had suffered from too much red-tape, too many regulations, too many officials trying to enforce too many laws. The Story of Mankind To realise the different conceptions of royalty entertained by educated men under Louis XIV. and Louis XVI., we must compare the political theories of Bossuet and Turgot. The Psychology of Revolution To pacify the jealousy of M. de Maurepas, Turgot had given up his privilege of working alone with the king. A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 But Turgot persevered, knowing how useful potatoes would be in a land where scarcity of grain was so common. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Our friends the Turgots will get it, I hope; and they have more right to it than we have.” From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure Before '89 France was ripe for the transition; it was Turgot who had the glory of effecting the first passage. System of Economical Contradictions; or, the Philosophy of Misery In this work he ably combated the views of Turgot and other European writers as to the viciousness of the frame-work of the state governments. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 A few hours later, M. Turgot received his dismissal. A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 In the eyes of the modern economist, with his horror of government encouragement to industry, no matter in what time, place, or circumstance, some of Turgot's actions will seem of doubtful wisdom. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Bill had written, at Pierre’s dictation, to Madame Turgot, to tell her where he was, what had happened to him, and how well he was treated. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure Beginning with the Turgot ministry, an increase of activity and well-being manifested itself in the nation. System of Economical Contradictions; or, the Philosophy of Misery Apparently the claims of Turgot and of Quesnay did not appear to the Academy sufficient, since neither was elected. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 M. Turgot and M. de Malesherbes had not yet laid their enterprising hands upon the old fabric of French administration, and already painting, sculpture, architecture, and music had shaken off the shackles of the past. A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 We know the books which Turgot and his friends devoured with ardour. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot As soon as the anchor was dropped, Rayner asked for leave to go on shore with Captain Turgot, to visit Mrs Crofton, and learn how Pierre was getting on. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure On the hither side are freethought, industry, and centralization—the France of Voltaire, Turgot, and Condorcet. The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 12 I know exactly what you are going to say; but, if you please, we will leave Turgot and Galileo to Mr. Canning and the House of Commons, or your Cousin Hargrave and his Debating Society. Vivian Grey "Come," he exclaimed abruptly, "I see that there are only M. Turgot and I here who love the people," and he signed the edicts. A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 While Turgot, his friend, was earnestly meditating on the destinies of the race and the conditions of their development, Loménie was dreaming only of the restoration of his ancestral château of Brienne. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Captain Turgot went back with him, having nowhere else to go. From Powder Monkey to Admiral A Story of Naval Adventure History has recorded few more able kings than Louis le Gros, Philip Augustus, Philip le Bel, Louis XI, and Henry IV; few abler ministers than Sully, Richelieu, Colbert, and Turgot. The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 12 Of this opinion was the famous Turgot, who we are told affirmed that more grand moral truths had been promulgated by novel writers than by any other class of men. The Adventures of Hugh Trevor "It is a bed of beneficence!" exclaimed Voltaire, a passionate admirer of Turgot. A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 Turgot's piece treats half the subject as if it were the whole. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot The prince forsook him, though at the same time observing that Turgot and himself were the only persons who desired the welfare of the people: so lamentable is the condition of kings! History of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1814 Dugald Stewart quotes a saying of Turgot:—'He who had never doubted of the existence of matter might be assured he had no turn for metaphysical disquisitions.' Life of Johnson, Volume 1 1709-1765 The connection between America and Great Britain was broken off at the Revolution, because, as Turgot once said, colonies are like fruits which only stay on the tree until they are ripe. Outline of Universal History For a long while the king had remained faithful to M. Turgot. A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 Even within this limitation there are many questions that no student of Turgot's capacity would now overlook, yet of which he and the most reasonable spirits of his age took no cognisance. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Turgot, of a vigorous and comprehensive mind, and an extraordinary firmness and strength of character, attempted to realize still more extensive projects. History of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1814 Had he been a minister of Phararnond or of Fingal he could no more have kept his place than Turgot could keep his after pointing out the means of promoting industry and preventing wars. The Columbiad Mr. Marshall's work contains a curious dissertation upon the declaration of war between France and England, and gives also the extract of a memorial of M. Turgot, which it would be interesting to verify. Memoirs, Correspondence and Manuscripts of General Lafayette "Have we nothing to reproach ourselves with in these measures?" he was incessantly asking M. Turgot, who was as conscientious but more resolute than his master. A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 It need scarcely be said that among Turgot's efforts for agricultural improvement, was the foundation of an agricultural society. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Look you! if Turgot could have remained at his post, the Revolution would not have broken out. Historical Miniatures No sooner was this adieu uttered than four brawny lords of the bed-chamber seized the Turgot of Fantaisie by the shoulders, and carried him with inconceivable rapidity to the shore. The Voyage of Captain Popanilla What do the proposals of La Chalotais, Rolland, and Turgot indicate as to the degree of unification of France attained by the time they wrote? The History of Education; educational practice and progress considered as a phase of the development and spread of western civilization The clergy, scared by M. Turgot's liberal tendencies, reiterated their appeals to the king against the liberties tacitly accorded to Protestants. A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 The modern pottery has been developed since the close of the Revolution, which checked the establishments and processes that had been directed, encouraged, and supervised by Turgot. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot All the reforms in the State, Church, and Society, which we—pardon the expression—have carried through could have been carried through then, if Turgot had been allowed to put his plans into operation. Historical Miniatures For Turgot's prophecy would have some day been realized, and there would perhaps have been a bitterness where now there is gratitude. The French in the Heart of America The earliest effort in that direction was a proposal made in 1775 by Abbé Rosier, in France, to Turgot, then Minister of Finance, on "A Plan for a National School of Agriculture." The History of Education; educational practice and progress considered as a phase of the development and spread of western civilization Infamous means were employed, it is said, with the king; he was shown forged letters, purporting to come from M. Turgot, intercepted at the post and containing opinions calculated to wound his Majesty himself. A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 Turgot died on the 20th of March 1781, leaving to posterity the memory of a character which was more perfect and imposing than his performances. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Turgot, the ablest man in France, would have stood aloof; but Turgot had been dismissed, and the Count de Vergennes was at the helm, a man whose ruling passion was hatred of England. Beacon Lights of History, Volume 11 American Founders Mr. Turgot, he said, had recommended in the National Assembly of France the gradual abolition of the Slave Trade. The History of the Rise, Progress and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave-Trade, by the British Parliament (1839) These five men—Montesquieu, Turgot, Voltaire, Diderot, and Rousseau—and many other less influential followers, portrayed the abuses of the time in Church and State and pointed out the lines of political and ecclesiastical reform. The History of Education; educational practice and progress considered as a phase of the development and spread of western civilization The queen had small liking for M. Turgot, whose strict economy had cut down the expenses of her household; contrary to their usual practice, her most trusted servants abetted the animosity of M. de Maurepas. A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 Turgot's demonstration of the beneficence of Christianity was delivered in July 1750—almost the exact middle of the eighteenth century. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Even thus early in life Turgot showed political sagacity. The Theory of Social Revolutions Settlement of the Queen's Allowance.—Character and Views of Turgot.—She induces Gluck to visit Paris.—Performance of his Opera of "Iphigénie en Aulide." The Life of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France Nearly every proposal for educational legislation during the days of the Revolution went back in idea to this philosophic discussion of the question by La Chalotais and to the practical proposals of Rolland and Turgot. The History of Education; educational practice and progress considered as a phase of the development and spread of western civilization Had he been longer in power, M. Turgot would still have failed in his designs. A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 There is at first sight something surprising in the respect which Turgot's ablest contemporaries paid to the contributions made to progress by Greece and Rome, compared with their angry disparagement of the dark ages. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Distinguishing himself as Intendant, on the death of Louis XV the King called Turgot to the Council of State, and in August, 1774, Turgot became Minister of Finance. The Theory of Social Revolutions In his new and more enlarged sphere of action, Turgot's abilities expanded; or, perhaps it should rather be said, had a fairer field for their display. The Life of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France In France it had been refuted, a generation before the Revolution, by Turgot, just as brilliantly as it was met a hundred years later in the United States by James A. Garfield and his compeers. Fiat Money Inflation in France Perhaps the task was above human strength; it was certainly beyond that of M. Turgot. A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 Almost immediately after his appointment, Turgot had the chance of being removed to Rouen, and after that to Lyons. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Nor was this the most levelling of Turgot's arguments. The Theory of Social Revolutions Settlement of the Queen's Allowance.—Character and Views of Turgot.—She induces Gluck to visit Paris.—Performance of his Opera of "Iphigénie en Aulide." The Life of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France Needless to say, Turgot was regarded as an unsafe person, and his official career was cut short. Little Journeys to the Homes of the Great - Volume 09 Little Journeys to the Homes of Great Reformers The authors of the trouble have remained unknown; to his last day M. Turgot believed in the existence of a plot concocted by the Prince of Conti, with the design of overthrowing him. A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 One general expression serves to describe this most important group of Turgot's undertakings. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Insolvency came within a decade after Turgot's fall, as Turgot had demonstrated that it must come, and an insolvency immediately precipitated by the rapacity of the court which had most need of caution. The Theory of Social Revolutions "What," said he, on one occasion to Turgot, who was urging him to refuse an utterly unwarrantable application for a pension. The Life of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France Everybody seemed to be relieved when, in 1776, Turgot was dismissed. A Political and Social History of Modern Europe V.1. M. Turgot is right," said the minister, "but he is too bold. A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 After he had been eight years at his post, Turgot was called upon to deal with the harassing problems of a scarcity of food. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Calonne, the minister, proposed pretty much the measures of Turgot, and some of these measures the "notables" accepted, but the Parliament of Paris again intervened and declined to register the laws. The Theory of Social Revolutions When Louis XVI. was to be crowned at Rheims, Turgot desired to modify this part of the oath. The Eve of the French Revolution Adam Smith often dined at Holbach's with Turgot and the economists; Gibbon also found his dinners agreeable except for the dogmatism of the atheists; Walpole resented it also and kept away. Baron D'Holbach : a Study of Eighteenth Century Radicalism in France Possessed of love "for a beautiful ideal, of a rage for perfection," M. Turgot had wanted to attempt everything, undertake everything, reform everything at one blow. A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 Of course Turgot's answer would have been that remorseless logic is the most improper instrument in the world for a business of rough expedients, such as government is. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot There are few finer episodes in the history of local government than the work of Turgot as intendant of the Limousin. The Fighting Governer : A Chronicle of Frontenac From the time of Turgot to that of Lomenie de Brienne and the Notables, the Parliament of Paris, sometimes in sympathy with the nation, sometimes against it, was vigorously resisting innovations. The Eve of the French Revolution You must tell me how you mean that and I will read Turgot to please you. The George Sand-Gustave Flaubert Letters "I confess that I am not sorry for these departures," wrote Marie Antoinette to her mother, after the fall of M. Turgot, "but I have had nothing to do with them." A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 Turgot always regarded the sums paid in his works, not as wages, but as alms. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Turgot was the new minister of finance, who, With his colleagues were endeavouring, by every practicable means, to reduce the enormous expenditure of the country.-E. The Letters of Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford — Volume 4 The latter, who printed nothing, is chiefly known through the encomiums of Turgot. The Eve of the French Revolution In other words, the study of the development of societies must be based on psychology; and for Turgot, as for all his progressive contemporaries, psychology meant the philosophy of Locke. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth "Sir," M. Turgot had written to Louis XVI., "monarchs governed by courtiers have but to choose between the fate of Charles I. and that of Charles XI." A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 It is clear that we can only accept Turgot's preference, on condition that the man of letters is engaged on work that seriously advances social interests and adds something to human stature. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Resistance of the Parliament to the reformations of Messieurs de Malesherbes and Turgot. The Letters of Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford — Volume 4 The best known member of the economic school in France was Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, born in Paris on the 10th of May, 1727, of a family belonging to the higher middle class. The Eve of the French Revolution Turgot does not discuss the question of free-will, but his causal continuity does not exclude "the free action of great men." The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth Useless wishes, belied in advance by the previsions of M. Turgot himself. A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 But the comparative dryness of Turgot's too concise form does not blind the historian of political economy to the merit of the substance of his propositions. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot In short, Sir, I think this resistance of the Parliament to the adorable reformation planned by Messrs. de Turgot and Malesherbes, is more phlegmatically scandalous than the wildest tyranny of despotism. The Letters of Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford — Volume 4 Turgot had a plan for the benefit of mankind. The Eve of the French Revolution The essay did not establish even a plausible case, but it was paradoxical and suggestive, and attracted more attention than Turgot's thoughtful discourse in the Sorbonne. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth It was to the honor of M. Turgot that he discerned the mischief and would fain have applied the proper remedy. A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 Again, Turgot removed a tax from certain forms of lease, with a view to promote the substitution of a system of farming for the system of métayers. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot So late as the foundation of the Caisse d'Escompte, in Turgot's time, the remembrance of Law's failure was distinctly felt, and impeded the commencement of better attempts. Lombard Street : a description of the money market Turgot met the situation by declaring commerce in grain free throughout the kingdom. The Eve of the French Revolution Here Turgot's view of history is sharply opposed to Voltaire's. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth "Colonies are like fruits which remain on the tree only until they are ripe," said M. Turgot in 1750; "when they have become self-sufficing, they do as Carthage did, as America will one day do." A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 The coarse account given by the Count of Provence shows us where Turgot's weakness as a ruler may have lain. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Condorcet's Vie de Turgot, I am sorry to say, I have not read. Letters of Franklin K. Lane "Only M. Turgot and I love the people," he cried, in his impotent despair; and then he gave way. The Eve of the French Revolution The observation assuredly does not possess the far-reaching importance which Comte attached to it; but whatever value it has, Turgot deserves the credit of having been the first to state it. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth Like him, M. Turgot had wept when he heard of the re-establishment of forced labor and jurands. A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 Turgot could only remonstrate; but the philosophic memorial in which he protested in favour of religious freedom and equality, gave the king a serious shock. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot A single law, worthy of Turgot or of Franklin, seemed ludicrously out of place in the midst of a crowd of laws which would have disgraced Gardiner or Alva. The History of England, from the Accession of James II — Volume 3 The successor of Turgot was a mere courtier, not even personally honest, whose career was fortunately cut short by death within a few months of his nomination. The Eve of the French Revolution Some of his financial proposals were put into practice by Turgot. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth "No bankruptcies, no new imposts, no loans," M. Turgot had said, and had looked to economy alone for the resources necessary to restore the finances. A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 There is something almost tragic in the joy with which Turgot's dismissal was received on all sides. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot "My dear Abb�," said Turgot, smiling, to Morellet, "it is only you and I who have taken our degree who can reason closely." The French Revolution - Volume 3 Turgot was called to the ministry, first, for a very short time, as secretary of the navy, and then as Controller of the Finances. The Eve of the French Revolution His principles are to be found almost entirely in Turgot. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth "I have just read M. Turgot's masterpiece," wrote Voltaire to D'Alembert "it seems to reveal to us new heavens and a new earth." A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 Now the whole question of religion was in those days put with radical incompleteness, and Turgot's dissertation was only in a harmony that might have been expected with the prevailing error. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Towards the end of the reign of Louis XV in Limousin, says Turgot,5203 the king derives for himself alone "about as much from the soil as the proprietor." The Ancient Regime Turgot put down disturbances with a high hand, and persevered in his measures. The Eve of the French Revolution Turgot wrote in the calm spirit of an inquirer. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth The ministry was divided on the subject of American affairs; M. Turgot inclined towards neutrality. A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 Probably it was not long after the composition of this apologetic thesis, before Turgot became alive to the precise position of a creed which had come to demand apologetic theses. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot A village," says Turgot,1434 "is simply an assemblage of houses and huts, and of inhabitants equally passive. The Ancient Regime Turgot was unpopular on all sides, and Louis never supported a truly unpopular minister. The Eve of the French Revolution Turgot did not believe in the necessity of violent changes; he thought that steady reforms under the existing regime would do wonders for France. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth I am very fond of you, my dear friends," replied M. Turgot, "but I don't quite understand what you are made of. A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 The first act of this prodigious drama closed while Turgot was a pupil at the Sorbonne. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot "This service," writes Turgot,5220 "is the despair and almost always the ruin of those obliged to perform it; all families in easy circumstances in a village are thus successively reduced to want." The Ancient Regime Turgot wrote several papers on economic subjects, and in the latter part of the work, Haller, the physiologist, and Condorcet were engaged. The Eve of the French Revolution The notes which Turgot made for his plan permit us to conjecture that his Universal History would have been a greater and more profound work than the Essay of Voltaire. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth Turgot and Malesherbes, who, however, have a great reputation among the public and whose only fault, in my opinion, is that they attempted too much at once. A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 This great change, however, this return of the leaders of the Christian society upon the original conceptions of the Christian faith, did not come to pass in Turgot's time. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot The nation," says Turgot, mournfully,5415 "is a society composed of different orders badly united and of a people whose members have few mutual liens, nobody, consequently, caring for any interest but his own. The Ancient Regime Turgot proposed to reduce them by five millions immediately and by nine millions more in the course of a few years. The Eve of the French Revolution Their influence in promoting a belief in Progress is vouched for by Condorcet, the friend and biographer of Turgot. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth "Are assemblies of non-Catholics dangerous?" asked M. Turgot. A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume 6 For example, the first task which Turgot had to perform was to execute a new land-assessment for purposes of imperial revenue. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Turgot found a solace for the loss of office, from which he had been driven by the intrigues of his enemies, in the study of physical science. Character The guilds were reestablished, with modifications, on the fall of Turgot. The Eve of the French Revolution Turgot had justified this axiom by formulating the cohesion of all modes of social activity. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth Ever since the people realized that I was a little Turgot they have grovelled before me, and that has pained me not a little. Mauprat This is only worth recording, because the same external awkwardness and lack of grace remained with Turgot to the end, and had something to do with the unpopularity that caused his fall. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot They would not endure Turgot: and they had to endure Robespierre. Miscellaneous Writings and Speeches — Volume 4 But Turgot's ideal of freedom was entirely industrial and commercial, and not at all political or social. The Eve of the French Revolution Throughout this survey Chastellux does not, like Turgot, make any attempt to show that the race was progressing, however slowly. The Idea of Progress An inguiry into its origin and growth The friend and contemporary of Turgot and several other distinguished men, he had not mixed with the gilded youth of his day, but had lived soberly in the country after loyally serving in the wars. Mauprat Turgot, he says, united the simplicity of a child to a peculiar dignity that forced the respect of his comrades. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot "They would never have been driven from their country," answers the other, "if they had agreed to the reforms proposed by M. Turgot." Miscellaneous Writings and Speeches — Volume 4 At the age of twenty-four, Turgot turned finally from the study of divinity to that of law and administration. The Eve of the French Revolution They would not endure Turgot; and they were forced to endure Robespierre. Miscellaneous Writings and Speeches — Volume 2 The person of whom I speak seemed born for the purpose of foreshadowing the doctrines of Turgot, Price, Priestley, and Condorcet—of exemplifying by individual instance what has been deemed the chimera of the perfectionists. The Works of Edgar Allan Poe — Volume 2 The year came, but no Loménie, nor Turgot, and the Sorbonne itself had vanished. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Turgot and Auguste Comte long ago fixed this stage of economy as a necessary phase of social education, and historians seem now to accept it as the only gain yet made towards scientific history. The Education of Henry Adams It was the poorest in France, but Turgot soon became so much interested in its welfare that he refused to exchange it for a richer one. The Eve of the French Revolution But we are sure that, if there was such a course, it was the course recommended by M. Turgot. Miscellaneous Writings and Speeches — Volume 2 M. Witte was declared to be the greatest minister of his time—a Russian Colbert or Turgot, or perhaps the two rolled into one. Russia Turgot, however, insisted on placing genius and reputation below the necessity of being honest. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot A country parish was, says Turgot, nothing but “an assemblage of cabins, and of inhabitants as passive as the cabins they dwelt in.” The Ancien Regime Young Turgot was at first educated for the ecclesiastical life, and indeed pursued his studies in that direction until a bishopric seemed close at hand. The Eve of the French Revolution We saw Turgot cast forth from the Controllership, with shrieks,—for want of a Fortunatus' Purse. The French Revolution In the same exact spirit, Turgot brings known facts to bear on Buffon's theory of the arrangement of the terrestrial and marine divisions of the earth's surface. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot This was what Turgot ordered to be done. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Turgot is altering the corn trade, abrogating the absurdest corn laws; there is dearth, real, or were it even factitious, an indubitable scarcity of broad. The Ancien Regime Such action would have been a great, a serious innovation, but it was not on this ground that Turgot opposed it. The Eve of the French Revolution Turgot tries it not a second time: Turgot has quitted France and this Earth, some years ago; and now cares for none of these things. The French Revolution Let us proceed to analyse what Turgot says. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Thus Turgot's life was almost exactly contemporary with the pregnant era of Voltaire's activity. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot The worst abuses were corrected, and the most crying iniquities swept away, save that iniquity of the exemption of the privileged orders, which Turgot could not yet venture to touch. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Meanwhile, the letters in which Turgot explained his views and wishes to the curés, by them to be imparted to their parishes, are masterpieces of the care, the patience, the interest, of a good ruler. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Instead of a profligate bankrupt Abbe Terray, we have now, for Controller-General, a virtuous philosophic Turgot, with a whole Reformed France in his head. The French Revolution The reader has probably already observed that what Turgot was doing, was to take that step which is one of the most decisive in the advance of a society to a highly organised industrial stage. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Before Turgot entered the great world, he had already achieved an amount of success in philosophic speculation, which placed him in the front rank of social thinkers. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot He had a clever son, whom Turgot charitably sent to school, and afterwards to college in Paris. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot It was not, however, in good works of merely private destination that Turgot mostly exercised himself. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Turgot has faculties; honesty, insight, heroic volition; but the Fortunatus' Purse he has not. The French Revolution Turgot had been specially anxious that as much as possible of what was necessary for the relief of distress should be done by private persons. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot This, then, is the significance of the date of Turgot's birth. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Turgot, in an ordinance of admirable gravity, remonstrated against this harsh and impolitic proceeding. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot It is less surprising, then, that Turgot should have enforced some of the responsibilities of the lord and the planter. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Turgot is altering the Corn-trade, abrogating the absurdest Corn-laws; there is dearth, real, or were it even 'factitious;' an indubitable scarcity of bread. The French Revolution His admiration for those epochs in which new truths were most successfully discovered, and old fallacies most signally routed, did not prevent Turgot from appreciating the ages of criticism and their services to knowledge. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Even with Michel-Etienne, the father of Turgot, we have here no dealing. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Turgot, far as he was from many of the narrownesses of his time, yet did not entirely transcend this, the worst of them all. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot In the Limousin Turgot's predecessor tried to substitute for the arbitrary taille, a tax systematically assessed in proportion to the amount of the person's property. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Unhappily this Turgot could continue only twenty months. The French Revolution It was very imperfectly performed, and Turgot found the province groaning under a mass of fiscal anomalies and disorders. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot And Turgot's family was only of the secondary noblesse of the robe. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot It takes fewer words to describe Turgot's way of dealing with this oriental mixture of extravagance, injustice, and squalor. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Everything for the people, nothing by the people: this was the maxim of the Economists, and Turgot held it in all its rigour. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Turgot has taken office with the noblest plainness of speech to that effect; been listened to with the noblest royal trustfulness. The French Revolution Turgot escaped these passions more completely than any man of his time who was noble enough to be endowed with the capacity for passion. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Turgot was the third son of his father. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot The progress of the human mind means to Turgot the progress of knowledge. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Thus Turgot's conception of progress regards it mainly, if not entirely, as a gradual dawn and diffusion of light, the spreading abroad of the rays of knowledge. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Nay, he too has to produce his scheme of taxing: Clergy, Noblesse to be taxed; Provincial Assemblies, and the rest,—like a mere Turgot! The French Revolution There had been a militia in the country as far back as the time of the Merovingians, but the militia-service with which Turgot had to deal only dated from 1726. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Of this temperament was Turgot in a superlative degree, and its fire never abated in him from college days, down to the last hours while he lay racked with irremediable anguish. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot All this is wise and good, but, alas, as Turgot had occasion by and by to say, little comes of giving rules instead of breeding habits. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot The Spirit of Laws was published in 1748, that is to say a couple of years before Turgot's Discourse at the Sorbonne. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot We meet with this limitation of the idea of progress in every member of the school to which, more than to any other, Turgot belonged. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot It is curious that Turgot as early in his career as this should have protested against one of the most dangerous doctrines of the philosophe school. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot One of Turgot's masters, Sigorgne, was the first to teach in the university the Newtonian principles of astronomy, instead of the Cartesian hypothesis of vortices. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot When we consider that Turgot's society was not practical but deliberative, and what themes he proposed for discussion by it, we may believe that it was one of the less useful of his works. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot To his superior enlightenment in another part of the commercial field we owe one of the most excellent of Turgot's pieces, his Memorial on Loans of Money. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot It is curious to find that, in the midst of his beneficent administration, Turgot was rating practical work very low in comparison with the achievements of the student and the thinker. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot The king had once said pathetically: 'It is only M. Turgot and I who love the people.' Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot With Turgot they were the main facts to be considered, and the main forces to be counteracted. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot But Turgot was one of those severe and scrupulous souls, to whom a wicked promise does not cease to be degrading by becoming hypocritical. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Turgot replied, more pathetically perhaps than reasonably, 'What, you accuse me of haste, and you know that in my family we die of gout at fifty!' Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot If Turgot published an explanation of the high price of grain, they perversely took explanation for gratulation, and thought the Controller preferred to have bread dear. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot It was a broad promise of reforms which Turgot was by no means sure of being able to persuade the king and his council to adopt. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot And they possess a leading character in common, which separates them both from Turgot, and places them relatively to his idea in a secondary rank. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Again, Turgot did nothing to redeem it by personal conciliatoriness in carrying out the designs of a benevolent absolutism. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot But Turgot hurt the king's conscience more directly than by staying away from mass and confession. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Turgot urged that it should be performed at Paris, and as cheaply as possible. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Turgot brought a heavy hand to bear on these breakers of administrative discipline, and readily procured such sanction as his authority needed from the Council. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot We have only to seek the difference between the philosophic conception of Montesquieu and the philosophic conception of Turgot. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Turgot at first showed some just and natural resentment at the levity with which he had been banished from power, and he put on no airs of theatrical philosophy. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot The record of what Turgot did for manufacturing industry and commerce is naturally shorter than that of his efforts for the relief of the land and its cultivators. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot Turgot's policy in this high sphere belongs to the general history of France, and there is no occasion for us to reproduce its details here. Critical Miscellanies (Vol. 2 of 3) Turgot |
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