| 单词 | trophic |
| 例句 | Isaac kept attacking the trophies, jumping on them with both feet, screaming, breathless, sweaty, until finally he collapsed on top of the jagged trophic remnants. The Fault in Our Stars 2012-01-10T00:00:00Z The result was a ruinous chain reaction that Paine called a “trophic cascade.” Peering Into the Brutal, Beautiful World of Tide Pools 2022-02-22T05:00:00Z When sea otters were reintroduced to an Alaskan island, they triggered a trophic cascade that led to the return of offshore kelp. Wildlife Poop Is the Climate Solution You’ve Never Heard Of 2023-10-19T04:00:00Z The low efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels is usually the major factor that limits the length of food chains observed in a food web. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Higher-level consumers feed on the next lower trophic levels, and so on, up to the organisms at the top of the food chain: the apex consumers. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Restoring animal populations, or "trophic rewilding," can accelerate the rates of sequestration and storage in a process called "animating the carbon cycle." Want to sequester carbon? Save wild animals 2023-03-27T04:00:00Z But animals higher on the trophic pyramid — meaning those that are larger and carnivorous, typically — are also a risk. Ocean plastic pollution is filtering up into the fish that we eat 2023-03-08T05:00:00Z Explain what happens to the entropy of this trophic level when energy transfer occurs. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The yellow perch, a secondary consumer, eats small fish within its own trophic level. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Figure 20.4 These are the trophic levels of a food chain in Lake Ontario at the United States–Canada border. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z While animating the carbon cycle has the potential to be a powerful accelerant of carbon removal, the study's authors warn that trophic rewilding cannot be done without considering unintended consequences. Want to sequester carbon? Save wild animals 2023-03-27T04:00:00Z Immediately, his mind went to trophic cascades, phenomena in which a single type of predator hunting a certain prey animal can affect an entire ecosystem, down to the smallest blade of grass. First photos of cougars killing donkeys in Death Valley suggest big impacts for ecosystem 2022-08-02T04:00:00Z Two species can coexist in the same habitat as long as they do not share the same trophic level. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Net consumer productivity is the energy content available to the organisms of the next trophic level. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z In a food web, the several trophic connections between each species and the other species that interact with it may cross multiple trophic levels. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Balancing livestock and wildlife populations also raises another central consideration of trophic rewilding: its impact on local human populations. Want to sequester carbon? Save wild animals 2023-03-27T04:00:00Z The evidence that cougars hunt donkeys and influence their behavior is strong, says Mark Boyce, an ecologist at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, who has worked with cougars and trophic cascades. First photos of cougars killing donkeys in Death Valley suggest big impacts for ecosystem 2022-08-02T04:00:00Z Each organism in a food chain occupies what is called a trophic level. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z As shown in Figure 4, typical grassland during the summer has a base of many plants and the numbers of organisms decrease at each trophic level. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Autotrophs are critical for most ecosystems: they are the producer trophic level. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The process in which pollutants are concentrated as they pass through trophic levels of the food chain is called biological magnification. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Carbon is passed from producers to higher trophic levels through consumption. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z Depending on their role as producers or consumers, species or groups of species can be assigned to various trophic levels. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Likewise, a low biomass of organisms can sustain a larger biomass at the next trophic level because the organisms reproduce rapidly and thus supply continuous nourishment. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Figure 20.8 This chart shows the PCB concentrations found at the various trophic levels in the Saginaw Bay ecosystem of Lake Huron. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Each step in a food chain or food web is called a trophic level. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z These are the trophic levels of a food chain in Lake Ontario at the United States–Canada border. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z Energy is lost as heat between each trophic level due to the second law of thermodynamics. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; thus, each trophic level must acquire energy from the trophic level below. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z There is energy lost at each trophic level, so the lengths of food chains are limited because there is a point where not enough energy remains to support a population of consumers. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Primary producers make up the first trophic level. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Higher-level consumers feed on the next lower trophic levels, and so on, up to the organisms at the top of the food chain. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z Thus, after a limited number of trophic energy transfers, the amount of energy remaining in the food chain may not be great enough to support viable populations at yet a higher trophic level. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The second law of thermodynamics states that, during the transfer of energy, some energy is always lost as heat; thus, less energy is available at each higher trophic level. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Figure 20.5 The relative energy in trophic levels in a Silver Springs, Florida, ecosystem is shown. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Ecological pyramids are models of trophic levels in a food chain or food web. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Thus, after a limited number of trophic energy transfers, the amount of energy remaining in the food chain may not be great enough to support viable populations at higher trophic levels. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z Figure 37.5 The relative energy in trophic levels in a Silver Springs, Florida, ecosystem is shown. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Likewise, a low biomass of organisms can sustain a larger biomass at the next trophic level because the organisms reproduce rapidly and thus supply continuous nourishment. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Figure 20.6 This food web shows the interactions between organisms across trophic levels. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Only a small amount of the energy in any trophic level is available to organisms at the next trophic level. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Even when all organisms are grouped into appropriate trophic levels, some of these organisms can feed at more than one trophic level. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z Each trophic level has less energy available and supports fewer organisms at the next level. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; thus, each trophic level must acquire energy from the trophic level below. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z They warned that it could lead to a trophic cascade, when the decline or disappearance of one level of the food web destabilizes the entire ecosystem. Orcas are eating great white sharks’ livers off South Africa’s coast 2022-07-02T04:00:00Z Pyramids of energy show the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level of a food chain or food web. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The relative energy in trophic levels in a Silver Springs, Florida, ecosystem is shown. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z Figure 37.6 This food web shows the interactions between organisms across trophic levels in the Lake Ontario ecosystem. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The second law of thermodynamics states that, during the transfer of energy, some energy is always lost as heat; thus, less energy is available at each higher trophic level. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z A 2013 study on wolf recolonization in Wisconsin found evidence of a so-called trophic cascade in which wolves, by managing the deer herds, were preventing overgrazing, in turn benefiting the entire ecosystem. A fight over wolves pits facts against feelings in Wisconsin 2022-06-07T04:00:00Z On average, about 10 percent of the energy in one trophic level is transferred up to the next trophic level. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Each trophic level has less energy available, and usually, but not always, supports a smaller mass of organisms at the next level. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z Notice how some lines point to more than one trophic level. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In this illustration the bottom trophic level is the primary producer, which is green algae. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z “Parasites shunt energy from lower to higher trophic levels by making prey reckless,” Wood says. The Scientists Fighting for Parasite Conservation 2022-05-18T04:00:00Z The amount of living tissue in a trophic level is called its biomass. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z This food web shows the interactions between organisms across trophic levels. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z Notice that the energy decreases with each increase in trophic level. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Graph shows energy content in different trophic levels. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z "By managing animal movements that regulate predator–prey encounters, risk to endangered species can be reduced without the disruptive trophic effects caused by intensive carnivore removals," the researchers found. Oil development in Canada is impacting wildlife 2022-05-13T04:00:00Z The amount of biomass in a trophic level is determined by the amount of energy in that level. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Autotrophs are critical for ecosystems because they occupy the trophic level containing producers. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z Total heat and respiration refers to the energy used by all trophic levels and the energy provided by the primary producers is more than the energy provided by primary consumers to these levels. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The yellow perch, a secondary consumer, eats small fish within its own trophic level. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Though it remains to be seen, fish populations are likely to shrink as multiple trophic levels of the food chain constrict. Road salt runoff is making freshwater lakes inhospitable 2022-02-24T05:00:00Z A pyramid of biomass is a model that shows the relative amount of living organic matter in each trophic level of an ecosystem. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The net productivity is then available to the primary consumers at the next trophic level. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z Biomass is the total mass, in a unit area at the time of measurement, of living or previously living organisms within a trophic level. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In a study in the Journal for Nature Conservation, Comley and her colleagues report that trophic cascade-based conservation in African savannas may lead to unpredictable outcomes, due to the complex inter-species relationships among local biodiversity. Reintroducing predators doesn’t always rebalance ecosystems 2021-03-23T04:00:00Z This is what biologists refer to as the cascade effect, a chain reaction caused by the disruption of one trophic level of the food chain. Road salt runoff is making freshwater lakes inhospitable 2022-02-24T05:00:00Z A pyramid of numbers is a model that shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Biomagnification is the increasing concentration of persistent, toxic substances in organisms at each successive trophic level. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z Ecosystems have characteristic amounts of biomass at each trophic level. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The trophic cascade theory predicts that the large carnivores in the African savanna such as the lions should exert their influence on smaller species wherever they prowl. Reintroducing predators doesn’t always rebalance ecosystems 2021-03-23T04:00:00Z “Our study ... highlights the power of trophic cascades in nature and the potential for large predators to ameliorate some of the effects of climate change in the near term,” Rasher and his co-authors wrote. Otters Show How Predators Can Blunt Climate Damage 2020-11-18T05:00:00Z Matter flows from one trophic level to another. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z This chart shows the PCB concentrations found at the various trophic levels in the Saginaw Bay ecosystem of Lake Huron. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z In biologic systems, this means a great deal of energy is lost as metabolic heat when the organisms from one trophic level consume the next level. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Compared with Yellowstone’s complex and contested wolf dynamic, Voyageurs offers a clear example of what scientists call a trophic cascade: When wolves eat beavers, beavers can’t construct ponds. Wolf attacks on beavers are altering the very landscape of a national park 2020-11-13T05:00:00Z These include increasing or decreasing prey, changing competitive abilities, shifting feeding rates and altering trophic cascades. Otters Show How Predators Can Blunt Climate Damage 2020-11-18T05:00:00Z This will require going beyond the studies of trophic chains14,16 to assess more-complex food webs15, and to gather information on changes in species’ functional responses and trait diversity in increasingly smaller habitats. Rethinking extinctions that arise from habitat loss 2020-07-28T04:00:00Z Those organic compounds can then be passed to higher trophic levels, such as humans, when we eat the cow. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z The fact is, after four to six energy transfers, there is not enough energy left to support another trophic level. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z To understand what environmental journalists do and what lands them in trouble, there’s a handy term drawn from the natural sciences – the “trophic cascade”. What happens to environment journalists is chilling: they get killed for their work | Mark Schapiro 2019-06-18T04:00:00Z It functions as a neurotransmitter — a molecule that acts as a signal between neurons — and as a trophic factor that helps neurons to grow, survive and differentiate. Modification of histone proteins by serotonin in the nucleus 2019-03-12T04:00:00Z Lister calls these impacts a “bottom-up trophic cascade”, in which the knock-on effects of the insect collapse surge up through the food chain. Insect collapse: ‘We are destroying our life support systems’ 2019-01-15T05:00:00Z The paper reported “a bottom-up trophic cascade and consequent collapse of the forest food web.” The Insect Apocalypse Is Here 2018-11-27T05:00:00Z Thus, NPE measures how efficiently each trophic level uses and incorporates the energy from its food into biomass to fuel the next trophic level. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Some amphibians and other invertebrates lay similar “trophic eggs” for offspring to eat, he notes, although only when those offspring are really young. Spider moms spotted nursing their offspring with milk 2018-11-29T05:00:00Z “Penguins, like other seabirds and marine mammals, occupy higher trophic levels in the ecosystems: they are what we call bio-indicators of their ecosystems,” she said. Antarctica's king penguins 'could disappear' by the end of the century 2018-02-26T05:00:00Z This kind of interaction is called a trophic cascade and is very common in marine ecosystems. Zero Dollars for Marine Mammals? 2018-02-26T05:00:00Z With those changes in ocean patterns, the whole trophic structure of the oceans is changing. Plastic Smells the Same as Fish to a Seabird 2018-02-17T05:00:00Z As shown in Figure 37.10, typical grassland during the summer has a base of many plants and the numbers of organisms decrease at each trophic level. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Tucker, M. A. & Rogers, T. L. Examining predator–prey body size, trophic level and body mass across marine and terrestrial mammals. Creation of forest edges has a global impact on forest vertebrates 2017-10-31T04:00:00Z Victorious neurons receive trophic, or nourishing, factors that allow their survival; unsuccessful neurons fade away in a process called apoptosis, or cell death. Why Is Synaptic Pruning Important for the Developing Brain? 2017-05-29T04:00:00Z Benjamin Allen, a wildlife ecologist at the University of Southern Queensland in Toowoomba, is the lead author of a review published in March that questions the rigour of research on trophic cascades2. How dingoes could be shaping Australia’s landscape 2017-05-09T04:00:00Z So-called trophic eggs, produced by some types of spiders, lady beetles and snails, function solely as food and often greatly outnumber the fertilized eggs in a given clutch. In Many Species, a Family Dinner Means Something Else 2017-01-30T05:00:00Z Even in smaller numbers, primary producers in forests are still capable of supporting other trophic levels. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The findings, published in the journal Current Biology, are an example of an "inverted trophic pyramid": the average biomass in the channel is skewed towards predators rather than prey. How a huge school of sharks 'flips the food pyramid' - BBC News 2016-07-28T04:00:00Z Paine expanded these ideas to include the concept of 'trophic cascades' — the rippling through a community of strong, top-down effects that affect multiple ecosystem levels and species. Robert Treat Paine (1933-2016) : Nature : Nature Research 2016-07-19T04:00:00Z That debate is part of a wider discussion on ‘trophic cascades’ — the idea that top predators change the behaviour and numbers of herbivores, which then affect the vegetation and the soil composition of a habitat. How dingoes could be shaping Australia’s landscape 2017-05-09T04:00:00Z One day after spiderlings hatch, new mothers lay a clutch of trophic eggs, which are doled out to their hungry babies. In Many Species, a Family Dinner Means Something Else 2017-01-30T05:00:00Z This pyramid measures the amount of energy converted into living tissue at the different trophic levels. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Estes and his colleagues went on to demonstrate multiple aspects of 'trophic cascades', in which an apex predator's influence ripples through the food web through complex, indirect interactions. Ecology: The sea-otter whisperer : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-05-17T04:00:00Z Losses of species can threaten the resilience and function of ecosystems through what ecologists call “trophic cascades”—an extinction domino effect. The World Has a Chance to Make the Wild Animal Trade More Humane 2016-02-26T05:00:00Z We desperately need targeted studies on lower trophic levels at the same spatial scale as the bird data. Data gaps hinder explanation for Alaska seabird die-off 2016-02-04T05:00:00Z The researchers use an established term for this: co-extinction, a process in which one species’s decline or extinction causes cascading trophic effects and pushes other species into extinction. The Cuckoo Reason Why These Bumblebees May Go Extinct 2015-08-21T04:00:00Z Pyramid ecosystem modeling can also be used to show energy flow through the trophic levels. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Another classic example of a trophic cascade has come under attack in Australia. Rethinking predators: Legend of the wolf 2014-03-12T18:50:33.419Z This complexity is demonstrated by work that questions a famous and elegant ‘trophic cascade’ in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, discussed on . An elegant chaos 2014-03-12T18:50:02.533Z Besides, large carnivores clearly do cause trophic cascades in other places. Op-Ed Contributor: Is the Wolf a Real American Hero? 2014-03-09T23:15:42Z Spatz is alluding to a phenomenon biologists know as the “trophic cascade.” Catfight: How mountain lions are struggling to survive 2014-03-09T21:00:00Z Biomagnification is the increasing concentration of persistent, toxic substances in organisms at each trophic level, from the primary producers to the apex consumers. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Interest in top-down trophic cascades emerged in 1963, when ecologist Robert Paine of the University of Washington in Seattle started to exclude predators from study plots at his coastal research site. Rethinking predators: Legend of the wolf 2014-03-12T18:50:33.419Z Large-bodied animals play essential roles in ecosystem structuring and stability through both indirect and direct trophic effects. [Review] Status and Ecological Effects of the World’s Largest Carnivores 2014-01-09T18:56:08.068Z What ecologists call trophic cascade has, I'm afraid, entered popular consciousness mainly through managerial missteps. Sea Change: How Can We Help Oceans Recover? 2013-08-16T12:45:00.507Z As top predators, sharks control the density and behavior of their prey, indirectly affecting the abundance of species farther down the food chain—a trophic cascade. How to Save Sharks off Cuba s Coast and in the Gulf of Mexico [Slide Show] 2013-06-27T17:15:29.083Z These substances were best studied in aquatic ecosystems, where fish species at different trophic levels accumulate toxic substances brought through the ecosystem by the primary producers. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z After this and other aquatic studies, the conventional wisdom in the field was that top-down trophic cascades happened only in rivers, lakes and the sea. Rethinking predators: Legend of the wolf 2014-03-12T18:50:33.419Z Unexpected effects of trophic cascades on various taxa and processes include changes to bird, mammal, invertebrate, and herpetofauna abundance or richness; subsidies to scavengers; altered disease dynamics; carbon sequestration; modified stream morphology; and crop damage. [Review] Status and Ecological Effects of the World’s Largest Carnivores 2014-01-09T18:56:08.068Z Marine scientists have not traditionally thought in terms of trophic cascades and top-down control. Sea Change: How Can We Help Oceans Recover? 2013-08-16T12:45:00.507Z Their loss can initiate what Paine would later call trophic cascades — the rise and fall of connected species throughout the food web. The Man Whose Dynasty Changed Ecology 2013-01-16T18:15:00.270Z Figure 37.11 This chart shows the PCB concentrations found at the various trophic levels in the Saginaw Bay ecosystem of Lake Huron. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Arthur Middleton, a Yale ecologist who works on Yellowstone elk, says that such studies have disproved the simple version of the trophic cascade story. Rethinking predators: Legend of the wolf 2014-03-12T18:50:33.419Z Significant cascading trophic interactions, mediated by their prey or sympatric mesopredators, arise when some of these carnivores are extirpated from or repatriated to ecosystems. [Review] Status and Ecological Effects of the World’s Largest Carnivores 2014-01-09T18:56:08.068Z And yet, despite all the good reasons trophic cascade ought not transpire in the sea, that's just what seems to be happening. Sea Change: How Can We Help Oceans Recover? 2013-08-16T12:45:00.507Z Levi-Montalcini started trying to isolate the trophic factor and began to collaborate with biochemist Stanley Cohen, then at Washington and now at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. Finding the Good in the Bad: A Profile of Rita Levi-Montalcini 2012-12-30T17:45:00.203Z Net primary productivity incorporates features like production at present and next trophic levels, whereas gross primary productivity does not. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z “It is not really bottom-up or top-down but trophic cascades from the middle out,” he says. Rethinking predators: Legend of the wolf 2014-03-12T18:50:33.419Z The beneficial effects of transplanted NSCs seem to be mediated by a number of actions including their ability to produce trophic factors, preserve neuromuscular function, and reduce astrogliosis and inflammation. [Research Articles] Multimodal Actions of Neural Stem Cells in a Mouse Model of ALS: A Meta-Analysis 2012-12-19T19:55:13.223Z In the late sixties and early seventies, top-down control was documented in several studies at the ocean's edge, and in 1974, a clear case of trophic cascade was detected in the Aleutian Islands. Sea Change: How Can We Help Oceans Recover? 2013-08-16T12:45:00.507Z Scientists call this sequence of impacts down the food chain a “trophic cascade.” Op-Ed Contributor: The World Needs Wolves 2012-09-29T03:30:03Z As net primary productivity is the energy content available to the organisms of the next trophic level. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z New Early Cretaceous fossil from China documents a novel trophic specialization for Mesozoic birds. The war on parasites: the pigeon's eye view, the oviraptorosaur's eye view 2012-08-23T14:45:02.890Z In a given ecosystem, there are probably more trophic connections — links tying species together — between parasites and their hosts than between predators and their prey. Green Blog: In Defense of Parasites 2012-06-18T12:03:22Z And now the trophic cascade, beyond resizing all the ovals in our diagram, has actually rewired the arrows: what was prey has effectively become predator. Sea Change: How Can We Help Oceans Recover? 2013-08-16T12:45:00.507Z Tags: Anthropocene, carnivore, , Homo, trophic cascade Previous: Google Pays Homage to Zipper Engineer Gideon SundbackNext: What three science questions do you think the Presidential candidates need to answer before November 6th? Rise of Humans Two Million Years Ago Doomed Large Carnivores 2012-04-25T14:45:10.087Z Consumers belonging to higher trophic levels feed on them to gain energy. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The causes of inflammation may be divided into the traumatic, toxic, parasitic, infectious, dyscrasic or constitutional, and trophic. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z Scientists have documented cases of trophic mismatch when the availability of a food source shifts in response to temperature, taking it out of step with the needs of another species. Climate Change: A planet in flux 2012-02-29T18:21:19.490Z Or rather, now that we've realized that trophic cascades and ecological regime shifts can, in fact, happen in the ocean, what should we do differently? Sea Change: How Can We Help Oceans Recover? 2013-08-16T12:45:00.507Z They are invariably blood parasites, and for part or all of the trophic period come into intimate relation with the cellular elements in the blood. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 7 "Gyantse" to "Hallel" 2011-12-26T03:00:11.613Z This figure depicts energy exchange through trophic levels. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The trophic causes of inflammation are those whose action is supposed to take place through the influence of nerves. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z The patient, a man sixty-five years old at the time of his death, had suffered for several years from the most violent and intractable epileptiform trigeminal neuralgia, complicated with interesting trophic changes of the tissues. Neuralgia and the Diseases that Resemble it 2011-10-03T02:00:31.460Z And in the mid-eighties, a group of mathematical ecologists, meeting to talk about fisheries, asserted that managers ought to pay more attention to threats posed by trophic cascade. Sea Change: How Can We Help Oceans Recover? 2013-08-16T12:45:00.507Z If this occurs all trophic and schizogonic phases are forthwith digested, and the survival of the sexual phases depends entirely upon whether the insect is a gnat or mosquito. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 7 "Gyantse" to "Hallel" 2011-12-26T03:00:11.613Z Because tertiary consumers only consume secondary consumers whereas decomposers consume dead components of each trophic level. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Therefore, in most cases, diphtheritic paralysis consists of a trophic affection of the motor system, almost always seated peripherally in the nerves and muscles, seldom, if ever, in the centres. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z Third stage: neuralgic attacks become rare and comparatively unimportant; tendency to trophic changes greatly lessened; local an�sthesia persists. Neuralgia and the Diseases that Resemble it 2011-10-03T02:00:31.460Z Sophisticated as we may be in our understanding of the trophic web, we can't pull off a good impersonation of tuna. Sea Change: How Can We Help Oceans Recover? 2013-08-16T12:45:00.507Z All of these critters occupy distinct ecological niches, and one of the goals of this two-year study is to understand how the different trophic levels interact and how the methane moves through the system. Scientist at Work Blog: Return to Hydrate Ridge 2011-09-02T00:51:45Z Because tertiary consumers only consume primary consumers whereas decomposers consume dead components of each trophic level. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z It is probable that the nerves themselves have a trophic or nutritional—that is, vitalizing—influence upon muscles. Religion And Health 2011-08-12T02:00:18.323Z As a consequence of the persistent hyperemia, too many trophic impulses are sent down. Psychotherapy 2011-06-19T02:00:20.053Z Overall, says Condon, the team's findings "suggest major shifts in microbial structure and function associated with jellyfish blooms, and a large detour of energy toward bacteria and away from higher trophic levels." Jellyfish Blooms Transfer Food Energy From Fish to Bacteria 2011-06-09T14:38:00Z Or will so-called trophic mismatches develop that alter their reproductive success? Scientist at Work: The Dangers of an Early Spring 2011-06-07T12:48:17Z These phylogenetic and functional differences among enterotypes thus reflect different combinations of microbial trophic chains with a probable impact on synergistic interrelations with the human hosts. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome 2011-05-11T17:21:02.573Z Arrest of development occurs between the fourth and fifth month, owing to the trophic nerve centres being affected by the malnutrition of the mother. Degeneracy Its Causes, Signs and Results 2011-05-02T02:00:17.657Z Such impressional changes as we have referred to, if produced after this, must be in the nature of backward growth or an inversion of trophic influences or a great perversion of embryonic life. Psychotherapy 2011-06-19T02:00:20.053Z The higher in the web—or, as ecologists say, the higher the trophic level—the more that is required. What's the Catch? Researchers Wrangle Over How to Measure Commercial Fishing's Impact on Ocean Biodiversity 2011-01-04T16:18:14.427Z With one or two possible exceptions, they are invariably intracellular during the entire trophic life of the individual. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 5 "Clervaux" to "Cockade" Great care in nursing is necessary to prevent trophic sores occurring over parts subjected to pressure, such as the sacrum, the scapulæ, the heels, and the elbows. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. In the higher animals and in primitive man, according to them, all trophic actions entered consciousness and were regulated by it. Essay on the Creative Imagination In these, the early symptoms were pains or aches in the arm followed by some weakness of muscles and even some trophic disturbances. Psychotherapy 2011-06-19T02:00:20.053Z "Hence, moving offshore will mask inshore declines in mean trophic levels." What's the Catch? Researchers Wrangle Over How to Measure Commercial Fishing's Impact on Ocean Biodiversity 2011-01-04T16:18:14.427Z The nerve cells, however, besides transmitting impulses, act as physiological centers for automatic, or reflex, movements, and also for the sensory, perceptive, trophic, and secretory functions. Special Report on Diseases of the Horse As the bladder is unable to empty itself, and its trophic nerve supply is interfered with, the use of the catheter involves considerable risk of infection, unless the most rigid precautions are adopted. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. In this manner they explain burns through suggestion, stigmata, trophic changes of a miraculous appearance, etc. Essay on the Creative Imagination Nervous people are, most occupied with those parts of the brain which have something to do with the omission and transmission of trophic influence to particular parts of the body. Psychotherapy 2011-06-19T02:00:20.053Z Branch counters that the expansion paper actually reinforces his study's conclusion that mean trophic index is not a reliable indicator. What's the Catch? Researchers Wrangle Over How to Measure Commercial Fishing's Impact on Ocean Biodiversity 2011-01-04T16:18:14.427Z A large trophic sacral bed-sore steadily increased in depth and size. Surgical Experiences in South Africa, 1899-1900 Being Mainly a Clinical Study of the Nature and Effects of Injuries Produced by Bullets of Small Calibre In most cases, however, there are paralytic symptoms referable to the lower extremities, the bladder, and the rectum, and there may also be trophic disturbances in the parts below. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. These parts are all concerned in the processes of assimilation and dissimilation, and the lower layer may accordingly be called the trophic layer. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology "Strong, persistent impressions or suggestions made on the reflex organic consciousness of the inferior centers may modify their functional disposition, induce trophic changes, and even change organic structures." Modern Religious Cults and Movements Pressure sores and perforating ulcer of the foot are the most important trophic phenomena. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. Early trophic sacral bed-sores developed and steadily increased in depth and extent, slighter ones developed on the heels. Surgical Experiences in South Africa, 1899-1900 Being Mainly a Clinical Study of the Nature and Effects of Injuries Produced by Bullets of Small Calibre Bed-sores and other trophic changes are common, and there is the usual risk of complications in relation to the urinary tract. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The distinction which he draws between the sensory and trophic layers on the one hand, and the motor-germinative layer on the other, is entirely a histological one. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Hence the art of healing should aim at grappling with the neuroses first, for the local trophic changes, perverted secretions, and structural abnormalities are the effects or symptoms, not the causes of the disease. Scientific American Supplement, No. 520, December 19, 1885 It is to be attributed partly to want of use, but chiefly to reflex interference with the trophic innervation of the muscles. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. Although the symptoms were never so severe as in No. 131, yet recovery was very much slower and less complete, the muscular weakness remained more marked, and the skin exhibited more evidence of trophic lesion. Surgical Experiences in South Africa, 1899-1900 Being Mainly a Clinical Study of the Nature and Effects of Injuries Produced by Bullets of Small Calibre According to Crocker in some cases they can be shown to be a part of trophic changes. Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine Now between the upper or sensory layer and the lower or trophic layer there exists, in spite of their very different functions, a close histological likeness, for both are essentially epithelial layers. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Certain cells of the anterior part of the spinal cord, for example, are the trophic centres of the spinal motor nerves. A History of Science — Volume 4 There then follows an improvement or disappearance of any trophic disturbances that may be present. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. No wasting of the interossei, skin normal except for a large trophic blister on the dorsum of the hand. Surgical Experiences in South Africa, 1899-1900 Being Mainly a Clinical Study of the Nature and Effects of Injuries Produced by Bullets of Small Calibre This makes the cause, according to Eyles, an inflammatory and trophic phenomenon due mainly to changes following pressure on the vasomotor nerves. Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine In the distal end, it extends throughout the entire peripheral distribution of the nerve, and appears to be due to the cutting off of the fibres from their trophic nerve cells in the spinal medulla. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. Other trophic centres, governing nerve tracts in the spinal cord itself, are in the various regions of the brain. A History of Science — Volume 4 A nerve also exerts a trophic influence on the tissues in which it is distributed. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. In a few instances large blebs rose on the back of the hand, or patches of vesicles appeared over the terminal distribution of the nerve, pointing to early trophic changes. Surgical Experiences in South Africa, 1899-1900 Being Mainly a Clinical Study of the Nature and Effects of Injuries Produced by Bullets of Small Calibre In course of time the foot becomes inverted and the toes are pointed—pes equino-varus—and trophic sores are liable to form. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. It is most pronounced in lesions of the motor nerve-trunks, probably because vaso-motor and trophic fibres are involved as well as those that are purely motor in function. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. For example, trophic ulcers are liable to occur in injuries or diseases of the spinal cord, in cerebral paralysis, in limbs weakened by poliomyelitis, in ascending or peripheral neuritis, or after injuries of nerve-trunks. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. There may also develop trophic changes such as blisters, superficial ulcers, and clubbing of the tips of the fingers. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. The acute bed-sore is a rapidly progressing form of ulceration, often amounting to gangrene, of portions of skin exposed to pressure when their trophic nerve-supply has been interfered with. Manual of Surgery Volume First: General Surgery. Sixth Edition. |
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