英语词汇“totemism”造句的方法、技巧、例句及翻译-英语例句辞典

Christianity and totemism and ancestor worship . . . extinct languages, such as Zuni and Spanish and Athapascan . . . pumas, porcupines and other ferocious animals . . . infectious diseases . . . priests . . . venomous lizards ...” Brave New World 1932-01-01T00:00:00Z

The prevalence of such spirit-beings was one reason Emile Durkheim thought — wrongly, in my view — that what he called totemism was the earliest form of religion. I’m an Art Therapist. Am I Guilty of Cultural Appropriation? 2021-08-17T04:00:00Z

The shaman educated Thwaites on the histories of animism and totemism. The Man Who Became a Goat 2016-05-23T04:00:00Z

That shark-worship is pure totemism is shown by the beneficence of the shark to his worshippers, and the obligation that lay upon them not to eat their divinity. The Fijians A Study of the Decay of Custom 2011-12-30T03:00:25.917Z

It might also be mentioned that these are the two great sins which the first social-religious institution of mankind, totemism, abhors. A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis 2011-12-06T03:00:21.763Z

The more observant study of existing totem-tribes has weakened our impression of the importance of totemism as a primitive religious phenomenon. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 5 "Greek Law" to "Ground-Squirrel" 2011-12-05T03:00:51.527Z

In his essays on Plant and Animal Worship, he regarded Egyptian animal-worship as only a consecrated and elaborate survival of totemism. Myth, Ritual And Religion, Vol. 2 (of 2) 2011-07-22T02:00:19.110Z

This opinion does not affect by itself the usual exogamous character of totemism among the other tribes. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z

But there the usual features of totemism stop. The Fijians A Study of the Decay of Custom 2011-12-30T03:00:25.917Z

Many of these were purely national gods—and two at least had probably been raised to this rank from a condition of symbolic totemism during a period of national expansion and military success. The Mythologies of Ancient Mexico and Peru 2011-06-13T02:00:26.863Z

But totemism is a fact of importance only when it affects the tribal marriage laws or the tribal religion. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 5 "Greek Law" to "Ground-Squirrel" 2011-12-05T03:00:51.527Z

But if these usages be survivals of totemism, the practice at once ceases to be isolated, and becomes part of a familiar, if somewhat obscure, body of customs found all over the world. Myth, Ritual And Religion, Vol. 2 (of 2) 2011-07-22T02:00:19.110Z

The author, however, did not touch on the evolution of totemism. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z

The subsequent history of animal worship in Egypt is a continuous drifting away from this primitive totemism. The Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia 2011-04-14T02:00:46.297Z

It will be seen that I differentiate between 'naturalism' and 'totemism.' The Mythologies of Ancient Mexico and Peru 2011-06-13T02:00:26.863Z

In so far as totemism implies the descent of a clan or group from some animal, it rests in part upon the supposed resemblance between man and animals. Babylonian-Assyrian Birth-Omens and Their Cultural Significance 2011-04-09T02:00:11.757Z

It is in the study of savage totemism that we too seek a partial explanation of the singular Egyptian practices that puzzled the Greeks and Romans, and the Egyptians themselves. Myth, Ritual And Religion, Vol. 2 (of 2) 2011-07-22T02:00:19.110Z

As Howitt writes, “the assumption of the names of objects by men must in fact have been the origin of totemism.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z

Of late the tendency has been to see in it a sort of totemism which prevailed among the aboriginal population of the country, and was tolerated by the higher religion of the Pharaonic immigrants. The Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia 2011-04-14T02:00:46.297Z

The immigrants introduced the cult of the dead and the institutions of taboo, totemism and chieftainship. Man, Past and Present 2011-03-28T02:00:29.283Z

But totemism does not involve the combination of the human and the animal form in one being. Babylonian-Assyrian Birth-Omens and Their Cultural Significance 2011-04-09T02:00:11.757Z

In pure totemism it is their kindred animal that men revere. Myth, Ritual And Religion, Vol. 2 (of 2) 2011-07-22T02:00:19.110Z

The “expressed law” was necessarily a later development; conditioned by the circumstances which produced totemism, and sanctioned, as on Durkheim’s scheme, by the totemic taboo. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z

A modified form of totemism must once have been known in the valley of the Nile. The Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia 2011-04-14T02:00:46.297Z

Beneficent and malevolent magic are universally practised and totemism possesses a religious besides a social aspect. Man, Past and Present 2011-03-28T02:00:29.283Z

These tend to show that Artemis was first and foremost a nature goddess, whose cult shows numerous traces of totemism. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 6 "Armour Plates" to "Arundel, Earls of"

This appears to be a theory by which the reflective Samoans have explained to themselves what was once pure totemism. Myth, Ritual And Religion, Vol. 2 (of 2) 2011-07-22T02:00:19.110Z

Much might be said about the way out of totemism. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z

Professor Robertson Smith suggests that totemism was the earliest form of Arabian idolatry, and that each tribe had its sacred animal. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 3 "Apollodorus" to "Aral"

If we ask, What was the origin of the peculiar Samoan worship of animals and other natural objects? the most probable answer seems to be that it has been developed out of totemism. The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead Vol. II

The second question now arises: Can we infer from survivals of totemism among Aryans that these Aryans had once been organised on the full totemistic principle, probably with polyandry, and certainly with female descent? Custom and Myth New Edition

I had to tell all I knew about animism, totemism, polytheism. The Brain

When once descent and inheritance are traced through males, the social side of totemism begins to break up. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z

The application of our present knowledge of totemism to mythology has been very enlightening. The Next Step in Religion An Essay toward the Coming Renaissance

It appears, therefore, unlikely that Samoan totemism was based on a doctrine of transmigration. The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead Vol. II

Where totemism now exists in full force, there we find exogamy and derivation of the family name through women, the latter custom indicating uncertainty of male parentage in the past. Custom and Myth New Edition

Perhaps the most interesting is the evidence showing that totemism seems to have existed; the clan names being taken from animals or plants. The Position of Woman in Primitive Society A Study of the Matriarchy

One way out is the Arunta way, where totems no longer Breaking up of totemism. designate kinships. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z

Fetichism, shamanism, magic, human sacrifice, totemism, ritualism, all were found combined and interactive in a scheme of life alien to our own enlightened outlook. The Next Step in Religion An Essay toward the Coming Renaissance

Taken together, the Samoan and the Tongan systems seem to show that, if totemism ever flourished among the Polynesians, it had not its roots in a worship of the dead. The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead Vol. II

Are we to believe that the same institutions have existed wherever we find survivals of totemism? Custom and Myth New Edition

It was a worship full of superstition, recognizing totemism and direct connection with the spirits of nature. History of Human Society

It has often been suggested that totemism arose when the familiar of an individual became hereditary among his descendants. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z

Both rest upon animism, totemism and magic as these are brought into relation with man's needs and fears. The Next Step in Religion An Essay toward the Coming Renaissance

This aversion to eating and even looking at a certain species of animal, together with a traditionary explanation based on an incident in the past history of the tribe, is very characteristic of totemism. The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead Vol. II

What light is thrown on the original form of the family by totemism? Custom and Myth New Edition

In the second place, totemism explains the view taken in the early world of the nature of religious fellowship. History of Religion A Sketch of Primitive Religious Beliefs and Practices, and of the Origin and Character of the Great Systems

The practice seems to belong rather to the decadence than to the dawn of totemism. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z

If totemism be taken in the simpler sense, as a certain sort of intimate relation between men and nonhuman things, it will be found to be widely distributed in the noncivilized world. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

Among the multitude of taboos which were religiously observed by the Marquesans it is perhaps possible to detect a trace of totemism. The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead Vol. II

Lennan gave up his hypothesis and ceased to have any view on the origin of totemism. Custom and Myth New Edition

This, whether it is derived—as Professor Robertson Smith thinks—from the ideas of totemism or not, leads to a religion which is exclusive and intense, and cannot be trifled with. History of Religion A Sketch of Primitive Religious Beliefs and Practices, and of the Origin and Character of the Great Systems

Exogamy, in his opinion, is the result of treaties of political alliance with exclusive interconnubium between two sets of kinsfolk by blood, totemism being a mere accidental concomitant. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z

The question whether they represent germinal or decadent totemism, or neither, must be considered separately in every case. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

He concludes that "in the period of which we have information totemism has given way to a more highly developed polytheism, but there are indications that the development was by way of totemism." The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead Vol. II

It may be argued, as by Mr. Isaac Taylor, that such names, in England, merely described local characteristics, though, in Asia, India, Africa, Australia, Samoa, Egypt, similar names are derived from totemism. Custom and Myth New Edition

In totemism the individual sacrifices himself to the tribe; here he is nothing apart from his family. History of Religion A Sketch of Primitive Religious Beliefs and Practices, and of the Origin and Character of the Great Systems

I have stated that I am doubtful as to whether totemism exists in Arawak. Werwolves

These noteworthy variations in the totemism of the Australian continent appear to be connected in a general way with differences of climate and the degree of isolation of the clans and tribes. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

In these superstitions it is possible that we have relics of totemism. The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead Vol. II

Lennan once thought totemism arose at a period when ideas of kinship scarcely existed at all. Custom and Myth New Edition

According to the latest investigations totemism is not to be regarded as itself a religion; the totem being regarded not as a superior but as an equal. History of Religion A Sketch of Primitive Religious Beliefs and Practices, and of the Origin and Character of the Great Systems

This latter view may safely be dismissed as untenable, whether we do or do not believe totemism to have a religious side. The Idea of God in Early Religions

Where there is no totemism the question of union, of course, does not come up. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

First, it may be said that in primitive religions, notably in fetichism, tabooism, and totemism, there is no recognition of a cosmical unity. The Approach to Philosophy

Are there any traces at all of totemism in what we know of the Roman gentes? Custom and Myth New Edition

But the intellect to which totemism is a credible theory draws no line of demarcation between humanity and the life and consciousness it recognizes in the whole encircling universe. The Science of Fairy Tales An Inquiry into Fairy Mythology

In Australia the greater gods of the myths seem to have given way before—or to—the spread of totemism. The Idea of God in Early Religions

There appears to be a movement away from Australian totemism, growing more pronounced as we go eastward, and culminating in Fiji, in which totemic features are very rare. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

This is the fundamental idea from which all religions have arisen: not animism, fetishism, totemism, or whatever the little tributaries may be called, which have poured for thousands of years into the main stream. The Silesian Horseherd - Questions of the Hour

Though Plutarch mentions a Carian γένος, the Ioxidæ, of Attic descent, which revered asparagus, it is probable that genuine totemism had died out of Greece many hundreds of years before even Homer’s time. Custom and Myth New Edition

Whatever may be the real principle in totemism, it overrules the interest in an abundant food supply. Folkways A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals

Some may see a reminiscence of totemism in the wolf's fat: in any case the mention of the animal as obtainable is interesting. The Religious Experience of the Roman People From the Earliest Times to the Age of Augustus

Among the Eskimo and the Californians no definite signs of totemism have been discovered. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

The swastika and the thunderbolt, dragons and demons, totemism and the sky-world are all of them conceptions that were more or less closely connected with the matters I have been discussing. The Evolution of the Dragon

This was unscientific; but is it scientific of Mr. Max Müller to discuss animal-worship without any reference to totemism? Custom and Myth New Edition

Where totemism exists it is regularly accompanied by a taboo on eating the totem animal. Folkways A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals

About totemism all I have to say is this. The Religious Experience of the Roman People From the Earliest Times to the Age of Augustus

The Caddoan group, dwelling formerly west of the Mississippi, in Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas, had an approach to specific totemism. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

In the case of names whose meaning is understood, traces of totemism survive in the respect paid to the animal or plant by members of the sept which bears its name. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India Volume II

Now note that actual living totemism is always combined with the rudest ideas of marriage, with almost repulsive ideas about the family. Custom and Myth New Edition

If this is so, it is clear that the parallel between Semang and Arunta totemism is considerably closer than at first appears. Folklore as an Historical Science

Let us pass on at once to the second primitive mode of thought which I mentioned just now, and which is not nearly so remote—speaking anthropologically—from classical times as totemism. The Religious Experience of the Roman People From the Earliest Times to the Age of Augustus

The probability is that the earliest state was an unformed one, without governmental or other institutions, and that totemism was one of the first attempts to introduce order into society. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

The meanings of the sept names have been forgotten and no instances of totemism are known. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India Volume II

The hints of totemism among the ancient Irish are interesting. Custom and Myth New Edition

In the previous chapter it was necessary to lay somewhat special stress upon the system of social organisation known as totemism, which was not founded upon kinship. Folklore as an Historical Science

They cannot explain this sentiment, which is probably due to some forgotten belief of the nature of totemism. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India - Volume IV of IV Kumhar-Yemkala

In all such cases there is a coalescence of totemism and tree worship. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

All such sacrifices in which the flesh was taken from the living victim may thus perhaps be derived from the common origin of totemism. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India—Volume I (of IV)

Where totemism exists, the members of each stock either do not eat the ancestral animal at all, or only eat him on rare sacrificial occasions. Custom and Myth New Edition

The argument that they might have been transplanted thither by travellers from the far west, where totemism has developed to its highest form, cannot seriously be advanced. Folklore as an Historical Science

They have one recorded instance of totemism, which is of some interest. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India - Volume IV of IV Kumhar-Yemkala

There are myths tracing the totemism of clans to ancestors having animal forms, but these myths are relatively late savage philosophical explanations of existing institutions. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

Their exogamous groups are named after animals, plants or other objects, and they practise totemism. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India—Volume I (of IV)

When sailors, merchants, missionaries, describe, as matters unprecedented and unheard of, such institutions as polyandry, totemism, and so forth, the evidence is so strong, because the witnesses are so astonished. Custom and Myth New Edition

It is not the actual fatherhood or the actual motherhood which is the fundamental basis of totemism, but the association with animal, plant, or other natural object. Folklore as an Historical Science

Further survivals of totemism as found in the Old Testament are illustrated by the worship of the bull and the serpent. The Necessity of Atheism

There is the usual reverence for animals, with folk-stories of animal creators and of transformations, but no well-defined marks of totemism, and no recognition of individual protecting animal-spirits. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

This theory of totemism was first promulgated by Professor Robertson Smith and, though much disputed, appears to me to be the most probable. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India—Volume I (of IV)

Thus a system of pure totemism, such as prevails among the aborigines of Central Australia, might develop through a phase of ancestor worship into a pantheon of the ordinary type. The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead, Volume I (of 3) The Belief Among the Aborigines of Australia, the Torres Straits Islands, New Guinea and Melanesia

It would appear therefore that totemism at its foundation was based upon a theoretical conception of relationship between man and animal or plant. Folklore as an Historical Science

All Bushmen carry amulets, and there are indications of totemism in their refusal to eat certain foods. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Part 4 "Bulgaria" to "Calgary"

In all these cases the simple clan system is reduced to small proportions, and totemism loses its social significance. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

Exogamy and totemism are found not only in India, but are the characteristics of primitive social groups over the greater part of the world. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India—Volume I (of IV)

Perhaps for the sake of some of my hearers I should say a word as to the meaning of totems and totemism. The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead, Volume I (of 3) The Belief Among the Aborigines of Australia, the Torres Straits Islands, New Guinea and Melanesia

The present study enables me to take the parallel to primitive totemism much closer. Folklore as an Historical Science

This device finds its best development in the earlier stages in the development of belief, and is normally connected with totemism. The Siouan Indians

In Central Australia there is only a vague, inactive form that may be called divine; a more definite conception is found in Southeastern Australia, where the strictness of totemism is relaxed. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

The whole idea was a phase of totemism and tabu. Little Journeys to the Homes of the Great - Volume 10 Little Journeys To The Homes Of Great Teachers

And Darwinism, far from destroying these old ideas, has simply furnished a scientific basis for a new totemism. Nature Mysticism

These examples of local totemism may be followed by a remarkable example of tribal or kinship totemism. Folklore as an Historical Science

It would be surprising, therefore, if an animal so striking, and one that has figured so largely in Indian totemism and folk-lore, should not have received attention at the hands of the Mound-Builders. Animal Carvings from Mounds of the Mississippi Valley Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1880-81, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1883, pages 117-166

Similar relations between totemism and theism appear in India and South America. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

M. Salomon Reinach, in his account of the vestiges of totemism among the Celts, suggests that totemism was merely the hypertrophy of early man’s social sense, which extended from man to the animals around him. Celtic Religion in Pre-Christian Times

If, as he conceives, conceptional totemism was transformed in the central tribes into patrilineal totemism, I fail to see why the phratries or classes should descend in the female line. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia

We have now examined the most archaic forms of the survival of totemism in Britain. Folklore as an Historical Science

It is certainly not the fact that, wherever totemism is in a state of vigour, mother-right is regularly found. Anthropology

Thus local exogamy may have superseded clan exogamy in many places, the former representing the more settled habit of life, and the absence of the totemic constitution may indicate a process of decay of totemism. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

As for the stage of civilisation at which totemism originated, there is much difference of opinion. Celtic Religion in Pre-Christian Times

This suggests that totemism has something to do with the division of the four classes into eight, as was pointed out by Dr Durkheim in 1905134. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia

Somewhere in tradition, somewhere in local observances of beliefs or superstition, there must still be echoes, more or less faint, but still echoes, from totemism. Folklore as an Historical Science

Wherever there are clans, and so long as there is any totemism worthy of the name, this would seem to be the general law. Anthropology

As in the East, so here there is the suggestion of a movement away from a form of organization that resembles true totemism. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

It was this idea of spirits in animal form that helped to preserve the memory of the older totemism into historic times. Celtic Religion in Pre-Christian Times

The beast dances look back to that early phase of civilization which survives in crystallized form in what we call totemism. Ancient Art and Ritual

Having discovered these undoubted examples of totemism, the argument shifts its ground. Folklore as an Historical Science

There is considerable variation, however, to be found in the practices and beliefs of a more or less religious kind that are associated with this form of totemism; though almost always there are some. Anthropology

It thus appears that several lines of social progress have proved unfavorable to totemism, and to these movements it has generally succumbed. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

He has got beyond total unconsciousness of God, and beyond totemism or the mere worship of natural objects—trees, streams, stones, animals, etc. Roman Mosaics Or, Studies in Rome and Its Neighbourhood

The presumption, therefore, is that neither in totemism, if we dissect it, shall we find religion pre-formed. Recent Developments in European Thought

We can no longer say that the theory of totemism may possibly explain some of the customs and traditions of the people. Folklore as an Historical Science

But, so long as the one-sided method of counting descent prevails, and is reinforced by totemism, the family cannot attain to the dignity of a formally recognized institution. Anthropology

The Aryans of India have exogamy but not totemism, and this is true in part of the Assamese. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

It is doubtful if modern society affords anything more striking in the way of inhibition than is found in connection with taboo, fetish, totemism, and ceremonial among the lower races. Sex and Society

What then is it in totemism from which, on Sir James Frazer's view, something comes? Recent Developments in European Thought

Before, however, examining examples of societies containing the two elements of exogamy and totemism, it will be necessary to say something by way of preliminaries on these two elements themselves. Folklore as an Historical Science

Having separately examined the three principles of exogamy, lineage and totemism, we must now try to see how they work together. Anthropology

This custom is not frequent enough to account for totemism. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

Sometimes it was imposed before birth, or it was hereditary, or connected with totemism. The Religion of the Ancient Celts

In fine, the notion that in magic we have religion pre-formed is the counterpart of the idea that we can find religion pre-formed in totemism. Recent Developments in European Thought

In advanced totemism, it is true, they are found as inseparable parts of one system, but they may well have started separately and coalesced later. Folklore as an Historical Science

Firstly, exogamy and totemism, whether they be in origin distinct or not, tend in practice to go pretty closely together. Anthropology

There are no definite marks of totemism in Central and Northeastern Asia, and few such marks in Africa. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

Polygamy also may co-exist with totemism, and of course involves the counting of descent through the mother as a rule. The Religion of the Ancient Celts

It seems, therefore, according to Frazer, that in totemism, when dissected, there is no religion, just as in the child's drum, when cut open, there is—nothing. Recent Developments in European Thought

By using the hitherto unnoticed features, I think it possible to produce a theory as to the origin of totemism, which will contain the essential features of those theories now prominently before the world. Folklore as an Historical Science

Such poetic epithets do not afford the shadow of a presumption for Vedic totemism, even as a survival. Modern Mythology

This brief survey of proposed theories of the origin of totemism is sufficient to show the complexity of the problem. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

Tribal and personal names point to belief in descent from tree gods or spirits and perhaps to totemism. The Religion of the Ancient Celts

To say so, however, would be to admit that in totemism there was something not only 'mystic' but potentially religious. Recent Developments in European Thought

Special circumstances, special peoples, special areas could not have produced totemism unless we proceed to the somewhat violent conclusion that beginning in one area it has spread therefrom to all areas. Folklore as an Historical Science

Of totems, I, for one, must always write in the sense of Mr. McLennan, who introduced totemism to science. Modern Mythology

This brief account of the most important adjunct of totemism may serve to clear the way for the consideration of the totemic system. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

The older cult had been connected with the pastoral stage in which the animals were divine, or with the agricultural stage in which they represented the corn-spirit, and perhaps with totemism. The Religion of the Ancient Celts

Even totemism as a survival may be suspected in the 'fish' and 'dog' people of the Rig Veda, as has recently been suggested by Oldenberg. The Religions of India Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume 1, Edited by Morris Jastrow

These two facts point to the rudimentary kinless system as the true origin of totemism. Folklore as an Historical Science

Therefore totemism must have the same origin, substituting ‘kin’ or ‘tribe’ for sex. Modern Mythology

In fact certain ideas and customs that occur in connection with savage totemism are found abundantly among ancient Semites, Greeks and Romans, and in Celtic and Teutonic lands. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

Animal worship is connected with totemism, and certain things point to its existence among the Celts, or to the existence of conditions out of which totemism was elsewhere developed. The Religion of the Ancient Celts

As to the first question, we must remember that the origin and determining causes of totemism are still unknown. Custom and Myth

Everywhere else, where totemism exists, it is not the dominant feature of the social organisation. Folklore as an Historical Science

It is plain that where a people claim no connection by descent and blood from a sacred animal, are neither of his name nor kin, the essential feature of totemism is absent. Modern Mythology

Animal-worship has played a great rôle in religious history, but the special part assigned to totemism has often been exaggerated. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

Such clan totemism perhaps underlies the stories of the "descendants of the wolf" at Ossory, who became wolves for a time as the result of a saintly curse. The Religion of the Ancient Celts

It may be said without indiscretion that Mr. M’Lennan thought totemism arose at a period when ideas of kinship scarcely existed at all. Custom and Myth

In Asia and in Africa totemism is subordinate to, or at all events in close or equal association with, other elements, and we cannot be quite sure that we have in these cases pure totemism. Folklore as an Historical Science

I apply the word totemism to the widely diffused savage institution which I have defined. Modern Mythology

And in this region clan totemism is lacking or faint. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

Under totemism, brothers and sisters by different mothers having different totems, might possibly unite, and such unions are found in many mythologies. The Religion of the Ancient Celts

Are we to believe that the same institutions have existed wherever we find survivals of totemism? Custom and Myth

North American totemism is in the most advanced stage. Folklore as an Historical Science

The origin of totemism is unknown to me, as to Mr. McLennan and Dr. Robertson Smith, but Mr. Max Müller knows this origin. Modern Mythology

Function of totemism in the development of society. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

Later, when totemism passed away, the unions, regarded with horror, would be supposed to take place between children by the same mother. The Religion of the Ancient Celts

The hints of totemism among the ancient Irish are interesting. Custom and Myth

Australian totemism is to a very considerable degree less advanced, and it is therefore to Australian totemism I shall turn for evidence. Folklore as an Historical Science

But this savage heraldry is not nearly so common as the institution of totemism. Modern Mythology

It cannot be said that totemism has contributed to economic progress except in so far as every stable organization may be favorable to general progress. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

The evidence, taken as a whole, points to the existence of totemism among the early Celts, or, at all events, of the elements which elsewhere compose it. The Religion of the Ancient Celts

Though Plutarch mentions an Athenian yενος, the Ioxidæ, which claimed descent from and revered asparagus, it is probable that genuine totemism had died out of Greece many hundreds of years before even Homer’s time. Custom and Myth

The general attitude of the men of Erris towards the fox is confirmed as an attribute of totemism when we come to examine a special local form of it. Folklore as an Historical Science

To gratify Mr. Max Müller by defining totemism as Mr. McLennan first used the term is all that I dare do. Modern Mythology

As there are communities in which it is probable or possible that totemism has never existed, so it is conceivable that it has been developed in different ways in different places. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

Other animals, too sacred to be slain, would be preserved and worshipped, the cult giving rise to domestication and pastoral life, with totemism as a probable factor. The Religion of the Ancient Celts

What light is thrown on the original form of the family by totemism? Custom and Myth

There are features of totemism which are not noticed by any of these distinguished authorities. Folklore as an Historical Science

If all these notes occur, they would raise a presumption in favour of totemism in the past of Greece. Modern Mythology

Though exogamy differs from totemism in origin and function, the two are often found associated—their conjunction may be said to be the general rule. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

It is among many peoples connected with totemism, and is considered by many writers as the gradual outgrowth of animistic beliefs. The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803 — Volume 03 of 55 1569-1576 Explorations by Early Navigators, Descriptions of the Islands and Their Peoples, Their History and Records of the Catholic Missions, as Related in Contemporaneous Books and Manuscripts, Showing the Political, Economic, Commercial and Religious Conditions of Those Islands from Their Earliest Relations with European Nations to the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century

Mr. M’Lennan’s theory of the origin of totemism has never been published. Custom and Myth

In point of fact, all the evidence points in this direction, and if we cease to consider exogamy as a necessary element of totemism, we can advance investigation more rapidly and with greater accuracy. Folklore as an Historical Science

He is apparently oblivious of Professor Sayce’s reference to a prehistoric age, ‘when the religious creed of Egypt was still totemism.’ Modern Mythology

In the Dakota tribe there is no known evidence of totemism. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

Polyandry, totemism, human sacrifice, the taboo, are only reported as existing in remote and semi-civilised countries. Cock Lane and Common-Sense

Mr. Lang's totemism began in the primary groups, and began with exogamy as a necessary part of it. Folklore as an Historical Science

‘Why should not all the gods of Egypt with their heads of bulls and apes and cats be survivals of totemisms?’ Modern Mythology

Along with its very elaborate tabooism the island has beliefs concerning animals that are found in totemic systems but do not take the form of totemism proper. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

The survivals of totemism among the ancient Greeks are very interesting. Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine

Are there any traces at all of totemism in what we know of the Roman gentes? Custom and Myth

These theories are not necessarily mutually destructive, though they seem to me even collectively not to contain the full case for totemism. Folklore as an Historical Science

‘To treat all animal worship as due to totemism is a mistake.’ Modern Mythology

Thus, for example, the contrast between the social system of sterile Central Australia and that of certain tribes on the comparatively fertile southeast coast is marked; the Kurnai have practically no clan totemism. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

In order to answer Plutarch's question correctly it is necessary to have some idea of the peculiar custom and belief called 'totemism.' Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine

Blood kinship is therefore the destroyer, not the generator, of totemism, and we are therefore compelled to get at the back of blood kinship if we want to find totem beginnings. Folklore as an Historical Science

Thus it is difficult to prove that the heraldry is the origin of totemism, which is just as likely, or more likely, to have been the origin of savage heraldic crests and quarterings. Modern Mythology

We find that totemism is feeble in proportion as theistic systems have taken shape, and that where personal guardians are prominent there are no well-defined gods. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

In a general way it may be said that almost all our food prohibitions spring from the extraordinary custom generally called totemism. Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine

The evidence from totemism—that is, the derivation of the family name and crest or badge, from some natural object, plant or animal. Custom and Myth

To the extent of fatherhood, therefore, totemism of this type was clearly not based upon the natural fact of blood kinship, but upon the conscious adoption of a non-kinship form of society. Folklore as an Historical Science

Professor Sayce remarks, ‘They were the sacred animals of the clans,’ survivals from an age ‘when the religion of Egypt was totemism.’ Modern Mythology

They arise from various local and personal peculiarities that, as a rule, have nothing to do with totemism, and they become more prominent and important as the latter declines. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

The history of totemism and fetichism, primitive medicine, and the arts connected therewith, their panaceas, talismans, and amulets, show early association of the child with animals. The Child and Childhood in Folk-Thought Studies of the Activities and Influences of the Child Among Primitive Peoples, Their Analogues and Survivals in the Civilization of To-Day

We have, in point of fact, discovered the datum line of totemism. Folklore as an Historical Science

Thus, to speak of ‘sex-totems,’ or to call the protecting animal of each individual a ‘totem,’ is, I fear, to bring in confusion, and to justify Mr. Max Müller’s hard opinion that ‘totemism’ is ill-defined. Modern Mythology

In regard to other usages commonly associated with totemism the reported details are not numerous. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

As Mr. Codrington suggests, such beliefs throw light upon the probable origin of totemism and its development. The Child and Childhood in Folk-Thought Studies of the Activities and Influences of the Child Among Primitive Peoples, Their Analogues and Survivals in the Civilization of To-Day

Now note that actual living totemism is always combined with the rudest ideas of marriage, with almost repulsive ideas about the family. Custom and Myth

There is danger, however, at the other extreme, namely, the attempt to discover totemism in impossible places in civilisation. Folklore as an Historical Science

But Mr. Frazer derives totemism, all the world over, from the same origin as he assigns to ‘sex-totems.’ Modern Mythology

While, therefore, we may take a certain clan alliance as a fundamental fact of totemism, we find in various communities other features of organization more or less closely combined with this into a social unity. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

It belongs anthropologically with totemism, sacerdotalism, neo-ritualism, and every other remnant of the terrible shackles of use and wont which chained early man to his past. Definitions: Essays in Contemporary Criticism

This was unscientific; but is it scientific of Mr. Max Müller to discuss animal-worship without any reference to totemism? Custom and Myth

I conclude from this, therefore, that the search for the origin of totemism must be made from the women's side of the social group. Folklore as an Historical Science

Where all these notes are combined we have totemism. Modern Mythology

It is pointed out above790 that totemism and exogamy are mutually independent arrangements, differing in function and origin, each being found without the other. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

He had studied the totemism and exogamy of the primitive races, and here was his opportunity to understand polygamy. The Rainbow Trail

Where totemism exists, the members of each stock either do not eat the ancestral animal at all, or only eat him on rare sacrificial occasions. Custom and Myth

In each case the kinless basis of totemism is thus fully shown. Folklore as an Historical Science

Mr. Max Müller wishes that ‘those who write about totems and totemism would tell us exactly what they mean by these words.’ Modern Mythology

Exogamy may thus be regarded as a natural and frequent accompaniment of totemism, but it is not a universal and necessary element of the totemic constitution. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

The archaic intricacies and taboos of the customs and regulations of marriage might puzzle a mathematician, and may, when unravelled, explain the less complicated prohibitions of a totemism less antique. Australian Legendary Tales: folklore of the Noongahburrahs as told to the Piccaninnies

On the other hand, it does occur among southern tribes, like the Kurnai, which have advanced almost altogether out of totemism. The Euahlayi Tribe; a study of aboriginal life in Australia

It is important that we should thoroughly understand what these survivals of totemism in the British isles really mean. Folklore as an Historical Science

Departmental divine beings of natural phenomena we find everywhere, or nearly everywhere, in company, of course, with other elements of belief—totemism, worship of spirits, perhaps with monotheism in the background. Modern Mythology

In the half-civilized and higher savage communities of the eastern and western parts of the continent totemism proper, if it has ever been predominant, has been expelled or depressed by higher forms of organization. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

This explanation of totemism squares very well with Sir George Grey’s definition of a totem or kobong in Western Australia. The Golden Bough

Indeed, among the Umbaia and Gnanji tribes we can see at the present day how the change from local to hereditary totemism has been effected. The Euahlayi Tribe; a study of aboriginal life in Australia

It will be advisable to have before us the principal theories as to the origin of totemism. Folklore as an Historical Science

Here one may remark that if Mr. Max Müller really wants ‘an accurate definition’ of totemism, the works of McLennan, Frazer, Robertson Smith, and myself are accessible, and contain our definitions. Modern Mythology

The same remark holds of inferences from the general constitution of early society; a custom of matrilineal descent, for example, by no means carries totemism with it. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

It will have been noticed that many of the features of totemism, as it occurs in its best developed forms, occur among the people of one or other of the tribes of Sarawak. The Pagan Tribes of Borneo

This theory clearly marks a transition from local to hereditary totemism in the paternal line. The Euahlayi Tribe; a study of aboriginal life in Australia

Mr. Baldwin Spencer, and with him Dr. Haddon, consider totemism to have arisen from economic conditions. Folklore as an Historical Science

But I do hanker after the Arcadian bear as, at least, a possible survival of totemism. Modern Mythology

The evidence for the existence of totemism among the ancient civilized peoples, consisting, as it does, of detached statements of customs that are found elsewhere without totemism, is not decisive. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

Lastly, we think it unnecessary to regard the various animal superstitions of these tribes as survivals of totemism, because it seems possible to find a more direct and natural explanation of almost every case. The Pagan Tribes of Borneo

Supposing the Arunta to have begun, as in my theory, with hereditary totemism, the rise of their isolated belief in spirit-haunted sacred stones, encroached on and destroyed the hereditary character of their totemism. The Euahlayi Tribe; a study of aboriginal life in Australia

In particular, the great European civilisations are not totemic, nor are they to be seen passing from totemism. Folklore as an Historical Science

So Mr. McLennan, in the very earliest of all writings on totemism, said: ‘As the totem has not till now got itself mixed up with speculations the observers have been unbiassed.’ Modern Mythology

These positions are not justified by known facts, and it will conduce to clearness to give totemism its distinct place in that general regard for animals and plants of which it is a peculiar part. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

The prevalence of the belief in a Supreme Being must also tend to prevent the development of totemism. The Pagan Tribes of Borneo

Byamee is the originator of things less archaic and important than totemism. The Euahlayi Tribe; a study of aboriginal life in Australia

The full significance of these facts may best be tested by reference to the conditions laid down by Dr. Robertson Smith for the discovery of the survivals of totemism among the Semitic races. Folklore as an Historical Science

A man has no business to write on totemism if he does not know these facts. Modern Mythology

The questions whether totemism was the earliest form of human social life and whether existing freer forms are developments out of definite totemism may be left undetermined. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

Secondly, we have in the total absence of totemism among the Punans very strong ground for rejecting the suggestion of its previous existence among the Kenyahs. The Pagan Tribes of Borneo

Lafitau was perhaps the first writer who ever explained certain features in Greek and other ancient myths and practices as survivals from totemism. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1

The recent researches of Mr. M`Lennan and Mr. Herbert Spencer have served to connect this feeling with the primeval worship of ancestors and with the savage customs of totemism. Myths and myth-makers: Old Tales and Superstitions Interpreted by Comparative Mythology

That instance of the Australians is so archaic that it may show totemism in an early form. Modern Mythology

It remains to mention the principal theories of the origin of totemism that are or have been held, and to ask what part it has played in the history of religion. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

The Bushman god Cagn, who has the form of a mantis, and the Hindu monkey-god Hanuman seem to have no connection with totemism. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

That society, whether in Ashantee or Australia, in North America or South Africa, or North Asia or India, or among the wilder tribes of ancient Peru, is based on an institution generally called "totemism". Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1

As the beginnings of totemism are obscure it is not possible to say exactly what a man's attitude toward his totem was in the earliest period. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

Can we explain an American institution, a fairly world-wide institution, totemism, by the local peculiarities of belief in isolated Australia? Modern Mythology

The service of totemism to society lies in the aid it has given to the friendly association of men in groups. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

The relation between totemism and the practice of magic appears to be essentially one of coexistence in a community. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

For us totemism is interesting because it proves the existence of that savage mental attitude which assumes kindred and alliance between man and the things in the world. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1

The right word, it appears, is otem; but as "totemism" has the advantage of possessing the ground, we prefer to say "totemism" rather than "otemism". Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1

Another important feature in Australian totemism strengthens our position. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1

All that is here contended for is that the large rôle sometimes assigned to totemism in this regard is not supported by the facts now known to us. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

One other feature of Australian totemism must be mentioned before we leave the subject. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1

Though a large amount of evidence might be added to that already put forward, we may now sum up the inferences to be drawn from the study of totemism in Australia. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1

The books of Messrs. Spencer and Gillen also present much evidence as to a previously unknown form of totemism, in which the totem is not hereditary, and does not regulate marriage. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1

The religion of that period was mere magic and totemism. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1

In this way it will be possible to give a sketch of totemistic forms and suggestions, if not a history of totemism. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

According to him, the Inca sun-worship was really a totemism of a loftier character. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1

We may now return to the consideration of "otemism" or totemism. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1

Complete totemism is not asserted here, and is denied for Melanesia. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1

The mythological stories about animals are rather difficult to treat, because they are so much mixed up with the topic of totemism. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1

The development of individualism, a universal accompaniment of general social progress, is unfavorable to totemism, since in this latter the individual is subordinated to the clan. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV

Another argument in favour of the general thesis that savagery left deep marks on Greek life in general, and on myth in particular, may be derived from survivals of totemism in ritual and legend. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1

As will afterwards be seen, totemism has also left its mark on the mythologies of the civilised races. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1

Had Muller known that this "simplicity and boldness of fancy" exist to-day, for example, among the Swan tribe of Australia, he would probably have recognised in Cycnus a survival from totemism. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1

单词	totemism
例句	totemism Christianity and totemism and ancestor worship . . . extinct languages, such as Zuni and Spanish and Athapascan . . . pumas, porcupines and other ferocious animals . . . infectious diseases . . . priests . . . venomous lizards ...” Brave New World 1932-01-01T00:00:00Z The prevalence of such spirit-beings was one reason Emile Durkheim thought — wrongly, in my view — that what he called totemism was the earliest form of religion. I’m an Art Therapist. Am I Guilty of Cultural Appropriation? 2021-08-17T04:00:00Z The shaman educated Thwaites on the histories of animism and totemism. The Man Who Became a Goat 2016-05-23T04:00:00Z That shark-worship is pure totemism is shown by the beneficence of the shark to his worshippers, and the obligation that lay upon them not to eat their divinity. The Fijians A Study of the Decay of Custom 2011-12-30T03:00:25.917Z It might also be mentioned that these are the two great sins which the first social-religious institution of mankind, totemism, abhors. A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis 2011-12-06T03:00:21.763Z The more observant study of existing totem-tribes has weakened our impression of the importance of totemism as a primitive religious phenomenon. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 5 "Greek Law" to "Ground-Squirrel" 2011-12-05T03:00:51.527Z In his essays on Plant and Animal Worship, he regarded Egyptian animal-worship as only a consecrated and elaborate survival of totemism. Myth, Ritual And Religion, Vol. 2 (of 2) 2011-07-22T02:00:19.110Z This opinion does not affect by itself the usual exogamous character of totemism among the other tribes. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z But there the usual features of totemism stop. The Fijians A Study of the Decay of Custom 2011-12-30T03:00:25.917Z Many of these were purely national gods—and two at least had probably been raised to this rank from a condition of symbolic totemism during a period of national expansion and military success. The Mythologies of Ancient Mexico and Peru 2011-06-13T02:00:26.863Z But totemism is a fact of importance only when it affects the tribal marriage laws or the tribal religion. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 5 "Greek Law" to "Ground-Squirrel" 2011-12-05T03:00:51.527Z But if these usages be survivals of totemism, the practice at once ceases to be isolated, and becomes part of a familiar, if somewhat obscure, body of customs found all over the world. Myth, Ritual And Religion, Vol. 2 (of 2) 2011-07-22T02:00:19.110Z The author, however, did not touch on the evolution of totemism. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z The subsequent history of animal worship in Egypt is a continuous drifting away from this primitive totemism. The Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia 2011-04-14T02:00:46.297Z It will be seen that I differentiate between 'naturalism' and 'totemism.' The Mythologies of Ancient Mexico and Peru 2011-06-13T02:00:26.863Z In so far as totemism implies the descent of a clan or group from some animal, it rests in part upon the supposed resemblance between man and animals. Babylonian-Assyrian Birth-Omens and Their Cultural Significance 2011-04-09T02:00:11.757Z It is in the study of savage totemism that we too seek a partial explanation of the singular Egyptian practices that puzzled the Greeks and Romans, and the Egyptians themselves. Myth, Ritual And Religion, Vol. 2 (of 2) 2011-07-22T02:00:19.110Z As Howitt writes, “the assumption of the names of objects by men must in fact have been the origin of totemism.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z Of late the tendency has been to see in it a sort of totemism which prevailed among the aboriginal population of the country, and was tolerated by the higher religion of the Pharaonic immigrants. The Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia 2011-04-14T02:00:46.297Z The immigrants introduced the cult of the dead and the institutions of taboo, totemism and chieftainship. Man, Past and Present 2011-03-28T02:00:29.283Z But totemism does not involve the combination of the human and the animal form in one being. Babylonian-Assyrian Birth-Omens and Their Cultural Significance 2011-04-09T02:00:11.757Z In pure totemism it is their kindred animal that men revere. Myth, Ritual And Religion, Vol. 2 (of 2) 2011-07-22T02:00:19.110Z The “expressed law” was necessarily a later development; conditioned by the circumstances which produced totemism, and sanctioned, as on Durkheim’s scheme, by the totemic taboo. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z A modified form of totemism must once have been known in the valley of the Nile. The Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia 2011-04-14T02:00:46.297Z Beneficent and malevolent magic are universally practised and totemism possesses a religious besides a social aspect. Man, Past and Present 2011-03-28T02:00:29.283Z These tend to show that Artemis was first and foremost a nature goddess, whose cult shows numerous traces of totemism. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 6 "Armour Plates" to "Arundel, Earls of" This appears to be a theory by which the reflective Samoans have explained to themselves what was once pure totemism. Myth, Ritual And Religion, Vol. 2 (of 2) 2011-07-22T02:00:19.110Z Much might be said about the way out of totemism. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z Professor Robertson Smith suggests that totemism was the earliest form of Arabian idolatry, and that each tribe had its sacred animal. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 3 "Apollodorus" to "Aral" If we ask, What was the origin of the peculiar Samoan worship of animals and other natural objects? the most probable answer seems to be that it has been developed out of totemism. The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead Vol. II The second question now arises: Can we infer from survivals of totemism among Aryans that these Aryans had once been organised on the full totemistic principle, probably with polyandry, and certainly with female descent? Custom and Myth New Edition I had to tell all I knew about animism, totemism, polytheism. The Brain When once descent and inheritance are traced through males, the social side of totemism begins to break up. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z The application of our present knowledge of totemism to mythology has been very enlightening. The Next Step in Religion An Essay toward the Coming Renaissance It appears, therefore, unlikely that Samoan totemism was based on a doctrine of transmigration. The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead Vol. II Where totemism now exists in full force, there we find exogamy and derivation of the family name through women, the latter custom indicating uncertainty of male parentage in the past. Custom and Myth New Edition Perhaps the most interesting is the evidence showing that totemism seems to have existed; the clan names being taken from animals or plants. The Position of Woman in Primitive Society A Study of the Matriarchy One way out is the Arunta way, where totems no longer Breaking up of totemism. designate kinships. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z Fetichism, shamanism, magic, human sacrifice, totemism, ritualism, all were found combined and interactive in a scheme of life alien to our own enlightened outlook. The Next Step in Religion An Essay toward the Coming Renaissance Taken together, the Samoan and the Tongan systems seem to show that, if totemism ever flourished among the Polynesians, it had not its roots in a worship of the dead. The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead Vol. II Are we to believe that the same institutions have existed wherever we find survivals of totemism? Custom and Myth New Edition It was a worship full of superstition, recognizing totemism and direct connection with the spirits of nature. History of Human Society It has often been suggested that totemism arose when the familiar of an individual became hereditary among his descendants. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z Both rest upon animism, totemism and magic as these are brought into relation with man's needs and fears. The Next Step in Religion An Essay toward the Coming Renaissance This aversion to eating and even looking at a certain species of animal, together with a traditionary explanation based on an incident in the past history of the tribe, is very characteristic of totemism. The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead Vol. II What light is thrown on the original form of the family by totemism? Custom and Myth New Edition In the second place, totemism explains the view taken in the early world of the nature of religious fellowship. History of Religion A Sketch of Primitive Religious Beliefs and Practices, and of the Origin and Character of the Great Systems The practice seems to belong rather to the decadence than to the dawn of totemism. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z If totemism be taken in the simpler sense, as a certain sort of intimate relation between men and nonhuman things, it will be found to be widely distributed in the noncivilized world. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV Among the multitude of taboos which were religiously observed by the Marquesans it is perhaps possible to detect a trace of totemism. The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead Vol. II Lennan gave up his hypothesis and ceased to have any view on the origin of totemism. Custom and Myth New Edition This, whether it is derived—as Professor Robertson Smith thinks—from the ideas of totemism or not, leads to a religion which is exclusive and intense, and cannot be trifled with. History of Religion A Sketch of Primitive Religious Beliefs and Practices, and of the Origin and Character of the Great Systems Exogamy, in his opinion, is the result of treaties of political alliance with exclusive interconnubium between two sets of kinsfolk by blood, totemism being a mere accidental concomitant. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z The question whether they represent germinal or decadent totemism, or neither, must be considered separately in every case. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV He concludes that "in the period of which we have information totemism has given way to a more highly developed polytheism, but there are indications that the development was by way of totemism." The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead Vol. II It may be argued, as by Mr. Isaac Taylor, that such names, in England, merely described local characteristics, though, in Asia, India, Africa, Australia, Samoa, Egypt, similar names are derived from totemism. Custom and Myth New Edition In totemism the individual sacrifices himself to the tribe; here he is nothing apart from his family. History of Religion A Sketch of Primitive Religious Beliefs and Practices, and of the Origin and Character of the Great Systems I have stated that I am doubtful as to whether totemism exists in Arawak. Werwolves These noteworthy variations in the totemism of the Australian continent appear to be connected in a general way with differences of climate and the degree of isolation of the clans and tribes. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV In these superstitions it is possible that we have relics of totemism. The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead Vol. II Lennan once thought totemism arose at a period when ideas of kinship scarcely existed at all. Custom and Myth New Edition According to the latest investigations totemism is not to be regarded as itself a religion; the totem being regarded not as a superior but as an equal. History of Religion A Sketch of Primitive Religious Beliefs and Practices, and of the Origin and Character of the Great Systems This latter view may safely be dismissed as untenable, whether we do or do not believe totemism to have a religious side. The Idea of God in Early Religions Where there is no totemism the question of union, of course, does not come up. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV First, it may be said that in primitive religions, notably in fetichism, tabooism, and totemism, there is no recognition of a cosmical unity. The Approach to Philosophy Are there any traces at all of totemism in what we know of the Roman gentes? Custom and Myth New Edition But the intellect to which totemism is a credible theory draws no line of demarcation between humanity and the life and consciousness it recognizes in the whole encircling universe. The Science of Fairy Tales An Inquiry into Fairy Mythology In Australia the greater gods of the myths seem to have given way before—or to—the spread of totemism. The Idea of God in Early Religions There appears to be a movement away from Australian totemism, growing more pronounced as we go eastward, and culminating in Fiji, in which totemic features are very rare. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV This is the fundamental idea from which all religions have arisen: not animism, fetishism, totemism, or whatever the little tributaries may be called, which have poured for thousands of years into the main stream. The Silesian Horseherd - Questions of the Hour Though Plutarch mentions a Carian γένος, the Ioxidæ, of Attic descent, which revered asparagus, it is probable that genuine totemism had died out of Greece many hundreds of years before even Homer’s time. Custom and Myth New Edition Whatever may be the real principle in totemism, it overrules the interest in an abundant food supply. Folkways A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals Some may see a reminiscence of totemism in the wolf's fat: in any case the mention of the animal as obtainable is interesting. The Religious Experience of the Roman People From the Earliest Times to the Age of Augustus Among the Eskimo and the Californians no definite signs of totemism have been discovered. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV The swastika and the thunderbolt, dragons and demons, totemism and the sky-world are all of them conceptions that were more or less closely connected with the matters I have been discussing. The Evolution of the Dragon This was unscientific; but is it scientific of Mr. Max Müller to discuss animal-worship without any reference to totemism? Custom and Myth New Edition Where totemism exists it is regularly accompanied by a taboo on eating the totem animal. Folkways A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals About totemism all I have to say is this. The Religious Experience of the Roman People From the Earliest Times to the Age of Augustus The Caddoan group, dwelling formerly west of the Mississippi, in Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas, had an approach to specific totemism. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV In the case of names whose meaning is understood, traces of totemism survive in the respect paid to the animal or plant by members of the sept which bears its name. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India Volume II Now note that actual living totemism is always combined with the rudest ideas of marriage, with almost repulsive ideas about the family. Custom and Myth New Edition If this is so, it is clear that the parallel between Semang and Arunta totemism is considerably closer than at first appears. Folklore as an Historical Science Let us pass on at once to the second primitive mode of thought which I mentioned just now, and which is not nearly so remote—speaking anthropologically—from classical times as totemism. The Religious Experience of the Roman People From the Earliest Times to the Age of Augustus The probability is that the earliest state was an unformed one, without governmental or other institutions, and that totemism was one of the first attempts to introduce order into society. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV The meanings of the sept names have been forgotten and no instances of totemism are known. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India Volume II The hints of totemism among the ancient Irish are interesting. Custom and Myth New Edition In the previous chapter it was necessary to lay somewhat special stress upon the system of social organisation known as totemism, which was not founded upon kinship. Folklore as an Historical Science They cannot explain this sentiment, which is probably due to some forgotten belief of the nature of totemism. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India - Volume IV of IV Kumhar-Yemkala In all such cases there is a coalescence of totemism and tree worship. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV All such sacrifices in which the flesh was taken from the living victim may thus perhaps be derived from the common origin of totemism. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India—Volume I (of IV) Where totemism exists, the members of each stock either do not eat the ancestral animal at all, or only eat him on rare sacrificial occasions. Custom and Myth New Edition The argument that they might have been transplanted thither by travellers from the far west, where totemism has developed to its highest form, cannot seriously be advanced. Folklore as an Historical Science They have one recorded instance of totemism, which is of some interest. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India - Volume IV of IV Kumhar-Yemkala There are myths tracing the totemism of clans to ancestors having animal forms, but these myths are relatively late savage philosophical explanations of existing institutions. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV Their exogamous groups are named after animals, plants or other objects, and they practise totemism. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India—Volume I (of IV) When sailors, merchants, missionaries, describe, as matters unprecedented and unheard of, such institutions as polyandry, totemism, and so forth, the evidence is so strong, because the witnesses are so astonished. Custom and Myth New Edition It is not the actual fatherhood or the actual motherhood which is the fundamental basis of totemism, but the association with animal, plant, or other natural object. Folklore as an Historical Science Further survivals of totemism as found in the Old Testament are illustrated by the worship of the bull and the serpent. The Necessity of Atheism There is the usual reverence for animals, with folk-stories of animal creators and of transformations, but no well-defined marks of totemism, and no recognition of individual protecting animal-spirits. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV This theory of totemism was first promulgated by Professor Robertson Smith and, though much disputed, appears to me to be the most probable. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India—Volume I (of IV) Thus a system of pure totemism, such as prevails among the aborigines of Central Australia, might develop through a phase of ancestor worship into a pantheon of the ordinary type. The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead, Volume I (of 3) The Belief Among the Aborigines of Australia, the Torres Straits Islands, New Guinea and Melanesia It would appear therefore that totemism at its foundation was based upon a theoretical conception of relationship between man and animal or plant. Folklore as an Historical Science All Bushmen carry amulets, and there are indications of totemism in their refusal to eat certain foods. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Part 4 "Bulgaria" to "Calgary" In all these cases the simple clan system is reduced to small proportions, and totemism loses its social significance. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV Exogamy and totemism are found not only in India, but are the characteristics of primitive social groups over the greater part of the world. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India—Volume I (of IV) Perhaps for the sake of some of my hearers I should say a word as to the meaning of totems and totemism. The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead, Volume I (of 3) The Belief Among the Aborigines of Australia, the Torres Straits Islands, New Guinea and Melanesia The present study enables me to take the parallel to primitive totemism much closer. Folklore as an Historical Science This device finds its best development in the earlier stages in the development of belief, and is normally connected with totemism. The Siouan Indians In Central Australia there is only a vague, inactive form that may be called divine; a more definite conception is found in Southeastern Australia, where the strictness of totemism is relaxed. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV The whole idea was a phase of totemism and tabu. Little Journeys to the Homes of the Great - Volume 10 Little Journeys To The Homes Of Great Teachers And Darwinism, far from destroying these old ideas, has simply furnished a scientific basis for a new totemism. Nature Mysticism These examples of local totemism may be followed by a remarkable example of tribal or kinship totemism. Folklore as an Historical Science It would be surprising, therefore, if an animal so striking, and one that has figured so largely in Indian totemism and folk-lore, should not have received attention at the hands of the Mound-Builders. Animal Carvings from Mounds of the Mississippi Valley Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1880-81, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1883, pages 117-166 Similar relations between totemism and theism appear in India and South America. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV M. Salomon Reinach, in his account of the vestiges of totemism among the Celts, suggests that totemism was merely the hypertrophy of early man’s social sense, which extended from man to the animals around him. Celtic Religion in Pre-Christian Times If, as he conceives, conceptional totemism was transformed in the central tribes into patrilineal totemism, I fail to see why the phratries or classes should descend in the female line. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia We have now examined the most archaic forms of the survival of totemism in Britain. Folklore as an Historical Science It is certainly not the fact that, wherever totemism is in a state of vigour, mother-right is regularly found. Anthropology Thus local exogamy may have superseded clan exogamy in many places, the former representing the more settled habit of life, and the absence of the totemic constitution may indicate a process of decay of totemism. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV As for the stage of civilisation at which totemism originated, there is much difference of opinion. Celtic Religion in Pre-Christian Times This suggests that totemism has something to do with the division of the four classes into eight, as was pointed out by Dr Durkheim in 1905134. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia Somewhere in tradition, somewhere in local observances of beliefs or superstition, there must still be echoes, more or less faint, but still echoes, from totemism. Folklore as an Historical Science Wherever there are clans, and so long as there is any totemism worthy of the name, this would seem to be the general law. Anthropology As in the East, so here there is the suggestion of a movement away from a form of organization that resembles true totemism. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV It was this idea of spirits in animal form that helped to preserve the memory of the older totemism into historic times. Celtic Religion in Pre-Christian Times The beast dances look back to that early phase of civilization which survives in crystallized form in what we call totemism. Ancient Art and Ritual Having discovered these undoubted examples of totemism, the argument shifts its ground. Folklore as an Historical Science There is considerable variation, however, to be found in the practices and beliefs of a more or less religious kind that are associated with this form of totemism; though almost always there are some. Anthropology It thus appears that several lines of social progress have proved unfavorable to totemism, and to these movements it has generally succumbed. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV He has got beyond total unconsciousness of God, and beyond totemism or the mere worship of natural objects—trees, streams, stones, animals, etc. Roman Mosaics Or, Studies in Rome and Its Neighbourhood The presumption, therefore, is that neither in totemism, if we dissect it, shall we find religion pre-formed. Recent Developments in European Thought We can no longer say that the theory of totemism may possibly explain some of the customs and traditions of the people. Folklore as an Historical Science But, so long as the one-sided method of counting descent prevails, and is reinforced by totemism, the family cannot attain to the dignity of a formally recognized institution. Anthropology The Aryans of India have exogamy but not totemism, and this is true in part of the Assamese. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV It is doubtful if modern society affords anything more striking in the way of inhibition than is found in connection with taboo, fetish, totemism, and ceremonial among the lower races. Sex and Society What then is it in totemism from which, on Sir James Frazer's view, something comes? Recent Developments in European Thought Before, however, examining examples of societies containing the two elements of exogamy and totemism, it will be necessary to say something by way of preliminaries on these two elements themselves. Folklore as an Historical Science Having separately examined the three principles of exogamy, lineage and totemism, we must now try to see how they work together. Anthropology This custom is not frequent enough to account for totemism. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV Sometimes it was imposed before birth, or it was hereditary, or connected with totemism. The Religion of the Ancient Celts In fine, the notion that in magic we have religion pre-formed is the counterpart of the idea that we can find religion pre-formed in totemism. Recent Developments in European Thought In advanced totemism, it is true, they are found as inseparable parts of one system, but they may well have started separately and coalesced later. Folklore as an Historical Science Firstly, exogamy and totemism, whether they be in origin distinct or not, tend in practice to go pretty closely together. Anthropology There are no definite marks of totemism in Central and Northeastern Asia, and few such marks in Africa. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV Polygamy also may co-exist with totemism, and of course involves the counting of descent through the mother as a rule. The Religion of the Ancient Celts It seems, therefore, according to Frazer, that in totemism, when dissected, there is no religion, just as in the child's drum, when cut open, there is—nothing. Recent Developments in European Thought By using the hitherto unnoticed features, I think it possible to produce a theory as to the origin of totemism, which will contain the essential features of those theories now prominently before the world. Folklore as an Historical Science Such poetic epithets do not afford the shadow of a presumption for Vedic totemism, even as a survival. Modern Mythology This brief survey of proposed theories of the origin of totemism is sufficient to show the complexity of the problem. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV Tribal and personal names point to belief in descent from tree gods or spirits and perhaps to totemism. The Religion of the Ancient Celts To say so, however, would be to admit that in totemism there was something not only 'mystic' but potentially religious. Recent Developments in European Thought Special circumstances, special peoples, special areas could not have produced totemism unless we proceed to the somewhat violent conclusion that beginning in one area it has spread therefrom to all areas. Folklore as an Historical Science Of totems, I, for one, must always write in the sense of Mr. McLennan, who introduced totemism to science. Modern Mythology This brief account of the most important adjunct of totemism may serve to clear the way for the consideration of the totemic system. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV The older cult had been connected with the pastoral stage in which the animals were divine, or with the agricultural stage in which they represented the corn-spirit, and perhaps with totemism. The Religion of the Ancient Celts Even totemism as a survival may be suspected in the 'fish' and 'dog' people of the Rig Veda, as has recently been suggested by Oldenberg. The Religions of India Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume 1, Edited by Morris Jastrow These two facts point to the rudimentary kinless system as the true origin of totemism. Folklore as an Historical Science Therefore totemism must have the same origin, substituting ‘kin’ or ‘tribe’ for sex. Modern Mythology In fact certain ideas and customs that occur in connection with savage totemism are found abundantly among ancient Semites, Greeks and Romans, and in Celtic and Teutonic lands. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV Animal worship is connected with totemism, and certain things point to its existence among the Celts, or to the existence of conditions out of which totemism was elsewhere developed. The Religion of the Ancient Celts As to the first question, we must remember that the origin and determining causes of totemism are still unknown. Custom and Myth Everywhere else, where totemism exists, it is not the dominant feature of the social organisation. Folklore as an Historical Science It is plain that where a people claim no connection by descent and blood from a sacred animal, are neither of his name nor kin, the essential feature of totemism is absent. Modern Mythology Animal-worship has played a great rôle in religious history, but the special part assigned to totemism has often been exaggerated. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV Such clan totemism perhaps underlies the stories of the "descendants of the wolf" at Ossory, who became wolves for a time as the result of a saintly curse. The Religion of the Ancient Celts It may be said without indiscretion that Mr. M’Lennan thought totemism arose at a period when ideas of kinship scarcely existed at all. Custom and Myth In Asia and in Africa totemism is subordinate to, or at all events in close or equal association with, other elements, and we cannot be quite sure that we have in these cases pure totemism. Folklore as an Historical Science I apply the word totemism to the widely diffused savage institution which I have defined. Modern Mythology And in this region clan totemism is lacking or faint. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV Under totemism, brothers and sisters by different mothers having different totems, might possibly unite, and such unions are found in many mythologies. The Religion of the Ancient Celts Are we to believe that the same institutions have existed wherever we find survivals of totemism? Custom and Myth North American totemism is in the most advanced stage. Folklore as an Historical Science The origin of totemism is unknown to me, as to Mr. McLennan and Dr. Robertson Smith, but Mr. Max Müller knows this origin. Modern Mythology Function of totemism in the development of society. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV Later, when totemism passed away, the unions, regarded with horror, would be supposed to take place between children by the same mother. The Religion of the Ancient Celts The hints of totemism among the ancient Irish are interesting. Custom and Myth Australian totemism is to a very considerable degree less advanced, and it is therefore to Australian totemism I shall turn for evidence. Folklore as an Historical Science But this savage heraldry is not nearly so common as the institution of totemism. Modern Mythology It cannot be said that totemism has contributed to economic progress except in so far as every stable organization may be favorable to general progress. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV The evidence, taken as a whole, points to the existence of totemism among the early Celts, or, at all events, of the elements which elsewhere compose it. The Religion of the Ancient Celts Though Plutarch mentions an Athenian yενος, the Ioxidæ, which claimed descent from and revered asparagus, it is probable that genuine totemism had died out of Greece many hundreds of years before even Homer’s time. Custom and Myth The general attitude of the men of Erris towards the fox is confirmed as an attribute of totemism when we come to examine a special local form of it. Folklore as an Historical Science To gratify Mr. Max Müller by defining totemism as Mr. McLennan first used the term is all that I dare do. Modern Mythology As there are communities in which it is probable or possible that totemism has never existed, so it is conceivable that it has been developed in different ways in different places. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV Other animals, too sacred to be slain, would be preserved and worshipped, the cult giving rise to domestication and pastoral life, with totemism as a probable factor. The Religion of the Ancient Celts What light is thrown on the original form of the family by totemism? Custom and Myth There are features of totemism which are not noticed by any of these distinguished authorities. Folklore as an Historical Science If all these notes occur, they would raise a presumption in favour of totemism in the past of Greece. Modern Mythology Though exogamy differs from totemism in origin and function, the two are often found associated—their conjunction may be said to be the general rule. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV It is among many peoples connected with totemism, and is considered by many writers as the gradual outgrowth of animistic beliefs. The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803 — Volume 03 of 55 1569-1576 Explorations by Early Navigators, Descriptions of the Islands and Their Peoples, Their History and Records of the Catholic Missions, as Related in Contemporaneous Books and Manuscripts, Showing the Political, Economic, Commercial and Religious Conditions of Those Islands from Their Earliest Relations with European Nations to the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century Mr. M’Lennan’s theory of the origin of totemism has never been published. Custom and Myth In point of fact, all the evidence points in this direction, and if we cease to consider exogamy as a necessary element of totemism, we can advance investigation more rapidly and with greater accuracy. Folklore as an Historical Science He is apparently oblivious of Professor Sayce’s reference to a prehistoric age, ‘when the religious creed of Egypt was still totemism.’ Modern Mythology In the Dakota tribe there is no known evidence of totemism. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV Polyandry, totemism, human sacrifice, the taboo, are only reported as existing in remote and semi-civilised countries. Cock Lane and Common-Sense Where totemism now exists in full force, there we find exogamy and derivation of the family name through women, the latter custom indicating uncertainty of male parentage in the past. Custom and Myth Mr. Lang's totemism began in the primary groups, and began with exogamy as a necessary part of it. Folklore as an Historical Science ‘Why should not all the gods of Egypt with their heads of bulls and apes and cats be survivals of totemisms?’ Modern Mythology Along with its very elaborate tabooism the island has beliefs concerning animals that are found in totemic systems but do not take the form of totemism proper. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV The survivals of totemism among the ancient Greeks are very interesting. Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine Are there any traces at all of totemism in what we know of the Roman gentes? Custom and Myth These theories are not necessarily mutually destructive, though they seem to me even collectively not to contain the full case for totemism. Folklore as an Historical Science ‘To treat all animal worship as due to totemism is a mistake.’ Modern Mythology Thus, for example, the contrast between the social system of sterile Central Australia and that of certain tribes on the comparatively fertile southeast coast is marked; the Kurnai have practically no clan totemism. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV In order to answer Plutarch's question correctly it is necessary to have some idea of the peculiar custom and belief called 'totemism.' Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine The second question now arises: Can we infer from survivals of totemism among Aryans that these Aryans had once been organised on the full totemistic principle, probably with polyandry, and certainly with female descent? Custom and Myth Blood kinship is therefore the destroyer, not the generator, of totemism, and we are therefore compelled to get at the back of blood kinship if we want to find totem beginnings. Folklore as an Historical Science Thus it is difficult to prove that the heraldry is the origin of totemism, which is just as likely, or more likely, to have been the origin of savage heraldic crests and quarterings. Modern Mythology We find that totemism is feeble in proportion as theistic systems have taken shape, and that where personal guardians are prominent there are no well-defined gods. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV In a general way it may be said that almost all our food prohibitions spring from the extraordinary custom generally called totemism. Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine The evidence from totemism—that is, the derivation of the family name and crest or badge, from some natural object, plant or animal. Custom and Myth To the extent of fatherhood, therefore, totemism of this type was clearly not based upon the natural fact of blood kinship, but upon the conscious adoption of a non-kinship form of society. Folklore as an Historical Science Professor Sayce remarks, ‘They were the sacred animals of the clans,’ survivals from an age ‘when the religion of Egypt was totemism.’ Modern Mythology They arise from various local and personal peculiarities that, as a rule, have nothing to do with totemism, and they become more prominent and important as the latter declines. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV The history of totemism and fetichism, primitive medicine, and the arts connected therewith, their panaceas, talismans, and amulets, show early association of the child with animals. The Child and Childhood in Folk-Thought Studies of the Activities and Influences of the Child Among Primitive Peoples, Their Analogues and Survivals in the Civilization of To-Day When sailors, merchants, missionaries, describe, as matters unprecedented and unheard of, such institutions as polyandry, totemism, and so forth, the evidence is so strong, because the witnesses are so astonished. Custom and Myth We have, in point of fact, discovered the datum line of totemism. Folklore as an Historical Science Thus, to speak of ‘sex-totems,’ or to call the protecting animal of each individual a ‘totem,’ is, I fear, to bring in confusion, and to justify Mr. Max Müller’s hard opinion that ‘totemism’ is ill-defined. Modern Mythology In regard to other usages commonly associated with totemism the reported details are not numerous. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV As Mr. Codrington suggests, such beliefs throw light upon the probable origin of totemism and its development. The Child and Childhood in Folk-Thought Studies of the Activities and Influences of the Child Among Primitive Peoples, Their Analogues and Survivals in the Civilization of To-Day Now note that actual living totemism is always combined with the rudest ideas of marriage, with almost repulsive ideas about the family. Custom and Myth There is danger, however, at the other extreme, namely, the attempt to discover totemism in impossible places in civilisation. Folklore as an Historical Science But Mr. Frazer derives totemism, all the world over, from the same origin as he assigns to ‘sex-totems.’ Modern Mythology While, therefore, we may take a certain clan alliance as a fundamental fact of totemism, we find in various communities other features of organization more or less closely combined with this into a social unity. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV It belongs anthropologically with totemism, sacerdotalism, neo-ritualism, and every other remnant of the terrible shackles of use and wont which chained early man to his past. Definitions: Essays in Contemporary Criticism This was unscientific; but is it scientific of Mr. Max Müller to discuss animal-worship without any reference to totemism? Custom and Myth I conclude from this, therefore, that the search for the origin of totemism must be made from the women's side of the social group. Folklore as an Historical Science Where all these notes are combined we have totemism. Modern Mythology It is pointed out above790 that totemism and exogamy are mutually independent arrangements, differing in function and origin, each being found without the other. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV He had studied the totemism and exogamy of the primitive races, and here was his opportunity to understand polygamy. The Rainbow Trail Where totemism exists, the members of each stock either do not eat the ancestral animal at all, or only eat him on rare sacrificial occasions. Custom and Myth In each case the kinless basis of totemism is thus fully shown. Folklore as an Historical Science Mr. Max Müller wishes that ‘those who write about totems and totemism would tell us exactly what they mean by these words.’ Modern Mythology Exogamy may thus be regarded as a natural and frequent accompaniment of totemism, but it is not a universal and necessary element of the totemic constitution. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV The archaic intricacies and taboos of the customs and regulations of marriage might puzzle a mathematician, and may, when unravelled, explain the less complicated prohibitions of a totemism less antique. Australian Legendary Tales: folklore of the Noongahburrahs as told to the Piccaninnies On the other hand, it does occur among southern tribes, like the Kurnai, which have advanced almost altogether out of totemism. The Euahlayi Tribe; a study of aboriginal life in Australia It is important that we should thoroughly understand what these survivals of totemism in the British isles really mean. Folklore as an Historical Science Departmental divine beings of natural phenomena we find everywhere, or nearly everywhere, in company, of course, with other elements of belief—totemism, worship of spirits, perhaps with monotheism in the background. Modern Mythology In the half-civilized and higher savage communities of the eastern and western parts of the continent totemism proper, if it has ever been predominant, has been expelled or depressed by higher forms of organization. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV This explanation of totemism squares very well with Sir George Grey’s definition of a totem or kobong in Western Australia. The Golden Bough Indeed, among the Umbaia and Gnanji tribes we can see at the present day how the change from local to hereditary totemism has been effected. The Euahlayi Tribe; a study of aboriginal life in Australia It will be advisable to have before us the principal theories as to the origin of totemism. Folklore as an Historical Science Here one may remark that if Mr. Max Müller really wants ‘an accurate definition’ of totemism, the works of McLennan, Frazer, Robertson Smith, and myself are accessible, and contain our definitions. Modern Mythology The same remark holds of inferences from the general constitution of early society; a custom of matrilineal descent, for example, by no means carries totemism with it. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV It will have been noticed that many of the features of totemism, as it occurs in its best developed forms, occur among the people of one or other of the tribes of Sarawak. The Pagan Tribes of Borneo This theory clearly marks a transition from local to hereditary totemism in the paternal line. The Euahlayi Tribe; a study of aboriginal life in Australia Mr. Baldwin Spencer, and with him Dr. Haddon, consider totemism to have arisen from economic conditions. Folklore as an Historical Science But I do hanker after the Arcadian bear as, at least, a possible survival of totemism. Modern Mythology The evidence for the existence of totemism among the ancient civilized peoples, consisting, as it does, of detached statements of customs that are found elsewhere without totemism, is not decisive. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV Lastly, we think it unnecessary to regard the various animal superstitions of these tribes as survivals of totemism, because it seems possible to find a more direct and natural explanation of almost every case. The Pagan Tribes of Borneo Supposing the Arunta to have begun, as in my theory, with hereditary totemism, the rise of their isolated belief in spirit-haunted sacred stones, encroached on and destroyed the hereditary character of their totemism. The Euahlayi Tribe; a study of aboriginal life in Australia In particular, the great European civilisations are not totemic, nor are they to be seen passing from totemism. Folklore as an Historical Science So Mr. McLennan, in the very earliest of all writings on totemism, said: ‘As the totem has not till now got itself mixed up with speculations the observers have been unbiassed.’ Modern Mythology These positions are not justified by known facts, and it will conduce to clearness to give totemism its distinct place in that general regard for animals and plants of which it is a peculiar part. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV The prevalence of the belief in a Supreme Being must also tend to prevent the development of totemism. The Pagan Tribes of Borneo Byamee is the originator of things less archaic and important than totemism. The Euahlayi Tribe; a study of aboriginal life in Australia The full significance of these facts may best be tested by reference to the conditions laid down by Dr. Robertson Smith for the discovery of the survivals of totemism among the Semitic races. Folklore as an Historical Science A man has no business to write on totemism if he does not know these facts. Modern Mythology The questions whether totemism was the earliest form of human social life and whether existing freer forms are developments out of definite totemism may be left undetermined. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV Secondly, we have in the total absence of totemism among the Punans very strong ground for rejecting the suggestion of its previous existence among the Kenyahs. The Pagan Tribes of Borneo Lafitau was perhaps the first writer who ever explained certain features in Greek and other ancient myths and practices as survivals from totemism. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1 The recent researches of Mr. M`Lennan and Mr. Herbert Spencer have served to connect this feeling with the primeval worship of ancestors and with the savage customs of totemism. Myths and myth-makers: Old Tales and Superstitions Interpreted by Comparative Mythology That instance of the Australians is so archaic that it may show totemism in an early form. Modern Mythology It remains to mention the principal theories of the origin of totemism that are or have been held, and to ask what part it has played in the history of religion. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV The Bushman god Cagn, who has the form of a mantis, and the Hindu monkey-god Hanuman seem to have no connection with totemism. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV That society, whether in Ashantee or Australia, in North America or South Africa, or North Asia or India, or among the wilder tribes of ancient Peru, is based on an institution generally called "totemism". Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1 As the beginnings of totemism are obscure it is not possible to say exactly what a man's attitude toward his totem was in the earliest period. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV Can we explain an American institution, a fairly world-wide institution, totemism, by the local peculiarities of belief in isolated Australia? Modern Mythology The service of totemism to society lies in the aid it has given to the friendly association of men in groups. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV The relation between totemism and the practice of magic appears to be essentially one of coexistence in a community. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV For us totemism is interesting because it proves the existence of that savage mental attitude which assumes kindred and alliance between man and the things in the world. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1 The right word, it appears, is otem; but as "totemism" has the advantage of possessing the ground, we prefer to say "totemism" rather than "otemism". Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1 Another important feature in Australian totemism strengthens our position. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1 All that is here contended for is that the large rôle sometimes assigned to totemism in this regard is not supported by the facts now known to us. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV One other feature of Australian totemism must be mentioned before we leave the subject. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1 Though a large amount of evidence might be added to that already put forward, we may now sum up the inferences to be drawn from the study of totemism in Australia. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1 The books of Messrs. Spencer and Gillen also present much evidence as to a previously unknown form of totemism, in which the totem is not hereditary, and does not regulate marriage. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1 The religion of that period was mere magic and totemism. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1 In this way it will be possible to give a sketch of totemistic forms and suggestions, if not a history of totemism. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV According to him, the Inca sun-worship was really a totemism of a loftier character. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1 We may now return to the consideration of "otemism" or totemism. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1 Complete totemism is not asserted here, and is denied for Melanesia. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1 The mythological stories about animals are rather difficult to treat, because they are so much mixed up with the topic of totemism. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1 The development of individualism, a universal accompaniment of general social progress, is unfavorable to totemism, since in this latter the individual is subordinated to the clan. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV Another argument in favour of the general thesis that savagery left deep marks on Greek life in general, and on myth in particular, may be derived from survivals of totemism in ritual and legend. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1 As will afterwards be seen, totemism has also left its mark on the mythologies of the civilised races. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1 Had Muller known that this "simplicity and boldness of fancy" exist to-day, for example, among the Swan tribe of Australia, he would probably have recognised in Cycnus a survival from totemism. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1
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