单词 | Tosk |
例句 | The language consists of numerous dialects, which may be divided into those of the Tosks in the south and the Gheggas in the north. The New Gresham Encyclopedia. Vol. 1 Part 1 A to Amide The Albanians are divided into two major subgroups—the Gegs, who occupy the area north of the Shkumbin River, and the Tosks, who inhabit the territory to the south. Area Handbook for Albania The Tosks generally use the Greek language for written communications. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 The Geg and Tosk dialects differ, and there are also variations within subgroups. Area Handbook for Albania The Gegs, because of their greater isolation in the mountainous areas of the north, held on to their tribal organization and customs more tenaciously than the Tosks. Area Handbook for Albania Less isolated by rugged terrain and with greater, although limited, contact with foreign cultures, the Tosk generally was more outspoken and imaginative than the Geg. Area Handbook for Albania The Communist regime, in its effort to develop social and cultural solidarity, attempted to reduce consciousness of the differences between the major subgroups, the Gegs in the north and the Tosks in the south. Area Handbook for Albania In the latter half of the century large colonies of Tosks were planted in the Morea by the despots of Mistra, and in Attica and Boeotia by Luke Nerio of Athens. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 Contacts with invaders and foreign occupiers had influence and, before 1939, some Tosks had traveled to foreign countries to earn sufficient funds to buy land or to obtain an education. Area Handbook for Albania The Vlachs in Albania have lost much of their homogeneity and adopted the ways of their Tosk neighbors. Area Handbook for Albania The two principal Albanian dialects are Geg, spoken by about two-thirds of the people, including those in the Kosovo region of Yugoslavia, and Tosk, by the remaining third. Area Handbook for Albania Since World War II considerable progress has been made in making the Tosk dialect the standard written language. Area Handbook for Albania The Italian and Sicilian Albanians are of Tosk descent, and many of them still speak a variation of the Tosk dialect. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 After the Communists, most of whose leaders had come from southern Albania, acceded to power, the Tosk dialect became the official language of the country. Area Handbook for Albania In 1952 the Albanian Writers' Union, a Party-controlled organization, took action to make Tosk the only dialect to be used in publications. Area Handbook for Albania Traditionally, there have been two major groupings or sub-cultures in the country: the Gegs in the north, probably numbering slightly over half the total population, and the Tosks in the south. Area Handbook for Albania Among the Albanians, the natural dividing line between the Gegs and the Tosks is the Shkumbin River, but there is some spillover on both sides. Area Handbook for Albania The Tosks, on the other hand, were considered more civilized because of centuries of Greek and other foreign influences. Area Handbook for Albania Coming under the grip of the Muslim landed aristocracy, the Tosks lost the spirit of individuality and independence enjoyed for centuries by the Gegs, especially in the highlands. Area Handbook for Albania In the Tosk regions of the south the extended family was also the most important social unit, although patriarchal authority had been diluted by the feudal conditions imposed by the beys. Area Handbook for Albania Among the Tosks, religious beliefs and customs, rather than clan and tribal traditions, were more important in regulating marriages. Area Handbook for Albania There are marked differences in the physical appearance of the typical Geg and the typical Tosk, but until World War II the greatest contrast was in their social systems. Area Handbook for Albania To compound these difficulties, there are two major dialects of Albanian—Geg, spoken in the north, and Tosk, in the south. Area Handbook for Albania Tosks—The smaller of the two subgroups of Albanians. Area Handbook for Albania |
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