| 单词 | teleological |
| 例句 | Stairs represented a teleological view of the universe, of one thing leading to another, whereas now everyone knew that one thing didn’t lead to another but often nowhere at all. Middlesex: A Novel 2002-06-05T00:00:00Z It is important here to distinguish between teleological history—the notion that history has a purpose or goal—and retrospective history, which seeks to study history as a process of development. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Such is the fear of being accused of writing Whig or teleological history that it is difficult to find an historian making simple and elementary points of this sort. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Aristotle thus does not think of the natural movement of the elements as movement through space; he sees it in teleological terms as the realization of potential. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Instead, Harris’s seamless, all-explanatory narrative feels increasingly and weirdly teleological, like a cult belief system. Can One City Be a Microcosm of Everything That’s Wrong? 2023-02-14T05:00:00Z One gets a sense – perhaps a false one – of coherence, or even teleological destination, though of course there is none. On the Front Line: The Collected Journalism of Marie Colvin 1986-2012 ? review 2012-05-19T23:08:01Z Marxism did, it is true, lend much of his work a teleological flavour that is no longer to our taste in the post-Marxist world. Fractured Times: Culture and Society in the 20th Century – review 2013-03-20T11:59:01Z This poetic Life of Pi concludes with a fascinating, deliberately prosaic coda that raises questions about the reality of what we've seen and confronts the teleological issues involved. Life of Pi – review 2012-12-23T00:06:56Z But it helps that the exploration of his teleological musings are peppered with jokes like Eleanor’s dismissive, “Who died and left Aristotle in charge of ethics?” to which the exasperated Chidi replies, “Plato!” The Good Place: how a sitcom made philosophy seem cool 2018-01-29T05:00:00Z A muddy brawl, sex on a cape of feathers and the depiction of Mary Magdalene with a crooked finger become acts with more epochal power than tomes of teleological history. Aztec and European empires collide in the strange and bloody 'Sudden Death' by Álvaro Enrigue 2016-02-05T05:00:00Z There was no jaunty teleological drive from A to Z over three minutes. Green Gartside: The brainiest man in pop (apart from Brian Eno) 2011-02-22T21:31:10Z Every person and every object carried an unspoken suggestion that the teleological purpose of existence was to be photographed as often as possible. The Ever-Escalating Demands of the Beauty Industry, and the World’s First Gym for Your Face 2018-06-07T04:00:00Z Ross seems to acknowledge that, but he also protests that the “Wagner-to-Hitler” meme suggests a teleological progression that, while perhaps convenient, is dangerously simplistic. From George Eliot to Neo-Nazi Skinheads: The Chaotic Cult of Richard Wagner 2020-09-16T04:00:00Z In such a way he avoids the teleological danger of making everything in Britain about the war as the country hurtles toward some kind of inevitable abyss. Britain at the Turn of the 20th Century Was Dealing With a Lot, Badly 2021-04-06T04:00:00Z It's a weightier undertaking than Alien, an existential horror picture that didn't attempt to raise the big religious, cosmological and teleological issues that are thrashed out here. Prometheus – review 2012-06-02T23:07:09Z Their perspective might also be considered a form of teleological history, which proposes that history is moving to a particular end, a culmination of the human experience. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z Today, some might think that atomism and Aristotle’s teleological view have evolved into a theory of cells that resolves the acorn-oak tree identity problem. Introduction to Philosophy 2022-06-15T00:00:00Z Journalist Garry Wills saw it differently, as he explained in 1976: “It is unfortunate that McCarthyism was named teleologically, from its most perfect product, rather than genetically — which would give us Trumanism.” Perspective | Five myths about McCarthyism 2020-07-17T04:00:00Z The standard story about mass printing is a story of linear, teleological progress. The Dark Side of Techno-Utopianism 2019-09-23T04:00:00Z “Previous historians, especially in the United States, had tended to see slavery as an exception, a footnote in a teleological narrative of progress,” Foner wrote in The Nation in 2014. David Brion Davis, scholar of slavery, dead at 92 2019-04-15T04:00:00Z It was “a teleological frame of feeling almost chosen,” a longtime friend told me. Can Mark Zuckerberg Fix Facebook Before It Breaks Democracy? 2018-09-10T04:00:00Z The cosmological and teleological evidence as examined above was deemed inconclusive. Introduction to Philosophy 2022-06-15T00:00:00Z And it doesn’t matter because Spurs are haunted by teleological dread. Tottenham’s staying power in question as economic gravity pulls hard | Jonathan Wilson 2017-12-14T05:00:00Z In case you’re still feeling a little uneasy about becoming a purpose ponderer, I should emphasize that not all teleological scenarios that pass scientific muster involve space aliens. Can Evolution Have a ‘Higher Purpose’? 2016-12-12T05:00:00Z Parenting is teleological; parents rear a child to become an adult. When Do You Give Up on Treating a Child With Cancer? 2016-05-12T04:00:00Z This represents a shockingly teleological view, as if natural selection is seeking certain outcomes, which it is not. Who Apes Whom? 2015-09-15T04:00:00Z It changes continually and develops through time toward an endpoint or goal, a view that philosophers call teleological. Introduction to Philosophy 2022-06-15T00:00:00Z The first question was “Do you think that there is a teleological purpose to the Universe, and do you think that there is an afterlife?” Joyce Carol Oates to Grads: Be Stubborn and Optimistic 2015-05-21T04:00:00Z There is a technical term from psychology that seems to capture much of what the Supreme Court does these days: "teleological regression." Obamacare Goes to the Supreme Court 2015-03-03T05:00:00Z This is the heart of the book — the vision of a teleological future Gaia, filled with foresight and purpose to survive, thanks to the consciousness bestowed on her by humanity. Earth systems: No place like home 2014-04-04T18:21:31.443Z The teleological and mechanical views of nature are not necessarily exclusive. The Expositor's Bible: The Book of Genesis 2012-04-08T02:00:21.793Z Thomas Aquinas’s Five Ways is known as a teleological argument for the existence of God from the presence of design in experience. Introduction to Philosophy 2022-06-15T00:00:00Z Our analysis of the development of thought, feeling, and will, has an important bearing on the teleological argument. A Review of the Systems of Ethics Founded on the Theory of Evolution 2012-03-17T02:01:00.033Z This is, of course, a scientific reversion to teleology once more, but the question of teleological influences has been discussed more seriously in the last few years in biological circles than ever before. Essays In Pastoral Medicine 2012-03-05T03:00:09.993Z It was in this essay also that he began to use the word "evolution" in place of the more teleological word "progress." Herbert Spencer 2012-02-29T03:00:20.773Z Of course the teleological synthesis will never be completed here below, but it will always find a provisional and satisfying conclusion in the act of confidence and adoration towards God. Outlines of a Philosophy of Religion based on Psychology and History 2012-01-01T03:00:07.953Z But we must now apply what has been said to the teleological consideration of the organism, so far as it concerns its inner design. The World As Will And Idea (Vol. 1 of 3) 2011-12-29T03:00:18.017Z The order in nature cannot be used as the basis of a teleological argument; what we call order of nature is necessity as distinguished from chance. A Review of the Systems of Ethics Founded on the Theory of Evolution 2012-03-17T02:01:00.033Z The over-individual will-acts, which are as such teleologically binding for every subject and therefore norms for his will, give us the Normative Sciences. International Congress of Arts and Science, Volume I Philosophy and Metaphysics 2011-12-12T03:00:31.160Z This phase of the teleological interpretation defines each element by the part which it plays in the reflective process. John Dewey's logical theory 2011-11-28T03:00:21.547Z The synthesis will be found in a teleological consideration of the universe. Outlines of a Philosophy of Religion based on Psychology and History 2012-01-01T03:00:07.953Z Seebohm on Isolation.—Seebohm is so strongly influenced by the difficulty from "the swamping effects of free intercrossing," that he is driven by it to adopt Asa Gray's hypothesis of variations as teleological. Darwin, and After Darwin (Vol 3 of 3) Post-Darwinian Questions: Isolation and Physiological Selection 2011-10-18T02:00:18.363Z Many claim that Ethics is not indeed based upon Theology, but that it needs a metaphysical, a teleological, foundation. A Review of the Systems of Ethics Founded on the Theory of Evolution 2012-03-17T02:01:00.033Z Yet we left out this teleological psychology from our programme, as such a science is as yet a programme only. International Congress of Arts and Science, Volume I Philosophy and Metaphysics 2011-12-12T03:00:31.160Z "The fact is that stimulus and response are not distinctions of existence, but teleological distinctions, that is, distinctions of function, or part played, with reference to reaching or maintaining an end." John Dewey's logical theory 2011-11-28T03:00:21.547Z How can such a universe escape the teleological interpretation of religious faith? Outlines of a Philosophy of Religion based on Psychology and History 2012-01-01T03:00:07.953Z They do not, and Mr. Schiller only justifies his statement by converting the Darwinian position, which is teleologically negative, into an affirmative. A Grammar of Freethought 2011-07-30T02:00:13.083Z There is no necessary conflict and no necessary agreement between them; therefore the theological theory of an absolute contradiction between them is false, as is also the teleological theory of their coincidence. A Review of the Systems of Ethics Founded on the Theory of Evolution 2012-03-17T02:01:00.033Z Science itself now bids us regard the Universe as a dynamical Unity, teleologically conceived, because in a process of evolution under the control of immanent ideas. International Congress of Arts and Science, Volume I Philosophy and Metaphysics 2011-12-12T03:00:31.160Z The distinction which is to be made between them must be made on a teleological basis. John Dewey's logical theory 2011-11-28T03:00:21.547Z But every teleological affirmation respecting the universe is a religious affirmation. Outlines of a Philosophy of Religion based on Psychology and History 2012-01-01T03:00:07.953Z Diogenes made this conception of a vital and intelligent air the ground of a teleological view of climatic and atmospheric phenomena. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 1 "Evangelical Church Conference" to "Fairbairn, Sir William" 2011-07-16T02:00:16.387Z Theology itself has ceased from extreme hostilities, and many theologians have even found in the idea of Evolution an argument with which to defend teleological doctrine. A Review of the Systems of Ethics Founded on the Theory of Evolution 2012-03-17T02:01:00.033Z The whole movement will thus take the form, genetically, of a developing purpose informed by an idea, or teleologically, of a purpose going on to its fulfillment in some aim which is also its motive. International Congress of Arts and Science, Volume I Philosophy and Metaphysics 2011-12-12T03:00:31.160Z But this external teleological distinction between sensation and response is not so important as the distinction now to be made. John Dewey's logical theory 2011-11-28T03:00:21.547Z Teleology Subjective in essence and origin, religious knowledge is teleological in its procedure, and this second characteristic springs from the first. Outlines of a Philosophy of Religion based on Psychology and History 2012-01-01T03:00:07.953Z The necessity in the world’s order is regarded by the Stoics as identical with the divine reason, and this idea is used as the basis of a teleological and optimistic view of nature. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 1 "Evangelical Church Conference" to "Fairbairn, Sir William" 2011-07-16T02:00:16.387Z Darwinism teaches us, not that the world together with man has been created according to any teleological principle, but that it has developed by virtue of motion. A Review of the Systems of Ethics Founded on the Theory of Evolution 2012-03-17T02:01:00.033Z Yet will-attitudes and will-acts can also be brought into necessary connection; that is, we can conceive will-acts as teleologically identical with each other and exempt from the freedom of the individual. International Congress of Arts and Science, Volume I Philosophy and Metaphysics 2011-12-12T03:00:31.160Z Unless we assume the existence of an absolutistic teleological tendency to perfection, we are logically bound to connect upward development with favorable external conditions. Prophets of Dissent : Essays on Maeterlinck, Strindberg, Nietzsche and Tolstoy 2011-05-17T02:00:20.900Z Therefore, in every religious notion there will never, at bottom, be anything but a teleological judgment. Outlines of a Philosophy of Religion based on Psychology and History 2012-01-01T03:00:07.953Z Kant, like Leibnitz, seeks to reconcile the mechanical and teleological views of nature, only he assigns to these different spheres. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 1 "Evangelical Church Conference" to "Fairbairn, Sir William" 2011-07-16T02:00:16.387Z At the basis of identity lies a concept which throws light upon the teleological principle. A Review of the Systems of Ethics Founded on the Theory of Evolution 2012-03-17T02:01:00.033Z This logical connection has, in common with the causal connection, necessity; and in common with the historical connection, teleological character. International Congress of Arts and Science, Volume I Philosophy and Metaphysics 2011-12-12T03:00:31.160Z But as best we can tell, Hegel didn’t suppose human beings could actually influence the process themselves; rather, we are part of a grand teleological unfolding. The Scientific Revolt Against Death 2011-05-08T20:36:00Z The group of dynamic relations thus revealed constitutes what is called teleological order, the order of purpose or finality. Ontology or the Theory of Being 2011-04-01T02:00:38.727Z Hegel gives a place in his metaphysical system to the mechanical and the teleological views; yet in his treatment of the world as an evolution the idea of end or purpose is the predominant one. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 1 "Evangelical Church Conference" to "Fairbairn, Sir William" 2011-07-16T02:00:16.387Z Thus the teleological principle coincides with the principle of the Tendency to Stability, and at the same time the latter constitutes the link between the former and the law of Causality. A Review of the Systems of Ethics Founded on the Theory of Evolution 2012-03-17T02:01:00.033Z Such an explanation we call teleological or rational, rather than merely mechanical, and such a principle is alone adequate to embody the ratio sufficiens of metaphysics. International Congress of Arts and Science, Volume I Philosophy and Metaphysics 2011-12-12T03:00:31.160Z It was just a pale and colourless transcript of the old familiar teleological Lamarckism. Charles Darwin 2010-12-24T03:00:33.847Z But the final cause is naturally prior to the formal cause, and consequently the teleological order is more fundamental than the esthetic. Ontology or the Theory of Being 2011-04-01T02:00:38.727Z Yet on the whole Aristotle leans to a teleological theory of evolution, which he interprets dualistually by means of certain metaphysical distinctions. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 1 "Evangelical Church Conference" to "Fairbairn, Sir William" 2011-07-16T02:00:16.387Z The concept is again a teleological one, although often advanced, in some form, by persons of materialistic views. A Review of the Systems of Ethics Founded on the Theory of Evolution 2012-03-17T02:01:00.033Z How could it be otherwise when his whole view of the relations and validity of knowledge is inseparable from his realism or teleological idealism, as he himself characterizes his own standpoint? International Congress of Arts and Science, Volume I Philosophy and Metaphysics 2011-12-12T03:00:31.160Z Theologians had unwisely staked their all upon the teleological dogma, and could ill afford to retire without a blow from that tenaciously defended bastion of their main position. Charles Darwin 2010-12-24T03:00:33.847Z Espousing a mechanical, as opposed to a teleological, conception of the universe, they have denied or ignored all influence of purpose, and eschewed all study of final causes. Ontology or the Theory of Being 2011-04-01T02:00:38.727Z Aristotle’s teleological conception of organic evolution often approaches modern mechanical conceptions. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 1 "Evangelical Church Conference" to "Fairbairn, Sir William" 2011-07-16T02:00:16.387Z The theory of an atom-soul and the theory of an organizing principle must be abandoned as teleological, and so inconsistent with the facts of evolution. A Review of the Systems of Ethics Founded on the Theory of Evolution 2012-03-17T02:01:00.033Z Sigwart looks at logic mainly from the standpoint of the technology of science, in which, however, he discovers the implications of a teleological metaphysic. International Congress of Arts and Science, Volume I Philosophy and Metaphysics 2011-12-12T03:00:31.160Z Such was the simple and inoffensive-looking bombshell which Darwin launched from his quiet home at Down into the very midst of the teleological camp in the peaceful year 1859. Charles Darwin 2010-12-24T03:00:33.847Z Here the questions of competition and censorship combine and rise to a teleological level. Net Neutrality: It All Depends On What You Fear 2010-09-02T22:00:00Z The cosmology of this period consists for the most part of the Aristotelian teleological view of nature combined with the Christian idea of the Deity and His relation to the world. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 1 "Evangelical Church Conference" to "Fairbairn, Sir William" 2011-07-16T02:00:16.387Z So viewed an instrumental agnosticism is also teleological, but not in any sense of a fixed and static telos. The Will to Doubt An essay in philosophy for the general thinker Again, the teleological view of Nature, which appears in the Georgics in antagonism to the teaching of Lucretius, in such passages as i. The Roman Poets of the Augustan Age: Virgil A little consideration will show that it is out and out teleological. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy Later the popular philosophic group among the Mohammedans, the so-called “Brothers of Purity,” based their doctrines of God and His relation to the world on a teleological view of nature. Jewish Theology Although Spinoza’s theory attributes a mental side to all physical events, he rejects all teleological conceptions and explains the order of things as the result of an inherent necessity. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 1 "Evangelical Church Conference" to "Fairbairn, Sir William" 2011-07-16T02:00:16.387Z With just this meaning, then, a meaning larger and deeper than that usual to positivism, the attitude of the agnostic is instrumental and teleological. The Will to Doubt An essay in philosophy for the general thinker Its teleological theory was to show us what actually and necessarily took place in lawmaking rather than what we were seeking to bring about. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Law And the teleological argument for the existence of God asserts that, as there is evidence of purpose in nature, this must be due to an intelligent cause. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy They, too, are products, unsought for, unintended, and yet necessary, and coming about “of themselves,” that is without teleological or any supernatural guiding principles. Naturalism And Religion In truth, Schopenhauer’s conception of the world as the activity of a blind force is at bottom a materialistic and mechanical rather than a spiritualistic and teleological theory. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 1 "Evangelical Church Conference" to "Fairbairn, Sir William" 2011-07-16T02:00:16.387Z Such, on these principles, is their teleological explanation. History of the Intellectual Development of Europe, Volume I (of 2) Revised Edition But when causality is not arbitrarily teleological, or when only the natures of things, the instruments or means of activity are necessarily determined, then determinism involves no fatalism at all. The Philosophy of Spinoza In modern times the existence of design in the world has been made the foundation of an argument for the existence of God, which is known as the teleological argument. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy Even if the theory of the struggle for existence were correct, it would be possible to subject the world as a whole to a teleological interpretation. Naturalism And Religion The first two of these books were teleological arguments for the being and attributes of God, and were used by Paley nearly a century later. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 2 "Demijohn" to "Destructor" In the teleological doctrine of physiology he considers that the foundations of a true theology must be laid. History of the Intellectual Development of Europe, Volume I (of 2) Revised Edition On the contrary, it was a decided aggravation that there existed side by side with a perverse teleological determinism for the other world, an instrumental indeterminism for this world. The Philosophy of Spinoza To see intelligent design in the universe is to view the universe teleologically. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy But these anti-Darwinian theories now emerging, though they do not directly induce teleological interpretation, suggest it much more strongly than orthodox Darwinism does. Naturalism And Religion There is no teleological explanation of these facts. Essays: Scientific, Political, & Speculative, Vol. I They are not primarily concerned with the place of education among the sciences or with ontological and teleological meanings of education or of its laws. College Teaching Studies in Methods of Teaching in the College Now only when causality, as in the latter case, is perversely teleological is determinism fatalistic. The Philosophy of Spinoza He is a teleological cause working from the end. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy And to a teleological study in this sense the strictly causal interpretations of natural science are not hostile, but indispensable. Naturalism And Religion Many, perhaps, will see an additional cause in teleological considerations, aiming at the avoidance of in-and-in breeding. The Sexual Life of the Child To be sure, Xenophon has twice put into his mouth a whole theodicy expressing an elaborate teleological view of nature. Atheism in Pagan Antiquity Arbitrary teleological determinism is, in the Christian religion, the philosophic root of other worldliness. The Philosophy of Spinoza But mechanical causes turn out in the end to be teleological, because the true efficient cause is the final cause. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy Incomplete, but very instructive too, are his discussions on the causal and the teleological outlook, the necessity for both, and the impossibility of eliminating the latter from the study of nature. Naturalism And Religion The character of the entire point of view is personal, human, teleological, ethical. A History of Mediaeval Jewish Philosophy This is the task of logical thinking as we consciously exercise it, inasmuch as we observe the wishes rising from the darkness and compare and weigh them according to teleological standards. Hidden Symbolism of Alchemy and the Occult Arts But if the ends are the ends of our natures,—that is, if teleological determinism is not perverse and arbitrary but rational and scientific—we are, as Spinoza constantly points out, free. The Philosophy of Spinoza Consideration of the Idea of the Good leads us naturally to enquire how far Plato's system is teleological in character. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy The transition from these theories of nature to a teleological outlook from the highest and most human point of view is so obvious as to be almost unavoidable. Naturalism And Religion It remains then that the cause of the teleological life of the sublunar world is an immaterial power, a separate intellect. A History of Mediaeval Jewish Philosophy Maeder has discussed the teleological functions of the dream and the unconscious. Hidden Symbolism of Alchemy and the Occult Arts It is in its place in the teleological argument, and stands well, though it may not behave as well as the living limb. Christianity and Greek Philosophy or, the relation between spontaneous and reflective thought in Greece and the positive teaching of Christ and His Apostles So, if we are to have a philosophy of evolution, it must be teleological. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy But every one of its points yields support to teleological considerations, most obviously so the concrete instances of correlation. Naturalism And Religion Indeed, if we look at things teleologically, and as they ultimately justify themselves to the heart, beauty is of all things what least calls for explanation. The Sense of Beauty Being the Outlines of Aesthetic Theory The atomic and mechanical conception of the world is as ideal from the point of view of some of our faculties as the teleological one is from the point of view of others. The Will to Believe : and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy Both imagination and will have a teleological character, and act only with a view toward an end, being thus the opposite of the understanding, which, as such, limits itself to proof. Essay on the Creative Imagination One group of philosophers affirms, in accordance with its teleological conception, that the whole cosmos is an orderly system, in which every phenomenon has its aim and purpose; there is no such thing as chance. Life and Matter A Criticism of Professor Haeckel's 'Riddle of the Universe' If any one were to attempt to make a theory of evolution from a decidedly teleological standpoint, he would probably construct one very similar to the one we are now considering. Naturalism And Religion So much is thought of on one principle � say mechanically � and so much on another � say teleologically. The Sense of Beauty Being the Outlines of Aesthetic Theory Just so a thorough-going interpretation of the world in terms of mechanical sequence is compatible with its being interpreted teleologically, for the mechanism itself may be designed. The Will to Believe : and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy The fundamental teleological idea of that school, that each species has its constant and specific plan of structure, certainly cannot be more emphatically expressed. Freedom in Science and Teaching. from the German of Ernst Haeckel This supposition—so I contend—throws no light whatever on the question whether the universe is or is not a "teleological" system. Mysticism and Logic and Other Essays This extension of Lotze's reconciliation of the mechanical causal with the teleological point of view is impressive and, as far as it goes, also quite convincing. Naturalism And Religion The teleological proof argues that the world can owe its origin only to an intelligent first cause. The Approach to Philosophy I am not sure, for example, that all physiologists see that it commits them to regarding the mind as an essentially teleological mechanism. The Will to Believe : and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy The physico-theological or teleological argument is what is often styled the argument from design. The World's Greatest Books — Volume 14 — Philosophy and Economics It is difficult to define accurately what is meant by a "teleological" system, but the argument is not much affected by the particular definition we adopt. Mysticism and Logic and Other Essays And the second point is, that the teleological point of view must take its place beside the causal. Naturalism And Religion It is based upon a repudiation of supernaturalism and "enthusiasm," on the one hand, and a literal acceptance of the cosmological and teleological proofs on the other. The Approach to Philosophy As if conception could possibly occur except for a teleological purpose, except to show us the way from a state of things our senses cognize to another state of things our will desires! The Will to Believe : and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy Thus, in such a case any reasonable observer would decide in favour of the physical explanation, or against the teleological one. Darwin, and After Darwin (Vol. 1 and 3, of 3) An Exposition of the Darwinian Theory and a Discussion of Post-Darwinian Questions Now the fact—if it be a fact—that the universe is mechanical has no bearing whatever on the question whether it is teleological in the above sense. Mysticism and Logic and Other Essays We cannot penetrate to the nature of things either by the causal or by the teleological method. Naturalism And Religion Aristotle's "form," like Plato's "idea," is a teleological principle. The Approach to Philosophy Aristotle's philosophy of nature was teleological, and the imperfect character of his anatomical knowledge often gives him occasion to explain particular phenomena by final causes. Fathers of Biology The "ideas," too, and especially the "Good" or "absolute Idea," have in them a teleological element, "since the Idea not only states as what, but also for what a thing exists." The Basis of Early Christian Theism We found that a system with one set of determinants may very likely have other sets of a quite different kind, that, for example, a mechanically determined system may also be teleologically or volitionally determined. Mysticism and Logic and Other Essays The most central problem in the whole matter, namely, the relation of the causal to the teleological, has not been touched. Naturalism And Religion Applied to nature Spinozism is mechanical, and looks for necessary laws, while Platonism is teleological, and looks for adaptation and significance. The Approach to Philosophy From the days of Plato to our own times, there have been but few objectors to the teleological or purposive view of nature. Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin The absolute Idea is not only the first principle of the universe, but also its final purpose, and thus we have indicated in various places a teleological argument. The Basis of Early Christian Theism The defects of this position, if they are not obvious from its bare statement, will become clearer from the analysis of the relativist or teleological positions. Human Traits and their Social Significance Thus religion confidently subjects the world to a teleological interpretation. Naturalism And Religion Yet to this element we owe the preservation of the mass of Galen’s works, for his intensely teleological point of view appealed to the theological bias both of Western Christianity and of Eastern Islam. The Legacy of Greece Essays By: Gilbert Murray, W. R. Inge, J. Burnet, Sir T. L. Heath, D'arcy W. Thompson, Charles Singer, R. W. Livingston, A. Toynbee, A. E. Zimmern, Percy Gardner, Sir Reginald Blomfield Is he a teleological theologian making fun of evolution? Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin We find the natural deep and practical piety of Socrates reinforcing itself with a very full and complete statement of a teleological argument, based upon final cause, or adaptation of means to ends. The Basis of Early Christian Theism It is sufficient here to point out that all so-called "teleological" or "relativistic" moralities, insist that the morality of an action is not determinable a priori, or absolutely. Human Traits and their Social Significance The teleological now seems to him itself a factor playing a part in the chain of causes, and thus making it teleological. Naturalism And Religion In the anatomical works, masses of teleological explanation dilute the account of often imperfectly described structures. The Legacy of Greece Essays By: Gilbert Murray, W. R. Inge, J. Burnet, Sir T. L. Heath, D'arcy W. Thompson, Charles Singer, R. W. Livingston, A. Toynbee, A. E. Zimmern, Percy Gardner, Sir Reginald Blomfield They call this view the mechanical view of the world; and, as "monism," put it in opposition to the "vitalistic, teleological, and dualistic view of the world." The Theories of Darwin and Their Relation to Philosophy, Religion, and Morality In one sense it states a platitude—a truth, indeed, which is not excluded from an absolute or teleological conception of life. Christianity and Ethics A Handbook of Christian Ethics One of the classic statements of relativistic and teleological morality is Utilitarianism. Human Traits and their Social Significance In the conclusion of the article quoted there is, of course, again to be found the cloven-hoof: by all means no teleological principle! At the Deathbed of Darwinism A Series of Papers Those three conceptions of the organic world which may be spoken of as the teleological, the typical, and the transmutationist, have often been regarded as mutually antagonistic and conflicting. On the Genesis of Species In opposition to the dualistic or teleological conception of nature, our theory considers organic as well as inorganic bodies to be the necessary products of natural forces. The Theories of Darwin and Their Relation to Philosophy, Religion, and Morality It is a special phase of mentality, teleologically evolved for adaptation to our natural environment, and forms only what he calls a "privileged case" of personality. Memories and Studies They are teleological in that they insist on measuring the moral value of an action in terms of its consequences Page 445 in human well-being or happiness, however those be conceived. Human Traits and their Social Significance But why in the world should we not accept a teleological principle, since it is clearly evident that the whole world of life is permeated by teleology, that is, by design and finality? At the Deathbed of Darwinism A Series of Papers In the teleological view, a special force works in the living organism, guiding and directing its activities towards a purposeful end. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology The rudimentary organs clearly prove that the mechanical, or monistic conception of the nature of organisms is alone correct, and that the prevailing teleological, or dualistic method of accounting for them is entirely false. The Theories of Darwin and Their Relation to Philosophy, Religion, and Morality We are frankly on teleological ground, and metaphor and vagueness are permissible. Memories and Studies The "Critique of Pure Reason" of Kant demolished the ontological and the cosmological arguments for the existence of God and showed the weakness in the teleological argument. The Necessity of Atheism His teleological arguments have much more force now than they would have had for people generally twenty years ago. Old-Time Makers of Medicine The Story of The Students And Teachers of the Sciences Related to Medicine During the Middle Ages And it is just upon this notion of the individuality of the organism that the teleological concept is based. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Hence it is that, in accordance with the received teleological view, it has been customary to admire the so-called 'wisdom of the Creator' and the 'purposive contrivances of His Creation' especially in this matter. The Theories of Darwin and Their Relation to Philosophy, Religion, and Morality Nature may or may not have a purpose, and exhibit designs for that purpose; she may or may not, in philosophical language, be teleological. Woman and Womanhood A Search for Principles The course of nature is for him an unmeaning expression unless it be referred to some author; and he therefore makes extensive use of the teleological method. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Part 4 "Bulgaria" to "Calgary" Recent teleological tendencies in biology add to the interest of his views. Old-Time Makers of Medicine The Story of The Students And Teachers of the Sciences Related to Medicine During the Middle Ages He begins by contrasting the teleological with the materialistic conception of living things. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Of course, all these limits and barriers of our teleological perception are abundantly used by all antagonists of a teleological view of the world for the basis of their position. The Theories of Darwin and Their Relation to Philosophy, Religion, and Morality Is it not in its nature in the highest degree teleological? What is Darwinism? But, looking to the "present state of our knowledge," this is merely to change the teleological argument from its gross Paleyerian form, into the argument from the ubiquitous operation of general laws. A Candid Examination of Theism While I cannot believe that we live in a world of chance, any more than Darwin could, yet I feel that I am as free from any teleological taint as he was. The Last Harvest But there is no teleological reason why the coracoid process of the scapula should in all mammals develop from a separate centre. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Criminal law no longer pretends to be a teleological agency for the distribution of ideal justice. Socialism and Modern Science (Darwin, Spencer, Marx) It had been objected that he often uses teleological language, speaking of purpose, intention, contrivance, adaptation, etc. What is Darwinism? The rivers just fit their own particular beds: the latter occupy the lowest grounds, and get broader and deeper as they advance; pebbles, gravel, and sand all occupy the best teleological situations, &c., &c. A Candid Examination of Theism This is getting very near to the old teleological conception, as it is also near to that of Henri Bergson and Sir Oliver Lodge. The Breath of Life Another argument against the teleological view is derived from the facts of the cell-theory. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology But, looking to the "present state of our knowledge," this is merely to change the teleological argument in its gross Paleyian form, into the argument from the ubiquitous operation of general laws.' Thoughts on Religion For the teleological argument runs thus: An organ is precisely fitted to perform a function or purpose; therefore, it was specially constructed to perform that function. What is Darwinism? I use these terms advisedly, because I think they will serve to bring out with great clearness the condition to which our analysis of the teleological argument has now been reduced. A Candid Examination of Theism It is this trait which leads the teleological philosopher to celebrate the fitness of the environment when its fitness is a foregone conclusion. The Breath of Life The teleological conception, again, leads to difficulties particularly when it is applied to the facts of reproduction. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology His great defect was in not perceiving that this teleological argument, per se, is not in either case enough to convince, but only to arouse serious attention. Thoughts on Religion The Duke's first objection to that doctrine is, that the evidence of design in the organs of plants and animals is so clear that Mr. Darwin himself cannot avoid using teleological language. What is Darwinism? Nor is the case essentially different with the more refined form of the teleological argument which we have had to consider—the argument, namely, from General Laws. A Candid Examination of Theism So that though, to speak teleologically, Nature has provided efficient safeguards to health, lack of knowledge makes them in a great measure useless. Essays on Education and Kindred Subjects Everyman's Library Milne-Edwards frankly takes up the teleological standpoint, and interprets organic forms on the assumption that they are purposive and rationally constructed. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology And, whether Theism and Christianity be true or false, it is certain that the teleological argument alone ought to result, not in conviction, but in agnosticism. Thoughts on Religion The philosophy of historical sciences deals with the presuppositions by which historical teleological knowledge becomes logically possible. Harvard Psychological Studies, Volume 1 Containing Sixteen Experimental Investigations from the Harvard Psychological Laboratory. What then shall we say is the final outcome of this discussion concerning the rational standing of the teleological argument? A Candid Examination of Theism On the other hand, the ordinary teleological theology, with its external architect of the world and its externally determined designs, could not seem to Goethe more satisfactory than the mechanical philosophy. An Outline of the History of Christian Thought Since Kant In these essays von Baer pointed out the necessity for the teleological point of view, at least as complementary to the mechanistic. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Personality is a teleological fact; it is here in the making, elsewhere in fact and power. Outspoken Essays The theory of personality shows the teleological interrelation of our purposes; the theory of humanity shows the teleological interrelation of all nations. Harvard Psychological Studies, Volume 1 Containing Sixteen Experimental Investigations from the Harvard Psychological Laboratory. Let this, then, be the teleological objective on which the will and the desire of individual and group are set: and let us ask what it involves, and how it is achieved. The Life of the Spirit and the Life of To-day Agnosticism had at first been asserted in relation to the spiritual and the teleological. An Outline of the History of Christian Thought Since Kant The limb-skeleton, corresponding as it does to a single bone of the archetype, is the typical example of a teleologically compound bone. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology My death, like my birth, will have a teleological justification, to which my supra-temporal self will consent. Outspoken Essays This theory of personality is exactly that second kind of 'psychology' which does not describe and does not explain but which interprets the inner teleological connections of the real man. Harvard Psychological Studies, Volume 1 Containing Sixteen Experimental Investigations from the Harvard Psychological Laboratory. Or rather this for, this notion of finality, and feeling rather than notion, this teleological feeling, is born only where there is consciousness. Tragic Sense Of Life There is, indeed, no more characteristic outbirth of materialism than that which makes a teleological centre of the individual. Five Years of Theosophy In every species these two forces are at work, and the extent to which the general polarising or "vegetative-repetition-force" is subdued by the teleological is an index of the grade of the species. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology The distinctive feature in Jewish faith is its historical and teleological character. Outspoken Essays And yet it would be misleading to place the totality of phenomenalistic sciences as a subdivision under the teleological sciences. Harvard Psychological Studies, Volume 1 Containing Sixteen Experimental Investigations from the Harvard Psychological Laboratory. These two views of life are not merely ethical, but religious; and the feeling of moral good, in so far as it is a teleological value, is of religious origin also. Tragic Sense Of Life Associated words: teleology, teleologist, teleological. designing, n. artful, wily, crafty, subtle, politic, Machiavelian disingenuous. Putnam's Word Book Owen was indeed well aware of the importance of the functional aspect of living things, and he often adopted 110the teleological point of view. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Its existence is a matter of inference on teleological grounds and grounds of moral responsibility. A History of Indian Philosophy, Volume 1 Nature is a teleological order, an evolution from the unconscious to the conscious; in man, the highest stage and the climax of history, nature becomes self-conscious. The German Classics of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Volume 05 Masterpieces of German Literature Translated into English What values are there of more universal validity than the rational or mathematical value and the volitional or teleological value of the Universe in conflict with one another? Tragic Sense Of Life Merely to act according to some teleological or determining principle gives man no preëminence above Nature, except in degree. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 11, No. 64, February, 1863 Owen pointed out that it was necessary to distinguish between centres of ossification which were teleological in import and such as were purely indicative of homological relationships. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Science conceives herself to have annihilated teleological ideas. The Making of Religion It is moral truth that both sets us free and demonstrates our freedom, and that makes harmony possible between the mechanical theory of science and the teleological conception of philosophy. The German Classics of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Volume 05 Masterpieces of German Literature Translated into English This reason is a logical necessity, but the logical necessity does not prove the teleological or finalist necessity. Tragic Sense Of Life Merely of itself, apart from reason, the will could only work out its teleological type in darkness and by blind necessity; there could be no goodness, for this involves conscious elements. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 11, No. 64, February, 1863 That a notochord should develop out of the archenteric wall because a supporting axis would be beneficial to the animal may be a teleological assumption, but it is at the same time an evolutional heresy. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Among the religions of the third stadium Islam is physical or aesthetic in spirit; Judaism and Christianity, on the other hand, ethical or teleological. History of Modern Philosophy From Nicolas of Cusa to the Present Time Greek and medieval knowledge accepted the world in its qualitative variety, and regarded nature's processes as having ends, or in technical phrase as teleological. Democracy and Education: an introduction to the philosophy of education It is this teleological unfolding of activity that constitutes any object or phenomenon an "animate" fact. Theory of the Leisure Class The truth is that any state of things whatever that can be named is logically susceptible of teleological interpretation. Varieties of Religious Experience, a Study in Human Nature Butler's teleological conception of organic evolution was of course completely antagonistic to the naturalistic conceptions current in his time. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology It is chiefly interested in discovering where in the scale of values a thing belongs according to its meaning and its destination; the procedure is teleological, valuing, aesthetic. History of Modern Philosophy From Nicolas of Cusa to the Present Time For the effort in favour of a teleological evolution, see Rev. Samuel Houghton, F. R. S., Principles of Animal Mechanics, London, 1873, preface and p. History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom He is, in his own apprehension, a centre of unfolding impulsive activity—"teleological" activity. Theory of the Leisure Class He proceeds in his list of things beautiful, with formal beauty of the fourth degree, which is the active or living teleological, with the fifth, which is that of species. Aesthetic as Science of Expression and General Linguistic It was a struggle between "comparative anatomy" and "morphology," between the commonsense teleological view of structure and the abstract, transcendental. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Hence the teleological view is a mere form of human representation, a subjective principle. History of Modern Philosophy From Nicolas of Cusa to the Present Time Not a few other points of a similar tendency have been so often enlarged upon, in works of a teleological character, that there can be no need even to specify them at present. Scientific American Supplement, No. 447, July 26, 1884 In its simple form the belief in luck is this instinctive sense of an inscrutable teleological propensity in objects or situations. Theory of the Leisure Class His chief defect, he thought, was a disdain of a knowledge of general principles, justifiable enough in the times of unsound teleological theorizings, but not nowadays, when we have at last set foot upon earth. Fountains in the Sand Rambles Among the Oases of Tunisia The Epicurean also accepts fatum as governing the universe, but it is not teleological, and Zeus is not identified with it but is, like man, subordinated to it. Vergil A Biography Kant is in so far a positivist that he limits the mission of knowledge to the reduction of the temporo-spatial relations of phenomena to rules, and declares the teleological power of values to be undemonstrable. History of Modern Philosophy From Nicolas of Cusa to the Present Time I will only add here the following teleological explanation of this natural illusion. The Essays of Arthur Schopenhauer; On Human Nature This happens when the very discontent with destiny becomes effaced, and is resolved in a presentiment or rather a clear consciousness of a teleological concatenation of things, of a sublime order, of a beneficent will. Aesthetical Essays of Frederich Schiller However, we must grant that at the first glance the teleological theory seems to give the simplest and most satisfactory explanation of these purposive structures. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 After this I went through the earlier part of my book, and cut out the expressions which I had used inadvertently, and which were inconsistent with a teleological view. Unconscious Memory Here again Schelling does not trace out the mechanics of the soul-life, but is interested only in the meaning, in the teleological significance of the psychical functions. History of Modern Philosophy From Nicolas of Cusa to the Present Time Formerly, this work was conceived in a teleological sense, and it was sought to find traces of the plan of the Creator in the actual purposive organisation of animals. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 But this can only be true respecting the architectonic beauty of man, where the necessary laws of physical nature are sustained by another necessity, that of the teleological principle which determines them. Aesthetical Essays of Frederich Schiller They are some of the weightiest proofs of the truth of the mechanical conception and the strongest disproofs of the teleological view. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 This necessitated only verbal alterations; for, though I had not known it, the spirit of the book was throughout teleological. Unconscious Memory It is also distinguished from sensationalism by its teleological point of view. History of Modern Philosophy From Nicolas of Cusa to the Present Time The facts of embryology have so great and obvious a significance in this connection that even in recent years dualist and teleological philosophers have tried to rid themselves of them by simply denying them. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 In the latter, the unity lies in the purpose to be attained or in the content of the thought expressed; it is teleological or logical. The Principles of Aesthetics Is this irrational, or can it be shown to be teleologically justifiable? Problems of Conduct The finalist or teleological conception is not any more tenable, for Evolution is not simply the realization of a plan. Bergson and His Philosophy If faith rests, on the one hand, on the teleological view of nature, it is, on the other, connected with moral need, and exercises, in addition, aesthetic influences. History of Modern Philosophy From Nicolas of Cusa to the Present Time In these words Kant definitely adopts the dualistic and teleological point of view for biological science. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 It is the unity characteristic of all teleologically related facts. The Principles of Aesthetics If the following up of this line, when it comes in our way, should bring us round again to a teleological principle, it will not be one which conforms to the prevalent ideas now attacked. Darwiniana; Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism The teleological arguments of the older theologians have had to be left behind. Bergson and His Philosophy The most cogent argument for the intelligence of the world-ground, the teleological argument, is a hypothesis which has grave weaknesses, and one to which many other equally probable hypotheses may be opposed. History of Modern Philosophy From Nicolas of Cusa to the Present Time Hence they are also of great interest in philosophy; they show clearly that the monistic or mechanical view of the organism is the only correct one, and that the dualistic or teleological conception is wrong. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 Causality is an important aspect of this type of unity, as in the drama, but only because a teleological series of actions depends upon a chain of causally related means and ends. The Principles of Aesthetics Vaguely and generally, much of what was purposed may be gained; but everything makes strongly for the view that our world is incompletely unified teleologically and is still trying to get its unification better organized. Pragmatism But even a miscarriage of this sort cannot affect the law in its general and teleological relations. The Critique of Pure Reason In the philosophy of nature Berkeley prefers the teleological to the mechanical view, since the latter is able to discover the laws of phenomena only, but not their efficient and final causes. History of Modern Philosophy From Nicolas of Cusa to the Present Time But value is in its nature teleological; is of the nature of purpose. The Psychology of Beauty "He created the white man to make tools for the poor Indians"—a very pleasing example of a teleological hypothesis and of the doctrine of final causes as understood by the Winnebagoes. Myth, Ritual and Religion — Volume 1 Before this could be intended literally, Evolution must be grasped, and not Evolution as taught in what is now commonly called Darwinism, but the old teleological Darwinism of eighty years ago. God the Known and God the Unknown All that we do, and ought to do, is to follow out the physico-mechanical connection in nature according to general laws, with the hope of discovering, sooner or later, the teleological connection also. The Critique of Pure Reason Nothing is to be interpreted teleologically, but all must be interpreted from clearly known attributes, hence purely mechanically. History of Modern Philosophy From Nicolas of Cusa to the Present Time The Christian dispensation is teleological, palingenesiac, and the whole order, prior to the Incarnation, was initial, genesiac, and continued by natural generation, as it is still in all nations and tribes outside of Christendom. The American Republic : constitution, tendencies and destiny These opinions, which recall the teleological aspect of Lamarckism, are entirely unsupported by proof. Darwin and Modern Science Of syllogisms there are various kinds,—qualitative, quantitative, inductive, mechanical, teleological,—which are developed out of one another. Sophist The greatest systematic unity, and consequently teleological unity, constitutes the very foundation of the possibility of the most extended employment of human reason. The Critique of Pure Reason Thus, it will be noticed, from the ingenious and subtle, but quite defensible suggestion of Mr. Babbage, a leap is made to an assumption which cannot be defended scientifically, but only teleologically. The Unseen World and Other Essays Natural society is initial, civil government is medial, the church is teleological, but the three are only distinctions in one indissoluble whole. The American Republic : constitution, tendencies and destiny The opposition was based partly on reasons valueless as counterarguments, partly on problems which have still to be solved; to some extent also on that tendency against teleological conceptions which has recently become current. Darwin and Modern Science But this, again, they could not do, did they not reside in a necessary being, as the Supreme Good, which alone can render such a teleological unity possible. The Critique of Pure Reason But teleological unity is a necessary unity, and founded on the essence of the individual will itself. The Critique of Pure Reason The consideration which must influence most minds in their attitude toward this question, is the craving, almost universally felt, for some teleological solution to the problem of existence. The Unseen World and Other Essays Though supplied with these, and putting ourselves under their guidance, we can make no teleological use of the knowledge of nature, as regards cognition, unless nature itself has established teleological unity. The Critique of Pure Reason Hence the investigation of nature receives a teleological direction, and becomes, in its widest extension, physico-theology. The Critique of Pure Reason |
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